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1
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Feb
r
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y
20
22
,
p
p
.
131
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co
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1.
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RO
D
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I
O
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Acc
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g
to
l
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-
ter
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tr
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r
eso
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s
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Mo
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s
y
s
tem
is
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tam
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u
b
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ce
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t
d
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[
1
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-
[
3
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.
I
n
co
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tr
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p
r
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s
[
4
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.
A
s
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PV
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s
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o
f
th
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s
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p
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o
u
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.
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to
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an
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r
ely
o
n
th
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s
u
n
'
s
r
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iatio
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to
g
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ate
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tr
icity
.
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g
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s
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ted
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[
5
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.
D
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PV
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as
ex
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o
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in
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Fig
u
r
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1
s
h
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g
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s
in
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w
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last
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[
6
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.
Fig
u
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2
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I
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C
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E
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g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
3
1
-
140
132
co
u
n
tr
ies
in
2
0
2
0
[
7
]
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
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C
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GW
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[
7
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T
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g
r
id
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tied
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as
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DC
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DC
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n
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ter
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ter
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ter
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s
tem
m
u
s
t
f
u
lf
il
ar
e
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
tr
ac
k
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
p
o
i
n
t
(
MPPT)
to
co
llect
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
p
o
wer
f
r
o
m
s
o
lar
PV
an
d
th
e
ca
p
ac
ity
to
r
ea
lis
e
a
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t c
o
n
tr
o
l te
ch
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
s
m
o
o
th
p
o
wer
f
lo
w
to
th
e
l
o
ad
an
d
g
r
id
[
8
]
,
[
9
]
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
th
e
g
r
i
d
-
tied
in
v
er
ter
s
y
s
tem
k
ee
p
s
th
e
DC
lin
k
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
s
tan
t
an
d
r
eg
u
lates
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
ac
tiv
e
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
p
o
wer
to
th
e
g
r
id
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
Gr
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
PV
s
y
s
tem
s
r
an
g
e
in
s
ize
f
r
o
m
a
f
ew
h
u
n
d
r
e
d
watts
to
h
u
n
d
r
ed
s
o
f
m
eg
awa
tts
.
A
s
tr
ay
o
r
p
ar
asit
ic
ca
p
ac
itan
c
e
ex
is
ts
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
an
d
ea
r
t
h
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Hen
ce
a
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
ws
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
wh
en
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
lls
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
g
en
er
ate
p
o
wer
in
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
p
o
wer
g
en
e
r
atio
n
s
y
s
tem
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
is
o
lat
io
n
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
id
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
m
u
s
t
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
to
p
r
ev
e
n
t
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
th
is
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
wh
ich
ca
u
s
es
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
in
ter
f
er
e
n
ce
an
d
is
also
d
an
g
er
o
u
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
s
tr
ay
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
v
ar
ies
u
p
to
1
5
0
n
F/k
W
d
ep
en
d
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
[
1
3
]
.
T
o
p
r
ev
en
t
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
a
l
o
w
-
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
b
yp
a
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
m
itig
a
te
lea
ka
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t in
th
e
g
r
id
-
tied
in
ve
r
ter
(
Gee
th
a
K
a
mu
r
th
y
)
133
u
s
ed
as
an
is
o
lato
r
.
T
h
e
lin
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
ak
es
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
b
u
lk
ier
,
h
ea
v
ier
,
an
d
m
o
r
e
ex
p
en
s
iv
e.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
in
a
g
r
id
-
tied
in
v
e
r
ter
,
th
e
lin
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
is
r
em
o
v
e
d
.
T
h
is
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
less
g
r
id
-
t
ied
in
v
er
ter
o
f
f
er
s
lo
we
r
co
s
t,
lig
h
ter
weig
h
t,
s
m
aller
v
o
lu
m
e,
h
ig
h
er
e
f
f
icien
cy
a
n
d
less
co
m
p
lex
ity
co
m
p
a
r
ed
t
o
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
-
b
ased
in
v
er
ter
s
.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
r
em
o
v
e
d
tr
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
er
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
m
p
en
s
at
ed
with
a
s
u
itab
le
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a)
s
h
o
w
a
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
e
r
ter
with
f
o
u
r
s
witch
es
.
W
h
en
u
s
ed
in
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
less
g
r
id
-
ti
ed
in
v
er
ter
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
is
o
latio
n
to
a
v
o
id
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
r
elate
d
to
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
b
u
ilt
with
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
l
a
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
ar
e
p
r
im
a
r
ily
d
iv
id
ed
in
to
two
ca
teg
o
r
ies
b
ased
o
n
lea
k
ag
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es.
T
h
ey
ar
e
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
w
ith
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
clam
p
in
g
an
d
g
alv
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
with
o
u
t c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
lta
g
e
clam
p
in
g
.
Gr
id
-
tied
in
v
er
te
r
s
lik
e
th
e
H
5
in
v
er
ter
[
1
4
]
an
d
its
d
er
iv
a
tiv
es
u
s
e
th
e
DC
-
b
y
p
ass
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
u
s
es
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
with
o
u
t
a
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
cla
m
p
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
;
to
p
r
ev
en
t
le
ak
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
f
lo
win
g
b
etwe
en
th
e
g
r
i
d
an
d
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll.
As
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
,
H5
is
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
with
f
o
u
r
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
S
1
–
S
4
an
d
a
s
witch
S
5
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
to
th
e
f
u
ll
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b
r
i
d
g
e
to
ac
h
iev
e
DC
-
B
y
p
ass
.
T
h
e
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
als
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
p
o
wer
s
witch
es
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
s
witch
S
5
d
is
co
n
n
ec
ts
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
an
d
th
u
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e.
T
o
r
ed
u
ce
lea
k
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t,
th
e
h
ig
h
l
y
e
f
f
icien
t
r
e
liab
le
in
v
er
ter
co
n
ce
p
t
(
Her
ic)
an
d
its
d
er
i
v
ativ
es
u
s
e
a
n
AC
-
b
y
p
ass
tech
n
iq
u
e
wh
ich
also
c
o
m
es
u
n
d
er
g
al
v
a
n
ic
is
o
latio
n
with
o
u
t
a
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
clam
p
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Her
ic
h
as
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
with
f
o
u
r
s
witch
es
S
1
–
S
4
s
im
ilar
to
th
e
co
n
v
en
ti
o
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
.
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
i
n
[
1
5
]
,
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
witch
es
S
5
an
d
S
6
ar
e
ad
d
ed
at
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
o
u
tp
u
t.
T
h
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
ese
two
s
witch
es
in
A
C
-
b
y
p
ass
,
p
r
ev
en
tin
g
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
r
ea
c
h
in
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
an
d
th
u
s
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tin
g
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
ce
ll
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
r
id
.
T
h
is
in
v
er
ter
is
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
t
th
an
th
e
H5
in
v
er
ter
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
ad
d
itio
n
al
s
witch
es
in
th
e
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
g
alv
an
ic
is
o
latio
n
with
a
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
clam
p
in
g
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
u
s
ed
i
n
[
1
6
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
,
s
witch
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
u
ch
a
way
th
at
d
u
r
in
g
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
alwa
y
s
eq
u
al
to
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
i
n
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
Hen
ce
th
e
g
alv
an
i
c
is
o
latio
n
ca
n
b
e
ac
q
u
ir
ed
eit
h
er
o
n
th
e
AC
s
id
e
o
r
th
e
DC
s
id
e
o
f
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
o
r
b
y
u
s
in
g
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
i
n
t
clam
p
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
b
y
in
c
o
r
p
o
r
atin
g
ex
tr
a
s
witch
es.
Sin
ce
a
lo
wer
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
es
ar
e
p
r
esen
t
in
th
e
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
ath
AC
b
y
p
ass
in
g
o
f
f
er
s
h
ig
h
ef
f
icien
c
y
th
a
n
th
e
DC
b
y
p
ass
tech
n
iq
u
e.
I
n
th
e
AC
b
y
p
ass
tech
n
iq
u
e,
h
ig
h
-
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
r
ip
p
les
m
ay
b
e
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
d
u
e
to
th
e
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
f
a
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
cir
c
u
it
b
etwe
en
th
e
ju
n
ctio
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
th
e
f
ilter
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
.
On
th
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
th
e
n
eu
t
r
al
p
o
i
n
t
clam
p
i
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
h
elp
s
in
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
c
o
n
s
tan
t
th
at
in
ter
n
h
elp
s
in
k
ee
p
in
g
t
h
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
as
less
as
p
o
s
s
ib
le,
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
s
p
ilt
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
th
a
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
b
alan
ce
d
to
g
ain
th
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
R
ec
en
tly
,
m
u
ch
o
f
th
e
wo
r
k
h
as
b
ee
n
f
o
c
u
s
ed
o
n
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
n
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
as
n
am
e
in
d
icate
s
,
th
e
PV
g
r
o
u
n
d
an
d
th
e
g
r
i
d
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
t
o
g
eth
er
.
As
th
e
two
g
r
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
d
ir
ec
tly
th
e
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
b
ec
o
m
es
ze
r
o
h
e
n
ce
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
as
well.
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
lo
g
y
n
am
ed
as
T
y
p
e
-
I
,
T
y
p
e
-
I
I
a
n
d
T
y
p
e
-
I
I
I
i
n
[
1
7
]
.
Alo
n
g
wit
h
ze
r
o
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
th
e
m
ain
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
ese
to
p
o
lo
g
ie
s
ar
e
in
T
y
p
e
-
I
o
n
ly
two
s
wit
ch
es
ar
e
ac
tiv
e
in
p
o
wer
o
n
m
o
d
e
wh
ile
in
T
y
p
e
-
I
I
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
witch
.
I
n
T
y
p
e
-
I
I
I
au
th
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
es
a
m
ea
n
s
o
f
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
in
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
an
o
t
h
e
r
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
th
at
u
s
es
s
witch
ed
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
v
i
r
tu
al
DC
-
lin
k
tech
n
iq
u
e
was
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
8
]
wi
th
wh
ich
it
was
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
b
o
o
s
t
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
to
two
tim
es with
o
u
t a
n
y
ex
tr
a
in
d
u
cto
r
s
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
a
u
th
o
r
h
as p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
to
p
o
lo
g
y
in
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
in
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
d
e
v
ices
u
s
ed
ar
e
less
er
th
an
u
s
ed
in
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
1
8
]
.
Hen
ce
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
ex
p
ec
ted
to
r
e
d
u
ce
al
o
n
g
with
all
af
o
r
em
e
n
tio
n
ed
ad
v
an
tag
es.
An
ei
g
h
t
s
witch
-
f
iv
e
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
0
]
th
e
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
th
at
with
o
n
ly
f
ew
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
witch
es
it
was
ab
le
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
f
iv
e
lev
els
an
d
also
th
e
m
ax
im
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
witch
es
co
m
in
g
in
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
p
ath
ar
e
lim
ited
t
o
th
r
ee
.
Hen
c
e
th
is
to
p
o
lo
g
y
y
ield
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icien
cy
.
D
u
e
to
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
lev
els
th
e
o
v
er
all
s
tr
ess
o
n
th
e
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
an
d
th
e
p
o
wer
q
u
ality
is
a
ls
o
im
p
r
o
v
ed
.
Simi
lar
to
th
is
an
o
th
er
m
u
ltil
ev
el
in
v
er
ter
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
[
2
1
]
wh
ich
ca
r
r
ies
th
e
s
am
e
b
en
e
f
its
o
f
eig
h
t
s
witch
f
i
v
e
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
.
A
f
iv
e
-
lev
el
in
v
er
ter
t
h
at
em
p
l
o
y
s
s
er
ies
p
ar
allel
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
al
o
n
g
with
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
2
2
]
.
Du
e
to
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
th
e
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
an
d
a
ls
o
it
h
as
r
ed
u
ce
d
h
ar
m
o
n
ics.
An
o
th
er
s
im
ilar
ty
p
e
o
f
f
iv
e
-
lev
el
i
n
v
er
ter
with
s
er
ies
p
ar
allel
s
witch
in
g
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
an
d
co
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
,
with
o
n
ly
o
n
e
s
tag
e
it
was
ab
le
to
o
u
tp
u
t
f
iv
e
-
le
v
els
an
d
als
o
en
h
an
ce
d
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
is
a
lead
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
in
t
h
e
p
r
esen
t
y
ea
r
ev
en
th
o
u
g
h
it
h
as
s
o
m
e
lim
ita
tio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
en
t
o
f
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
an
d
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
em
e
n
t
o
f
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
f
lo
w
o
f
in
r
u
s
h
cu
r
r
en
t
in
to
t
h
is
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
wh
ich
m
ay
d
am
ag
e
th
e
en
tire
u
n
it [
2
4
]
.
T
o
tak
e
an
ad
v
an
tag
e
o
f
all
th
e
is
o
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
to
p
o
lo
g
y
wh
ich
is
a
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
in
v
er
ter
to
p
o
l
o
g
ies
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
[
2
5
]
.
T
h
e
y
a
r
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
t
o
y
ield
g
o
o
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
u
s
in
g
a
s
in
g
le
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
E
x
ten
s
iv
e
w
o
r
k
is
al
r
ea
d
y
av
ailab
le
in
th
e
liter
atu
r
e
t
h
at
s
u
g
g
ests
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
in
g
with
th
e
AC
d
ec
o
u
p
lin
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
2
6
]
-
[
2
8
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
er
e
is
litt
le
r
esear
ch
o
n
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
3
1
-
140
134
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
all
DC
b
y
p
ass
with
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
in
g
,
wh
ich
m
ay
r
esu
lt
in
g
r
ea
ter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ap
er
,
an
ef
f
o
r
t
is
p
u
t
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
in
g
o
n
e
s
u
ch
h
y
b
r
id
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
f
o
r
r
ed
u
cin
g
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
is
an
aly
ze
d
at
th
e
e
n
d
.
T
h
e
r
em
ain
d
e
r
o
f
th
is
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
ws:
Sectio
n
2
in
clu
d
es
a
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
lo
g
y
.
Simu
latio
n
r
esu
lts
an
d
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
ter
s
ar
e
ex
am
in
ed
in
s
ec
tio
n
3
.
Sectio
n
4
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
co
n
clu
d
in
g
r
em
a
r
k
s
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
y
b
r
id
m
eth
o
d
.
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
T
O
P
O
L
O
G
Y
As
m
en
tio
n
ed
ea
r
lier
to
tak
e
an
ad
v
a
n
tag
e
o
f
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
,
a
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
th
is
p
ap
er
th
at
in
clu
d
es
a
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
DC
b
y
p
ass
in
g
an
d
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
s
h
o
ws
a
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
c
o
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
w
itch
es
S
1
-
S
4
.
I
n
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e,
ea
c
h
s
witch
is
o
p
er
ate
d
with
its
d
ed
icate
d
d
r
iv
e
r
cir
c
u
it f
o
r
ap
p
ly
in
g
s
in
p
u
ls
e
wid
t
h
m
o
d
u
lated
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
le
v
els
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
p
lay
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
r
o
le
wh
ile
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
lo
w
p
ass
f
ilter
f
o
r
r
em
o
v
in
g
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
a
n
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
f
ilter
in
d
u
cto
r
s
ize
an
d
h
en
ce
t
h
e
co
s
t o
f
f
ilter
in
g
r
ed
u
ce
s
with
a
n
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
lev
els.
T
h
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
b
ip
o
lar
s
in
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
B
SP
W
M)
p
r
o
v
id
es
two
lev
els,
wh
ile
u
n
ip
o
lar
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
th
r
e
e
lev
els
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t.
He
n
ce
f
r
o
m
th
e
f
ilter
d
esig
n
p
o
in
t
o
f
v
iew,
u
n
ip
o
lar
s
in
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
USPW
M)
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
s
in
e
p
u
ls
e
wid
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
HSPW
M)
tech
n
iq
u
es
ar
e
s
u
itab
le.
Als
o
,
th
e
ef
f
icien
cy
o
f
b
o
th
USPW
M
an
d
HSPW
M
is
b
et
ter
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
B
SP
W
M
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
te
r
ar
e
alwa
y
s
g
o
o
d
in
B
SP
W
M
m
o
d
e,
y
et
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
v
a
n
tag
es
o
f
f
er
ed
b
y
US
PW
M
an
d
HSPW
M,
it
'
s
b
etter
to
s
elec
t
an
y
o
n
e
o
f
th
ese
two
co
n
tr
o
l
s
ig
n
als
f
o
r
o
p
er
atin
g
a
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
.
Am
o
n
g
USPW
M
an
d
HSP
W
M
th
e
latter
g
iv
es
g
o
o
d
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
Hen
ce
,
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
HSPW
M
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
es.
T
o
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
r
esu
lts
at
ev
er
y
s
t
ep
,
th
e
f
u
ll
-
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
e
r
ter
is
also
s
im
u
lated
with
th
e
H
SP
W
M
tech
n
iq
u
e.
T
wo
d
io
d
es
D
1
an
d
D
2
ar
e
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
b
ac
k
-
to
-
b
ac
k
in
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e
in
v
er
ter
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
to
estab
lis
h
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
i
n
g
.
T
h
ese
d
io
d
es
ev
e
n
th
o
u
g
h
d
o
n
’
t
p
r
o
v
id
e
is
o
latio
n
,
h
elp
s
in
clam
p
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
in
v
er
te
r
to
t
h
e
n
eu
t
r
al
p
o
in
t
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e.
Fo
r
in
clu
s
io
n
o
f
DC
b
y
p
ass
,
a
well
-
k
n
o
wn
H
5
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
s
elec
ted
th
at
h
as
an
ex
tr
a
s
witch
S
5
at
PV
p
o
s
itiv
e
s
id
e
o
r
n
e
g
ativ
e
s
id
e.
As
DC
b
y
p
ass
in
g
at
th
e
n
eg
ativ
e
s
id
e
g
iv
es th
e
b
est r
esu
lts
in
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
p
o
l
o
g
y
th
e
s
witch
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
PV
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
f
u
ll
-
b
r
i
d
g
e
i
n
v
er
ter
with
HSPW
M
i
s
u
s
ed
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
witch
S
5
is
ac
t
iv
e
d
u
r
in
g
in
v
er
ter
p
o
wer
in
g
m
o
d
e
an
d
is
s
witch
ed
o
f
f
d
u
r
in
g
b
o
th
n
eg
ativ
e
an
d
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e.
T
o
f
o
r
m
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
H5
i
n
v
er
ter
is
in
teg
r
ated
with
th
e
n
eu
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
as
s
u
g
g
ested
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
.
Hen
ce
th
e
c
o
m
p
le
te
cir
cu
it o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Hy
b
r
id
b
y
p
ass
to
p
o
lo
g
y
is
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
d
)
.
I
n
th
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
it
ca
n
b
e
n
o
ted
th
at
th
e
d
io
d
es
D
1
an
d
D
2
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
o
esn
'
t
r
ea
ch
PV
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
u
n
d
er
th
e
n
o
n
-
id
ea
l
co
n
d
itio
n
wh
er
e
th
e
ju
n
ctio
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
witch
es
f
o
r
m
a
r
eso
n
a
n
ce
a
lo
n
g
with
th
e
f
ilter
cir
c
u
it
th
e
DC
b
y
p
ass
s
witch
k
ee
p
s
th
e
PV
m
o
d
u
le
in
is
o
lat
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
Hen
ce
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws
th
r
o
u
g
h
d
io
d
es
D
1
o
r
D
2
an
d
f
in
ally
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
n
eu
t
r
al
clam
p
ed
p
o
in
t
wh
ich
co
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
r
ed
u
c
es
th
e
o
v
er
all
leak
a
g
e
cu
r
r
en
t
in
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
.
T
h
e
s
am
e
m
eth
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
o
p
tim
ized
H
5
in
v
er
te
r
p
r
es
en
ted
in
[
2
9
]
.
As
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
(
e
)
.
F
o
r
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
I
GB
T
with
o
u
t
b
o
d
y
d
io
d
e
as
s
witch
S7
is
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
p
wm
s
ig
n
al
ap
p
lied
to
it
is
co
m
p
lem
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
o
wer
s
witch
S
5
.
An
o
th
er
DC
-
b
y
p
ass
in
v
er
ter
k
n
o
wn
as
H6
in
v
er
ter
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
[
3
0
]
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
e
d
to
ch
ec
k
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
eth
o
d
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
f
)
s
h
o
ws
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
H
6
in
v
e
r
ter
with
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
clam
p
in
g
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
e
PW
M
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
s
witch
S
6
is
s
a
m
e
as
s
witch
S
5
.
All
th
e
th
r
ee
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
v
e
r
ter
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
im
ilar
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
an
d
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tial
m
o
d
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
.
B
u
t
th
e
r
esu
ltan
t
leak
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
co
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
is
c
o
n
s
id
er
ab
ly
r
ed
u
ce
d
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
eir
b
asic
v
er
s
io
n
.
A
m
o
n
g
all
th
e
t
h
r
ee
in
v
er
ter
s
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
o
wer
d
e
v
ices
r
eq
u
ir
ed
ar
e
less
in
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
H5
-
NPC
.
Hen
ce
o
n
ly
th
e
to
p
o
lo
g
y
H5
-
NPC
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
f
u
r
th
er
a
n
aly
s
is
.
T
h
e
in
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates in
f
o
u
r
m
o
d
es a
s
ex
p
lain
ed
;
2
.
1
.
M
o
de
-
I
Mo
d
e
-
I
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
p
o
wer
i
n
g
m
o
d
e
in
t
h
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
lo
ad
/
AC
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
an
in
v
er
ter
.
T
h
e
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
als
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
n
v
er
ter
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
g
)
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
S
1
,
S
5
ar
e
o
p
er
atin
g
at
s
witch
in
g
f
r
eq
u
e
n
cy
w
h
ile
S
4
is
o
p
e
r
ate
d
at
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
B
o
th
S
2
an
d
S
3
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OF
F.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
m
o
d
e
-
I
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
4
(
a
)
.
T
h
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
AN
is
at
V
PV
an
d
V
BN
is
ze
r
o
v
o
lts
.
T
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
cm
an
d
d
if
f
er
en
tial
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
AB
ca
n
b
e
d
o
n
e
u
s
in
g
(
1
)
a
n
d
(
2
)
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
-
I
V
cm
an
d
V
AB
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
(
3
)
an
d
(
4
)
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
ev
e
n
af
ter
clam
p
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
to
V
PV
/2
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
in
Mo
d
e
-
I
is
s
am
e
as
th
e
ap
p
lied
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
V
PV
.
W
h
ile
in
co
n
v
en
tio
n
al
n
e
u
tr
al
p
o
in
t
clam
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
is
h
alf
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e
t
h
at
af
f
ec
ts
th
e
o
v
er
all
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
b
yp
a
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
m
itig
a
te
lea
ka
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t in
th
e
g
r
id
-
tied
in
ve
r
ter
(
Gee
th
a
K
a
mu
r
th
y
)
135
=
=
−
(
1
)
=
+
2
(
2
)
=
=
−
=
+
−
0
=
+
(
3
)
=
+
2
=
+
0
2
=
2
(
4
)
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
(
g
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Gr
id
-
tied
in
v
e
r
ter
u
s
in
g
:
(
a
)
f
u
ll
b
r
id
g
e,
(
b
)
H5
,
(
c
)
H4
-
NPC
,
(
d
)
H5
-
NPC
,
(
e
)
o
H
5
-
NPC
,
(
f
)
H6
-
NPC
,
(
g
)
HSPW
M
Pu
ls
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
t
o
p
o
lo
g
y
2
.
2
.
M
o
de
-
II
Mo
d
e
-
I
I
is
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e
in
w
h
ich
a
p
o
s
itiv
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
S
4
is
ON
wh
ile
S
1
, S
2
, S
3
an
d
S
5
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
is
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
AN
is
a
t
V
PV
/2
an
d
V
BN
is
V
PV
/2
v
o
lts
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
V
cm
an
d
V
AB
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
(
5
)
an
d
(
6
)
.
T
h
e
c
o
m
m
o
n
-
m
o
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
in
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
is
h
alf
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t v
o
ltag
e.
=
=
−
=
2
−
2
=
0
(
5
)
=
+
2
=
2
+
2
2
=
2
(
6
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
3
1
-
140
136
2
.
3
.
M
o
de
-
III
Mo
d
e
-
I
I
I
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
p
o
w
er
in
g
m
o
d
e
i
n
th
is
,
n
e
g
ativ
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
lo
ad
/
AC
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e
S
3
,
S
5
ar
e
o
p
e
r
atin
g
at
s
witch
in
g
f
r
e
q
u
en
cy
wh
ile
S
2
is
o
p
er
ated
at
g
r
id
f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
B
o
th
S
1
a
n
d
S
4
ar
e
tu
r
n
e
d
OFF
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
I
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
c
)
.
T
h
e
lin
e
v
o
ltag
e
V
AN
is
at
ze
r
o
v
o
lts
an
d
V
BN
is
-
V
PV
.
Hen
ce
,
f
o
r
m
o
d
e
-
I
I
I
V
cm
a
n
d
V
AB
ar
e
g
iv
en
b
y
(
7
)
a
n
d
(
8
)
.
=
=
−
=
0
−
=
−
(
7
)
=
+
2
=
0
+
2
=
2
(
8
)
2
.
4
.
M
o
de
-
IV
Mo
d
e
-
I
V
is
a
n
eg
ativ
e
f
r
ee
w
h
ee
lin
g
m
o
d
e,
in
th
is
n
e
g
ativ
e
f
r
ee
wh
ee
lin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
ws.
T
h
e
g
atin
g
s
ig
n
als
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
v
e
r
ter
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
g
)
.
I
n
th
is
m
o
d
e,
S
2
is
ON
wh
ile
S
1
,
S
3
,
S
4
an
d
S
5
ar
e
tu
r
n
ed
OFF.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
o
f
cu
r
r
en
t
d
ir
ec
tio
n
in
m
o
d
e
-
I
V
is
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
(
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ter
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u
r
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4
.
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m
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3.
SI
M
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ass
tech
n
iq
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e,
all
th
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it
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s
h
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wn
in
Fig
u
r
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3
ar
e
s
im
u
lated
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s
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g
MA
T
L
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Simu
lin
k
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h
e
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im
u
latio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
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s
ed
f
o
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te
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tin
g
th
e
p
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o
p
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ed
to
p
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lo
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y
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e
lis
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
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n
d
-
o
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d
er
L
C
L
f
ilte
r
with
d
esig
n
tech
n
iq
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es
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r
o
p
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s
ed
in
[
3
1
]
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s
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ca
lcu
late
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e
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alu
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f
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ilter
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ch
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izatio
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h
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tr
o
l
o
n
ac
tiv
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an
d
r
ea
ctiv
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p
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is
also
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en
tial
to
o
p
e
r
ate
th
e
i
n
v
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ter
u
n
d
er
g
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itio
n
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h
e
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n
t
r
o
l
s
y
s
tem
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
ter
m
u
s
t
also
in
clu
d
e
an
MPPT
co
n
tr
o
l
alg
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
g
e
n
er
atin
g
a
p
u
ls
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
DC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
etwe
en
th
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
m
o
d
u
le
an
d
th
e
in
v
er
ter
.
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ted
wo
r
k
it is
ass
u
m
ed
th
at
th
e
DC
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
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C
o
m
p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
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0
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Hyb
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tech
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r
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en
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g
r
id
-
tied
in
ve
r
ter
(
Gee
th
a
K
a
mu
r
th
y
)
137
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
th
e
b
est
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
h
en
ce
o
n
l
y
th
e
co
n
tr
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l
alg
o
r
ith
m
r
e
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f
o
r
g
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ch
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n
izatio
n
is
m
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d
elled
.
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well
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k
n
o
wn
DQ
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f
r
am
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ased
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tiv
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an
d
r
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wer
cu
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n
t
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p
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in
[
3
2
]
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u
s
ed
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th
e
p
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o
p
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v
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ter
f
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th
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ig
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f
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ased
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t
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h
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s
e
v
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o
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p
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p
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ed
in
v
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ter
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e
as
s
h
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wn
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u
r
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s
6
(
a
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,
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d
6
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r
esp
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m
m
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m
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.
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ig
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r
es,
it
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e
o
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s
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at
with
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ta
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its
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Ger
m
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0
1
2
6
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i.e
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3
0
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A
R
MS
[
3
3
]
,
[
3
4
]
an
d
also
h
as
th
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ar
m
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ic
d
is
to
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te
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4
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3
5
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.
I
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Fig
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e
s
7
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e
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d
7(
f
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s
h
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ltag
e
s
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ess
o
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p
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wer
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T
ab
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1
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Simu
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P
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Fig
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r
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5
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r
am
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ased
c
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r
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n
tr
o
ller
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
12
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
20
22
:
1
3
1
-
140
138
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
g
r
i
d
v
o
ltag
e
,
cu
r
r
en
t a
n
d
lin
e
&
p
h
ase
v
o
ltag
es
,
(
a)
g
r
id
v
o
ltag
e
,
(
b
)
g
r
id
cu
r
r
en
t H
5
-
NPC
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
(
e)
(f)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
m
o
n
m
o
d
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
an
d
lea
k
ag
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
(
a)
f
u
ll b
r
id
g
e,
(
b
)
H4
-
NPC
,
(
c)
H
5
,
(
d
)
H5
-
NPC
,
(
e)
an
d
(f)
v
o
ltag
e
s
tr
ess
o
n
p
o
wer
d
ev
ices in
H5
-
NPC
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Hyb
r
id
b
yp
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s
s
tech
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iq
u
e
to
m
itig
a
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lea
ka
g
e
c
u
r
r
en
t in
th
e
g
r
id
-
tied
in
ve
r
ter
(
Gee
th
a
K
a
mu
r
th
y
)
139
T
ab
le
2
.
C
o
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
To
p
o
l
o
g
y
S
D
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
TH
D
(
%)
Le
a
k
a
g
e
C
u
r
r
e
n
t
r
ms (
mA
)
P
-
P
(
mA
)
H
5
[
1
8
]
5
-
NA
1
5
.
3
2
8
2
o
H
5
[
2
9
]
6
-
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1
4
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1
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6
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3
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1
5
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6
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7
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1
92
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C
6
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4.
CO
NCLU
SI
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n
th
is
p
ap
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a
n
ef
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t
is
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is
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lay
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n
ce
p
t
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
id
b
y
p
ass
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g
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n
iq
u
e
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
in
v
e
r
te
r
.
E
v
en
th
o
u
g
h
in
liter
atu
r
e
th
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
els
av
ailab
le
th
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
m
ad
e
in
u
s
in
g
b
o
th
DC
b
y
p
ass
an
d
n
eu
t
r
al
p
o
i
n
t
clam
p
in
g
a
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e
less
er
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
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te
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AC
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r
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tio
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p
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tech
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iq
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ev
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f
r
eq
u
en
cy
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
L.
H
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i
n
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,
E.
O
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s
,
J
.
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o
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.
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s,
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3
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[
4
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B
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[
5
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J.
K
u
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N
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[
7
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