Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
6
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
8
, pp.
5107
~
51
17
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
5107
-
51
77
5107
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Establis
hm
ent Netwo
rk by U
sing F
SO Link
Based
on MD
Code
for
Hybr
id S
CM
-
SAC
-
OC
DMA
W
i
r
eless S
ystem
Ra
s
hid
Ali Fa
yadh
1
,
M
ou
s
a K. W
ali
2
,
Meh
di F. B
on
ne
ya
3
1
Depa
rte
m
ent of
Elec
tr
ical
Pow
e
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Coll
eg
e
of
Elec
tr
i
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
r
ing Te
chn
ique
s,
Middle
Te
chn
ica
l
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ira
q
2
Depa
rte
m
ent of
Medical
Instru
m
int
at
ion
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Co
ll
eg
e of
Elec
tr
ical Eng
ine
er
ing
T
ec
hn
iq
ues,
Middle
Te
chn
ica
l
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ira
q
3
Depa
rte
m
ent of
Elec
tr
ic
al
and
E
le
c
troni
c
,
Kut
T
e
chni
c
al
Inst
it
ut
e, Middl
e
T
ec
hni
c
al
Univ
ersity
,
Ir
a
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
19
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
16
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
30
, 2
01
8
Since
the
wir
eless
sy
st
ems
are
working
under
nat
ure
env
iron
m
ent
s
and
infl
uen
ce
d
b
y
tu
rbule
nc
e,
wea
th
er
in
Ira
q
th
at
l
ea
ds
to
ex
te
nde
d
amount
o
f
fad
ing
signal,
dissipat
ion
or
at
te
nu
at
ion
.
Basic
“
h
y
bri
d
Subcar
rie
r
Multi
pl
y
ing
Sp
ec
tr
al
Am
pli
tud
e
Coding
(SCM
-
SA
C)
of
O
pti
c
al
Code
Division
Multi
p
le
Ac
ce
ss
(OCD
MA
)"
indoor
or
outd
oor
opt
i
ca
l
s
y
st
em
depe
nds
on
g
eneral
l
y
“
Mult
i
-
Dia
gonal
(MD
)"
sec
urity
cod
e
b
y
using
optica
l
spac
e
known
as
“
Free
Space
Opt
ic
(FS
O)"
tha
t
w
as
proposed
in
t
his
work.
It
is
found
tha
t
the
m
ent
ion
h
y
brid
wire
le
ss
s
y
st
ems
ca
n
be
used
in
oper
ating
m
esh
net
works
.
The
m
ai
n
prop
osed
idea
of
h
ybrid
opt
ic
a
l
t
echnique
wa
s
ana
l
y
z
ed
and
si
m
ula
te
d
b
y
nor
m
al
l
y
t
aki
ng
in
t
o
sim
ula
ti
on
ac
c
ount
tha
t
th
e
dire
c
tly
e
ffe
c
ti
n
g
b
y
r
ai
n
and
haz
e
attenu
at
i
ons.
In
additio
n,
the
r
e
a
re
m
ent
ion
and
d
esc
ription
for
at
m
ospheric
eff
ec
ts,
FS
O
m
esh
net
work,
m
odula
ti
on
sch
eme,
sim
ula
t
ion
,
and
the
data
sec
urity
.
From
sim
ula
ti
on
result
s,
the
h
y
br
id
s
y
st
em
using
MD
code
prod
uce
s
red
u
ce
d
“
bit
-
err
or
ra
te
(BER)"
at
hea
v
y
storm
rai
n
to
di
stanc
e
or
ran
g
e
of
500
m
and
at
driz
z
le
r
ain
up
to
2500
m
ran
ge.
And
al
so
inve
stig
at
es
th
e
per
form
ance
of
using
the
proposed
s
y
stem
with
r
adi
o
ov
er fibe
r
(RoF) for
UW
B
signal
s thr
ough
indoor
propa
gation
in
b
uil
ding appl
ic
a
tions
of
wire
l
ess channel.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Fr
ee
Sp
ace
Op
ti
cs
Mult
i
-
Diag
on
a
l, OCD
M
A
Ra
dio
O
ver
Fiber
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OC
DMA
U
W
B
Tech
nolog
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ra
sh
id
Ali Fay
adh
,
Dep
a
rtem
ent o
f
Ele
ct
rical
P
ower
Enginee
rin
g,
Mi
dd
le
Tec
hnic
al
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Al
-
D
ora R
oad,
Colle
ge
of Ele
ct
rical
Enginee
rin
g
Tec
hn
i
que
s,
Ba
gh
dad,
Ir
a
q.
Em
a
il
: rash
idfa
ya
dh47@
gm
ail.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Re
centl
y,
the
FSO
is
bec
omi
ng
wi
de
us
e
d
and
nowa
days
ver
y
i
m
po
rta
nt
fo
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
T
his
FSO
is
a
te
ch
no
l
og
y
of
la
se
r
-
dr
i
ven
t
hat
is
suppo
rting
wide
ba
ndwidt
h
ra
nge.
T
his
te
chnolo
gy
is
easy
to
instal
l
fo
r
op
ti
cal
connecti
ons
for
the
f
ree
li
cense,
la
st
-
m
il
e,
ca
m
pu
s
en
vir
on
m
ents,
an
d
hi
gh
sec
ur
it
y.
In
add
it
io
n,
the
F
SO
is
an
im
po
rtant
s
olu
ti
on
of
the
re
qu
ire
d
cost
-
e
ff
e
ct
ive,
gro
wing
popu
la
rity
of
l
ow
c
os
t
or
inex
pensi
ve
c
onnecti
on
cl
ie
nts,
sec
ur
e
wi
reless
net
wor
ks
in
outd
oor
,
and
m
uch
en
ha
nced
by
the
Ra
dio
Fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(RF
)
te
chn
i
qu
e
.
Techn
ic
a
l
hybri
d
Ra
dio
over
fib
er
(RoF)
of
SAC
-
OCDM
A
w
as
propose
d
to
carr
y
ov
e
r
lo
ng
dista
nce
the
high
da
ta
capaci
ty
of
dig
it
al
inform
at
ion
ove
r
li
nk
of
fi
ber
protec
te
d
an
d
m
axi
m
iz
e
or
op
ti
m
iz
e the dat
a a
m
ou
nt
and
incr
ease
the
nu
m
ber
of tra
nsm
issi
on
users
a
s in
[1
]
.
The
“hyb
rid
s
ub
ca
rr
ie
r
m
ult
iply
ing
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OCDM
A
"
op
ti
cal
syste
m
that
based
on
m
ulti
-
diag
on
al
secu
r
it
y
data
co
de
by
us
in
g
li
nk
of
fibe
r
is
i
nvest
igate
d
for
redu
ci
ng
t
he
“m
ulti
-
acce
ss
i
nterf
e
ren
c
e
(MAI)"
with
w
irel
ess
high
prop
a
gated
data
bit
rate
and
tha
t
le
ads
to
incre
ase
the
nu
m
ber
of
def
i
ned
ar
ea
for
act
ive
or
co
nn
ect
ed
us
e
rs
as
represe
nted
an
d
i
m
pr
ove
d
by
work
of
[2
]
th
at
is
fo
cusin
g
i
n
this
fiel
d.
T
he
FSO
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5107
-
5117
5108
op
ti
cal
syst
e
m
s
are
sta
rting
to
be
now
ada
ys
acce
pted
in
the
pr
ivate
or
m
i
li
ta
ry
m
ark
et
place
as
a
no
rm
al
so
luti
on
to
re
pl
ace
an
ex
pe
nsi
ve
fibe
r
op
ti
c
to
be
base
d
s
ol
ution
s
.
To
re
duce
the
c
os
t
-
e
f
fecti
ve
bet
wee
n
the
fiber
opti
c
inf
rastr
uctur
e
a
nd
en
d
us
ers
,
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
ch
no
l
ogy
of
FS
O
wa
s
pro
du
ce
d
by
[3
]
.
More
ov
e
r,
F
S
O
li
nk
s
a
re
a
m
od
ern
em
erg
ing
op
ti
cal
te
chnolo
gy
w
hich
has
bee
n
f
ound
their
a
pp
li
ca
ti
on
s
i
n
long
-
ha
ul
an
d
sh
ort
li
nks
f
or
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
s
sam
e
as
“
W
irel
ess
L
ocal
A
rea
Netw
ork
(
WL
AN)",
an
d
“Local
Ar
ea
Net
wor
k
(L
AN)".
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
the
di
sad
van
ta
ge
of
FS
O
is
suffe
rin
g
f
r
om
un
e
xp
ect
e
d
a
nd
s
udde
n
changin
g
i
n we
at
her
sit
uati
on
s
[4].
In
t
his
pa
per,
m
esh
netw
ork
was
propose
d
by
il
lustrati
ng
ori
gi
nal
“hy
br
i
d
SCM
-
S
A
C
-
OCDM
A"
op
ti
cal
syst
e
m
that
based
on
m
ulti
-
diagona
l
secur
it
y
cod
e
with
the
FSO
li
nk
to
pro
vide
acce
ss
real
-
ti
m
e
of
processi
ng
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
betwee
n
W
L
A
N
co
ntr
ollers
and
li
ghtwei
ght
acce
ss
op
era
ti
ng
points
to
delive
r
RoF
m
anag
em
ent,
centrali
ze
d
secu
rity
po
li
ci
es,
secur
e
of
syst
e
m
,
and
qual
it
y
of
serv
ic
e
(Q
oS)
[
5].
Als
o
this
m
esh
netw
ork
was
desi
gn
e
d
to
re
duce
the
sp
ace
at
te
nu
at
io
ns
of
ra
in
an
d
haze
i
n
the
opti
cal
syst
e
m
perform
ance
dep
en
ding
on
t
he
tro
pical
co
nd
it
io
ns
in
we
at
her
of
I
raq
s
ect
or
[
6].
I
n
2002,
"t
he
US
Fedral
Com
m
un
ic
at
io
ns
Com
m
issi
o
n
(F
CC
)"
li
cen
sed
the
s
pectra
l
fr
eq
ue
ncy
ba
nd
from
3.
1
G
Hz
up
to
10.
5
GHz
with
"t
ra
ns
m
itt
ed
power
le
ss
than
-
41.
3
dB
m
/M
Hz"
fo
r
indo
or
a
nd
ou
t
door
wi
reless
pro
pag
at
io
n
wi
th
tw
o
m
ajo
r
tech
niqu
es im
pu
lse
r
adi
o
a
nd freq
ue
nc
y divisio
n
m
ulti
plexing
U
W
B
syst
e
m
s.
This
pro
pa
gation
is
lim
it
ed
fo
r
se
ver
al
m
eter
s
(less
th
a
n
30
m
e
te
rs)
an
d
increasi
ng
t
he
cov
e
ra
ge
area
is
require
d
f
or
fu
t
ur
e
a
ppli
cat
ion
s.
In
ad
diti
on,
to
im
pr
ove
the
avail
abili
ty
of
undisru
pted
wi
reless
se
rv
ic
e
ov
e
r
dif
fer
e
nt
netw
orks,
ultra
wideb
a
nd
ove
r
fibe
r
te
chnol
og
y
wa
s
ch
os
e
n
to
sho
w
the
perform
ance
of
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
in
te
r
m
s
of
reducin
g
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
bit
error.
As
t
he
wireless
netw
orks
of
l
ow
powe
r
consum
ption
a
re
re
quired
in
f
uture
wi
reless
te
chnolo
gy
an
d
since
the
R
oF
te
ch
nique
is
widely
us
e
d
over
t
he
world
,
ultra
wi
deb
a
nd
-
over
fi
ber
(
U
W
B
oF)
s
yst
e
m
was
int
egr
at
in
g
t
o
m
ulti
plex
the
rece
ived
opti
cal
sign
al
s
.
This
te
ch
niqu
e
is
m
or
e
su
i
ta
ble
for
wi
re
le
ss
netw
ork
syst
e
m
s
to
get
the
require
m
ents
of
lo
w
power
consum
ption
,
low cost
, hig
h d
at
a rate, lo
w
c
om
plexit
y, an
d m
or
e u
sers
du
r
ing
wireless
conn
ect
ivit
y [
7].
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
this
w
ork
is
organ
iz
e
d
an
d
rep
re
sente
d
as
fo
ll
ows.
Sect
ion
2
sho
ws
the
FSO
m
esh
netw
ork.
Sect
ion
3
disp
la
ys
t
he
syst
em
desi
gn.
Sect
io
n
4
de
vo
te
s
for
s
pec
ific
sp
ace
at
te
nuat
ions
or
dist
or
ti
on
of
natu
re h
aze
and
rain
. S
ect
ion
5
p
rese
nts the
disc
us
sio
n
a
nd
res
ults of
“
hybri
d
SCM
-
S
AC
-
OCDM
A"
syst
e
m
by
us
in
g
MD
secur
it
y
co
de
ver
si
on
base
d
on
th
e
FS
O.
S
ect
ion
6
in
dica
te
s
the
app
li
ca
ti
on
of
the
pro
po
s
e
d
syst
e
m
. Co
ncl
us
io
ns
a
re
giv
e
n
in
Secti
on
7.
2.
FSO
MESH
NE
TWORK
An
opti
cal
te
chn
i
qu
e
of
us
in
g
the
m
od
er
n
m
esh
wireless
netw
orks
was
begu
n
in
nei
ghbor
hoods
of
sever
al
sta
te
s
i
n
the w
orl
d
est
ablishin
g
thei
r
fr
ee op
e
rati
ng p
ri
vate
netw
or
ks
de
pe
nd
on
l
ow
-
c
os
t,
fle
xibi
li
t
y
i
n
exp
a
ns
i
on,
sel
f
-
adm
inist
rati
on,
an
d
high d
at
a
rate.
T
he
m
esh
netw
ork
of
hi
gh
r
ed
unda
nc
y
degree
is
c
om
po
sed
for
serial
ly
sever
al
of
interc
onnected
m
esh
node
s
[
8].
The
wa
velen
gt
h
of
FS
O
m
es
h
netw
ork
s
ho
uld
be
chosen
to
ha
ve
m
ini
m
u
m
abs
orptio
n
an
d
the
atm
os
ph
e
ric
tr
ansm
issi
on
window
is
desi
gned
to
be
su
it
ab
le
due
to
sp
ace
at
te
nuat
ion
.
I
n
the
F
SO
,
the
wirele
ss
netw
ork
is
use
d
su
c
h
a
pro
pag
at
io
n
br
id
ge
ov
e
r
co
ver
a
ge
area.
In
F
SO
m
esh
netw
ork,
eac
h
node
in
t
he
sy
stem
is
con
ta
ct
or
c
onnected
to
any
of
othe
r
us
e
d
nodes
,
ei
ther
directl
y or i
ndi
rectl
y by
series
of c
onnecti
on
hops
.
Be
tt
er
per
f
or
m
ance
for
syst
em
with
m
or
e
nu
m
ber
of
pro
pa
gation
nodes
[
9
]
.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e,
the
FS
O
m
esh
net
work
offer
s
easy
no
de
with
higher
reli
abili
ty
and
it
is
no
t
af
fec
ti
ng
on
the
net
work
that
is
ge
tt
ing
interr
up
t
in
a
ny
pr
e
vious
no
de,
a
nd
restrict
ing
the
rec
e
ption
or
t
ransm
is
sion
ranges
by
natu
ral
lim
i
ta
t
ion
at
changin
g
weat
her
c
onditi
ons
env
i
ronm
ents
as
sho
wn
i
n
Fi
g
ure
1.
The
w
eat
her
c
onditi
ons
in
this
c
ha
nnel
are
cl
assifi
ed
into
three
cat
eg
or
ie
s
su
ch
a
s
ra
in,
cl
ouds,
a
nd
cl
ear
weath
er.
Co
ndit
ion
s
in
cl
ear
w
eat
her
a
re
char
act
e
rized
by
low
at
te
nu
at
ion
an
d
lo
ng
visibil
it
y
wh
il
e
cl
oudy
w
eat
her
are
c
ha
racteri
zed
by
low
at
te
nu
at
io
n,
short
visibil
it
y,
and
high
hum
idit
y.
In
this
work
we
co
nc
entrate
on
haz
e
par
ti
cl
es
an
d
rai
n
dro
plets
wh
ic
h
are
c
ha
racteri
zed
by
the
pr
ese
nce
of
ra
in
or
haze
an
d
they
ca
n
pr
oduce
se
ve
re
eff
ect
s
dep
e
ndin
g on r
ai
nf
al
l rate
. Be
cause
of these
conditi
ons,
t
he
re is free s
pace
loss (L
s
) de
fin
es the si
gn
al
st
rengt
h
dep
e
ndin
g on
wav
el
e
ng
t
h (
)
and
visibil
it
y rang
e
(V)
is
give
n by [
10]
()
4
s
L
V
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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t J
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IS
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-
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Estab
li
s
hm
e
nt
Ne
tw
or
k b
y
U
s
ing
FS
O Li
nk Base
d on M
D C
od
e
for Hy
br
i
d
…
(
R
as
hi
d
Al
i Fay
adh
)
5109
Figure
1. The
pro
po
se
d
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
FSO net
work
3.
SY
STE
M DESIGN
In
this
w
ork,
t
he
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
of
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OCDM
A
wireless
net
w
ork
wa
s
desi
gned
an
d
us
in
g
MD
cod
e
th
at
is
sh
own
in
Figure
2.
In
tr
ansm
itter
side,
the
extern
al
opti
cal
m
od
ulator
(
EOM)
is
use
d
t
o
com
bin
e
data
rate
with
sig
na
ls
of
in
de
penden
t
un
i
po
la
r
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
di
gital
sign
al
an
d
to
the
code
seq
uen
ce
they
are
op
ti
cal
ly
m
od
ulate
d[
11
]
.An
EOM
s
uch
as
m
od
ul
at
or
filt
er
of
“M
ach
–
Ze
hnde
r"
is
connecte
d
to m
erg
e
the c
ode s
equ
e
nces
w
it
h
the RF si
gn
al
s
tog
et
he
r
a
nd tr
ansm
it
s o
ver
F
SO
li
nk
[9
]
.
W
hile i
n
the
othe
r
si
de
of
wireless
rec
ei
ver
,
t
he
opti
cal
sp
li
tt
er
des
ign
is
util
iz
ed
for
se
par
at
ing
cod
e
seq
ue
nc
es
of
diff
e
re
nt
m
odulati
on
.
“Fi
ber
Bragg
G
rati
ng
(F
B
G
)
opti
cal
filt
ers"
ca
n
be
us
e
d
to
filt
er
the
M
D
co
de
seq
uen
ces
a
nd
trans
ferrin
g
th
ese
seq
uen
ces
t
o
the
ph
oto
-
det
ect
or
(
PD)
as
a
sens
or
at
the
ot
her
side o
f
rec
ei
ver
[1
2
]
.
The
refo
r
e,
sign
al
s
of
t
he
SCM
are
c
om
bin
ed
or
m
i
xed
with
each
seq
uen
ce
of
M
D
co
de
an
d
th
ey
ar
e
sp
li
tt
ing
by
usi
ng
e
quipm
ent
of
el
ect
rical
sp
li
tt
er
with
“
band
pass
filt
er
(BP
F)
"
t
o
f
il
te
r
the
re
j
ect
ed
or
unwa
nted si
gn
al
s.
Figure
2. The
“
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OC
DMA" pe
rform
ance d
ia
gr
am
that ba
sed
on FSO
4.
SPECIFI
C SP
AC
E
ATTE
N
UA
TI
ON OF
HAZ
E AND
RA
I
N
The
s
pace
or
opti
cal
beam
a
ttenu
at
io
n
is
de
f
ined
as
in
duce
d
ge
om
et
ric
lo
sses
due
to
the
sp
rea
ding
of
op
ti
cal
beam
a
nd
reduce
d
the
power
le
vel
of
sign
al
as
it
travell
ed
f
ro
m
tr
ansm
itted
end
to
receive
rend
.
The
hybri
d
sig
nals
are
travell
ed
by
li
gh
t
in
the
fr
ee
atm
os
phere
.
Howe
ver,
tro
pical
in
the
regi
on
s
uch
as
Ir
a
q,
t
he
haze
or
rai
n
be
com
es
do
m
inant
fact
or
s
of
the
si
gn
al
at
te
nuat
ion
wh
ic
h
i
s
caus
ed
by
sign
al
deteri
or
at
ion
.
I
n
add
it
io
n,
e
xpe
ct
ed
or
un
e
xpe
ct
ed
co
ndit
ion
s
for
natu
re
para
m
et
ers
su
c
h
a
s
haze
a
nd
rai
n
ha
ve
a
direct
eff
ect
on
t
he
ca
rr
yi
ng
li
ght
[
13
]
.
C
on
s
eq
ue
ntly
,
the
s
pecific
s
pa
ce
at
te
nu
at
io
ns
of
haze
a
nd
r
ai
n
are
e
xpres
sed
as
li
ste
d
belo
w:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5107
-
5117
5110
4.1.
Th
e
Sp
eci
fic R
ain
Atten
ua
ti
on
The
rai
n
at
te
nuat
ion
f
or
F
SO
l
ink
s
ca
n
be
rea
so
na
bly
well
appr
ox
im
at
ed
bye
m
pirical
fo
r
m
ula
and
is
giv
e
n by
q
s
p
e
c
R
(2)
w
he
re
α
spec
is
de
fine
d
as
the r
a
in
at
te
nuat
ion
in d
B/
km
,
R
is def
i
ned
as
t
he
fall
rain
rate
i
n
m
m
/hr,
an
d
β,
q
are
coeffic
ie
nts tha
t i
nd
e
pende
nt
on tem
per
at
ur
e
and
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
.
4.
2.
Th
e
Sp
eci
fic H
az
e A
t
ten
ua
ti
on
The part
of this
p
a
per
is
f
ocu
se
d on the a
naly
s
is of haze
att
en
uation at
d
i
ff
e
r
ent v
isi
bili
ty
r
ang
e
s
.
10
10
l
og
(
(
)
)
sp
e
c
(d
B/
Km
)
(3)
As
the
wav
el
e
ng
t
h
(λ
)
play
s
a
m
ajo
r
r
ule
in
haze
at
te
nu
at
ion
of
opti
cal
sign
al
,
λ
ha
ve
to
be
known
i
n
nanom
et
ers,
an
at
te
nu
at
io
n
c
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of the
aff
ect
ed
s
pace
is ap
prox
im
at
e
d by [
12]
.
3
.9
1
2
()
(
/
5
5
0
)
q
V
(4)
wh
e
re
α
spec
is
t
he
haze
at
te
nuat
ion
in
dB/km
,
V
de
fi
nes
the
visibil
it
y
ran
ge
in
km
,
λ
is
wav
el
en
gth
in
nm
,
q
is
a
coeffic
ie
nt
de
pends
on
the
siz
e
of
distrib
ut
ion
f
or
scat
te
r
ing
par
ti
cl
es
a
nd
ca
n
be
e
xp
l
oited
by
two
m
od
el
s
repor
te
d
by
K
ru
se
a
nd
Kim
[12]
and
[
13]
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
it
is
i
m
ple
m
ented
or
s
upport
ed
in
the
sim
ulati
on
analy
sis o
f
this
work.T
he q
fa
ct
or
i
n kruse'
s m
od
el
is d
efi
ne
d
as:
1.6
1.3
0.1
0.43
0.5
0
qV
V
50
6
50
16
0.5
1
0.5
if
V
K
m
if
K
m
V
K
m
if
K
m
V
K
m
K
m
V
K
m
if
V
K
m
(5)
wh
il
e the
q fac
tor
i
n kim
m
od
el
is d
efi
ned as
:
1
/
3
1
.6
1
.3
0
.5
8
5
q
V
50
50
6
50
6
if
V
K
m
if
V
K
m
if
K
m
V
K
m
V
V
K
m
(6)
5.
THE
DISCU
S
SION
A
ND
R
ESULT
S
OF
"HY
B
RI
D
S
CM
-
S
AC
-
O
C
DMA"
SYST
EM
BY
US
I
N
G
"MD
CODE
BASED
O
N
F
SO":
The
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
“
hybri
d
SCM
-
S
AC
-
OC
DMA"
opti
cal
desig
n
tha
t
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
on
sec
ur
it
y
MD
secu
rity
c
od
e
with
FS
O
wireless
li
nk
t
o
any
wireless
node
in
pr
op
ose
d
m
esh
network
has
got
si
m
ulat
ion
by
us
in
g
opti
-
s
yst
e
m
so
ftwar
e
ver
sio
n
9.
I
n
above
syst
em
a
nd
durin
g
sim
u
la
ti
on
,
2
use
rs
within
4
s
ubca
rr
ie
r
s
wer
e
us
e
d
at
r
ecepti
on
enc
od
er
syst
em
with
util
iz
ing
te
ch
ni
cal
FSO
for
tr
ansm
itti
ng
as
r
epr
ese
nted
in
Figure
3
. Ta
ble 1
il
lus
trat
es the u
se
d
sci
entifi
c p
ara
m
et
ers
fo
r
"
hybr
i
d
SCM
-
S
A
C
-
OCDM
A"
in the s
im
ulati
o
n
desi
gn
that
base
d
on
t
he
M
D
c
od
e
a
nd
opti
cal
FS
O
with
tw
o
c
od
e
weig
hts
(
W)
.
Using
M
D
c
od
e
is
in
de
pende
nt
a
nd
base
d
on
a
previo
us
represe
nted
stu
dy,
w
hichis
re
po
rted
the
usi
ng
MD
c
od
e
w
hi
ch
le
ad
s
to
ge
t
bette
r
perform
ance
f
or
wireless
sys
tem
.
This
perf
or
m
ance
is
co
m
par
ing
with
t
hat
of
us
i
ng
c
onve
ntion
al
c
ode
an
d
e
m
plo
ye
d
i
n
th
e original
SA
C
-
OC
DMA o
ptica
l sy
stem
[
14
]
and
[15].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
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om
p
Eng
IS
S
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20
88
-
8708
Estab
li
s
hm
e
nt
Ne
tw
or
k b
y
U
s
ing
FS
O Li
nk Base
d on M
D C
od
e
for Hy
br
i
d
…
(
R
as
hi
d
Al
i Fay
adh
)
5111
Figure
3. The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
an
al
ysi
s f
or
hybri
d SCM
-
S
AC
-
OCDM
A
Table
1.
Value
s of the
P
rop
ose
d Desig
n Para
m
et
ers
Variable
Valu
e
C
-
Ban
d
wavelen
g
th
1
5
5
0
nm
Prop
ag
atio
n
po
wer
6
dB
m
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
us
ers
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
su
b
carrier
Frequ
en
cy
ban
d
FSO L
en
g
th
Ap
erture
d
ia
m
ete
r
f
o
r
trans
m
itter
Ap
erture
d
ia
m
ete
r
f
o
r
rece
iv
er
Bea
m
div
ergen
ce
5
10
6
1
0
M
Hz
0
.5 &
2.5
K
m
1
0
c
m
3
2
c
m
2
m
r
ad
The
data
in
ta
ble
I
are
sim
u
la
te
d
us
in
g
O
ptisy
stem
ver
sion
7
an
d
Fi
gure
4
re
presen
ts
sci
entifi
c
relat
ion
s
hip
be
tween
BER
and
data
rate
fo
r
at
te
nuat
ion
s
ca
us
e
d
by
haze
and
r
ai
n.
From
the
figur
e
char
act
e
risti
c,
the
data
rate
is
i
ncr
ease
d
t
o
622
Mb/s
f
or
t
he
hybri
d
syst
em
,
w
her
e
t
he
BE
R
will
be
10
-
10
at
the
storm
or
f
ast
r
ai
n.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
t
he
BER
or
pro
bab
il
it
y
er
ror
isdec
reasi
ng
wh
e
n
th
e
ca
pacit
y
of
data
rate
is
reduce
d
to
be
few
e
r
t
han
62
2
M
bp
s
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
fi
gure
4
s
hows
the
B
ER
is
inc
rease
d
t
o
be
10
-
11
w
hen
the
data
rate
eq
ual
s
to
62
2
Mb
ps
unde
r
the
ef
fec
t
of
the
natu
ral
heav
y
haze.
T
her
e
fore,
t
he
pro
pa
gated
high
data
rate i
s affect
in
g
on the
operat
ion
of
hybr
i
d o
pt
ic
al
syst
e
m
p
erfor
m
ance.
Figure
4. The
BER
v
er
su
s
d
a
ta
r
at
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5107
-
5117
5112
Atte
nu
at
io
ns
of
haze
a
nd
r
ai
n
are
sho
wn
in
fig
ur
e
5
to
il
lu
strat
e
the
c
omparis
on
of
B
E
R
value
s
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
ra
ng
e
s
up
to
2.5
km
.
It
is
cl
eare
d
th
at
the
visibil
it
y
of
li
gh
t
im
pacts
on
at
te
nu
at
i
on
s
an
d
distan
ces
of
haze
at
heav
y,
cl
ear,
an
d
li
gh
t
and
of
rai
n
at
strong,
storm
,
dr
iz
zl
e,
an
d
li
ght.
It
is
ob
se
r
ve
d
that
the
pro
po
s
ed
hybri
d
syst
em
util
iz
ing
MD
c
od
e
with
F
SO
op
ti
cal
te
ch
nique
c
ou
l
d
perf
orm
su
ff
ic
i
ently
ve
ry
well
with
the
BER
of
10
-
12
up
t
o
500
m
at
the
natu
ral
storm
rain
wh
il
e
at
the
dr
iz
zl
e
rain;
the
BER
is
10
-
31
.
At
nor
m
al
l
y
heav
y
or
cl
ear
haze,
the
BER
is
arr
ive
d
to
be
10
-
9
a
nd
10
-
15
with
dista
nce
of
2500
m
resp
e
ct
ively
.
So
that
the
syst
e
m
per
f
o
r
m
ance
is
af
fected
by
dista
nce
that
le
ads
t
o
de
crease
BER
at
sh
ort
distances
an
d
inc
rease
BER
at
long
distances
because
of
at
te
nu
at
io
n
a
nd
di
sp
ersi
on
of
fi
be
r
le
ngth.
This
stud
y
s
hows
2.5
Km
or
m
or
e
is
the
worst sit
uatio
n f
or
rain
and
ha
ze at
te
nu
at
io
ns.
Figure
5. BER
against t
he dist
ance
Figure
6
il
lust
rates
the
trans
m
itted
power
against
BER
and
c
om
par
ed
with
storm
rain
an
d
hea
vy
haze.
I
n
ge
ne
r
al
,
it
is
abs
orb
ed
that
t
he
power
t
ran
sm
issi
on
has
im
pact
on
the
hybri
d
syst
e
m
and
th
e
BER
decr
ease
s
thr
ough
inc
reasin
g
the
powe
r.
Fi
gure
4
al
so
s
hows
the
ra
nge
of
powe
r
tra
ns
fe
r
from
6
to
9
dBm
fo
r
the
hybr
i
d
syst
e
m
.
It
is
obser
ved
that
t
he
B
ER
is
inc
rease
d
at
storm
rain
an
d
hea
vy
natur
al
haze
by
m
eans
of
reducin
g
t
he p
ow
e
r
tra
nsfer
.
Figure
6. The
B
ER versus
po
wer t
ransfe
r
The
var
ia
ti
ons
of
the
tra
ns
m
issi
on
powe
r
hav
e
ef
fect
on
the
po
wer
re
cei
ver
.
Fig
ur
e
7
s
hows
t
he
powe
r
transm
i
ssion
is
c
om
par
ed
with
the
power
receive
r
and
t
he
ra
ng
e
of
power
tra
nsfer
from
1
to
6
dBm
.
It
is
ob
se
rved
t
ha
t
the
receiv
e
d
outd
oor
po
wer
is
inc
reas
ed
by
inc
reasi
ng
t
he
tra
ns
m
i
tt
ed
powe
r
or
power
trans
fer
.
Fi
gur
e
7
dis
play
s
th
e
re
du
ci
ng
of
r
ecepti
on
relat
i
ng
to
tra
ns
m
is
sion
po
wer
thr
oug
h
a
sto
rm
rain
a
nd
heav
y
haze.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Estab
li
s
hm
e
nt
Ne
tw
or
k b
y
U
s
ing
FS
O Li
nk Base
d on M
D C
od
e
for Hy
br
i
d
…
(
R
as
hi
d
Al
i Fay
adh
)
5113
Figure
7. The
e
ff
ect
of tran
sm
issi
on
powe
r o
n
the
r
ece
pt
io
n p
ow
e
r
The
sim
ulate
d
resu
lt
s
of
reducin
g
noise
ar
e
exam
ined
by
ey
e
diagr
am
s
at
app
ly
ing
t
he
pr
opos
e
d
"hybr
i
d
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OCDM
A
"
opti
cal
netw
ork
that
is
co
nn
ect
ing
with
FS
O
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
ar
e
il
lustrate
d
i
n
fig
ur
e
8
at
two
diff
e
r
ent
ranges.
Fi
gure
8
s
hows
th
at
the
at
te
nu
at
i
on,
num
ber
of
us
ers
,
an
d
input
power
wer
e
set
to
be
50
0
m
,
5
use
rs,
a
nd
6
dBm
resp
e
ct
ively
.
I
t
is
sh
ow
n
that
the
ey
e
in
ey
e
diag
ram
is
ext
end
e
d
a
nd
cl
eared
a
t
increasin
g
of
BER
at
the
natur
al
st
or
m
rain
.
This
phe
no
m
enon
is
il
lust
ra
te
d
in
Fig
ur
e
9
w
hen
the
num
ber
of
us
ers
,
in
put
po
wer,
an
d
at
te
nuat
ion
we
re
se
t
to
be
5
us
e
rs
,
6
dBm
,
25
00
m
resp
ect
ivel
y.
Also
from
figure
8(b)
,
the
BER
cl
early
increases
at
the
heav
y
natu
ral
haz
e.
The
sim
ulatio
n
wa
s
run
nin
g
with
storm
rain
because
of
rai
n
at
te
nu
at
io
n
is
m
uch
higher
than
haze,
s
o
the
resu
lt
s
of
ey
e
diagr
am
wi
th
storm
rain
giv
e
a
n
i
m
pr
ovem
ent
f
or
syst
em
per
f
or
m
ance.
The
r
efore,
a
sp
eci
al
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
i
s
need
e
d
to
achieve
a
bette
r
syst
e
m
perform
ancethat
involve
d
li
nk
ra
nge
nu
m
ber
of
us
er'
sopti
m
iz
at
ion
.
I
n
th
is
par
t
of
t
he
r
esearch
,
we
s
how
ho
w
the
at
te
nuat
ion
has
a
si
gn
ific
ant
im
pact
on
syst
e
m
per
f
orm
ance
(BER)
and
li
nk
ra
nge
(
km
).
So
t
hat,
r
ai
n
is
the b
ig
gest af
f
ect
ing
in
the
free
sp
ace
op
ti
ca
l sy
stem
s.
Ho
wev
e
r,
it
sti
ll
c
an
be
s
ucces
sf
ully
w
it
h
co
ns
i
der
e
d
t
o
the p
a
ram
et
ers
of the
rain
at
te
nu
at
io
n.
(a)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5107
-
5117
5114
(b)
Figure
8. The
taken ey
e d
ia
gra
m
at channel
1
, (a)
with
d
ist
ance
of 50
0
m
at storm
r
ai
n
, (
b)
at
r
a
ng
e
of
2500 m
with
heav
y
haz
e
6.
THE
PROPO
SED SYSTE
M APPLI
CAT
ION
The
ra
dio
over
fiber
is
in
dire
ct
ly
m
od
ulate
d
the
opti
cal
sign
al
us
in
g
Ma
c
h
-
Ze
hnde
r
m
od
ulato
r
f
r
om
a
co
ntinuo
us
w
ave
la
ser
di
ode
of
w
avele
ng
t
h
in
nanom
et
ers.
At
t
he
receivi
ng
en
d
of
op
ti
c
al
fiber
li
nk,
opti
ca
l
sign
al
s
are
we
ak
an
d
carryi
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
that
need
t
o
be
conve
rted
to
st
ron
g
el
ect
rical
sign
al
to
est
im
at
e
th
e
or
i
gin
al
ly
tran
sm
it
te
d
sign
al
s
.
The
refo
re,
t
he
re
are
three
f
un
ct
io
ns,
ha
ve
to
b
e
do
ne
in
the
opti
cal
re
cei
ver
su
c
h
as,
est
im
at
ion
of
tra
nsm
itted
m
essage,
am
plific
at
io
n,
a
nd
opti
cal
sign
al
c
onve
rsion
t
o
el
ect
rical
sign
al
.
By
these
three
functi
ons,
th
e
op
ti
cal
receiv
e
r
is
sim
il
ar
to
the
ra
dio
receiv
er
acce
pt
no
a
m
pl
ific
at
ion
in
op
ti
cal
syst
e
m
.
To
see
the
im
pr
ove
d
perform
ance
on
U
W
B
op
ti
ca
l
receive
r,
we
need
to
ap
ply
the
propose
d
opti
cal
syst
e
m
to
redu
ce the
pro
bab
il
it
y of
er
r
or
bits
.
This
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
is
t
o
s
how
t
he
e
ff
ect
s
of
usi
ng
fibe
r
i
n
wireless
c
ha
nnel
thr
ough
insi
de
bu
il
di
ngs
(in
door
pro
pa
ga
ti
on
)
us
in
g
ultra
-
wi
deb
a
nd
(
U
W
B
)
te
ch
no
l
og
y.
By
usi
ng
RoF
te
ch
nolo
gy,
data
ca
pac
it
y
of
op
ti
cal
netw
orks
is
c
om
bin
ing
with
m
ob
il
it
y
and
flexibi
li
ty
of
wir
el
ess
net
works
without
inc
rem
e
nt
i
n
sign
ific
a
nt
cost
[1
6],
[
17]
.
Also
by
RoF,
in
form
ation
c
an
be
transpor
te
d
ov
er
op
ti
cal
fiber
with
m
od
ulati
ng
i
n
direct
or
in
dire
ct
li
gh
t
with
ra
dio
si
gn
al
.
Th
e
re
is
an
exter
na
l
m
od
ulato
r
t
o
m
od
ulate
the
opti
cal
sign
al
cal
le
d
Ma
ch
Ze
hnde
r
m
od
ulator
(M
ZM)
a
nd
Ma
c
h
Ze
hnde
r
In
te
rf
e
ro
m
et
er
(M
ZI)
is
us
ed
to
sp
li
t
thi
s
sig
na
l
into
2
paths
[18],
[
19
]
,
and
[20].
A
f
te
r
su
m
m
ing
the
2
si
gn
al
s
,
they
interfe
re
de
pendin
g
on
de
la
y
tim
e
with
each
oth
e
r.
MZM
is
ap
plyi
ng
to
c
onve
rt
the
el
ect
rical
to
op
ti
ca
l
sign
al
s
an
d
s
end
them
to
m
ulti
plexer
to
c
om
bin
e
the
sign
al
s
in
opti
cal
do
m
ai
n.
These
sig
nals
are
passe
d
to
dem
ulti
plexer
to
sp
li
t
the
sign
a
l
into
two
way
s,
one
is
passe
d
i
nto
the
fi
ber
to
co
nv
e
rt
op
ti
cal
s
ign
al
t
o
el
ect
ri
cal
sign
al
an
d
the
n
to
s
pectr
um
analy
zer
to
be
detect
ed by
op
t
ic
al
d
et
ect
or
.
The
oth
e
r
way
is
passe
d
dire
ct
l
y
to
sp
ect
r
um
analy
zed
to
sh
ow
t
he
sym
bo
l
er
ror
rate
(SER
)
in
ti
m
e
do
m
ai
n
or
to
detect
the
el
ect
rical
sign
al
.
The
sp
ect
r
um
a
naly
zer
detect
ion
s
a
re
il
lustrate
d
in
Figure
10
to
represe
nt
the
sim
ula
ti
on
re
su
lt
s
of
the
SER
ve
rsu
s
nu
m
ber
of
act
ive
us
e
rs
f
or
U
WB
si
gn
al
s
in
opti
cal
detect
or
and
non
-
opti
cal
detect
or
.
T
he
SER
cha
ra
ct
erist
ic
without
opti
cal
li
nk
is
bad
beca
use
the
receive
d
sig
nal
travels
thr
ough
the
wireless
ind
oo
r
cha
nnel
that
is
aff
ect
ed
by
fad
i
ng,
path
losses,
a
nd
s
hado
wing
befor
e
enterin
g
t
he
R
oF
li
nk.
Alth
ough
t
her
e
is
som
e
interfer
e
nc
e
betwee
n
t
he
wireless
a
nd
opti
cal
wire
d
c
ha
nn
el
s
,
the pow
e
r pena
lt
ie
s ar
e s
m
al
l
and
ca
n be fur
t
her
reduce
d
by
u
sin
g
opti
cal
fi
lt
er.
By
u
sing
MATLAB s
oft
war
e
,
the
si
m
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
are
show
n
in
Fig
ure
r
9.
F
ro
m
si
mu
la
ti
on
res
ults
the
op
ti
cal
receiver
is
bette
r
tha
n
el
ect
rical
receiver
w
hen
us
i
ng
MZM
s
o
that
,
the
perform
a
nce
of
U
W
B
over
fibe
r
syst
e
m
is
exam
ined.
As
the
SER,
U,
a
nd
SN
R
are
the
s
ign
ific
a
nt
par
a
m
et
ers
fo
r
sys
tem
per
form
ance
ind
ic
at
ion,
they
are
def
in
ed
a
s
expresse
d bell
ow
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Estab
li
s
hm
e
nt
Ne
tw
or
k b
y
U
s
ing
FS
O Li
nk Base
d on M
D C
od
e
for Hy
br
i
d
…
(
R
as
hi
d
Al
i Fay
adh
)
5115
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
h
t
R
x
t
h
t
n
t
(
7
)
1
01
(0
s
R
P
P
s
S
N
R
(
8
)
()
22
U
S
N
R
S
E
R
e
r
f
c
(9)
wh
e
re
x(
t)
is
the
tra
ns
m
itted
sign
al
,
h(t
)
is
t
he
c
hannel
im
pu
lse
res
pons
e
,
denotes
co
nv
olu
ti
on,
n(
t
)
is
the
Gau
s
sia
n
noise
,
er
fc
is
t
he
e
rror
f
un
ct
i
on,
P
s1
is
sig
nal
powe
r
of
bit
1,
P
s0
is
sig
nal
power
ofbit
0,
0
and
1
are
the
no
ise
va
riances
ass
oci
at
ed
with
the
t
r
ansm
itted
signa
l
0
an
d
1res
pe
ct
ively
,
and
R
is
the
phot
od
e
te
ct
or
respo
ns
ivit
y
.
Figure
9
.
BER
vs
. n
um
ber
of
us
ers
for U
WB
sig
nals
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
NS
The
w
orkin
g
pro
posed
m
esh
netw
ork
syst
em
is
no
w
pro
m
isi
ng
te
chn
iq
ue
in
opti
cal
tr
ansm
issi
on
to
i
m
pr
ove
the
trustin
g
of
high
data
rate
indoor
or
ou
t
door
re
cepti
on
a
nd
tra
ns
m
issi
on
at
lon
g
or
s
hort
ranges
of
wireless
syst
em
s
at
op
ti
cal
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
li
nk
s.
S
o
that,
pro
po
se
d
re
sea
rch
is
quit
can
be
us
e
d
in
wireless
syst
e
m
s
with
high
data
rate
velocit
y
in
pro
pa
gation
by
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
li
nks
rece
pt
ion
or
tran
sm
issi
on
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
the
basic
i
dea
of
the
resea
rc
h
is
t
o
c
ross
or
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
nat
ur
al
ba
d
env
i
ronm
ents
that
are
happe
ned b
y
he
avy h
aze
a
nd stor
m
rain
over
opti
cal
FS
O
te
chn
i
qu
e
f
or
r
ec
eption or
t
rans
m
issi
on
.
S
o
th
at
,
the
requi
rem
ent
of
this
work
is
t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e
or
reduce
the
nor
m
al
l
y
eff
ect
on
BER
at
hig
h
capaci
ty
of
da
ta
rate
pro
pag
at
io
n
t
hro
ugh
opti
cal
te
chn
i
qu
e
use
d
FSO.
Re
s
ults
that
are
gott
en
by
sim
ulati
on
process
f
or
5
use
rs
a
re
sh
owin
g
with
decr
easi
ng
of
BER
.
This
decr
eas
in
g
a
nd
inc
reasi
ng
of
recei
ved
powe
r
de
pend
ing
on
m
axi
m
iz
ing
or
a
m
plifyi
ng
th
e
power
tra
nsm
issi
on
at
vary
ing
or
une
xpect
ed
co
nd
it
io
ns
su
c
h
as
ha
ze
and
heav
y
rain
.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
are
su
pp
or
ti
ng
the
"hybr
i
d
SCM
-
SA
C
-
OCDM
A
"
op
ti
cal
instru
m
ents
enh
a
ncem
ent
in
f
ree
sp
ac
e
f
or
lo
ng
ra
nge
s
or
distances
,
wh
ic
h
re
du
c
e
the
require
d
sta
ti
on
s
num
ber
of
receptio
n
a
nd
t
ran
sm
issi
on
.
A
lso
in
this
pa
pe
r,
we
can
c
on
cl
ud
e
th
at
the
eff
ect
of
R
oS
l
ink
on
U
WB
s
ign
al
s
by
sim
ulati
on
resu
lt
s
for
BE
R
at
diff
e
re
nt
nu
m
ber
of
us
e
rs.
From
this
stud
y,
we
e
nha
nced
that
the
pro
posed
op
ti
cal
syst
e
m
is
m
or
e
su
it
able
in
serv
ic
es
f
or
U
W
B
i
ndoor
syst
e
m
s
by
red
ucin
g
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
bit
err
or
at
the r
ecei
ving e
nd of t
he
syst
e
m
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
I
ha
ve
done
t
his
w
ork
in
m
y
dep
a
rtm
ent
la
borator
ie
s
of
Ele
ct
rical
En
gin
ee
rin
g
Coll
ege.
S
o
m
y
reg
a
rds
and
tha
nk
s
to
the
sta
f
f
of
these
la
bor
at
or
ie
s.
Als
o
I
would
li
ke
to
than
k
the
dea
n
of
this
colle
ge
for
his
su
pp
or
t t
o finis
h
the
sim
ulati
o
n work.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
10
-
1
0
10
-8
10
-6
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
N
um
be
r
of
us
e
rs
S
E
R
U
s
i
ng
fi
be
r i
n w
i
re
l
e
s
s
c
ha
nne
l
W
i
t
h no fi
be
r i
n w
i
re
l
e
s
s
c
ha
nne
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
5107
-
5117
5116
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t
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Anal
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e
at
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ula
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m
ult
i
di
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wi
th ze
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M
A ne
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.