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m
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1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Dis
tr
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ted
p
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w
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s
y
s
te
m
(
DP
S)
u
s
es
d
ir
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DC
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b
u
s
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ar
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te
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a
m
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p
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ics
co
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v
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ter
o
r
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
DP
S
m
o
s
tl
y
ap
p
lied
in
m
aj
o
r
in
d
u
s
tr
y
ar
o
u
n
d
th
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wo
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ld
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u
ch
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air
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s
tr
ial
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te
m
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s
y
s
te
m
s
a
n
d
m
a
n
y
m
o
r
e
[
3
]
.
DP
S
is
a
m
atu
r
e
t
ec
h
n
o
lo
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y
a
s
a
n
alter
n
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v
e
m
et
h
o
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to
d
eliv
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p
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w
er
to
t
h
e
e
n
d
u
s
er
[
4
]
.
T
h
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ad
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an
ta
g
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ar
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d
u
e
to
its
w
ei
g
h
t,
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la
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ize
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d
th
e
f
lex
ib
il
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
3
]
,
[
5
]
.
I
n
DP
S,
th
e
m
ai
n
s
u
p
p
l
y
w
ill
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
t
h
at
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
d
u
late
t
h
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u
tp
u
t
v
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e
in
s
tead
o
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b
ein
g
s
u
p
p
lied
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ir
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to
th
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lo
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.
T
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o
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tp
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ar
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esira
b
le
to
b
e
u
s
ed
an
d
m
ee
t
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
eq
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ir
em
e
n
t
a
f
ter
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e.
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DP
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m
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d
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ta
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ter
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A
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allel
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co
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ter
s
in
th
e
s
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te
m
.
1
.
1
.
T
he
Ca
us
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Dis
t
ributio
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y
s
t
e
m
I
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t
a
bil
it
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T
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ar
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ev
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w
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k
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s
s
e
s
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t
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DP
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On
e
o
f
th
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m
i
s
th
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
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b
et
w
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n
t
h
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in
d
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id
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w
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lead
s
to
t
h
e
in
s
tab
ilit
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o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
u
n
b
alan
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p
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tio
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a
m
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p
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also
led
to
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u
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eq
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al
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is
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tio
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u
tp
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cu
r
r
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t.
C
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tl
y
,
it
w
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ca
u
s
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an
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m
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a
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d
w
ill
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
f
ail
u
r
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tab
ilit
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o
f
t
h
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DP
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co
n
tr
ib
u
ted
b
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t
h
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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w
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in
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(
A
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545
in
ter
ac
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b
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w
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th
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i
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ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
u
b
-
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y
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s
[
7
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.
T
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ar
an
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.
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v
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m
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d
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ib
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t
h
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w
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e
an
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ter
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te
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is
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g
r
ated
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eth
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[
7
]
.
T
h
is
r
ea
ctio
n
o
cc
u
r
s
d
u
e
to
in
ter
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
o
f
ea
c
h
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
co
n
v
er
ter
,
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
t
h
e
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
o
f
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
it
ca
u
s
es
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
d
r
a
w
c
o
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an
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p
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w
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h
av
e
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ati
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in
cr
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m
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p
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esis
ta
n
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w
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h
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n
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w
id
th
o
f
th
e
co
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v
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co
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tr
o
l
lo
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p
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
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in
cr
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m
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tal
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p
u
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f
t
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
w
er
lo
ad
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
i
ll
d
r
a
w
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
m
ee
t
th
e
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
w
er
d
em
a
n
d
ed
b
y
th
e
lo
ad
if
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
s
h
o
w
s
s
o
m
e
d
ec
r
e
m
en
t [
7
]
.
1
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
a
nt
P
o
w
er
L
o
a
d
(
CP
L
)
T
h
e
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
w
er
lo
ad
is
a
lo
ad
w
h
ich
co
n
s
u
m
es
f
i
x
ed
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
p
o
w
er
r
eg
ar
d
les
s
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
th
e
y
r
ec
ei
v
ed
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
w
er
lo
ad
is
th
e
n
e
g
ati
v
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
i
n
p
u
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
[
3
]
,
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
th
at
it
h
a
s
a
h
y
p
er
b
o
lic
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ag
ain
s
t
cu
r
r
en
t
[
6
]
.
C
P
L
c
a
n
b
e
m
o
d
eled
as
a
d
ep
en
d
en
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
,
t
h
at
i
s
i
=v
/p
,
w
h
er
e
v
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
an
d
P
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
p
o
w
er
[
7
]
.
DC
/AC
in
v
er
ter
an
d
DC
/
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
ar
e
th
e
ex
a
m
p
l
es
o
f
th
e
C
P
L
.
T
h
e
y
b
eh
av
ed
s
u
ch
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
c
o
n
v
er
ter
s
ee
s
t
h
e
lo
a
d
as a
co
n
s
tan
t p
o
w
er
lo
ad
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
b
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
b
e
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
co
n
v
er
ter
w
h
ic
h
ac
ts
as
co
n
s
tan
t
p
o
w
er
lo
ad
an
d
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
a
n
eg
a
tiv
e
i
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
i
n
p
u
t
r
esi
s
tan
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
eg
at
iv
e
in
cr
e
m
e
n
tal
in
p
u
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
tic
lead
s
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
c
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
ter
to
d
r
a
w
a
co
n
s
t
an
t
p
o
w
er
r
eq
u
ir
ed
b
y
t
h
e
lo
ad
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
to
an
y
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
i
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
r
e
th
e
C
P
L
co
n
n
ec
ted
,
th
e
w
o
r
s
e
t
h
e
in
s
tab
ilit
y
w
ill
ta
k
e
p
lace
[
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
cir
cu
it
o
f
a
s
i
m
p
le
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
w
er
lo
ad
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
b
y
–
R
L
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
f
ilter
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
L
i
s
i
n
d
icate
d
b
y
t
h
e
L
C
f
ilter
w
h
ile
t
h
e
m
ai
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
t
h
e
C
P
L
is
in
d
icate
d
b
y
–
R
L
. V
0
is
t
h
e
DC
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
S
m
all
-
s
ig
n
al
s
c
h
e
m
a
tic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
a
C
P
L
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t c
ir
cu
i
t
1
.
3
.
Neg
a
t
iv
e
I
ncre
m
ent
a
l I
np
ut
Resis
t
a
nce
Cha
ra
ct
er
is
t
ic
Neg
ati
v
e
lo
ad
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
r
n
e
g
ati
v
e
i
n
cr
e
m
en
ta
l
i
n
p
u
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
is
th
e
m
ain
c
h
a
r
ac
ter
is
tics
ass
o
ciate
d
in
p
o
w
er
elec
tr
o
n
i
c
d
ev
ices
s
u
c
h
as
D
C
/D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
.
Sin
ce
ea
ch
co
n
v
er
ter
h
as
its
o
w
n
i
n
ter
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
f
u
n
ctio
n
,
it
d
r
a
w
s
m
o
r
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
h
en
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
ltag
e
f
alls
.
T
h
is
ca
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
b
eh
av
e
s
u
c
h
th
at
it
atte
m
p
ts
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
th
e
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
w
er
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
tu
r
n
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
n
eg
ati
v
e
i
m
p
e
d
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
c
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
e
n
eg
ati
v
e
lo
ad
im
p
ed
an
ce
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
C
P
L
w
as
d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
w
h
er
e
it
ex
h
ib
it
s
a
h
y
p
er
b
o
lic
s
h
ap
e
g
r
ap
h
.
B
ase
d
o
n
th
e
g
r
ap
h
b
eh
a
v
io
r
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
as
t
h
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
C
P
L
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
t
h
at
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
it
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
I
n
co
n
tr
ast,
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
ca
u
s
es
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
e
n
t.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Neg
ati
v
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
co
n
s
ta
n
t p
o
w
er
lo
ad
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
4
4
–
5
5
5
546
2.
P
ASSI
V
E
DAM
P
I
NG
N
E
T
WO
RK
T
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
d
a
m
p
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
h
elp
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
s
tab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
D
C
b
u
s
b
ar
v
o
ltag
e.
I
n
[
8
]
,
[
1
4
]
d
am
p
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
t
w
o
t
y
p
es
w
h
ich
ar
e
ac
ti
v
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
p
as
s
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
b
ein
g
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
i
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
P
ass
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
i
s
g
en
er
all
y
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
at
d
r
a
w
s
o
r
r
etu
r
n
s
cu
r
r
en
t
to
th
e
DC
b
u
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
am
p
an
y
i
n
s
ta
b
ilit
y
[
1
5
]
.
P
ass
iv
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
is
also
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
L
C
f
il
ter
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
p
ea
k
in
g
o
r
d
ip
p
in
g
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
p
ass
iv
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
ad
d
in
g
r
es
is
to
r
s
in
s
er
ies
o
r
i
n
p
ar
allel
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
w
i
th
in
d
u
cto
r
o
r
ca
p
ac
ito
r
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
L
C
f
ilter
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
in
s
tab
ili
t
y
o
f
th
e
ar
r
an
g
e
m
en
t
ca
n
b
e
m
i
n
i
m
ized
b
y
ap
p
l
y
i
n
g
eith
er
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es o
f
t
y
p
ical
p
ass
iv
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
[
8
]
.
2
.
1
.
Ana
ly
s
is
E
qu
a
t
io
ns
A
s
i
m
p
le
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
s
o
u
r
ce
an
d
a
s
i
n
g
le
lo
ad
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
an
i
n
t
er
f
ac
e
w
a
s
an
al
y
s
ed
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
m
p
r
eh
en
d
an
d
i
llu
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
D
C
b
u
s
s
tab
ilit
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
i
m
p
le
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
b
ased
s
t
ab
ilit
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
cir
cu
it
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
i
v
alen
t
v
o
ltag
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
im
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
w
er
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
s
,
,
L
a
n
d
L
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
e
i
n
ter
f
ac
e
b
u
s
v
o
ltag
e
V
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
as E
q
u
atio
n
(
1
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
b
ased
s
ta
b
ilit
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
cir
cu
it
(
1
)
B
ased
o
n
th
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
n
u
m
er
ato
r
an
d
d
en
o
m
in
ato
r
o
f
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
ar
e
in
d
icate
d
as
NS
an
d
DS,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
w
h
ile
th
e
n
u
m
er
a
to
r
an
d
d
en
o
m
in
ato
r
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
ar
e
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
N
L
a
n
d
DL
[
7
]
.
Fo
r
a
lo
a
d
to
h
a
v
e
a
s
tab
le
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
en
it
is
g
iv
e
n
w
i
th
id
ea
l
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
,
an
ea
r
lier
as
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
m
et.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at,
t
h
e
lo
ad
als
o
m
u
s
t
b
e
a
co
n
s
ta
n
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
s
o
u
r
ce
i
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
to
b
e
o
p
er
ated
in
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
[
7
]
.
B
y
r
ef
er
r
in
g
to
t
h
e
d
en
o
m
i
n
ato
r
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
g
o
i
n
g
to
b
e
s
tab
led
i
f
NL
a
n
d
DS
co
n
tain
n
o
r
o
o
ts
i
n
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t
h
al
f
p
lan
e.
I
f
th
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
Z
S
is
al
w
a
y
s
les
s
th
a
n
t
h
e
Z
L
,
th
er
e
w
il
l b
e
n
o
en
cir
cle
m
en
t o
f
(
-
1
,
0
)
p
o
in
t o
f
th
e
N
y
q
u
is
t p
lo
t [
8
]
.
3.
DE
S
I
G
N
O
F
P
ASSI
V
E
DA
M
P
I
NG
W
h
en
ca
p
ac
ito
r
2
≫
1
,
it
is
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
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ce
o
f
2
w
ill
b
e
v
er
y
s
m
all
a
t
h
ig
h
er
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
[
7
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
to
tal
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
t
h
at
w
er
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
f
ilter
w
il
l
b
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
ed
b
y
t
h
e
p
ar
allel
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
R
a
n
d
−R
L
,
h
av
in
g
th
e
v
al
u
e
R
e
f
f
[
6
]
.
B
ased
o
n
t
h
e
o
b
s
e
r
v
atio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
elatio
n
s
h
i
p
,
w
h
e
n
|
|
<
|
|
,
th
e
L
-
C
f
ilte
r
w
ill
h
a
v
e
a
n
e
t
n
e
g
ati
v
e
d
am
p
in
g
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
th
e
f
ilter
to
o
s
cillate
[
6
]
.
T
h
u
s
,
to
s
ec
u
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
ili
t
y
,
th
e
m
a
g
n
i
tu
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
r
esi
s
to
r
,
R
,
m
u
s
t
b
e
lo
wer
th
an
t
h
e
m
ag
n
it
u
d
e
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
as
d
is
co
v
er
ed
b
y
Mid
d
leb
r
o
o
k
in
h
is
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
tab
ilit
y
cr
iter
io
n
[
1
7
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
cir
cu
it
i
n
v
o
l
v
i
n
g
L
C
f
i
lter
,
R
C
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
C
P
L
[
1
8
]
.
R
C
d
a
m
p
er
w
a
s
in
s
talled
i
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
f
i
lter
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
C
P
L
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
t
o
d
am
p
th
e
b
u
s
i
n
s
ta
b
ilit
y
w
h
ic
h
o
cc
u
r
s
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
L
C
f
ilter
an
d
C
P
L
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
r
ela
tio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
d
a
m
p
er
an
d
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tab
il
it
y
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r
atel
y
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h
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
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s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
2
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an
d
E
q
u
atio
n
(
3
)
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
-
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
c
tio
n
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
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w
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Fig
u
r
e
4
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L
-
C
f
ilter
w
it
h
p
ass
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d
a
m
p
in
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w
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(
)
(
)
(
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(
)
(
2
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(
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(
(
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(
3
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A
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g
i
n
g
th
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d
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m
i
n
ato
r
in
eq
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i
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(
3
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,
g
iv
es E
q
u
at
io
n
(
4
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(
)
(
4
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E
q
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(
4
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ca
n
b
e
f
ac
to
r
ized
as sh
o
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q
u
a
tio
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(
5
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(
)
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[
(
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(
)
]
*
+
[
]
(
5
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T
o
g
et
th
e
s
u
i
tab
le
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
r
e
s
is
to
r
R
a
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d
ca
p
ac
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r
C
2
f
o
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m
ai
n
tai
n
i
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s
tab
il
it
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i
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t
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ca
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ca
lcu
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b
a
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E
q
u
atio
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(
6
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(
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(
*
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(
6
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x
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an
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io
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f
E
q
u
atio
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(
6
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y
ie
ld
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E
q
u
atio
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(
7
)
(
(
)
)
(
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(
)
(
7
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y
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i
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(
6
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d
(
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(
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d
(
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,
w
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n
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h
at
t
h
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is
a
n
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tr
a
ter
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h
as
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ed
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ce
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ate
co
n
d
itio
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f
o
r
th
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s
m
all
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s
ig
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s
tab
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>
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e
n
f
o
r
eq
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atio
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(
7
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to
b
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r
eq
u
ir
es
2
≫
an
d
th
i
s
r
esu
lti
n
g
i
n
E
q
u
atio
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(
8
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≫
(
8
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T
o
ch
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s
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th
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alu
e
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o
r
R
,
2
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h
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f
ir
s
t
f
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o
m
t
h
e
E
q
u
atio
n
(
8
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in
o
r
d
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to
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n
s
u
r
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e
f
f
ec
ti
v
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r
esis
ta
n
ce
in
t
h
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q
u
ad
r
atic
p
o
r
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n
o
f
E
q
u
atio
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(
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p
r
o
v
id
es
th
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ati
s
f
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to
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d
a
m
p
in
g
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f
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h
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m
p
le
x
p
o
les
as
in
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
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√
√
√
(
9
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Da
m
p
in
g
c
ap
ac
ito
r
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
E
q
u
at
io
n
(
1
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
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p
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g
,
Vo
l.
8
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No
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1
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Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
1
8
:
5
4
4
–
5
5
5
548
(
1
0
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4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
D
C
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
n
s
er
tio
n
o
f
R
C
p
ar
allel
p
ass
i
v
e
d
am
p
i
n
g
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
ca
lc
u
latio
n
t
h
eo
r
y
,
t
h
e
L
C
f
ilter
u
s
ed
ar
e
1
0
0
m
H
an
d
1
0
0
0
μ
F
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
p
as
s
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
s
er
ies
R
a
n
d
C
2
,
wh
ich
ar
e
6
.
2
Ω
an
d
3
0
0
0
μ
F
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
T
h
ese
v
alu
e
s
w
er
e
s
elec
ted
b
ased
o
n
9
0
W
C
P
L
p
o
w
er
le
v
el
as
g
i
v
en
i
n
E
q
u
atio
n
(
9
)
an
d
(
1
0
)
.
So
f
t
w
ar
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
as
u
s
ed
to
v
er
i
f
y
a
n
d
p
r
ed
ict
t
h
e
b
e
h
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
b
ef
o
r
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
in
g
to
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
cir
cu
it
s
i
m
u
latio
n
o
n
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ca
n
m
i
n
i
m
ize
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
r
o
to
ty
p
es
r
eq
u
ir
ed
an
d
eli
m
i
n
ate
m
an
y
r
ep
etiti
v
e
v
er
i
f
icat
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es.
Af
ter
v
er
i
f
icati
o
n
in
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
n
t
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
ce
ed
ed
to
v
er
if
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
b
e
b
u
il
t
i
n
r
ea
l
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
.
T
h
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
cir
cu
it
w
a
s
b
u
il
d
as d
ep
icted
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
f
o
u
r
s
ec
tio
n
a
l p
ar
ts
in
t
h
e
d
esig
n
ed
cir
cu
it
w
h
ich
ar
e
in
p
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e,
L
C
f
ilter
,
p
ass
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
co
n
s
ta
n
t
p
o
w
er
l
o
ad
.
T
h
e
cir
cu
it
w
as
d
esig
n
ed
s
u
ch
th
a
t
it
co
m
es
w
it
h
s
w
itc
h
es
f
o
r
s
tep
in
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
a
n
d
to
co
n
n
ec
t
p
ass
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
er
i
n
th
e
D
C
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
a
d
d
itio
n
,
h
o
le
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
j
u
m
p
er
w
ir
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
en
t
i
n
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
tal
w
o
r
k
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
cte
d
u
s
i
n
g
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
I
T
8
5
1
4
C
I
T
E
C
H
as
DC
lo
ad
b
an
k
w
h
er
e
th
e
le
v
el
o
f
C
P
L
p
o
w
er
w
a
s
s
et
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
DC
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
w
i
th
R
C
p
ar
allel
p
ass
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
i
n
g
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Har
d
w
ar
e
cir
cu
it i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
4
.
1
.
DC
B
us
Vo
lt
a
g
es
Duri
ng
t
h
e
I
ns
er
t
io
n
o
f
CP
L
w
it
h
F
ix
ed
DC
S
up
ply
w
it
ho
ut
a
nd
w
it
h
P
a
s
s
iv
e
D
a
m
per
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
n
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
w
it
h
p
ass
i
v
e
d
a
m
p
er
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
ased
o
n
v
o
ltag
e
an
d
cu
r
r
en
t
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
ts
,
s
ett
lin
g
t
i
m
e
a
n
d
s
tead
y
s
tate
er
r
o
r
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
T
ab
le
1
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
es
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
i
m
u
latio
n
a
n
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
f
o
r
o
v
er
s
h
o
o
ts
,
s
et
tli
n
g
ti
m
e
a
n
d
s
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tate
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