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re
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m
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m
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2
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tic
ap
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lia
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ce
s
.
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h
e
ex
p
o
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tial
g
r
o
w
t
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w
ir
eles
s
d
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m
a
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d
h
as
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f
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a
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s
m
to
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p
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s
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c
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w
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c
h
as
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h
a
s
g
ai
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ed
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o
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atte
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m
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g
r
esear
c
h
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as
i
t
o
f
f
er
s
b
o
th
e
f
f
icie
n
t
s
p
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tr
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m
u
ti
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a
n
d
r
o
b
u
s
t
h
i
g
h
d
ata
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ate
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an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
in
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
s
elec
ti
v
e
f
ad
in
g
.
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h
e
s
t
u
d
ies
o
n
OFDM
ar
e
ex
te
n
s
i
v
e
a
n
d
th
e
l
iter
atu
r
es a
r
e
ab
u
n
d
an
ce
[
2
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Fo
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
,
[
1
1
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
OFDM
in
b
o
t
h
W
iM
A
X
a
n
d
L
T
E
f
o
r
co
g
n
iti
v
e
r
ad
io
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
w
h
ile
[
1
2
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[
1
4
]
s
tu
d
ied
th
e
OFDM
u
s
a
g
e
i
n
o
p
tical
s
y
s
te
m
.
OFD
M
co
m
m
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
in
ce
ll
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
s
d
ep
icted
in
[
1
5
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w
h
er
e
th
e
w
r
iter
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o
cu
s
ed
o
n
4
G
ce
llu
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
[
1
6
]
-
[
1
8
]
,
OFDM
w
er
e
s
t
u
d
ied
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
R
A
D
AR
.
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w
e
v
er
,
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
al
y
s
e
s
,
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
an
a
l
y
s
es
w
er
e
les
s
ex
p
lo
r
ed
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
th
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
-
d
ef
i
n
ed
r
ad
io
(
SDR
)
o
f
f
er
s
a
b
r
ea
k
th
r
o
u
g
h
f
o
r
ex
p
en
s
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v
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ti
m
e
co
n
s
u
m
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n
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a
n
d
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f
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m
a
n
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in
g
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b
u
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in
g
a
n
R
F
ap
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
.
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t
c
h
an
g
ed
t
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e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
R
F
ap
p
licatio
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in
to
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
h
ich
g
r
a
n
ts
a
f
lex
ib
ili
t
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to
ch
an
g
e
th
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s
y
s
te
m
f
u
n
ctio
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alit
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y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
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al
o
n
e,
w
h
ich
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id
ea
l
f
o
r
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
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m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
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p
r
o
to
ty
p
e.
Ho
w
e
v
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,
alt
h
o
u
g
h
th
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SDR
h
ar
d
w
ar
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U
n
i
v
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al
So
f
t
w
ar
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R
ad
io
P
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(
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is
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m
er
g
i
n
g
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t
h
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p
lat
f
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tec
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s
n
o
t
m
at
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r
e
y
e
t.
T
h
u
s
,
r
o
o
m
f
o
r
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
is
w
id
el
y
o
p
en
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
h
a
s
e
m
u
late
d
an
O
FDM
-
b
ased
s
y
s
te
m
o
n
th
e
SD
R
p
latf
o
r
m
o
f
USR
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w
it
h
GNU
R
ad
io
an
d
h
as
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s
ed
t
h
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et
u
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to
ev
alu
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t
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ten
n
a
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tatio
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s
to
th
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s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
h
a
s
b
ee
n
e
m
p
ir
icall
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e
v
al
u
ated
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
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o
f
p
ac
k
et
er
r
o
r
r
ate
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
E
xp
erimen
ta
l S
tu
d
ies o
n
t
h
e
E
ffect
o
f A
n
ten
n
a
Ori
en
ta
tio
n
s
to
th
e
P
erf
o
r
ma
n
ce
o
f O
F
D
…
(
J.
Mu
s
lim
in
)
2589
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
T
h
is
p
ar
t d
escr
ib
es th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
OFDM
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tat
io
n
s
s
etu
p
u
s
ed
in
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
.
2
.
1
.
Sy
s
t
e
m
des
ig
n a
n
d set
up
I
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
OFD
M
-
b
ase
d
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
h
as
b
ee
n
r
ea
lize
d
in
p
r
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r
a
m
m
i
n
g
s
cr
ip
ts
o
n
GNU
R
ad
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s
o
f
t
w
ar
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n
v
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m
en
t
w
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tili
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g
a
p
air
o
f
US
R
P
s
as
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
p
latf
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m
.
T
h
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s
o
u
r
ce
co
d
e
o
f
b
o
th
T
r
an
s
m
itter
a
n
d
R
ec
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b
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p
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„
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th
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ar
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s
h
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w
n
i
n
F
i
g
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1
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B
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„
tr
a
n
s
mi
t_
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ile
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o
th
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a
n
d
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at
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o
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t
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ter
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.
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ll
t
h
e
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s
clo
s
e
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0
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o
f
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
at
R
x
g
ai
n
b
e
y
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n
d
2
2
d
B
.
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m
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
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s
,
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ten
n
a
s
w
i
th
s
a
m
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
(
H
-
H
an
d
V
-
V)
s
h
o
w
b
etter
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
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ce
t
h
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a
n
te
n
n
a
s
w
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h
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
r
ien
tatio
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s
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h
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o
r
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h
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w
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est
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r
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o
llo
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ed
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y
„
V
-
V
‟
,
„
V
-
H‟
,
an
d
„
H
-
V‟
.
I
t
i
s
b
ec
au
s
e
a
n
ten
n
as
o
f
H
-
H
ad
V
-
V
h
a
v
e
s
a
m
e
p
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lar
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(
co
-
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lar
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at
m
ak
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s
t
h
e
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n
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r
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eiv
er
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ec
ei
v
e
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th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
f
a
s
ter
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
cr
o
s
s
-
p
o
lar
(
V
-
H)
an
d
(
H
-
V)
.
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-
H
o
r
ien
tatio
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(
h
o
r
izo
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tal
p
o
la
r
izatio
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)
is
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th
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ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
w
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v
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r
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ag
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o
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n
o
t
i
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te
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ac
t
w
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h
g
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n
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lan
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d
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ilin
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ild
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g
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ill ad
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ath
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ig
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al.
Su
b
s
eq
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tl
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t
h
e
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
w
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h
s
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m
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tat
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s
a
ls
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s
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w
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ate
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er
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m
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ce
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ten
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s
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a
s
p
r
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ted
i
n
f
i
g
u
r
e
7
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
f
i
g
u
r
e,
„
H
-
H‟
o
r
ien
tatio
n
s
h
o
w
s
m
u
c
h
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etter
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er
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o
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m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
t
h
e
o
th
er
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te
n
n
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o
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tatio
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t
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ar
ted
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g
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ed
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ctio
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o
f
er
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r
r
ate
at
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d
ap
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g
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h
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m
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n
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m
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m
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ck
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ter
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ter
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-
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s
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o
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r
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t
p
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n
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iev
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y
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th
er
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af
ter
an
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x
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in
2
5
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I
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g
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u
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h
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p
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le
o
m
n
id
ir
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al
an
t
en
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a
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
ac
k
et
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o
r
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ate
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d
if
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er
e
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t o
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ir
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ten
n
a
3
.
2
.
Bi
-
direct
io
na
l pa
t
ch
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nte
nn
a
a
t
2
.
6
G
H
z
Un
li
k
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e
o
m
n
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lier
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ter
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as sh
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n
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i
g
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r
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d
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g
u
r
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r
esp
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n
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
t
h
e
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h
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is
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n
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ta
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tl
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1
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ac
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o
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ip
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g
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r
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s
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o
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g
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e
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o
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t
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o
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t
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s
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o
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r
e
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m
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ated
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as
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ar
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ticip
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m
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t
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e
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t o
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atch
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as s
h
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Fig
u
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11.
Fig
u
r
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8
.
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h
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p
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t o
f
d
if
f
er
en
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s
o
f
p
atch
b
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-
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ir
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l a
n
te
n
n
a
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
P
ac
k
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r
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r
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ate
o
f
d
if
f
er
e
n
t o
r
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tatio
n
s
o
f
p
atch
bi
-
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
al
an
te
n
n
a
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
R
ec
eiv
ed
OFDM
s
i
g
n
al
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y
m
o
n
o
p
o
le
o
m
i
n
id
ir
ec
t
io
n
al
an
te
n
n
a
w
it
h
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
R
x
g
ai
n
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
0
0
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
(
%
)
R
x
G
a
i
n
(
d
B
)
V
-
V
V
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H
H
-
V
H
-
H
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
0
0
P
E
R
(
%
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x
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a
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I
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&
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p
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N:
2088
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8708
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ffect
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f A
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Ori
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s
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Fig
u
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11
.
R
ec
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s
i
g
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atc
h
b
i
-
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ir
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tio
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ten
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a
w
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th
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d
in
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Fro
m
th
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m
ea
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S1
1
an
d
p
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m
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in
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tated
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n
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h
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o
m
n
id
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tio
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ten
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a.
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w
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s
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w
n
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g
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1
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.
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o
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y
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h
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o
m
n
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s
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o
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s
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o
r
S1
1
,
th
e
r
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lecta
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ce
f
r
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m
s
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r
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d
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s
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n
i
m
p
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v
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th
e
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f
o
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m
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n
ce
as th
e
R
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g
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i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
w
h
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is
s
h
o
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n
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y
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tr
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s
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w
n
i
n
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g
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r
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1
0
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
t
h
e
e
x
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
it
ca
n
b
e
ass
u
r
ed
th
at
SD
R
p
lat
f
o
r
m
u
s
in
g
U
SR
P
a
n
d
GNU
R
ad
io
c
an
b
e
u
s
ed
in
p
r
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to
ty
p
i
n
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
C
ar
ef
u
l
p
r
ec
au
tio
n
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
tak
en
in
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
p
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p
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n
f
i
g
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r
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s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
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o
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e
h
ar
d
w
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f
r
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atin
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r
eg
io
n
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h
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ca
u
s
ed
n
o
n
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li
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s
y
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te
m
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e.
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r
th
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s
s
y
s
t
e
m
,
th
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
r
esp
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n
s
e
ca
u
s
ed
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e
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te
m
to
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ec
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li
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ig
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al
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m
o
n
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tr
ati
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t
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tan
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r
o
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er
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ten
n
a
o
r
ie
n
tati
o
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i
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ir
e
le
s
s
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y
s
te
m
,
t
h
e
f
i
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d
in
g
s
s
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o
w
th
e
o
m
n
id
ir
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tio
n
al
a
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te
n
n
a
g
iv
e
s
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
en
h
o
r
izo
n
ta
ll
y
a
lig
n
ed
in
p
ar
allel
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
t
h
e
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
g
ai
n
s
i
g
n
a
l
e
m
itted
f
r
o
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ir
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tio
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al
a
n
te
n
n
a
at
2
.
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GHz
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p
er
atio
n
ca
u
s
ed
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
to
b
e
s
atu
r
ate
d
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
th
is
an
ten
n
a
o
r
ien
ta
tio
n
co
u
ld
n
o
t b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T
.
H.
T
.
H
w
a
n
g
,
C.
Y.
C.
Ya
n
g
,
G
.
W
.
G
.
W
u
,
S
.
L
.
S
.
L
i,
a
n
d
G
.
Y.
L
i,
“
OFDM
a
n
d
Its
W
irele
ss
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s:
A
S
u
rv
e
y
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
Veh
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l
.
5
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
]
A
.
A
l
-
H
a
b
a
sh
n
a
,
O.
A
.
Do
b
re
,
R.
V
e
n
k
a
tes
a
n
,
a
n
d
D.
C.
P
o
p
e
s
c
u
,
“
S
e
c
o
n
d
-
Ord
e
r
Cy
c
lo
sta
ti
o
n
a
rit
y
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
W
iM
A
X
a
n
d
LT
E
OFDM
S
ig
n
a
ls
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
t
o
S
p
e
c
tru
m
Aw
a
r
e
n
e
ss
in
Co
g
n
it
iv
e
Ra
d
io
S
y
s
tem
s,”
IEE
E
J
.
S
e
l.
T
o
p
.
S
i
g
n
a
l
Pr
o
c
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
6
-
4
2
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
2
.
[3
]
X
.
L
i,
J.
Vu
c
ic,
V.
Ju
n
g
n
ick
e
l,
a
n
d
J.
A
rm
stro
n
g
,
“
On
th
e
Ca
p
a
c
it
y
o
f
In
ten
sity
-
M
o
d
u
late
d
D
irec
t
-
De
tec
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
th
e
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
Ra
te
o
f
A
CO
-
OFDM
f
o
r
In
d
o
o
r
Op
ti
c
a
l
W
irele
ss
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
s
.
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
6
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
99
-
8
0
9
,
M
a
r.
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
N.
Du
p
u
is,
C.
R
.
Do
e
rr,
L
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
L
.
Ch
e
n
,
N.
J.
S
a
u
e
r,
P
.
Do
n
g
,
L
.
L
.
Bu
h
l,
a
n
d
D.
A
h
n
,
“
In
P
-
Ba
se
d
C
o
m
b
G
e
n
e
r
a
to
r
f
o
r
O
p
ti
c
a
l
OFDM
,
”
J
.
L
ig
h
t.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
6
6
-
4
7
2
,
F
e
b
2
0
1
2
.
[5
]
J.
L
.
W
e
i,
J.
D.
In
g
h
a
m
,
D.
G
.
Cu
n
n
in
g
h
a
m
,
R.
V
.
P
e
n
ty
,
a
n
d
I.
H.
W
h
it
e
,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
Dis
sip
a
ti
o
n
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
s
Be
tw
e
e
n
2
8
G
b
/s
NRZ,
P
A
M
,
CA
P
a
n
d
Op
t
ica
l
OFDM
S
y
ste
m
s
f
o
r
Da
ta
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
J
.
L
ig
h
t.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
0
,
p
p
.
3
2
7
3
-
3
2
8
0
,
O
c
t
2
0
1
2
.
[6
]
S
.
S
u
n
,
Y
.
Ju
,
a
n
d
Y.
Ya
m
a
o
,
“
Ov
e
rla
y
c
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
io
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
4
G
c
e
ll
u
lar
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,”
IEE
E
W
ire
l.
Co
mm
u
n
.
,
v
o
l.
2
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
8
-
7
3
,
A
p
r
2
0
1
3
.
[7
]
B.
Ja
m
e
so
n
,
D.
G
a
r
m
a
t
y
u
k
,
a
n
d
Y.
T
.
J.
M
o
rto
n
,
“
C
o
g
n
it
iv
e
ra
d
a
r
f
o
r
in
d
o
o
r
p
o
siti
o
n
i
n
g
w
it
h
a
s
o
f
twa
re
-
d
e
f
in
e
d
UW
B
OFDM
s
y
ste
m
,
”
in
2
0
1
2
I
EE
E
Ra
d
a
r
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
0
4
6
5
-
0
4
7
0
.
[8
]
S
.
S
e
n
,
“
OFDM
Ra
d
a
r
S
p
a
c
e
-
T
ime
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
P
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
b
y
Ex
p
lo
it
i
n
g
S
p
a
ti
o
-
T
e
m
p
o
ra
l
S
p
a
rsity
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
S
ig
n
a
l
Pro
c
e
ss
.
,
v
o
l.
6
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
1
8
-
1
3
0
,
Ja
n
.
2
0
1
3
.
[9
]
T
.
L
iu
,
N.
Ca
o
,
M
.
M
a
o
,
F
.
W
a
n
g
,
a
n
d
Y.
Du
,
“
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
r
OFDM
ra
d
a
r
sig
n
a
l
b
a
se
d
o
n
f
ra
c
ti
o
n
a
l
F
o
u
rier
tran
sf
o
rm
,
”
in
T
h
e
2
0
1
4
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
In
fo
rm
a
ti
c
s
(
ICS
AI
2
0
1
4
)
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
7
2
4
-
7
2
9
.
[1
0
]
S
.
S
h
e
a
rm
a
n
a
n
d
J.
Ki
m
e
r
y
,
“
S
o
f
twa
re
D
e
f
in
e
d
Ra
d
io
P
ro
t
o
ty
p
in
g
P
latf
o
rm
s
En
a
b
le
a
F
lex
ib
le
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
to
De
sig
n
,
”
M
icr
o
w.
M
a
g
.
IEE
E
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
1
]
J.
F
.
T
ro
n
c
o
s
o
,
“
S
o
f
tw
a
r
e
De
f
in
e
d
Ra
d
i
o
.
”
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
201
8
:
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5
8
8
–
2
5
9
4
2594
[1
2
]
S
.
S
e
m
e
n
o
v
a
n
d
E.
Kro
u
k
,
“
M
o
d
u
latio
n
a
n
d
c
o
d
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
.
”
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
3
]
K.
F
a
z
e
l
a
n
d
S
.
Ka
ise
r,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
C
a
rrier
a
n
d
S
p
re
a
d
S
p
e
c
tru
m
S
y
ste
m
s:
F
ro
m
OFDM
a
n
d
M
C
-
CD
M
A
to
L
T
E
a
n
d
W
iM
A
X
:
S
e
c
o
n
d
E
d
it
i
o
n
.
”
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
1
-
3
6
0
.
[1
4
]
F
.
M
.
A
n
d
re
a
s,
W
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s,
2
n
d
e
d
.
Jo
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
5
]
“
GN
U R
a
d
io
M
a
n
u
a
l
a
n
d
C+
+
AP
I
Re
f
e
re
n
c
e
:
M
a
in
P
a
g
e
.
”
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/g
n
u
ra
d
io
.
o
rg
/
d
o
c
/d
o
x
y
g
e
n
/.
[1
6
]
J.
G
.
P
ro
a
k
is
a
n
d
M
.
S
a
leh
i,
Dig
it
a
l
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s.
2
0
0
8
,
p
.
1
1
5
0
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.