Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1822
~
18
31
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
9
i
3
.
pp1822
-
18
31
1822
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Autom
ated medic
al surgi
cal t
ro
ll
ey
N.
M. S
aad
1
,
A.
R. A
bdulla
h
2
,
N
. S.
M.
N
oo
r
3
,
N.
A. H
am
id
4
, M.
A.
M
uha
m
ma
d Sy
ahmi
5
, N.
M.
A
li
6
1
,3,4,5
Fa
k
ult
i
Kej
urute
ra
an
El
ek
tr
onik
dan
Kejur
u
t
era
an
Kom
pute
r, Univer
sit
i
T
ekn
ika
l
Malay
si
a
M
el
ak
a
,
Malay
si
a
2
Fa
k
ult
i
K
ej
urut
era
an
E
le
ktr
ik,
Univer
siti
Te
kn
i
kal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
12, 201
8
Re
vised N
ov
20, 2
01
8
Accepte
d Dec
26, 201
8
Opera
ti
ng
theatr
e
is
a
pl
ac
e
in
a
hospit
al
where
surgi
ca
l
op
era
t
ions
ar
e
conduc
t
ed
on
pat
i
ent
s
b
y
surge
ons.
In
the
ope
rat
ing
th
eatre
,
t
he
surgical
equi
pm
ent
is
pl
ac
ed
on
stai
n
le
s
s
stee
l
ta
bl
e
or
on
surgica
l
instr
um
ent
tray
.
How
eve
r,
durin
g
the
oper
at
ion
a
ccide
nts
c
an
oc
cur
where
the
s
urgic
a
l
tool
s
pla
c
ed
near
to
t
he
surgeon
could
be
acci
den
tall
y
be
h
it
b
y
th
e
m
during
the
surgica
l
oper
a
tion.
Th
is
m
a
y
c
ause
th
e
surgic
a
l
tool
s
to
f
al
l
o
n
the
floor
which
m
a
y
lead
to
inj
ur
ie
s.
Hen
c
e,
th
is
paper
pre
sents
an
au
to
m
atic
m
edi
c
al
surgica
l
trolle
y
for
surgeons
to
gra
b
op
era
t
ing
tool
s
e
asily
.
T
he
proposed
s
y
stem
is
implemente
d
for
au
tomati
cmedi
ca
l
surgica
l
trol
l
e
y
m
ovement
using
Arduino
Uno
R3.
Th
e
inve
nti
on
provi
des
an
aut
om
atic
m
edica
l
surgica
l
tro
lle
y
which
comprises
aut
om
at
ic
gui
danc
e
,
a
wire
le
s
s
cont
roll
e
r
,
an
obstac
l
e
avoiding
det
e
ct
ion
d
evi
c
e,
a
touc
h
s
cre
en
con
trol
l
er
via
sm
art
phone,
an
IP
cam
era
,
a
tro
lle
y
,
an
in
te
gra
te
d
po
wer
suppl
y
and
a
proc
essor.
The
trolle
y
wi
th
stai
nl
ess
stee
l
shelve
s
is
ide
a
l
for
use
in
cl
in
ic
a
l
envi
ronm
ent
s
a
nd
oper
a
ti
on
th
ea
tr
es.
Med
ic
a
l
equi
pm
ent
is
lo
ade
d
in
th
e
trol
ley
,
th
e
wire
le
ss
remote
d
rive
s
the
trolle
y
to
m
ove
for
wards
and
bac
kwards.
Auto
m
at
ic
visua
l
gui
danc
e
is
a
chi
ev
e
d
via
an
IP
c
amera
atta
ched
to
the
trol
l
e
y
an
d
a
touc
h
scre
en
cont
roller
vi
a
a
sm
art
phone.
A
l
a
rge
amount
of
spac
e
and
a
la
rge
num
ber
of
m
at
eri
a
ls
are
save
d,
the
workload
of
m
edi
c
a
l
workers
will
be
gre
atl
y
rel
ie
v
ed,
an
d
the
worki
ng
eff
icien
c
y
will
b
e
improve
d.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ardu
i
no
Au
t
om
atic
m
e
dical
s
urgical
trolle
y m
ov
e
m
ent
IP
c
am
era
Op
e
rati
on
t
hea
tre
Su
r
gical
e
qu
i
pm
ent
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
N.
M.
Saa
d,
Fakult
i
Keju
ru
t
eraan
Ele
ktri
k dan Ke
jur
utera
an
Ko
m
pu
te
r
,
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Te
knikal M
al
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
Me
la
ka,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
no
r
hashim
ah@
utem
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Op
e
rati
ng
th
ea
t
re
is
a
ver
y
bu
sy
area
a
nd
a
ver
y
cl
ea
n
are
a
w
hich
is
al
ways
cal
le
d
as
a
“st
eril
e”
.
The
s
urgical
e
qu
i
pm
ent
tray
is
desig
ne
d
i
n
order
to
la
y
al
l
the
s
urgical
t
ools
on
it
.
T
he
proce
dure’
s
fl
ow
will
beco
m
e
s
m
oo
ther
if
the
e
qu
i
pm
ent
they
need
al
l
in
on
e
e
asy
to
acce
ss
on
the
tray
.
Re
centl
y,
there
are
m
any
carele
ss cases
occurre
d
i
n
th
e
hosp
it
al
fo
r
in
sta
nce i
n t
he o
per
at
in
g
t
heatr
e [
1
]
,
[
2].
T
he
m
essy
co
nd
it
io
n
of
the
op
e
rati
ng
to
ols
on
the
tray
a
nd
the
posit
io
n
of
the
tr
ay
ne
xt
to
s
urgeon
cou
l
d
m
ake
th
e
surge
on
feel
un
c
om
fo
r
ta
ble
and
s
uffo
cat
in
g
wh
ic
h
c
ould
le
ad
the
s
urgeon
c
oncentrati
on
to
be
disturbe
d.
Sa
fe
ty
is
on
e
of
t
he
i
m
po
rtant
thi
ngs
t
o
c
on
si
der
esp
eci
al
ly
at
the
workplace
be
cause
wit
hout
it
,
the
serio
us
in
jurie
s
or
deat
h
c
ould
ta
ke
place
[
3].
Work
e
rs
in
j
uri
es
c
ou
l
d
af
fect
the
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
com
pan
y
or
bu
si
ness
sta
te
du
e
t
o
it
will
cause
the
ins
urance
rate
incr
eased,
oth
e
r
em
plo
ye
es
m
ay
be
distract
ed
and
t
he
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
w
il
l
be
lost
du
e
to
the
acci
de
nt.
Acci
den
ts
oc
cur
is
be
cause
on
e
ch
oosin
g
t
he
wro
ng
m
et
h
od
of
proce
dure
o
r
due to
po
or exec
ution [
4
]
,
[
5].
Accide
nts
can
occur
anyt
im
e
and
a
nyw
her
e
su
c
h
as
in
the
op
e
rati
ng
theat
re.
F
or
in
sta
nc
e,
the
usual
cases
ha
ppene
d
in
the
operati
ng
r
oo
m
are
a
ne
sthesia
m
ist
ak
es,
ope
rati
ons
on
the
wro
ng
s
ide
of
the
bo
dy
par
t
and
the
surgica
l
too
ls
le
ft
insi
de
patie
nt’s
bo
dy
w
hich
le
ad
to
loss
of
a
pat
ie
nt’s
li
fe
[
6].
The
i
nju
ries
no
t
on
ly
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Autom
ated me
dical s
urgic
al t
ro
ll
ey (
N. M. S
aad)
1823
cou
l
d
ha
ppen
t
o
patie
nts
but
to
su
r
ge
ons
an
d
oth
e
r
pe
ople
inside
the
ope
rati
ng
room
as
well
.
Fo
r
e
xa
m
ple
,
the s
urgical
to
ols
placed
nea
r
to
s
urge
on cou
ld b
e
acci
de
nta
ll
y be h
it
b
y
th
e
m
d
uri
ng s
urg
ic
al
o
pe
rati
on.
Ma
ny
researc
her
s
ha
ve
stu
died
on
sm
art
trolle
y
bu
t
m
any
h
ave
be
en
ap
plied
in
su
pe
rm
ark
et
.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
7]
pro
po
se
d
sm
art
trolle
y
in
m
e
ga
m
al
l
wh
ere
the
com
ponen
t
us
e
d
a
re
op
ti
c
al
sens
or
as
the
sen
s
or
to
detect
ob
sta
cl
es
and
Atm
elA
T
89V51
m
icr
oc
ontrolle
r
.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
8]
propose
d
sm
art
t
ro
ll
ey
us
in
g
RFID
to
sp
ee
d
up
t
he
purc
hase
of
pro
du
ct
.
The
sm
art
trolle
y
will
detect
the
it
e
m
s
us
in
g
ta
g
ca
rd
and
t
he
ta
g
ca
r
d
will
sen
d
in
form
at
i
on abo
ut the t
ot
al
p
rice t
o t
he c
ounter
dur
i
ng
paym
ent.
Re
fer
e
nce
[
9]
pro
po
se
d
a
s
m
art
trolle
y
fo
ll
ow
e
r
that
f
ollows
an
d
tra
ck
li
ne
us
in
g
vi
sio
n
bas
e
d
te
chn
iq
ue.
The
com
po
ne
nt
use
d
in
this
pr
oj
e
ct
is
the
ATm
e
ga
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
and
blobb
i
ng
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
a
s
the
trackin
g
an
d
de
te
ct
ing
sens
or.
Re
fe
ren
ce
[
10
]
pro
pose
d
a
trolle
y
that
fo
ll
ows
cu
sto
m
er
durin
g
shoppin
g
act
ivit
ie
s.
The
com
po
ne
nt
use
d
is
th
e
IR
transm
itter,
IR
receiver
with
a
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller.
Re
fe
ren
c
e
[11]
pro
po
se
d
a
s
hoppin
g
tr
olley
that
can
f
ollo
w
cust
om
er
durin
g
sho
pp
i
ng
with
gi
ving
in
f
or
m
at
ion
of
t
he
it
e
m
locat
ed
in
the
m
al
l.
The
com
pone
nt
pr
opose
d
a
re
the
A
r
du
i
no
Me
ga
a
s
a
m
ic
ro
con
t
r
ol
le
r
with
ultraso
nic
sens
or
as
the
obj
ect
detect
or
.
The
RFI
D
te
chnolo
gy
an
d
Bl
uetoo
t
h
m
o
du
le
are
pro
pose
d
as
the
re
cei
ver
for
the
instr
uct
or.
In
this
pa
pe
r,
autom
at
ic
m
edical
su
rg
ic
al
trolle
y
m
ov
em
e
nt
is
design
e
d
to
assist
the
s
urge
on
a
nd
nurse
i
n
t
he
oper
at
io
n
t
heatr
e.
T
his
proj
ect
involve
d
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
hardw
a
re
a
nd
s
of
twa
re
de
sign.
The
A
r
du
i
no
Uno
R3
is
im
plem
ented
as
the
m
ic
ro
con
tr
oller
f
or
the
ha
rdwar
e
desi
gn
that
co
ntr
ol
the
input
and
outp
ut
inst
ru
ct
io
n.
Ultras
on
ic
se
nsor
is
us
e
d
as
the
ob
sta
c
le
s
detect
or
to
a
vo
i
d
tr
olley
colli
de
with
obj
ect
durin
g
the
m
ov
em
ent.
Po
we
r
wind
ow
m
oto
r
is
us
e
d
as
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
com
po
ne
nt
in
this
proj
ect
.
The
IP
ca
m
era
with
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule
is
app
li
ed
as
a
m
on
it
or
syst
em
fo
r
the
nurs
e
to
pu
t
m
edic
al
equ
ipm
ent
du
ri
ng
the
su
r
ge
ry is co
nd
ucted.
This
pap
e
r
c
onta
ins
five
sect
ion.
Sect
io
n
2
pro
po
se
d
t
he
f
low
process
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
in
detai
l. Secti
on
3 discusse
d
t
he
r
es
ult of the i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
o
f
h
a
r
dw
a
re a
nd softwa
re
de
velo
pm
ent toward
t
he
autom
at
i
c
m
ed
ic
al
su
r
gical
tr
olley
an
d S
ect
i
on 4 co
nclu
de
t
he wor
k pr
ese
nt
ed.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
2.1.
Pr
oposed
m
eth
od
The
flo
w
pro
cess
of
t
his
a
uto
m
at
ic
m
edi
cal
su
r
gical
tr
olley
involve
d
the
im
ple
m
e
ntati
on
of
hard
war
e
a
nd
so
ft
war
e
dev
el
op
m
ent
is
sh
own
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
flo
w
process
beg
i
n
wi
th
the
in
pu
t
si
gn
al
is
transm
itted
to
t
he
Ardu
i
no
U
no
R3
.
T
he
i
nput
sign
al
tra
nsfe
r
in
form
at
ion
to
the
A
rdui
no
and
the
n
tra
nsf
er
to
the
relay
to
gi
ve
outp
ut
to
the
po
wer
window
m
oto
r.
O
nce
the
sig
nal
is
received
,
the
aut
om
atic
m
edical
su
r
gical
trolle
y
sta
rts
to
m
ov
e
accor
ding
t
o
the
inst
ru
ct
io
n
giv
e
n.
The
po
wer
wind
ow
m
oto
r
will
m
ov
e
the
trolle
y
backwa
rd
or
forw
a
r
d
base
d
on
the
ul
trason
ic
se
nso
r.
O
nce
the
ultraso
nic
sen
sor
detect
obj
ect
in
f
ront
of
it
,
it
will
stop
m
ov
ing
unti
l
ano
the
r
path
i
s
recogn
iz
e
d.
The
n
the
trolle
y
will
sta
rt
m
o
ve.
Ot
herwise
it
wil
l
j
ust
m
ov
e unti
l i
t reach
the l
oc
at
ion
giv
e
n b
y t
he
instr
uct
or.
2.2.
H
ardwar
e impl
ement
ati
on
A
hard
war
e
im
plem
entat
ion
is
us
e
d
t
hat
incl
ud
e
s
batte
ry,
wireless
s
witc
h,
sm
artph
one,
co
ntr
ol
unit
,
Ardu
i
no
Uno
R3,
Re
la
y,
Ultraso
nic
sens
or
and
m
oto
r.
Fig
ure
2
belo
w
shows
the
syst
e
m
arch
it
ect
ur
e
of
this
pro
j
ect
.
The
s
yst
e
m
arch
it
ec
ture
us
e
d
co
nsi
sts
the
po
we
r
su
pply
to
pow
er
up
the
co
ntr
ol
un
it
.
T
he
w
irel
ess
switc
h
a
nd
sm
artp
hone
is
use
d
as
to
sen
d
i
nfor
m
at
ion
to
the
co
ntr
ol
uni
t.
The
c
on
t
ro
l
un
it
will
co
ntr
ol
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
t
he
tr
olley
base
d
on
t
he
ob
j
ec
t
detect
or
,
rela
y
and
m
oto
r.
Table
1
sho
ws
the
pa
ram
et
er
and
descr
i
ption f
or
the pr
oj
ect
pro
po
s
ed
.
2.3.
Ar
duin
o
u
no R
3
Ardu
i
no
is
w
idely
us
ed
as
an
open
-
s
our
ce
sing
le
-
boar
d
m
ic
ro
con
tr
ol
le
r
fo
r
t
he
de
velo
pm
ent
platfo
rm
wh
ic
h
is
flexible
,
e
asy
-
to
-
us
e
ha
r
dw
a
re
a
nd
s
of
t
war
e
com
pone
nts
[
12]
.
I
n
t
his
stu
dy,
Ard
uin
o
U
no
R3
with
a
n
onboa
rd
U
SB
t
o
se
rial
chi
p
i
s
us
e
d
to
loa
d
co
de
i
nto
on
-
bo
a
r
d
Atm
ega
328
Mi
cro
c
ontrolle
r
.
This
A
r
du
i
no
c
on
ta
in
s
eve
ryt
hing
nee
de
d
to
support
the
m
ic
ro
c
ontrolle
r
.
To
get
sta
rted,
us
er
sim
ply
ne
eds
t
o
connect
A
r
du
i
no
U
no
R
3
to
a
com
pu
te
r
wit
h
a
U
SB
cable
.
The
Ard
uino
consi
st
14
dig
i
ta
l
inp
ut/o
utpu
t
pin
s
wh
ic
h
is
us
ed
as
a
PW
M
out
pu
ts
,
6
analo
g
inputs,
6M
Hz
cryst
al
os
ci
ll
ato
r
,
a
US
B
connecti
on,
a
pow
er
j
ac
k
an
in
-
ci
rcu
it
syst
e
m
pr
ogram
m
ing
(I
CS
P)
hea
der
a
nd
a res
et
bu
tt
on.
T
he
pin
Co
nnect
io
n
of
A
rduin
o
UNO
R3
with
Othe
r Har
dw
a
re
as
s
how
n
in
Ta
ble
2
.
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IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1822
-
1831
1824
Figure
1
.
Pro
pose
d
s
yst
em
d
esi
gn
Figure
2. Syst
em
arch
it
ect
ur
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Autom
ated me
dical s
urgic
al t
ro
ll
ey (
N. M. S
aad)
1825
Table
1
.
T
he
P
aram
et
er an
d
D
escri
ption o
f
A
ut
om
atic
M
edical
S
ur
gical
T
ro
ll
ey
Para
m
eter
Descripti
o
n
Featu
res
a.
Au
to
m
atic
v
isu
al
g
u
id
an
ce
is
achi
ev
ed
v
ia
an
IP
ca
m
e
ra
atta
ch
ed
to
th
e
trolley
an
d
a
to
u
ch
scree
n
con
troller via a s
m
a
rt
p
h
o
n
e.
b.
The
trolley
with
s
tain
less
steel
sh
elv
es
is
id
eal
f
o
r
u
se
in
clin
ical
en
v
iron
m
en
ts
an
d
o
p
erating
theatres.
c.
The aut
o
m
atic
m
e
d
ical su
rgical troll
ey
c
an
avo
id
ob
stacles
du
ring
the
m
o
v
e
m
en
t.
d.
The d
i
m
en
sio
n
of
the trolley:
95
0
m
m
x 5
0
0
m
m
x 9
4
0
m
m
.
e.
The trolle
y
can su
p
p
o
rt
u
p
to a
m
ax
i
m
u
m
weig
h
t of
20
kg
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al op
e
ration
.
f.
The
trolley
h
as
1
5
a
m
p
ere
lo
ad
o
f
p
o
wer
win
d
o
w
m
o
to
r
s
su
p
p
o
rting
m
ax
i
m
u
m
sp
eed
o
f
1
5
RPM w
ith
no
load
.
g.
Battery
p
o
we
r
to
su
p
p
ly
p
o
wer
to
th
e
m
o
to
r
su
p
p
o
rting
m
ax
i
m
u
m
sp
ee
d
o
f
1
5
RPM
with
no
load
.
h.
The trolle
y
has
W
i
rele
ss
Swit
ch
Co
n
troller to d
rive th
e
t
rolley
f
o
rwa
rd an
d
back
ward.
i.
Visu
al Guid
an
ce us
in
g
I
P Ca
m
e
ra
j.
Tou
ch
Scr
een C
o
n
troller us
in
g
M
o
b
ile Pho
n
e
k.
Integ
rated Po
wer
S
u
p
p
ly
is attached
t
o
g
eth
er
with
the tr
o
lley
.
Platf
o
r
m
a.
Ardu
in
o
Uno
R3
,
AT
m
eg
a3
2
8
M
i
cr
o
co
n
troller
Actu
ato
r
an
d
Dr
iv
er
b.
Relay
&
60
±
1
5
RP
M
Rated
Speed
Po
wer Wind
o
w
Sen
so
r
c.
5
V DC Ult
raso
n
ic
Sen
so
r
Mod
u
le
Co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
T
echn
o
lo
g
y
d.
IP
ca
m
e
ra
with
W
i
Fi M
o
d
u
le
e.
Mob
ile ph
o
n
es
f.
W
ea
rable switch
Alg
o
rith
m
a.
A
to
u
ch
screen
co
n
troller
v
ia
a
s
m
a
r
t
p
h
o
n
e
is
u
sed
as
an
in
stru
cto
r
f
o
r
t
h
e
au
to
m
atic
m
e
d
ical su
rgical
tr
o
lley
to
m
o
v
e
.
b.
The IP
ca
m
era
sen
d
inf
o
r
m
atio
n
to th
e Ar
d
u
in
o
Uno
R3
and
the in
stru
cto
r.
c.
The
p
o
wer
win
d
o
w
m
o
to
r
allo
ws
t
h
e
au
to
m
atic
m
e
d
ical
su
rgical
trolley
to
m
o
v
e
accord
in
g
to th
e ins
tructio
n
giv
en
.
d.
Ultraso
n
ic
sen
so
r
is
u
sed
an
d
ass
ists
th
e
p
o
wer
win
d
o
w
to
m
o
v
e
an
d
av
o
id
th
e
trolley
f
ro
m
any
o
b
stacles
.
Table
2.
T
he
p
i
n
C
onnecti
on
of Ar
du
i
no UN
O
R3
w
it
h
O
th
er
H
ar
dw
a
re
Ardu
in
o
Uno
R3
Ou
tp
u
t
p
in
A0
(
6
x
Analo
g
I
N)
Co
n
n
ect to
Res
isto
r
R1
p
in
A1
(
6
x
An
alo
g
I
N)
Res
isto
r
R2
p
in
A2
(
6
x
Analo
g
I
N)
Res
isto
r
R3
p
in
A3
(
6
x
Analo
g
I
N)
Res
isto
r
R4
p
in
1
3
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Ultraso
n
ic sen
so
r
1
p
in
1
2
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Ultraso
n
ic sen
so
r
1
p
in
1
1
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Ultraso
n
ic sen
so
r
2
p
in
1
0
(14xDig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Ultraso
n
ic sen
so
r
2
p
in
9
(14
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Relay
p
in
8
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Relay
p
in
7
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Relay
p
in
6
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
Relay
p
in
5
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
RF
m
o
d
u
le r
ec
eiv
er
p
in
4
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital
IN/OU
T)
RF
m
o
d
u
le r
ec
eiv
er
p
in
3
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
RF
m
o
d
u
le r
ec
eiv
er
p
in
2
(
1
4
x
Dig
ital I
N/OU
T)
RF
m
o
d
u
le r
ec
eiv
er
2.4.
Ul
tra
s
on
i
c
u
n
o R3
Ultraso
nic
se
nsors
are
one
of
the
fa
vora
ble
com
ple
m
entary
sensors
for
i
ndoor
l
ocali
zat
ion
due
to
th
e
sm
a
ll
siz
e,
li
gh
twei
ght,
an
d
low
c
os
t
[13]
.
It
is
us
e
d
to
m
easur
e
t
he
distance
to
an
obj
ect
by
us
in
g
sou
nd
wav
e
s.
Ultras
onic
se
nsors
m
e
asur
e
distance
from
a
sound
wav
e
that
has
been
se
nt
at
a
s
pecific
fr
e
quen
cy
and
li
ste
nin
g
f
or
that
sound
wa
ve
to
bounce
b
ack
.
T
his
de
vice
has
a
s
ta
ble
pe
rfor
m
ance
and
high
a
ccur
acy
rangin
g from
2
c
m
to
450cm
.
2.5.
Wir
el
ess
sw
itch
The
wireless
switc
h
is
to
t
ran
sm
it
and
receive
sign
al
.
The
switc
h
powe
rs
the
re
cei
ver
wit
h
3.3
-
10V
dc
a
nd
press
t
he
bu
tt
on
s
on
m
at
chi
ng
RF
key
fob
rem
ote.
For
t
he
operati
on
f
or
the
wireless
s
witc
h,
wh
e
n
butt
on
A
is
presse
d,
it
act
ivate
s
the
fir
st
pin
on
R
F
m
odule
(r
ecei
ver).
Wh
il
e
w
hen
B
butt
on
is
pr
e
ssed
,
it
act
ivate
s
the
second
pin
an
d
so
on
for
al
l
four
bu
tt
on
s
.
T
his
is
M4
m
o
m
entary
ty
pe
act
s
li
k
e
a
pu
s
h
bu
tt
on
and T
4
to
ggle
ty
pe
act
s li
ke
a
n
al
te
r
nating t
oggle
switc
h.
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S
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:
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-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1822
-
1831
1826
2.6.
P
ower w
indow
The
powe
r
wi
ndow
is
us
e
d
t
o
op
e
n
an
d
cl
ose
the
m
oto
r
windows
by
s
witc
h
operati
on.
The
po
wer
windo
w
that
i
s
us
e
d
has
fea
tures
li
ke
a
ca
r
m
anu
factu
re
d
by
Ma
la
ysi
an
carm
aker
P
r
oton
w
hic
h
is
Pr
ot
on
W
i
ra
P
ow
e
r
Window
C
om
pat
ible,
with
volt
age
rati
ng
of
12V
dc,
perfect
fit
with
5
inch
es’
r
obot
w
hee
l
with
j
ust
3
scre
ws
a
nd
ca
n
util
iz
e
up
t
o
10A
sh
ie
ld
to
dri
ve
the
m
oto
r.
T
he
ra
te
d
sp
ee
d
is
60±
15RPM
,
w
hi
le
no
load
s
pee
d
i
s
85±
15
RPM
,
th
e
current
with
no
l
oad
is
le
ss
than
5A,
rate
d
cu
rr
e
nt
with
load
is
m
axi
m
u
m
to
15A
an
d
sta
ll
current
w
he
n
trolle
y
is
locked
is
m
axi
m
u
m
to
28A
at
12V.
the
po
wer
window
rate
d
tor
que
is
30kg.cm
(
2.9
N
.m
)
wh
il
e stal
l t
orqu
e
is 10
0±15k
g.
cm
(
~10N.m
).
2.7.
Rel
ay
Re
la
y
is
us
ed
to
detect
an
d
isolat
e
fau
lt
s
on
tra
ns
m
issi
on
an
d
distri
buti
on
li
nes
by
openi
ng
a
nd
cl
os
in
g
ci
rc
uit
br
e
ake
rs.
The
functi
on
of
re
la
y
is
al
so
to
con
t
ro
l
a
ci
rcui
t
by
a
lo
w
power
sig
nal
or
whe
r
e
sever
al
ci
r
cuits
m
us
t
be
con
t
r
olled
by
one
si
gn
al
.
Re
la
y
wa
s
us
e
d
to
switc
h
a
nd
c
ha
ng
e
c
on
ta
ct
.
Re
la
y
s
witc
h
is
an
el
ect
rical
ly
op
e
rated
sw
it
ch
w
her
e
the
current
flo
wing
t
hroug
h
t
he
coil
of
t
he
relay
create
s
a
m
a
gn
et
i
c
fiel
d.
This
m
agn
et
ic
fiel
d
at
tract
s
a
le
ver
and
changes
the
sw
it
ch
con
ta
c
ts.
The
coil
curren
t
of
the
relay
c
an
be
off
or
on
so
t
he
relay
s
ha
ve
two
switc
h
posi
ti
on
s
a
nd
m
os
t
have
do
ub
le
t
hrow
(c
hange
over
)
s
witc
h
co
ntact
s.
The
I
np
ut and
O
ut
pu
t
C
onnec
ti
on
of R
el
ay
as sho
wn in
Tab
le
3
.
Table
3.
T
he
I
nput a
nd
O
utput
C
on
necti
on
of R
el
ay
Inp
u
t of
r
elay
Ou
tp
u
t of
r
elay
Ardu
in
o
Uno
R3
Relay
3
Ardu
in
o
Uno
R3
Relay
4
Relay
3
Relay
1
Relay
4
Relay
2
Relay
1
Moto
r
(of
po
wer
w
in
d
o
w)
Relay
2
Moto
r
(of
po
wer
w
in
d
o
w)
2.8.
Ba
tt
er
y p
ower
Fo
r
insta
nce,
t
he
pro
per
oper
at
ion
of
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
ers
,
de
pende
d
on
the
vo
lt
age
qual
it
y
sup
plied
to
them
[1
4
]
-
[
18
]
.
Ba
tt
ery
po
we
r
is
us
ed
to
s
upply
powe
r
to
the
trolle
y.
To
avo
i
d
from
m
a
lfu
nction,
the
batte
ry
is set
to 12
-
vo
l
t
m
axi
m
u
m
v
ol
ta
ge.
2.9.
IP
c
amer
a
w
ith
w
i
-
f
i
m
od
ule
The
IP
cam
era
with
W
i
-
Fi
m
odule
is
us
e
d
in
this
pro
j
ect
to
m
on
it
or
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
the
trolle
y.
The
I
P
cam
era
is
app
li
ed
for
the
nurse
t
o
pu
t
m
edical
e
qu
i
pm
ent
on
to
the
m
edical
s
urgical
trolle
y
wh
il
e
su
r
ge
ry
is
co
nducte
d
[19]
.
In
this
way,
the
nurse
ca
n
a
void
inte
rrup
ti
ng
the
s
urgeon
from
go
in
g
in
a
nd
out
from
the
op
e
ra
ti
ng
theat
re
onl
y
to
get
any
m
edical
equ
ipm
ent
that
is
need
e
d
w
hile
the
operati
on
is
co
nducted
.
Figure
3
s
hows
the a
pps fr
om
the sm
art p
hone
to dri
ve
the
tr
olley
in
real t
i
m
e v
ideo
.
2.10.
Softw
ar
e impl
ement
ati
on
The
s
of
twa
re
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
is
need
e
d
to
con
t
ro
l
the
Ardu
i
no
U
n
o
R
3.
Firstl
y,
each
com
m
and
needs
to
be
de
cl
ared
at
t
he
t
op
of
e
ac
h
c
oding.
T
he
first
c
od
i
ng
is
decla
r
ed
to
act
ivate
the
ultraso
nic
s
ens
or.
Fig
ure
4
s
ho
ws
the
s
ource
cod
e
to
pow
er
on
the
ultr
aso
nic
sens
or
s
.
Af
te
r
the
ult
rasonic
is
co
nfi
gure
d
su
ccess
fu
ll
y,
the
se
ns
or
will
detect
any
obst
acl
es
in
the
m
a
xim
u
m
ran
ge
of
400
to
500c
m
.Th
e
so
urce
cod
e
is
bu
il
t
to
the
Ardu
i
no
U
no
R
3
to
co
ntr
ol
the
m
ov
e
m
ent
of
the
tr
olley
.
The
Ard
uino
U
no
R3
is
then
co
nnect
ed
to
the
relay
to
m
ov
e
the
m
oto
r
in
f
orward,
re
ver
se
,
rig
ht
or
le
ft
directi
on.
Th
is
syst
e
m
is
al
so
desig
ne
d
to
st
op
the
tr
olley
wh
e
n
th
e
obsta
cl
es
are
detect
ed
by
the
sen
sors.
Figure 5
s
hows
the
f
ull
s
ource
co
de
of
t
he
s
oft
war
e
i
m
ple
m
entat
io
n.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Autom
ated me
dical s
urgic
al t
ro
ll
ey (
N. M. S
aad)
1827
Figure
3
.
A
pps
to dri
ve
the
tr
olley
, w
it
h real
-
tim
e v
ideo
Figure
4.
S
our
ce co
de
to
dec
la
re
the
ultras
onic
se
ns
ors a
nd
w
irel
ess
sw
it
c
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1822
-
1831
1828
Fig
ure
5. S
our
ce co
de fo
r ov
e
rall
syst
e
m
f
or
autom
at
ic
m
ed
ic
al
su
r
gical
tr
olley
m
ov
em
e
nt
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
Ardu
i
no
U
no
R3
is
us
e
d
as
the
m
ai
n
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
to
interface
with
al
l
har
dwa
re
use
d
in
t
his
pro
j
ect
.
A
touc
h
scree
n
co
ntro
ll
er
via
a
sm
art
ph
one
is
us
ed
as
an
instr
ucto
r
for
the
autom
at
ic
m
edical
su
r
gical
trolle
y
to
m
ov
e.
An
I
P
cam
era
with
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule
is
us
ed
as
a
tra
ns
m
itter
and
re
cei
ver
da
ta
bet
ween
a
tou
c
h
scree
n
con
t
ro
ll
er
to
m
on
it
or
t
he
m
ove
m
ent
of
aut
om
at
ic
m
edical
su
r
gical
tr
olley
in
a
nd
out
fro
m
the
op
e
rati
ng
theat
re.
T
he
po
wer
window
m
oto
r
al
lows
the
a
uto
m
atic
m
edica
l
su
r
gical
trolle
y
to
m
ov
e
acc
ordin
g
to
the
instru
ct
i
on
giv
e
n.
Th
us,
the
autom
at
i
c
m
edical
s
ur
gi
cal
trolle
y
ca
n
le
ad
surge
on
s
and
nu
rses
duri
ng
su
r
ge
ry.
I
n
or
der
to
preve
nt
the
a
uto
m
at
ic
m
edical
su
rg
i
cal
trolle
y
coll
iding
with
othe
r
obj
ect
,
ultra
so
nic
sens
or
s
ar
e
u
se
d
to
avoid
co
ll
i
sion. Fi
g
ure
6
sh
ows
the a
utom
at
ic
m
edical
su
r
gical
tr
olley
of th
is
pro
j
ect
.
Figure
6
.
A
utom
at
ic
m
edical
su
r
ge
ry
m
ov
em
ent
Sm
artph
one
W
i
reless
Sw
it
c
h
O
bs
ta
cl
e
Detec
tor
Con
tr
ol
Un
it
IP
Cam
era
Power
M
otor
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Autom
ated me
dical s
urgic
al t
ro
ll
ey (
N. M. S
aad)
1829
The
welfa
re
of
operati
ng
within
any
e
ng
i
neer
i
ng
en
vir
on
m
ent
is
of
the
pri
m
e
i
m
po
rta
nce.
All
ex
per
im
ent
carrie
d
out
w
ere
e
xp
ect
e
d
i
n
a
safe
m
ann
er
with
no
ne
ga
ti
ve
ef
fect
on
healt
h
an
d
we
ll
being.
Healt
h
a
nd
saf
et
y
du
ri
ng
pr
oduci
ng
this
pro
du
ct
is
a
bout
m
ea
su
res
desi
gn
e
d
t
o
protect
the
healt
h
a
nd
safety
of
t
he
gen
e
ral
public
w
ho
m
ay
be
aff
ect
ed
by
these
a
ct
ivit
ie
s.
Pr
od
uct
safety
is
a
te
rm
us
ed
to
descr
i
be
po
li
ci
es
desi
gned
to
protect
pe
op
le
from
ris
ks
ass
ociat
ed
with
th
ousan
ds
of
c
onsu
m
er
pro
duct
s
they
buy
an
d
us
e
e
ver
y
day.
The
refor
e
,
sa
f
et
y
and
healt
h
m
easur
ed
has
al
ways
been
the
c
onsiderati
on
be
f
or
e
pro
duci
ng
this
aut
om
atic m
edical
su
r
gic
al
trolle
y.
Ardu
i
no
U
no
R3
is
im
ple
m
e
nted
as
t
he
m
a
in
co
ntr
oller
to
interface
with
al
l
hardw
a
re
us
e
d
in
thi
s
pro
j
ect
.
I
t
is
us
e
d
to
pr
oce
ss
the
in
pu
t
f
ro
m
the
instru
ct
or
an
d
tra
ns
m
it
data
to
the
powe
r
w
indo
w
.
The
A
rduin
o
Uno
R3
is
a
sensiti
ve
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
wh
e
re
seve
ral
pr
eca
utions
m
us
t
be
con
s
idere
d.
The
m
axi
m
u
m
vo
lt
age
ap
plie
d
to
the
A
rdui
no
Uno
R3
is
5.5
volt
wh
e
re
it
do
es
not
exc
eed
12
volt
s
to
avo
id
ov
e
rloa
d
vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
it
is
ap
plied
on
direct
current
only
.
The
in
put
an
d
ou
t
pu
t
pin
s
we
re
not
s
horteni
ng
t
o
avo
i
d
overc
urr
ent
co
nd
it
io
n
on
both
in
pu
t
and
outp
ut
pins.
The
pushb
utton
s
or
s
witc
he
s
wer
e
c
onne
ct
ed
to
the
Ar
duin
o
U
no
R
3
us
i
ng
pull
up
a
nd
pull
dow
n
resist
or.
Fig
ure
7
s
how
s
the
schem
at
i
c
ci
rcu
it
of
hardw
a
r
e
and
s
of
t
war
e
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
autom
at
ic
m
edical
su
rg
e
r
y
trolle
y
us
ing
Pr
ote
us
.
T
he
schem
at
ic
includes
the
connecti
on
of
Ardu
i
no Un
o R
3
to
u
lt
ras
onic
sen
s
or,
relay
s and m
oto
r.
Fig
ure
7.
Sc
he
m
at
ic
d
ia
gr
am
for
the
h
a
r
dw
a
re im
ple
m
entation
of
a
uto
m
at
i
c m
edical
su
rgery
trolle
y
m
ov
e
m
ent
Wh
e
n
t
he
to
rque
of
t
he
powe
r
wi
ndow
m
oto
r
is
dec
rease,
inerti
a
im
pact
i
s
re
du
ce
d.
Thi
s
preca
utio
n
is
con
si
der
e
d
t
o
av
oi
d
m
edic
al
stuff
fell
do
wn
w
hen
the
t
ro
ll
ey
m
ov
es
and
sto
p.
T
he
oth
e
r
preca
ution
i
s
consi
der
e
d
is
the
ty
re
su
r
face
.
The
ty
re
su
r
f
ace
was
m
od
ifie
d
to
ha
ve
a
hi
gh
e
r
gri
p
s
o
it
can
ena
ble
the
trolle
y
to m
ov
e to t
he l
ocati
on
with
out sl
idin
g
t
o other place
.
Seve
ra
l
wires
wer
e
us
e
d
in
connecti
ng
the
batte
ry
with
t
he
relay
an
d
t
he
po
wer
window
m
oto
r.
The
en
d
of
ea
ch
wire
is
im
p
lem
ented
with
the
connecto
r
.
The
co
nnect
or
s
us
e
d
are
m
ade
from
rei
nfor
ce
d
insu
la
ti
on
w
he
re
the
protect
ion
is
pro
vid
e
d
by
sin
gle
or
basic
ins
u
la
ti
on
but
has
t
he
sam
e
pr
otect
ive
pro
per
ti
es
as
double
ins
ulati
on
bet
ween
t
wo
cables
w
he
n
connecte
d.
It
i
s
du
e
t
o
pre
ve
nt
from
the
cur
re
nt
le
akag
e.
T
hu
s
, i
t can b
e
last
lo
ng
e
r
a
nd it
is a
pro
per
way to
connect
betwe
en
tw
o
ca
bles.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
201
9
:
1822
-
1831
1830
Last
but
not
le
ast
,
the
a
utom
at
ic
m
edical
su
r
ge
ry
trolle
y
is
m
ade
fro
m
al
u
m
inu
m
ste
rili
ze
fo
r
protect
ion
a
gai
ns
t
ge
rm
s
and
infecti
on.
A
pro
per
hygien
e
is
a
m
us
t
in
healt
h
-
ca
re
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
si
nce
thi
s
pro
du
ct
will
be
us
ed
in
hos
pital
it
y
env
ir
onm
ent.
Alumin
um
is
a
m
e
tal
us
e
widely
i
n
hosp
it
al
bec
ause
it
s
pro
per
ty
agai
nst
ru
st.
T
hu
s
,
i
t
is
easy
to
cl
ean.
Be
si
des
t
hat,
F
ood
Safe
Coati
ngs
f
or
Me
ta
l
app
li
ed
on
the
trolle
y
since
t
he
pro
duct
will
be
us
e
d
to
plac
e
surge
ry
uten
sil
s
and
re
quir
e
extra
protect
i
on
agai
ns
t
germ
and
ru
st.
T
hat is
es
pecial
ly
tru
e if
you w
ork
i
n he
al
th care, w
he
r
e poor
hygie
ne
can be m
at
te
r
of li
fe and deat
h.
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
c
on
cl
us
io
n,
an
aut
om
atic
m
edical
su
rg
e
r
y
trolle
y
is
dev
el
op
e
d
to
assis
t
su
rgeo
ns
to
r
each
m
edical
equ
i
pm
ent
du
r
ing
s
urgical
operati
on.
T
he
auto
m
at
ic
m
edical
su
rg
e
ry
trolle
y
syst
e
m
i
s
dev
el
op
e
d
w
it
h
a
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
base
d
on
At
m
ega3
28
cal
le
d
Ard
uino
Uno
R3.
T
he
Ard
ui
no
U
no
R3
re
cei
ve
in
put
sig
nal
a
nd
delivers
outp
ut
to
the
relay
and
powe
r
window
m
oto
r
to
m
ov
e
the
autom
at
ic
medical
su
r
ge
ry
trolle
y
.
The
a
uto
m
at
ic
m
edical
su
rgery
trolle
y
m
ov
e
base
d
on
the
ultraso
nic
s
ens
or
w
her
e
the
se
nsor
will
m
ov
e
wh
e
ne
ver
no
obj
ect
is
blo
c
ki
ng
t
he
wat
thr
ough
the
l
ocati
on.
A
n
IP
cam
era
with
W
i
-
Fi
m
od
ule
is
at
ta
ch
as
the m
on
it
or
in
g sy
stem
f
or the
nur
se
to
m
ov
e
the
tr
olley
in
a
nd out
from
the oper
at
i
ng
t
he
at
re.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
ha
nk
t
he
U
ni
ve
rsiti
Tekn
i
kal
Ma
la
ysi
a
Me
lak
a
(
UTeM)
,
R
ehab
il
it
at
ion
En
gin
eeri
ng
&
A
ssist
ive
Tech
no
l
og
y
(
REAT)
re
sear
ch
gro
up
unde
r
Ce
nter
of
Roboti
cs
&
I
ndus
tria
l
Au
t
om
ation
(
Ce
RIA),
A
dv
a
nced
Digital
Sign
al
Processi
ng
(ADSP)
Re
search
La
bor
at
or
y
an
d
Mi
nistry
of
Scie
nce,
Tec
hnology
&
I
nnovat
ion
(M
OS
T
I)
Ma
la
ysi
a
f
or
spo
nsori
ng
this
work
unde
r
pro
j
ect
06
-
01
-
14
-
SF
00119 L0
0025 a
nd the
use
of
t
he
ex
ist
in
g
facil
it
ie
s to
c
o
m
plete
this
proj
ect
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Stahe
l
PF
.
,
"
Th
e
te
nth
y
e
ar
of
th
e
“
Univer
sal
Protocol”:
Are
Our
Pati
ent
s
Saf
er
T
oda
y
?
,
"
Bone
&
Joi
nt
360
,
vol.
3
,
no.
1
,
pp
.
7
-
10,
Feb
2014.
[2]
Kim
F
J,
da
Silva
RD,
Gus
ta
fson
D,
Nogueira
L
,
Harl
in
T
,
Paul
DL.
,
“
Curre
n
t
Iss
ues
in
Pati
en
t
Safe
t
y
in
Surger
y
:
A
Revi
ew,”
Pat
i
en
t
Saf
et
y
in
Surge
ry
,
vol
.
9
,
no
.
1
,
Dec
ember2015.
[3]
Stefa
nidi
s
D,
W
ang
F,
Korndorffer
JR,
Dunne
JB,
Scott
DJ
.
,
“
R
oboti
c
A
ss
ista
nc
e
Im
prove
s
Intracorpore
a
l
Suturi
ng
Perform
anc
e
an
d
Safe
t
y
in
the
Opera
ti
ng
Roo
m
while
Dec
re
a
sing
Opera
tor
W
orkloa
d,
”
Sur
gic
al
Endoscop
y
,
vol.
24
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
377
-
820
,
Feb
2
010.
[4]
Newm
an
-
Toke
r
DE,
Pronovos
t
PJ
.
,
“
Diagnosti
c
Err
ors
-
Th
e
Next
Fronti
er
for
Pati
e
nt
Safe
t
y
,
”
Journal
Ame
ric
al
Me
dic
a
l
Associa
ti
on
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n
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10
,
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ch200
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[5]
Griffe
n
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ns L
S,
Alexa
n
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ley
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Maiz
e
l
SE,
Sutton
BH,
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ner
KL.
,
“
The
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ican
Coll
eg
e
of
Surgeons’
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ims
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rnal
o
f
th
e
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rican
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Cava
llini
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e
t
al
.
,
“
Cli
n
ic
a
l
Risk
Mana
gement
in
E
y
e
Outpat
i
e
nt
Surger
y
:
AN
ew
Surgica
l
Safe
t
y
Che
ckl
ist
for
Cat
ar
ac
t
Surger
y
and
Intra
v
it
r
ea
l
Anti
-
VEGF
Inje
ct
ion
,
”
Gr
aef
e’s
Archi
ve
for
Cli
nic
al
an
d
Ex
perime
nta
l
Ophthalmology
,
vol.
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,
p
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94
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2
013.
[7]
Aw
at
i
J,
Aw
at
i
S.,
“
Sm
art
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ley
in
Mega
Mal
l,
”
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ernati
onal
Journal
of
Eme
rging
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ogy
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ne
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e
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T
haka
re
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t
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rnational
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l
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ce
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n
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ne
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al.
,
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l
e
y
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usi
ng
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chni
qu
e,
”
IJCA
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n
gs
on
Nati
onal
Confe
renc
e
on
A
dvanc
es
in
Com
puti
ng,
Comm
u
nic
ati
on
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ki
ng
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A.
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e
t
al
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l
e
y
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rn
ati
onal
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en
ti
fic
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e
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el
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2014
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[11]
Ng
YL,
e
t
a
l
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,
“
Autom
at
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Hum
angShopping
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l
e
y
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art
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Sy
stem,
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ek
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i
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vo
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7
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no.
3
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[12]
Ferdoush
S
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Li
X.,
“
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Network
S
y
stem
Design
Us
ing
Raspber
r
y
Pi
and
Arduino
for
Envi
ronm
ent
a
l M
onit
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Appl
ic
a
ti
ons,”
Proc
e
dia
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S
c
ie
nc
e
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p.
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03
-
10
,
Jan
2
014.
[13]
Zha
o
H
and
W
a
ng
Z.,
“
Motion
Mea
surem
ent
U
sing
Ine
rtial
Sen
sors
,
Ultra
sonic
Sensors
and
Magne
tomete
rs
wi
t
h
Ext
end
ed
Kalma
n
Filt
e
r
for
Dat
a F
usion,”
IE
EE S
ensors
Journal
,
vol.
12
,
no
.
5
,
pp
.
943
-
53
,
Ma
y
2
012.
[14]
Abdulla
h
AR,
et
al
.
,
“
Pow
er
Qual
ity
Sign
al
s
Cla
s
sific
a
ti
on
S
y
s
tem
Us
ing
Ti
m
e
-
F
req
uency
D
istri
b
uti
on,
”
InApp
li
e
d
Me
chanics and Mate
rial
,
vol
.
49
4,
pp
.
1889
-
189
4,
2014
.
[15]
Abdulla
h
AR,
et
al
.
,
“
Perform
anc
e
Veri
fi
catio
n
of
Pow
er
Quali
t
y
S
igna
ls
C
l
assific
a
ti
on
S
y
s
t
em,”
InApp
li
ed
Me
chanics and M
ate
rials,
Tr
ans Tec
h
Publ
i
catio
ns
.
vol. 752, pp.
1158
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1163,
201
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[16]
Jopri
MH
,
et
al
.
.
,
“
Local
i
za
t
ion
o
f
Multi
pl
e
Harm
onic
Sourc
es
for
Inve
rt
er
Loa
ds
Util
izing
Per
iod
ogra
m
,
”
Journal
of
Tel
ec
omm
uni
cat
ion
,
E
lectroni
c
and
Comput
er
Engi
ne
ering
(
JTEC)
,
vol. 8, no.
2,
pp
.
87
-
91
,
Ma
y
2016.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Autom
ated me
dical s
urgic
al t
ro
ll
ey (
N. M. S
aad)
1831
[17]
Habba
n,
M.F.
,
et
al
.
,
“
An
Ev
al
ua
ti
on
of
l
inear
ti
m
e
fre
qu
en
c
y
d
istri
but
ion
Anal
y
sis
for
V
SI
sw
it
ch
fau
lts
ide
nti
f
icati
on
,
”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of Powe
r
Elec
troni
cs
and
Dr
iv
e
Syste
ms
(
IJPEDS)
,
vol.
8
,
pp
.
1
-
9,
2017.
[18]
Jopri
MH
,
et
a
l
.
,
“
An
Acc
ura
te
Cla
ss
ifi
cation
Method
of
Harm
onic
Signal
s
in
Pow
er
Distribut
ion
S
y
stem
b
y
Util
isingS
-
Tra
ns
form
,
”
Tel
komni
ka
,
vo
l. 15, Mar 2017.
[19]
Rahman
NA
,
et
al.,
“
The
Internet
of
Thi
ngs
Beve
rag
es
Bott
l
e
Shape
Defe
ct
Dete
c
ti
on
usin
g
Naïve
Ba
y
e
s
Cla
ss
ifi
er
,”
Int
e
rnational
Journ
al
of
Hum
an
and
Technol
ogy
Inte
ract
ion
(
IJHaTI)
,
vol.
2,
no.
1,
pp.
71
-
76
,
Apr 2018.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
N.
M
.
Ali
re
ceiv
ed
B.
Eng
(Hons
.
)
(
Me
cha
tron
ic
Engi
ne
eri
ng)
fro
m
the
Unive
rsiti
Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Mela
ka
in
2009
and
M.
Sc
(
Mec
hat
ron
ic
En
gine
er
ing
)
from
Univer
siti
Isl
a
m
Antar
aba
ngsa
in
2014
.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
pursuing
PhD
degr
ee
in
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
at
Multi
m
edi
a
Univer
sit
y
,
Mela
ka
.
Her
m
ai
n
rese
ar
ch
intere
st
is
in
the
fie
ld
of
image
proc
essing,
intel
li
gent
s
y
s
te
m
and
m
ac
hine
l
e
arn
in
g.
N.
M.
Saad
is
a
senior
l
ecture
r
at
Dep
art
m
ent
o
f
Com
pute
r
Eng
i
nee
ring
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
Elec
troni
c
s
a
nd
Com
pute
r
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
Univ
ersiti
T
ekni
ka
l
Ma
lay
sia
Mel
aka
(UTe
M).
She
re
cei
ved
her
B.
Eng
.
in
Medic
a
l
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s
(2001),
Master
Eng.
in
T
elec
om
m
unic
at
ion
s
(2004)
and
Ph
D
in
Digit
al
Im
age
Proce
ss
ing
(2015)
from
Univer
siti
Te
knolog
i
Malay
si
a
(UTM).
Her
rese
ar
ch
ar
e
a
invol
v
es
Digital
Im
age
and
Signa
l
Proce
ss
ing,
Co
m
pute
r
Vision
a
nd
Medical
Im
agi
ng.
She
is
reg
iste
red
with
Bo
a
rd
of
Engi
ne
er
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
(BEM)
,
Malay
si
a
Board
o
f
Te
chno
logi
st
(
MBO
T),
Instit
ut
e
for
E
lectr
i
ca
l
a
nd
El
e
ct
roni
cs
Enginee
rs
(IE
EE)
Sig
nal
Proce
ss
ing
Socie
t
y
(SP
S),
IEE
E
Eng
ine
er
in
g
in
Medic
ine
a
nd
Biol
og
y
Soci
ety
(EMBS) a
nd
Int
ern
ational As
socia
ti
on
of Engin
e
ers
(IAENG
).
A.
R.
Abdu
ll
ah
rec
ei
v
ed
his
B.
Eng.
in
El
e
ct
ri
c
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(
2001)
,
Master
degr
ee
in
E
le
c
tric
al
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(2
0
04)
and
PhD
de
gre
e
in
Pow
er
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Digit
a
l
Signa
l
Proce
ss
ing
(2011)
from
Univ
ersit
i
Te
knologi
Ma
lay
s
ia
(UTM)
.
He
is
cur
ren
tly
an
As
socia
te
Profess
or
in
th
e
Depa
rtment
of
Pow
er
El
ectroni
cs
&
Drive
,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
E
le
c
tric
al
Engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Univer
siti
T
ekn
i
kal
Malay
s
ia
Me
la
k
a
(UTe
M)
and
Hea
d
of
Advan
ce
dDigi
ta
l
Sign
al
Proce
ss
ing
(
AD
SP
)
La
b.
H
e
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
ac
t
ive
in
the
Cent
er
of
Exc
el
l
ence
(CoE)
andl
e
ad
for
E
-
Bec
a
for
Univer
siti
T
eknika
l
Malay
s
ia
Mela
k
a
(UTe
M)
.
His
f
ie
ld
of
spec
ializa
ti
on
in
cl
ud
es
ad
vanc
ed
digital
si
gnal
pro
ce
ss
ing
for
power
qualit
y
,
r
e
habi
litation
enginee
ring
,
assistiv
e
t
ec
hnolog
y
an
d
power elect
ron
ic
s a
nd
driv
es.
N.
S.
M.
Noor
rec
e
ive
d
B
.
Eng
of
elec
tron
ic
a
nd
computer
en
gine
er
ing
from
Univer
siti
T
eknikal
Malay
s
ia
Mela
k
a
(UTe
M)
in
20
16.
She
is
cur
r
e
ntly
pursuig
M.
Sc
degr
e
e
in
E
lectr
oni
c
Eng
ineer
ing
at
UT
eM.
Her
m
ai
n
r
ese
ar
ch int
e
rest
is
in the
fiel
d
of
imag
e
pro
ces
sing a
nd
m
ac
h
i
ne
l
ea
rning
.
N.
A.
Hami
d
complet
ed
h
er
Cert
ifica
te
a
nd
Diploma
of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
ne
er
ing
(Pow
er)
from
Polit
ekni
k
Port
Dickson
Nege
ri
Sem
bil
an
in
199
2
and
1995
resp
ec
t
ive
l
y
.
She
ob
ta
in
ed
her
B.
En
g.
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
(Pow
er
&
Control
)
fro
m
Hany
ang
Uni
ver
siti
,
Ans
an,
South
Korea
in
19
99.
W
hil
e
worki
ng
as
Lectu
rer
in
E
le
c
tri
c
al
Fa
cul
t
y
,
Univer
siti
T
ekn
ologi
Mar
a,
Sha
h
Alam
she
com
ple
t
ed
her
Maste
r
of
El
ectroni
c
En
gine
er
ing
(Com
m
unic
at
ion
&
C
om
pute
r)
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malay
sia
in
2004.
In
2014,
she
rec
ei
v
ed
her
PhD
fro
m
the
sam
e
u
nive
rsit
y
spec
ialist
in
Micro
and
Nanote
chno
log
y.
Curre
nt
l
y
,
she
serve
s
as
a
Senior
Lectu
rer
at
Com
pute
r
Depa
rtment,
Fa
cul
t
y
of
El
e
ct
roni
c
and
Com
pute
r
Enginee
ring
,
Univer
siti
Te
knik
al
M
al
a
y
si
a
Mela
k
a.
Her
m
ai
n
rese
arc
h
int
er
est
is
ren
ew
abl
e
en
erg
y
,
actu
at
or, sensor a
nd
MEMS
devi
ce
s.
M.
A.
Muhammad
Sy
ahmi
rec
ei
v
ed
Dip
in
Elec
tron
ic
s
Engi
ne
eri
ng
from
the
Univ
ersit
i
T
eknikal
Malay
s
ia
Mela
k
a
(UTe
M)
from
2016.
He
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
pursuing
B.
Eng
in
E
lectr
onic
Engi
ne
eri
n
g
a
t
Univer
siti
T
eknikal
Ma
lay
sia
Me
la
ka
.
His m
ai
n
r
ese
arc
h
in
te
rest
i
s in
th
e
f
ie
ld
of
r
oboti
c
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.