Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
,
No.
6
,
D
ece
m
ber
201
8
, pp.
5041
~
50
49
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
5041
-
50
49
5041
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Two C
hann
el Analo
g Front e
n
d Design
AFE De
sign with
Continuous Tim
e ∑
-
∆
M
odulat
or for EC
G Sign
al
Moham
med
A
bdul
Raheem
1
,
K
M
anjun
atha
ch
ari
2
1
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
C
om
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Mu
ffa
kham Jah
C
o
l
le
ge
of Engineer
ing
and
T
ec
hnol
og
y
,
India
2
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
GI
TAM Unive
rsit
y,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 8
, 2
01
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
2
3
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Se
p 2
, 2
01
8
In
thi
s
cont
ex
t,
the
AF
E
with
2
-
cha
nne
ls
is
desc
ribe
d
,
whic
h
has
high
impedanc
e
for
l
ow
power
appl
ic
ation
of
bio
-
m
edi
cal
el
e
ct
r
ic
a
l
a
ct
ivit
y
.
T
h
e
cha
l
le
nge
in
ob
ta
ini
ng
accurate
rec
ordings
of
biomedic
a
l
sign
al
s
such
as
EE
G/ECG
to
st
u
d
y
the
hum
an
bod
y
in
rese
ar
ch
work.
Thi
s
pape
r
is
t
o
propose
Multi
-
Vt
in
AF
E
ci
rcu
it
design
ca
sc
a
ded
with
CT
modul
at
or
.
Th
e
new
arc
hitect
ur
e
is
ant
ic
ipated
with
two
dissim
il
ar
input
signal
s
fil
te
r
ed
from
2
-
cha
nne
l
to
o
ne
m
odula
tor
.
I
n
thi
s
m
et
hodo
log
y
,
the
ampli
fie
r
is
low
powere
d
m
ult
i
-
VT
Analog
Fr
ont
-
End
which
consum
es
le
ss
power
b
y
apply
ing
dua
l
th
reshold
volt
ag
e.
T
y
p
e
-
I
ca
t
ego
r
y
2
cha
nn
el
sig
nal
s
of
the
first
m
ode:
50
a
nd
150
Hz
amplifi
ed
from
AF
E
are
giv
en
to
2nd
CT
sigm
a
-
del
t
a
AD
C.
Depic
t
th
e
SN
R
and
SN
DR
as
6
3dB
and
60dB
respe
ctive
l
y
,
consum
ing
the
power
of
11mW.
The
design
was
sim
ula
te
d
in
a
0.
18
u
m
standa
rd
UM
C
CMO
S
proc
ess
at
1.
8V
suppl
y
.
T
he
AF
E
m
ea
sure
d
fre
que
n
c
y
response
from
5
0
Hz
to
360
Hz,
depi
c
t
the
SN
R
and
SN
DR
as
63dB
and
60dB
respe
ct
iv
el
y
,
consum
ing
the
power
of
11mW.
The
design
was
sim
ula
te
d
in
0.
1
8
m
standa
rd
U
MC
CMO
S
proc
ess
at
1.
8V
supp
l
y
.
Th
e
AF
E
m
ea
sured
fre
que
nc
y
r
esponse
from
50
Hz
to
3
60
Hz,
progra
m
m
abl
e
gai
ns
from
52.
6
dB
t
o
72
dB,
input
ref
err
ed
noise
of
3.
5
µV
in
t
he
amplifi
e
r
bandwidt
h,
NEF of
3
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
An
al
og F
ront
En
d
Con
ti
nu
ou
s
Ti
m
e (CT)
Discrete Ti
m
e (D
T
)
Sigm
a D
el
ta
Modulat
or
Sign
al
N
oise R
at
io (
S
NR)
SNDR
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ute of
Ad
v
ance
d
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Sc
ie
n
ce
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
M.A.
Ra
heem
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f
Ele
c
tron
ic
s
an
d
C
omm
un
ic
ation
En
gin
ee
rin
g,
MJC
ET,
Osm
a
nia Unive
rsity
, H
yde
ra
bad, In
dia.
Em
a
il
: abd
ulra
heem
.
m
j
@g
m
a
il
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
ADV
AN
CE
S
in
Com
ple
m
ent
ary
MOSFET
te
chnolo
gies
and
lo
w
powe
re
d
integrate
d
ci
rcu
it
s
ha
ve
stim
ulate
d
consi
der
a
ble
inter
est
s
in
wear
ab
le
gad
gets,
a
noccu
rr
e
nce
w
hi
ch
can
pote
nt
ia
ll
y
transf
ig
ure
the
healt
hcar
e
de
vi
ces.
Senso
r
in
te
rf
ace
is
the
m
ai
n
par
t
in
th
e
we
ara
ble
ga
dg
et
s
,
de
sig
n
of
w
hich
s
houl
d
m
ee
t
m
any
un
c
om
pr
om
isi
ng
requir
e
m
ents
bo
t
h
in
dig
it
al
blo
c
k
a
nd
i
n
a
nalo
g
blo
ck
.
I
n
desig
ni
ng
AFE
ci
rc
uits,
th
e
corp
or
al
sig
nal
s'
natur
e
is
of
m
uch
con
ce
rn.
The
am
plit
ud
e
of
the
se
sig
na
ls
ranges
f
rom
vo
lt
s
to
m
V
and
t
he
fr
e
qu
e
ncies
va
ry
from
DC
to
a
few
kilo
Hz
,
as
desc
ribe
d
i
n
fig
ure
1
[
1].
T
he
sig
nals,
the
AF
E
sho
uld
po
ssess
lowest
in
put
r
efer
red
noise
,
reconfi
gura
ble
ba
ndwidt
h,
a
nd
pro
gram
m
a
ble
gai
n
to
ac
com
m
od
at
e
the
we
a
k
sign
al
s
a
nd
gia
nt
dynam
ic
range.
F
urt
her
m
or
e,
the
s
kin
-
el
e
ct
rode
inter
fac
e
insti
gates
a
hi
gh
DC
pote
nti
al
in
an
in
put
sig
nal
that
s
hould
be
m
ini
m
iz
ed
by
high
pass
filt
r
at
ion
,
c
utti
ng
-
off
f
re
qu
e
ncies
belo
w
1Hz.
Wh
il
e,
su
c
h
a
high
-
pa
ss
filt
er
with
e
xter
nal
capaci
tors
a
nd
resist
ors
can
be
easi
ly
i
m
ple
m
ented
[2
]
,
it
is
fu
rth
er
cost
-
eff
ect
ive
to
int
egr
at
e
the
filt
er
on
-
c
hip
.
S
wi
tc
hed
-
capaci
to
r
[3
]
are
tw
o
possible
ap
proa
ches
that
co
uld
give
good
trade
-
off
s
betwee
n
pe
rfor
m
ance,
pow
er,
an
d
area
as
dem
on
strat
ed
in
[4
]
,
[
5].
It
is
no
te
worthy
that
an
appr
oach
of
pse
udo
-
resist
or
not
only
dim
ini
sh
es
the
area
bu
t
al
s
o
ease
r
econfig
ur
a
ble
desig
n
of
ba
nd
-
pas
s
filt
ers
[
6]
-
[
9].
A
ver
y
high
va
riat
ion
of
resis
ta
nces
c
ou
l
d
be
the
dr
a
wb
ac
k
in
e
xisti
ng
pse
udo
-
resist
or
s
w
hich
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5041
-
5049
5042
are tun
a
ble un
der
neg
at
ive a
nd posit
ive b
ia
s
ed
co
nd
it
io
ns
. While
workin
g on
lo
w
-
volt
ag
e, it l
eads to
a
crit
ic
a
l
DC. In
this,
r
ec
ognizin
g
th
e
program
m
able B
E w
it
h rec
onfi
gurin
g
am
plifie
r
the
sw
it
ch
in
four m
od
es.
Fig
ure
1. V
oltage a
nd freq
ue
nc
y ran
ges o
f
fa
m
iliar
physi
ologica
l si
gnal
s
Table
1.
Me
dic
al
Char
act
erist
i
cs of the
Fam
iliar P
hysiolo
gy
Para
m
eter
Sig
n
al Fr
eq
u
en
cy
Stan
d
ard Sen
so
r
Electr
o
r
etin
o
g
raph
y
(
ERG)
DC ~
5
0
Hz
Co
n
tact elec
trod
e
Electr
o
en
ceph
alo
g
raph
y
(
EE
G
)
DC ~ 15
0
Hz
Scalp
elect
rod
e
Electr
o
ca
rdio
g
raph
y
(
ECG)
0
.01
Hz
~ 25
0
Hz
Sk
in
electr
o
d
e
Electr
o
n
eu
rog
raph
y
(
ENG
)
2
5
0
Hz
~ 50
0
0
Hz
Su
rf
ace/need
le
electrod
e
This
pap
e
r
is
sect
ion
e
d
as
desc
ribe
d
he
reafter
.
Sect
io
n
-
II
de
picts
a
Propose
d
Sy
stem
le
vel
arch
it
ect
ure
of
AF
E
with
Program
m
able
P
ro
ce
dure.
A
n
AF
E
with
sig
m
a
-
delta
m
odulator
is
delin
eat
ed
in
Sect
ion
III.
Re
su
lt
s
from
si
mu
la
ti
on
a
nd
rel
at
ed
thou
gh
ts
a
re
f
ur
nish
e
d
in
Sect
ion
IV
.
H
ence,
the
c
oncl
us
io
ns
are
der
ive
d
un
der Sect
io
n V.
2.
THE
PROPO
SED
ARCH
I
TE
CTUR
E
2
-
CHA
NN
EL
AFE F
OR E
C
G SIGN
AL
M
ODULATO
R
This
pa
per
ad
dresses
a
chip
that
com
pr
ise
s
a
low
no
ise
(
T
B
-
FEA),
a
pro
gr
am
m
able
gai
n
am
plifie
r
(P
G
A
)
and
a
10
-
bitƩ
Δ
(SDM
-
AD
C
).
T
he
overall
gain
is
pr
og
ram
m
ed
through
the
flip
-
ov
e
r
-
c
apacit
or
feedbac
k
a
nd
pro
po
se
d
rec
onfi
gurin
g
i
n
th
e
PGA.
T
his
a
ll
ow
s
t
he
c
hip
to
offer
F
OUR
operati
onal
m
od
es,
ERG, E
EG
, E
CG,
a
nd E
NG.
The
m
ic
ro
syst
e
m
fo
r
ac
qu
isi
ti
on
of
bi
o
-
pote
ntia
l
is
as
sh
own
i
n
fig
ure
2.
Bi
o
-
sig
nals
ar
e
a
m
plifie
d
by
AF
E
ci
rc
uits
and
the
n
they
are
conver
te
d
into
dig
it
al
co
de
s
by
AD
Cs
[
3]
.
In
ad
diti
on
,
analo
g
m
ulti
pl
exer
s
with
la
r
ge
out
pu
t
c
urre
nt
ar
e
desig
ne
d
to
sel
ect
the
co
rr
es
pondin
g
si
gn
al
s
t
o
A
DC
s.
A
t
rad
e
-
of
f
in
the
m
ic
ro
syst
e
m
e
xists
betwee
n
powe
r
an
d
the
area.
The
rati
o
bet
ween
c
ount
of
AF
Es
a
nd
A
DCs
af
fects
the
inclusive
functi
on
i
ng.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Two
Ch
anne
l An
alog Fr
ont En
d Desig
n A
FE D
e
sig
n
wi
th C
on
ti
nu
ou
s
Time ∑
-
∆
…
(
M.A.
Ra
hee
m
)
5043
+
_
+
_
R
B
I
A
S
R
B
I
A
S
L
P
F
L
P
F
A
N
A
L
O
G
F
R
O
N
T
E
N
D
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
E
C
G
H
E
A
R
T
R
A
T
E
I
N
S
T
R
U
M
E
N
T
A
T
I
O
N
A
M
P
L
I
F
I
E
R
S
S
e
c
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
∑
-
∆
A
D
C
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
A
N
A
L
O
G
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
O
N
L
P
F
1
P
G
A
C
L
O
C
K
G
E
N
E
R
A
T
O
R
A
N
A
L
O
G
M
U
L
T
I
P
L
E
X
E
R
S
A
M
P
L
E
D
C
L
O
C
K
S
Y
S
T
E
M
C
L
O
C
K
P
R
O
B
E
1
P
R
O
B
E
2
O
U
T
P
U
T
B
I
A
S
I
N
G
C
I
R
C
U
I
T
S
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
S
w
i
t
c
h
B
W
&
G
a
i
n
C
T
A
D
C
–
2
n
d
O
r
d
e
r
F
r
o
n
t
E
n
d
D
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
i
a
l
A
m
p
l
i
f
i
e
r
Fig
ure
2. P
rop
os
e
d
arc
hitec
tu
re
of
2
c
ha
nn
el
2.1.
N
oise
Co
n
trib
ut
i
on
at
A
FE desi
gn
The
Fli
cke
r
N
oise
1/f
r
ed
uc
ti
on
al
ways
re
m
ai
ns
a
chall
eng
e
i
n
the
bi
o
-
si
gn
al
ac
qu
i
sit
ion
.
T
his
pro
blem
cann
ot
be
avo
ide
d
c
om
plete
ly
1/f
no
ise
e
xist
in
al
l
the
dev
ic
es
of
MOS
FET
du
e
to
thei
r
surface
cond
ucti
on
m
echan
ism
.
Fo
r
a
MOS
w
orkin
g
in
sat
ur
at
io
n
r
egio
n
the
total
flic
ker
no
ise
powe
r
sp
e
ct
ru
m
cou
l
d
be
cal
culat
e
d
a
s
g
m
=
√
2
.
m
e
f
f
.
Cox
.
W
L
.
I
ds
(1)
i
f
2
=
a
l
.
q
.
m
f
.
(
V
gs
−
Vt
)
.
I
ds
L
2
.
f
(2)
The
s
pectral
de
ns
it
y for a
MO
SFET is
g
i
ven
from
[
9] as:
v
f
2
=
4
kT
2
3
1
g
m
+
K
f
WL
C
ox
f
(3)
Ther
m
al
Fli
cker
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5041
-
5049
5044
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
P
G
A
P
G
A
S
W
2
S
W
1
O
T
A
G
m
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
Fig
ure
3.
(a
)
P
r
opos
e
d
Bl
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
P
rogr
am
m
able two
2
c
on
t
ro
l s
wi
tc
hes
(
b)
T
wo
-
sta
ge
loa
d
com
pen
sat
ed OTA
2.2.
A
Tu
nabl
e Band
w
id
th
Low N
oise
A
mpli
fier i
n AF
E
In
the
a
bove
F
igure
2
the
e
nt
ire
AF
E
desig
n
f
or
bio
m
edical
LNA
.
T
he
l
oad
-
c
om
pen
sat
ed
am
plifie
r
of
t
wo
-
sta
ge
w
as
ch
os
en
am
ongs
t
t
he,
OTA
du
e
t
o
it
s
pow
er
-
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy,
m
ini
m
u
m
load
c
apacit
ance
a
nd
rail
to
rail
outp
ut
s
wing
f
or
an
op
tim
u
m
ph
ase
m
arg
in
a
nd
G
B
W
.
Fi
g
ure
3
dep
ic
ts
the
tw
o
-
sta
ge
am
plifie
r
al
ong
with loa
d
-
com
pensat
ion.
A
0
=
g
m1
R
ou
t1
×
g
m5
R
ou
t2
(6)
GBW
=
g
m1
.
g
m5
.
R
ou
t
1
2π
C
L
(7)
Wh
e
re
g
mi
is
th
e
transc
onduct
ance
of
the
i
th
transist
or
,
R
outi
is
the
ou
t
pu
t
re
sist
ance
of
te
n
th
sta
ge
of
t
he
OTA.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e
it
is
ass
um
ed,
al
l
the
tran
sist
ors
would
w
ork
unde
r
t
he
sat
ur
at
io
n
reg
i
on.
From
Eq.
(3)
,
we
ob
s
er
ve,
the
rm
al
no
ise
c
on
tri
bu
ti
on
is
pr
opor
ti
onal
i
nvers
el
y
to
transcon
du
ct
a
nce
gm
.
Fr
om
the
EK
V
m
od
el
the tra
ns
co
nduc
ta
nce no
rm
a
l
i
zed
with
resp
e
ct
to
drai
n cu
rrent
.
g
m
,
St
r
ong
I
Ds
=
12
V
ef
f
(5)
Hen
ce
by
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
the
dr
ai
n
cu
rr
e
nt
I
ds
a
nd
biasin
g
t
he
M
OS
FE
T
in
the
weak
in
ver
si
on
re
gion
of
oper
at
ion
the
therm
al
noise
su
ppre
ssio
n
is
m
axi
m
iz
ed
.
The
m
os
t
of
noise
co
ntributi
on
will
com
e
f
ro
m
the
inp
ut
sign
al
of the
first sta
ge
of the
am
plifi
er.
Co
n
trol Switch
Para
m
eter
0
ECG Sign
al (
Hea
rt
)
1
Hear
t R
ate (In
d
ex
Fing
er)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Two
Ch
anne
l An
alog Fr
ont En
d Desig
n A
FE D
e
sig
n
wi
th C
on
ti
nu
ou
s
Time ∑
-
∆
…
(
M.A.
Ra
hee
m
)
5045
2.3.
M
od
ul
ato
r C
ir
cuit
The
dev
ic
e
siz
ing
W/L
of
i
nput
pair
s
houl
d
be
la
r
ge
to
op
tim
iz
e
the
no
is
e
le
vel
at
input
.
The
OT
A
wh
ic
h
act
s
a
s
t
he
key
c
om
po
nen
t
i
n
t
he
m
od
ulato
r
is
us
e
d
by
th
e
inte
gr
a
tor
a
n
d
m
us
t
possess
hi
gh
ga
in
f
or
sm
oo
th
integra
ti
on
.
The
gen
e
r
al
two
-
sta
ge
a
m
pl
ifie
r
con
sis
ts
of
the
sing
le
-
en
de
d
diff
e
re
ntial
a
m
plifie
r
hav
i
ng
high
gain, biasi
ng circ
uit, com
pensat
ion
ci
rcui
t and
t
he
sec
ond gai
n
sta
ge
, a
s sho
wn in t
he
Fig
ur
e
4. T
he
b
asi
c
OTA
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
inclu
des
a
diff
e
re
ntial
a
m
plifie
r
w
hich
ha
s
hig
h
gain
w
it
h
do
m
inant
po
le
.
The
sec
ond
sta
ge
e
m
plo
ys
a
co
m
m
on
source
a
m
plifie
r.
A
unit
y
fo
ll
ower
with
hi
gh
freq
uen
cy
is
us
ed
in
the
thir
d
sta
ge.
T
he
diff
e
re
ntial
a
m
plifie
r
is
usual
ly
us
ed
as
the
first
sta
ge
in
a
m
pl
ifie
r
with
diff
e
re
ntial
inp
ut
and
si
ng
le
e
nde
d
ou
t
pu
t.
T
he
se
cond
sta
ge
is
the
m
os
t
desira
ble
sta
ge
f
or
a
high
outp
ut
s
wing
a
nd
it
al
s
o
inc
reases
the
gai
n.
Althou
gh
the
gain
i
ncr
eases
,
the
ba
ndwi
dth
re
duces
a
nd
hen
ce
the
desi
gn
e
rs
would
ha
ve
to
decide
in
this
trade
-
off.
To
m
ai
ntain
the
s
ta
bili
ty
of
the
am
plifie
r
when
neg
at
ive
fe
edb
ac
k
is
giv
e
n,
t
he
Com
pen
sat
io
n
Ci
rcu
it
is em
pl
oyed.
C
M
C
M
C
L
C
L
V
DD
M
2
B
M
2
I
N
P
M
3
B
M
1
B
M
1
M
0
M
4
B
M
4
I
N
N
O
U
T
P
O
U
T
N
M
3
M
4
B
Fig
ure
4
.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
o
f
T
un
a
bl
e Bandwidt
h wit
h balance
d pse
udo
-
resist
or
r
e
plica
s
In
t
his
ci
rcu
i
t,
the
loa
d
-
c
om
pen
sat
ion
t
echn
i
qu
e
is
s
econd
-
ha
nd
w
hich
is
disti
nc
t
as
the
com
pen
sat
ion
i
n
w
hic
h
the
c
om
pen
sat
or
act
on
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
s
ign
al
afte
r
it
ha
d
gen
e
rated
f
eedb
ac
k
si
gn
al
s.
T
he
load
-
com
pen
sa
ti
on
is
co
nceded
us
i
ng
a
C
c
and
C
omm
o
n
-
m
od
e
Fe
e
dback
(CMFB
)
syst
e
m
.
Pr
el
i
m
inar
y
transients
in
t
he
ou
t
pu
t
oc
cu
r
du
e
to
t
he
tim
e
is
ta
ken
by
the
CM
FB
ci
rcu
it
to
be
ef
fecti
ve
an
d
to
bri
ng
th
e
com
m
on
m
od
e
DC
ou
t
pu
t
to
the
desire
d
vol
ta
ge,
half
way
san
dw
ic
hed
be
tween
the
s
uppl
y
rail
s
in
this
case.
The
gain
of
th
e
OT
A
was
or
i
gin
at
e
d
to
be
72
dB
a
nd
the
UGB
f
or
t
his
c
onfig
ur
at
io
n
w
as
25
KH
z
.
T
he
phas
e
m
arg
in
m
easur
ed
is
73°.
I
n
the
schem
at
ic
o
f
OT
A,
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gure
4
,
the
bo
tt
om
c
i
rcu
it
that
consi
sts
of
transm
issi
on
-
ga
te
switc
hes
is
CM
FB
ci
rc
ui
t,
wh
e
reas;
t
he
two
-
sta
ge
O
TA
is
t
he
C
MOS
ci
rc
uitry
ab
ov
e
feedbac
k
syst
e
m
.
3.
DISCU
SSI
ON OF
RES
ULTS
The
propose
d
arch
it
ect
ure
is
In
st
ru
m
ental
analy
sis
with
pr
act
ic
al
sim
ulati
on
on
0.1
8μ
m
UMC
CM
OS
te
ch
no
l
og
y
the
resu
lt
s
are
obser
ve
d
as
sh
ow
n
in
th
e
above
res
pec
ti
ve
figu
res.
T
he
in
pu
t
im
ped
anc
e
has
gr
eat
val
ue
(>
100GΩ)
E
CG
li
es
on
(
3
Hz
-
10
Hz
).
The
i
nput
vo
lt
age
is
10
m
to
100
m
V
is
am
pl
ifie
d
with
ch
oppi
ng
te
chn
iq
ue,
fur
ther
am
plifie
d
with
m
ulti
-
VT
te
chn
i
qu
e
,
the
po
wer
c
on
s
um
ption
of
t
his
AFE
In
st
ru
m
ental
am
pl
ifie
r
is d
e
pi
ct
ed
in t
he Pi
e
char
t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5041
-
5049
5046
Fig
ure
8. Tra
nsi
ent Analy
sis o
f
sig
nal
of 0.2
V
a
nd freq
ue
nc
y of 5
00
Hz m
od
ulator
Ta
bl
e
II
.
Perfor
m
anc
e
of
two
d
if
fer
ent Modulator
s
Para
m
eter
Mod
e A
Mod
e B
Techn
o
lo
g
y
0
.18
µ
m
C
MOS
Su
p
p
ly
Voltag
e
1
V
Sa
m
p
lin
g
Fr
eq
u
en
cy
6
4
kHz
3
2
kHz
Sig
n
al Ban
d
wid
th
2
5
0
Hz
5
0
Hz
Ov
ersa
m
p
lin
g
r
ati
o
128
320
Peak
SNR
6
3
dB
8
5
dB
Dy
n
a
m
i
c Ran
g
e
5
8
.5 d
B
7
3
dB
Po
wer
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
9
9
0
nW
6
8
5
nW
FOM
pJ
/step
.17
5
0
.87
8
FOM
S
1
3
7
.43
1
2
9
.20
The
gai
n
is
52.6
dB
an
d
72
dB.
A
n
outp
ut
no
ise
of
Lo
w
No
ise
AFE
is
si
m
ulate
d
wit
h
QPSS
is
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
6.
T
he
S
NR
m
easur
e
d
S
N
R,
SNDR,
a
nd
EN
OB
of
w
hole
desi
gn
with
f
our
dif
fer
e
nt
m
od
es
of
2n
d
orde
r
CT
Ʃ
-
Δ
m
od
ulator
)
A
DC
reso
l
ution
a
nd
dyna
m
ic
ran
ge
requ
irem
ents
are
sh
own
in
the
Fig
ur
e
7
and
Fi
g
ure
5.
Table III co
m
par
es the ach
ie
ve
d
desi
gn
p
e
rfor
m
ance w
it
h
r
ecent pr
i
or
art. C
onve
ntion
al
l
y, NEF
is use
d for c
omparis
on
.
Figure
5. The
ECG si
gn
al
sa
m
ple
at
1
00Hz
Fig
ure
6.
Gai
n and P
hase Ma
r
gin
of a
n
am
pli
fier
Figure
7. S
NR
Plots
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Two
Ch
anne
l An
alog Fr
ont En
d Desig
n A
FE D
e
sig
n
wi
th C
on
ti
nu
ou
s
Time ∑
-
∆
…
(
M.A.
Ra
hee
m
)
5047
NEF
=
Vrm
s,
in
√
2
I
tot
a
l
π
V
t
.
4kT
.
Ba
n
dw
idth
(8)
wh
e
re
V
rm
s
in
is
the
inp
ut
-
re
ferred
noise
,
is
the
total
cur
ren
t,
is
the
therm
al
vo
lt
age,
and
B
W
is
th
e
band
width
of
t
he
AFE wit
h
c
hoppin
g
te
ch
niq
ue
.U
s
ually
AFE ci
rcu
it
s att
ai
n
a N
EF of 2.
5
to 10.
T
he
co
m
ple
te
la
yout
desig
n
with
IO
pa
d
of
the
2
c
ha
nn
el
AF
E
with
m
od
ulator
i
s
s
how
n
in
Fi
g
ure
8
.
The
Area
occupied
by
the f
il
te
r
is
209.4
1
µm
× 8
0.2
1
µm
= 0
.
0167
m
m
2
.
Fig
ure
8
.
Final
Layo
ut of
AFE wit
h D
ual
Si
gm
a
-
Delt
a
Mod
ulato
r
Power
r
ole
of
the
di
ff
e
ren
t
bl
ock
s
is
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
9.
As
see
n
i
n
Fig
ur
e
,
m
or
e
tha
n
half
of
t
he
powe
r
bu
dg
et
is
ded
ic
at
e
d
to
the
diff
e
ren
t
m
od
e
of
2nd
orde
r
CT
Ʃ
-
Δ
m
od
ulator.
Th
e
ch
opping
s
w
it
ch
a
nd
cl
ock
ge
ner
at
or are
cons
um
ed
m
or
e pow
e
r w
hen com
par
e
d t
o
am
plifie
r
du
e to
no
ise
cons
iderati
ons.
Fig
ure
9
.
P
ow
e
r
Co
nsum
ption an
d dist
rib
utio
n
in
P
ie
c
har
t
of wh
ole
desig
n
T
able I
II
.
C
omparis
on of
PRI
OR
ART
Para
m
eter
[
7
]
[
8
]
[
9
]
[
1
1
]
This
W
o
rk
Tech.(
μ
m
)
0
.5
0
.18
0
.8
0
.13
0
.18
Su
p
p
ly
(
V)
2
.8
1
.5
1
.8
1
.2
1
Bias
(
n
A)
743
5000
1050
580
a
/9
0
2
b
500
Gain
(
d
B)
4
0
.9
4
0
.8
41
-
5
0
.5
40
-
83
5
2
.8
-
72
Inp
u
t
Ref
.Nois
e(µVr
m
s
)
1
.66
1
.27
0
.98
2
.06
3
.5
HPF (
Hz)
0
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0
.5
0
.05
-
0
.4
0
.17
0
.1
LPF
(
KHz
)
0
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5
-
5
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0
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0
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0
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0
0
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7
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6
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4
.6
–
5
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3
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a
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b
3
.04
Proga
mm
able
amplifier
with
switches
,
36%
Lo
w
Noise
Amplifier
7%
out
pu
t
stage
;
4%
Two
Mod
es
Mod
ulato
r
, 5
44
%
CMFB
;
9%
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
87
08
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5041
-
5049
5048
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
this
paper,
a
2
-
c
hannel
ECG
am
plifie
r
with
a
pprop
riat
e
featu
res
for
dr
y
a
nd
non
-
co
ntact
biopo
te
ntial
ap
plica
ti
on
s
is
presented
.
U
na
ble
to
com
par
e
t
he
com
plete
de
sign
with
othe
r
desi
gn
this
pap
e
r
pro
po
se
d
the
a
rch
it
ect
ural
syst
e
m
le
vel
design
w
hich
is
s
u
it
able
fo
r
bi
ome
dical
ap
plica
ti
on
ta
r
geted
t
o
ECG
for
10
m
V
to
100
m
V.
Es
pe
ci
al
ly
,
in
this
pap
e
r
the
m
ult
i
-
VT
c
oncept
i
s
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
the
ci
r
cuit
le
vel
wh
ic
h
re
duces
the
powe
r
c
onsu
m
ption
a
nd
the
gai
n
achie
ved
by
am
plifi
er
52.
9dB
an
d
72
dB
with
a
n
N
EF
3.
0,
noise
perf
or
m
ance
is
sat
i
sfacto
ry.
F
urt
he
rm
or
e,
a
no
t
he
r
im
po
rtant
a
ppr
oac
h
the
tw
o
dif
fer
e
nt
2nd
order
CT Ʃ
-
Δ m
od
ul
at
or
t
o
im
pr
ov
e the
perform
a
nce.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
ex
pr
ess
t
heir
gre
at
app
reciat
io
ns
and
gr
at
it
ude
to
Muf
fakham
Jah
Coll
ege
of
En
gi
neer
in
g
a
nd
Tec
hnology
f
or
prov
i
ding
resea
rch
facil
it
ie
s,
te
ch
nical
suppo
rt
,
a
nd
re
sear
c
h
env
i
ronm
ent.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Y.M.
Chi
,
Y.T.
W
ang,
Y.
W
ang
,
Ch.
Mai
er
,
T.
P
.
Jung,
and
G.
C
auwe
nber
ghs,
“
Dr
y
and
non
-
co
nta
c
t
E
EG
sensors
for
m
obil
e
br
ai
n
-
computer
in
te
rf
ac
es
”
,
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ne
ural
Syste
ms
an
d
Re
habi
li
ta
ti
on
Engi
ne
ering
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l
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.
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,
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ch
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M.
Steffe
n
,
A.
A
le
ksandrowic
z,
a
nd
S.
Le
onh
ard
t
,
“
Mobile
noncon
ta
c
t
m
onit
o
ring of he
art a
nd
lung
ac
t
ivi
t
y
”
,
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
onson
Bi
omedi
cal
C
irc
uit
s and
S
yste
ms
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c.
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J.
Kranj
e
c,
S
.
B
eguš,
J.
Drnovš
ek,
and
G.
Gerš
ak,
“
Novel
m
ethods
for
non
-
co
nta
c
t
he
art
r
ate
m
ea
surem
ent
:
A
fea
sibi
li
t
y
s
tud
y”
,
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Instrum
ent
ati
on
and
M
e
asur
eme
nt,
vo
l
.
63,
no
.
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,
April
2014
[4]
Y.G.
Li
m
,
K.
K.
Kim
,
and
K.S.
Park,
"ECG
recording
on
a
bed
during
slee
p
without
direct
skin
-
cont
a
ct
"
,
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
Bi
omedi
cal
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ring
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718
-
725,
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07.
[5]
S.
Le
onhar
d
t,
and
A.
Aleksa
ndrowic
z,
“
Non
-
cont
a
ct
ECG
m
onit
oring
for
aut
om
oti
ve
a
ppli
c
at
ion
”
,
5t
h
Inte
rnational
Su
mm
er
School
and
Symposium on
Me
dic
a
l
Dev
i
ce
s
and
Bi
osensor
s
,
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-
MDBS
,
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2008
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X
.X
.
Chen,
Y.
L
v,
R.
R.
Zhe
n
Fa
ng,
Sh.
H.
Xia,
a
nd
H.
Li
,
Li
.
Ti
a
n,
“
A
wire
le
ss
non
-
cont
a
ct
ECG
d
et
e
ct
i
on
s
y
s
te
m
base
d
on
ca
p
acit
ive
coupl
ing
”
,
I
EE
E
14th Inte
rn
ati
onal
Con
fe
ren
ce
on
e
-
Hea
lt
h
N
et
work.
[7]
W
.
W
at
ta
nap
an
it
ch
,
et
a
l.,
“
An
ene
rg
y
-
eff
ic
i
e
nt
m
ic
ropower
neur
al
re
cor
di
ng
amplifi
er
”
,
IEE
E
Tr
ans.
o
n
Bi
omedi
cal
C
irc
uit
s and
S
yste
ms
,
vol
.
1
,
pp
.
136
-
147,
June
2007.
[8]
S.
Kao,
e
t
al.,
“
A
1.
5V
7.
5µW
progra
m
m
abl
e
gai
n
amplif
ie
r
fo
r
m
ult
ipl
e
b
iomedical
signa
l
a
c
quisit
ion”
,
IE
EE
Bi
omedi
cal
C
irc
uit
s and
S
yste
ms
Confe
ren
ce
,
20
09,
pp
.
73
-
76
.
[9]
T.
Den
ison,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
2µW
100
nV/rt
Hz
chopp
e
r
-
stabi
lized
instr
um
ent
at
ion
ampl
ifi
er
for
chr
on
ic
m
ea
surem
ent
of
neur
al fi
el
d
po
tentia
ls”
,
IEEE J.
of
Soli
d
-
State
Ci
rcuit
s
,
vo
l. 42, p
p.
2934
-
2945
,
D
ec
.
2007.
[10]
T.
Yos
hida
,et
al.,
“
A
high
-
li
n
earit
y
low
-
noise
a
m
pli
fie
r
with
v
a
ria
bl
e
bandwidth
for
neur
a
l
recording
s
y
stems
”
,
Japane
se
J.
of
A
ppli
ed
Phy
si
cs
,
v
ol.
50
,
pp
.
1
-
4
,
April
2011.
[11]
Christophe
r
J.
Mandic
,
Deb
ashish
Gangopa
dh
y
a
y
and
David
J.
Alls,
“
A
1.
1µ
W
2.
1µV
RMS
Input
Noise
Chopper
-
stabi
lized
Am
pli
fie
r
for
Bio
-
m
edi
c
al
Appl
ic
a
tions
”,
Circu
it
s
and
Syste
ms
(
ISCAS)
,
2012
I
EE
E
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Symposium on
20
-
23
May
2012,
Seoul
,
South
Korea
[12]
Y.M.
Chi,
T
.
P.
Jung,
and
G.
Ca
uwenbe
rghs,
“
Dr
y
-
cont
a
ct
and
n
oncont
a
ct
biopo
t
ent
i
al
el
e
ct
rod
es:
m
et
hodologica
l
rev
ie
w”
,
I
EEE
R
ev
i
ews
in
Bi
ome
dic
al
Engi
n
ee
rin
g
,
vol
.
3
,
2010
[13]
Y.
Ch.
Chen
,
B.
Sh.
Li
n,
and
J.
Sh.
Pan,
“
Novel
non
-
cont
a
ct
dr
y
el
e
ct
rode
wi
than
ada
pt
ive
m
ec
h
ani
c
al
design
fo
r
m
ea
suring
EE
G
in
aha
ir
y
si
te
”
,
I
EE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns
on
Instrum
ent
ati
on
and
Me
asu
rement
,
vol
.
64
,
no.
12,
pp.
3361
–
3368,
Dec
.
20
15.
[14]
Y.M.
Chi,
Ch.
Maie
r,
and
G
.
C
auwe
nber
ghs,
“
Ultra
-
high
input
impedanc
e
,
low
noise
integra
te
d
amplifi
er
for
no
n
-
cont
a
ct
biopoten
ti
al
sensing
”
,
IE
EE
Journal
on
E
merging
and
Sel
ec
t
ed
Topics
in
Circui
tsand
Syst
ems
,
vol.
1,
no.
4,
Dec
.
2011.
[15]
F.
Rum
m
ens,
S.
Rena
ud
and
N
.
Le
wis,
“
CMO
S
diffe
ren
ti
a
l
neur
al
amplif
ie
r
with
high
input
impe
danc
e
”
,
The
13
t
h
IEE
E
Inte
rnat
io
nal
NEW
Circuit
s and
Syste
ms
(
NEWCA
S)
confere
nce
,
June
2015
,
pp.
1
-
4.
[16]
P.
Mons
urro,
S.
Pennisi,
G.
Sco
tti,
and
A.
T
r
ifi
l
etti,
“
Inve
r
ti
ng
c
lo
sed
loop
amplifier
ar
chi
t
ec
tur
e
w
it
h
red
u
ce
d
g
ai
n
err
or and
high
in
put
impedan
ce
”
,
IEE
E
Inte
rnat
io
nal
Symposium
on
Circui
ts
and
Syste
ms
(
ISCAS
)
,
Ma
y
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[17]
N.
Verm
a,
A.
Shoeb,
J.
Bohorquez
,
J.
Daws
on,
J.
Gutta
g,
and
A.
P.Cha
ndra
kasa
n,
“
A
m
ic
ro
-
power
EE
G
ac
quisit
ion
SoC
with
int
egr
a
te
d
f
ea
tur
e
ext
ra
ction
proc
essor
for
a
chr
onic
sei
zur
e
det
e
ct
ion
s
y
st
em
”
,
IEEE
J.
Soli
d
-
Stat
e
Circuits
,
v
ol.
45
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,
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–
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Apr.
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010.
[18]
L.
Fa
y
,
V.
Misr
a,
and
R.
Sarp
eshka
r,
“
A
m
ic
rop
ower
elec
tro
ca
rd
iogra
m
amplifier
”
,
I
EE
E
Tr
ansac
ti
on
B
iomedi
ca
l
Circui
tand
System
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2009
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[19]
S.
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et
al.
,
“
Inte
gra
te
d
ci
r
cu
it
s
and
el
e
ct
rod
e
int
erf
ac
es
for
Noninvasive
ph
y
siolog
ic
a
l
m
onit
oring
”
,
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on
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omedi
cal
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H.F.
Achigui
,
M.
Sawan,
C.
J.
B.
Fa
y
om
i,
“
A
1
V
Low
Po
wer,
Low
Noise
DTMO
S
base
d
NIRS
Front
-
End
Rec
e
ive
r
”
,
in
Proc.
W
MSCI,
Jull
y
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
& C
om
p
Eng
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A Two
Ch
anne
l An
alog Fr
ont En
d Desig
n A
FE D
e
sig
n
wi
th C
on
ti
nu
ou
s
Time ∑
-
∆
…
(
M.A.
Ra
hee
m
)
5049
[21]
Qu
Ruo
y
uan,
Li
Tong,
Li
Xi
ao,
XuM
ingl
u,
Che
n
Yue
y
ang
,
W
a
ng
Xinghua,
“
W
ire
l
ess
Neura
l
Acquisit
ion
S
y
s
tem
Design”
,
20
13
3
5
th
Annual
In
te
rn
at
ion
al
Conf
ere
n
ce
of
th
e
I
EE
E
E
ngine
er
ing
in
M
edi
c
ine
and
B
iolog
y
Societ
y
.
[22]
A.
Fazl
iYekna
m
i
and
A.
Alvandpour,
“
A
0.
5
-
V
250
-
NW
65
-
dB
SN
DR
Pass
ive
Δ
Σ
Modulat
or
for
Medic
al
Im
p
la
nt
Devic
es”
,
in
Pro
c.
I
EEE
Int
ern
a
tional
S
y
m
.
Ci
rcu
i
t
s a
nd
S
y
s
te
m
s, M
a
y
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pp.
2
010
-
2013.
[23]
M.A.
Rah
ee
m
,
K.
Manjunatha
a
cha
ri
,
and
Arifu
ddinsohel
.
“
A
Design
of
2
nd
Ord
er
DT
Sigm
a
-
Delt
a
Modulat
or
fo
r
Medic
a
l
Im
pla
n
t
s”
,
in
Proc.
IE
E
E
Prime
Asia, De
c
2015,
978
-
1
-
50
90
-
0136
-
1/15/
$3
1.
00
©2015
IEEE
[24]
M.A.
Raheem
,
K.
Manjunathaacha
ri
,
“
pre
sent
e
d
as
pape
r
pre
se
nta
ti
on
IEEE
p
a
per
“
A
Loga
ri
th
m
ic
DW
A
base
d
Discre
te
Ti
m
e
Multi
bit
Sigm
a
-
Delt
a
Modul
at
or
”
,
I
EE
E
spons
ored
conferenc
e
INBUSH
ER
A
2015.
ISBN:978
-
1
-
4799
-
8432
-
9
at Amit
y
Unive
rs
ity
Gr
eat
er
Noida
Fe
b25
-
27
2015
”
[25]
M.A.
Raheem
,
Moham
m
ed
A
rifuddi
n
Sohel
and
Mali
h
a
Na
az
“
Design
of
Discre
te
-
Ti
m
e
Notch
Filt
er
fo
r
Biom
edi
cal
Applicati
ons”
,
in
Confe
renc
e
Proc.
I
EE
E
Dev
ic
e
of
I
nte
grated
Circuits
Dev
IC
2017
10.
1109/DEV
IC
2
017.
8073997
[26]
Maiz
an
Muham
ad,
Norh
a
y
atiSoin
and
Hari
kr
ishna
Ramiah
“
Design
of
Low
po
wer
Low
Noise
Am
pli
fie
r
usin
g
Gm
-
boosted
Te
chni
qu
e”,
in
In
donesian
Journal
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
ering
and
Computer
Sci
enc
e
ISSN:
250
2
-
4752,
DO
I:
10.
1
1591/
ij
e
ec
s.
v9.
i3.
pp
68
5
-
689
[27]
M.A.
Raheem
,
Moham
m
ed
A
rifuddi
n
Sohel
and
Mali
h
a
Na
az
“
Design
of
Discre
te
-
Ti
m
e
Notch
Filt
er
fo
r
Biom
edi
cal
Applicati
ons”
,
in
Inte
rnationa
l
Journal
of
I
nnovat
i
ve
Re
se
arch
in
Elec
tric
al
,
Elec
tronics
,
Instrum
ent
ati
on,
and
con
trol Eng
ine
ering
,
Vol
4
i
ss
ue
12,
De
ce
m
ber
2016
[28]
Ahm
ed
Al
-
Hash
imi,
Anis
Nurashikin
Nordin*,
Am
el
ia
W
ong
Azm
an
,
“
Design
of
a
Rec
onf
igur
abl
e
,
Modular
a
nd
Multi
-
Channel
Bioi
m
peda
nc
e
Spect
roscop
y
Sy
stem
”
,
in
Ind
onesian
Journal
of
Elec
tri
cal
Engi
nee
ring
a
nd
Computer
Scien
ce
,
DO
I:
10
.
115
91/
ij
e
ec
s.
v8.
i2
.
pp
428
-
440
[29]
M.A.
Rahe
em,
Moham
m
ed
Arifuddin
Sohel
and
Mali
ha
Naa
z
,
“
Quad
Mode
of
Sixte
en
-
Chann
el
Chopper
AF
E
Design
and
Casca
ded
with
Conti
nuous
Ti
m
e
∑
-
∆
Modulat
or
for
El
ec
tro
encepha
log
y
Monit
or
y
S
y
st
em”,
i
n
Inte
rnational
Jo
ur
nal
of
Simula
ti
on,
S
yste
ms
,
S
ci
en
ce
and
Te
c
hnology
ISSN
1
473
-
8031Re
sear
ch
in
E
lectric
a
l
,
El
e
ct
ronics,
Inst
rum
ent
ati
on
and
cont
rol
Engi
n
eer
ing
,
Vol
8
Num
ber
3,
Sept
ember
2017
[30]
A.
AA
m
in,
M.S
.
Islam,
M.A.
Masud,
M.N
.
H.
K
han,
“
Design
an
d
Perform
anc
e
Anal
y
sis
of
1.
8
GH
z
Low
Noise
Am
pli
fie
r
for
W
ire
le
ss
Rec
e
iv
er
Applic
a
ti
on”
,
in
Indone
sian
Journal
of
El
e
ctrical
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
and
Com
pute
r
Scie
nc
e
DO
I
:
10
.
11591/
ijee
cs.
v6
.
i3
.
pp
656
-
662
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Abdul
Rahe
em
is
a
rese
arc
h
sc
hola
r
from
H
y
d
era
bad
,
T
elanga
na,
Indi
a.
He
ha
s
complet
ed
id
Bac
he
lors
in
En
gine
er
ing
in
20
05,
and
Maste
rs
in
VLSI
S
y
ste
m
Design
from
GRIET,
JN
TU
H
y
der
aba
d
,
cur
r
ent
l
y
doing
P.h
D
at
Gita
m
Univer
sit
y
As
a
rese
a
rch
Schola
r
in
Micro
-
e
le
c
tronics
in
Analog
&
amplifi
e
rs
;
Mixed
Signal
,
H
y
d
era
b
ad,
Ind
ia.
His
C
urre
nt
r
ese
ar
ch
m
ai
nl
y
foc
uses
on
CMO
S
Analog
-
Mixed
sign
al
Int
egr
a
te
d
C
i
rcu
it
s.
His
cur
r
e
nt
foc
us
to
desi
gn
Low
power
arc
hi
te
c
ture
s
for
biomedical
app
li
c
at
ion
.
His
on
going
work
desi
gn
are
foc
us
to
Analog
Front
Design
,
low
power
design
of
Sigm
a
Delt
a
Modulat
or
a
nd
ba
ndgap
ref
er
ence
ci
rcu
i
ts.
He
is
expe
rt
in
IC
EDA
tool
s
int
erf
a
cing
with
Speci
fi
c
at
ion
to
GD
SII.
He
has
pre
sented
a
pape
rs
21
Nati
ona
l
and
In
te
rna
ti
ona
l
IE
E
E
Confer
e
nce.
He
al
so
re
ceive
d
best
pap
er
a
ward
in
IE
EE
Confer
ence
of
Pos
t
Gradua
t
e
R
e
sea
rch
in
Mi
cro
-
El
e
ct
roni
cs
AS
IA (PRIM
E
AS
IA 2015)
K
Manjua
nthac
har
i
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
profe
ss
or
a
nd
Hea
d
of
th
e
El
e
ct
roni
c
&
Com
m
unic
at
ion
Engi
ne
eri
ng
De
par
tment
a
t
Gitam
Univer
sit
y
H
y
der
aba
d
Te
l
ang
ana
,
and
his
res
ea
r
ch
in
Signal
Proce
ss
ing
and
Im
age
Proce
ss
ing,
MP
EG,
wi
th
Inte
rf
ac
ing
with
FP
GA
,
He
has
enor
m
ous
expe
ri
ence
in
teac
hing
and
indu
str
y
,
he
is
guiding
the
12
rese
ar
ch
schola
r
a
t
Gi
ta
m
Univer
sit
y
.
He
has
50
plus p
ubli
c
at
ions
in
N
at
ion
al
and
In
te
r
nat
ion
al
Journa
l /Confe
ren
ce
s.
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