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r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
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O
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Du
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to
s
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n
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f
ica
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v
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to
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a
k
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E
Vs
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E
lect
r
ic
Veh
icles)
p
en
etr
ate
in
to
o
u
r
d
aily
li
v
es
[
1
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
s
p
ite
o
f
r
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en
t
i
m
p
r
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atter
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e,
t
h
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atter
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aso
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d
m
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k
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s
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w
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lan
[
2
]
.
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ca
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b
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ilt
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s
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Dig
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m
ar
t
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s
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tatio
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y
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te
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s
[
3
]
.
T
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cu
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h
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w
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[
4
]
.
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th
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astru
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r
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tab
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p
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v
is
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ac
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[
5
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.
Mo
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f
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esp
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8708
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6
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,
p
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to
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f
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w
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co
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l a
ctio
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in
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h
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b
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p
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[
7
]
.
T
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ex
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m
a
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8
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.
Fo
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w
er
.
T
h
is
h
i
g
h
-
e
n
d
s
er
v
er
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
r
e
m
o
te
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
u
s
er
a
u
t
h
en
ti
ca
tio
n
,
an
d
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
,
p
lay
i
n
g
a
r
o
le
o
f
m
u
lt
i
-
s
er
v
ice
g
ate
w
a
y
f
o
r
b
illi
n
g
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
Hi
tach
i
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
n
ito
r
s
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
eq
u
ip
m
en
t
o
p
er
atio
n
,
an
d
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
tar
g
e
t
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
f
ac
il
ities
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
d
ata
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
,
p
r
ed
ictio
n
,
a
n
d
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
to
m
a
k
e
a
h
ig
h
-
le
v
el
ti
m
el
y
d
ec
is
io
n
i
n
co
n
tr
o
l
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
A
p
p
lic
atio
n
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
s
u
p
p
o
r
ts
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
a
n
ef
f
icie
n
t
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
to
th
e
g
r
id
p
o
w
er
b
u
t
a
l
s
o
in
ter
-
E
V
co
o
p
er
atio
n
f
o
r
b
alan
ce
d
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
P
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
,
tr
en
d
p
r
ed
ictio
n
m
ak
e
s
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
h
i
f
t E
V
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
lo
ad
,
lo
ca
tes t
h
e
m
al
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
n
g
p
ar
t,
an
d
ev
en
i
n
v
ites
V2
G
(
Ve
h
icle
-
to
-
Gr
id
)
ap
p
licatio
n
s
[
1
0
]
.
B
ased
o
n
th
e
o
p
en
d
ata
an
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
th
i
s
p
ap
er
f
ir
s
t
p
r
e
s
e
n
ts
h
o
w
to
ac
q
u
ir
e
th
e
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
f
r
o
m
th
e
w
ell
-
k
n
o
w
n
w
eb
s
i
te
an
d
co
n
d
u
ct
s
an
an
al
y
s
i
s
to
d
is
co
v
er
th
e
s
er
v
ice
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
ch
ar
g
er
an
d
to
o
b
tain
c
h
ar
g
i
n
g
d
e
m
a
n
d
p
atter
n
s
in
J
ej
u
cit
y
.
A
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
in
e
n
t
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
cities
in
th
e
wo
r
ld
,
th
i
s
p
lace
i
s
n
o
w
co
n
s
i
s
ten
t
l
y
ca
r
r
y
in
g
o
u
t
it
s
a
m
b
iti
o
u
s
e
n
ter
p
r
is
e
to
r
ep
lace
all
r
e
g
u
lar
v
e
h
icles
w
it
h
E
Vs
b
y
2
0
3
0
.
T
h
e
E
V
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e,
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
wo
r
k
in
g
,
cr
ea
tes
a
m
as
s
iv
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
.
T
h
e
m
ain
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
o
n
is
p
u
t
o
n
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
te
m
p
o
r
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
d
ate
,
h
o
u
r
-
of
-
d
a
y
,
a
n
d
d
ay
-
of
-
w
ee
k
as
w
el
l
as
s
p
ati
al
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ativ
e
r
eg
io
n
an
d
p
lace
t
y
p
e.
Her
e,
th
e
d
ata
is
s
to
r
ed
in
M
y
SQ
L
d
atab
ase
a
n
d
a
s
er
ies
o
f
q
u
er
ie
s
ar
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
i
s
s
u
ed
to
th
is
d
at
aset.
T
h
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
also
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
Had
o
o
p
P
ig
s
cr
ip
ts
w
h
e
n
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
.
A
d
d
itio
n
all
y
,
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
ar
iz
ed
d
ata
s
et
is
g
iv
e
n
to
th
e
R
s
tat
is
tic
s
p
ac
k
a
g
e
f
o
r
ad
v
an
ce
d
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
an
d
elab
o
r
ate
v
is
u
aliza
t
io
n
to
o
ls
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
Af
ter
o
u
tl
in
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ap
er
in
Sect
io
n
1
,
Sectio
n
2
ex
p
lain
s
t
h
e
b
ac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
o
u
r
r
esear
ch
.
Sectio
n
3
e
x
ten
s
i
v
el
y
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ates
t
h
e
o
b
s
er
v
at
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
an
d
d
is
cu
s
s
es t
h
e
r
es
u
lt.
Fi
n
all
y
,
S
ec
tio
n
4
co
n
clu
d
es t
h
is
p
ap
er
w
it
h
a
b
r
ief
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
o
f
f
u
t
u
r
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
B
ACK
G
RO
UND
J
ej
u
cit
y
i
s
lo
ca
ted
a
t
t
h
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
m
o
s
t
tip
o
f
Ko
r
ea
n
ter
r
ito
r
y
an
d
h
a
s
lo
n
g
b
ee
n
f
a
m
o
u
s
f
o
r
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
to
u
r
is
t
attr
ac
tio
n
s
.
Sin
ce
it
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ated
as
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
m
o
d
el
cit
y
in
2
0
0
9
,
m
a
n
y
ef
f
o
r
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
m
ad
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
ak
e
o
f
tes
tin
g
u
p
-
to
-
d
ate
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
n
e
w
b
u
s
in
e
s
s
m
o
d
el
s
.
O
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
o
u
ts
ta
n
d
i
n
g
ac
h
ie
v
e
m
en
t
s
is
th
e
p
en
etr
atio
n
o
f
E
Vs
o
v
er
th
e
i
s
lan
d
h
a
v
i
n
g
ab
o
u
t
2
0
0
km
lo
n
g
co
astl
i
n
e.
No
w
,
J
ej
u
is
p
u
r
s
u
in
g
an
e
n
t
er
p
r
is
e
ca
lled
C
a
r
b
o
n
-
fr
ee
I
s
la
n
d
2
0
3
0
,
w
h
ic
h
is
tr
y
in
g
to
r
ep
lace
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
w
it
h
r
e
n
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
ies
m
a
k
i
n
g
u
s
e
o
f
it
s
ab
u
n
d
an
t
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
li
k
e
w
i
n
d
,
s
u
n
lig
h
t,
a
n
d
th
e
l
ik
e.
I
n
th
is
cit
y
,
m
a
n
y
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
en
titi
es
ar
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
ed
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
a
n
d
th
e
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
s
to
r
e
d
f
o
r
f
u
r
t
h
er
an
al
y
s
is
an
d
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
atio
n
.
On
e
p
r
o
b
lem
l
ies
in
th
a
t
e
v
en
t
h
e
e
n
titi
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
ca
teg
o
r
y
ar
e
m
an
ag
ed
b
y
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
au
th
o
r
itie
s
.
A
n
y
w
a
y
,
th
o
s
e
d
ata
s
tr
ea
m
s
m
a
n
a
g
ed
b
y
n
atio
n
al
o
r
lo
ca
l
ad
m
i
n
is
tr
atio
n
s
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
b
e
m
ad
e
p
u
b
lic
to
ac
ce
ler
a
te
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t o
f
m
a
n
y
d
i
f
f
er
en
t a
p
p
li
ca
tio
n
s
h
av
i
n
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
o
als
to
ac
h
iev
e.
Ou
r
r
esear
c
h
tea
m
h
as
b
u
ilt
a
d
ata
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
m
o
d
u
le
wh
ich
p
er
io
d
icall
y
r
etr
ie
v
es
th
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
s
tat
u
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
o
p
en
w
eb
s
ite,
n
a
m
el
y
,
w
w
w
.
d
a
t
a
.
g
o
.
kr
.
T
h
e
d
ata
s
ets
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
o
s
e
ch
ar
g
er
s
m
an
a
g
ed
b
y
KE
C
(
Ko
r
ea
E
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
)
[
1
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
4
9
f
ast
ch
ar
g
er
r
ec
o
r
d
s
ar
e
ad
d
ed
in
o
u
r
d
atab
ase
tab
le
ev
er
y
5
m
in
u
t
es.
W
e
d
ef
in
e
2
tab
les
o
f
Op
en
Lo
c
an
d
Op
en
C
h
a
r
g
er
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
to
r
es
s
tat
ic
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
u
ch
a
s
lati
tu
d
e,
lo
n
g
it
u
d
e,
ch
ar
g
er
t
y
p
e,
r
eg
io
n
,
an
d
p
lace
t
y
p
e
o
f
ea
c
h
ch
ar
g
er
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
Op
en
C
h
a
r
g
er
k
ee
p
s
ap
p
en
d
i
n
g
s
tat
u
s
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
,
eit
h
er
w
o
r
k
in
g
o
r
id
le,
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
h
ar
g
er
.
I
t
m
u
s
t
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
t
h
at
th
i
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
d
o
es
n
o
t
i
n
clu
d
e
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
p
en
t
f
o
r
E
V
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
T
h
en
,
th
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
d
u
ct
s
a
p
r
eli
m
i
n
ar
y
a
n
al
y
s
is
,
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ac
ti
v
e
ch
ar
g
er
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
ti
m
e
f
lo
w
.
I
ts
an
a
l
y
s
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
te
g
r
ates
g
eo
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
ap
s
also
o
p
en
ed
to
th
e
p
u
b
lic
as
a
f
o
r
m
o
f
E
SR
I
s
h
ap
e
f
i
les.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
e
n
t
wo
r
k
in
v
esti
g
ate
s
t
h
e
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
r
ate,
w
h
ich
m
ea
n
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
t
h
at
a
c
h
ar
g
e
r
is
s
er
v
icin
g
a
n
E
V
at
a
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
ti
m
e
i
n
s
ta
n
t
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
in
v
esti
g
a
tio
n
f
i
n
d
s
o
u
t
t
h
at
c
h
ar
g
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ar
e
co
u
n
ter
-
in
tu
i
tiv
e
l
y
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
en
d
o
f
o
f
f
ice
h
o
u
r
s
.
3.
DATA AN
AL
Y
SI
S R
E
S
UL
T
S
Ser
v
ice
ti
m
e
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
tr
ac
e
th
e
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
ea
ch
ch
ar
g
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
,
as
it
ca
n
a
llo
w
u
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[1
]
A
.
Ip
a
k
c
h
i,
F
.
A
lb
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y
e
h
,
“
G
rid
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re
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IEE
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Po
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rg
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g
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e
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p
p
.
5
2
-
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2
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0
0
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.
[2
]
R.
P
in
to
,
J.
P
o
m
b
o
,
M
.
Ca
lad
o
,
J.
M
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rian
o
,
“
A
n
El
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tric
Veh
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Ch
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n
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d
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o
w
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,
2
0
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5
.
[3
]
J.
Yin
,
P
.
S
h
a
rm
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,
I.
G
o
rto
n
,
B.
Ak
y
o
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“
L
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rg
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-
S
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le
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Ch
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ll
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in
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in
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t’l
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3
2
4
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[4
]
Z.
A
s
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d
,
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.
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,
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m
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rn
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l
,
2
0
1
6
.
[5
]
V
.
P
ra
sa
d
a
ra
o
,
K.
Ra
o
,
P
.
Ra
o
,
T
.
A
b
ish
a
i,
“
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En
h
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n
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in
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rid
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S
y
ste
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s
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sin
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Hig
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tep
Up
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Co
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v
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rter,”
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ter
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ti
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J
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rn
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trica
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[6
]
A
.
El
d
w
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M
.
M
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k
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“
A
De
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stra
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:
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me
wo
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fo
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In
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1
2
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3
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[7
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A
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a
to
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A
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M
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a
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m
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m
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rt
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rid
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In
tern
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2
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6
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p
p
.
1
6
5
-
1
7
2
.
[8
]
A
.
T
su
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o
sh
i,
“
EV
Ch
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in
g
In
f
ra
stru
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tu
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T
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l
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v
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l.
1
0
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n
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1
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2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
K.
I
w
a
m
u
ra
,
H.
T
o
n
o
o
k
a
,
Y.
M
iz
n
u
o
,
Y.
M
a
sh
it
a
,
“
Big
D
a
ta
Co
ll
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c
ti
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n
a
n
d
Util
iza
ti
o
n
f
o
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f
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m
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rter S
o
c
ial
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
,
”
Hita
c
h
i
Rev
iew
,
v
o
l
.
6
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
0
]
M
.
Kisa
c
ik
o
g
lu
,
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Oz
p
in
e
c
i,
L
.
T
o
lb
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rt,
L
,
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EV
/
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EV
b
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re
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T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
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n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
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ics
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v
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l.
2
8
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o
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1
2
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p
p
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5
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5
7
2
7
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2
0
1
3
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1
]
Bru
n
sd
o
n
,
C.
,
Co
m
b
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r,
L
.
2
0
1
5
.
A
n
In
tro
d
u
c
ti
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p
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ti
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l
A
n
a
l
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s &
M
a
p
p
in
g
.
S
AG
E
P
u
b
l
ica
ti
o
n
L
td
.
[1
2
]
J.
L
e
e
,
G
.
P
a
rk
,
Y.
Ha
n
,
S
.
Yo
o
,
“
Big
Da
ta
A
n
a
l
y
sis
f
o
r
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Ch
a
rg
in
g
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
u
sin
g
Op
e
n
Da
ta an
d
S
o
f
tw
a
re
,
”
in
ACM
e
En
e
rg
y
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
3
]
J.
L
e
e
,
G
.
P
a
rk
,
“
Big
Da
ta
P
r
o
c
e
ss
in
g
in
Ch
a
rg
in
g
In
f
ra
stru
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
S
m
a
rt
T
ra
n
sp
o
rtatio
n
S
y
ste
m
s,
”
u
n
d
e
r
re
v
iew
in
AR
PN
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
.
[1
4
]
J.
L
e
e
,
G
.
P
a
rk
,
“
In
teg
ra
ted
Co
o
rd
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
a
n
d
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
in
a
M
icro
g
rid
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
0
6
-
7
1
2
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
7
.
[1
5
]
A
.
Ov
a
ll
e
,
A
.
Ha
b
l
y
,
S
.
B
a
c
h
a
,
G.
Ra
m
o
s,
J.
Ho
ss
a
in
,
“
Es
c
o
rt
Ev
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
ry
Ga
m
e
D
y
n
a
m
ics
A
p
p
ro
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c
h
f
o
r
In
teg
r
a
l
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d
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
F
lee
ts,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
i
cs
v
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l.
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4
,
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2
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p
p
.
1
3
5
8
-
1
3
6
9
,
2
0
1
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.
[1
6
]
S
.
T
h
a
n
e
k
a
r,
K.
S
u
b
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