Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
5, N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
201
5, p
p
. 1
083
~109
1
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
1
083
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Path Loss Modeling of
WLAN an
d WiMAX Systems
Imran
Isr
ar*
,
Mus
t
a
f
a
Sh
ak
i
r
*, Ma
hm
oo
d
Ashr
a
f
K
h
a
n
*, Sh
ahz
a
d A.
Mal
i
k
*, Sh
ahi
d
A
.
K
h
a
n
*
* Departm
e
nt
of
Ele
c
tri
cal
Eng
i
n
eering
,
COMSATS Institut
e
of
I
n
form
ation T
ech
nolog
y,
Islamabad
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Feb 7, 2015
Rev
i
sed
May 28
, 20
15
Accepted
Jun 14, 2015
W
ith the adv
a
nc
em
ent in t
echno
log
y
, th
ere was
need for eff
i
c
i
e
n
t and high
speed intern
et th
rough which we could
have access to m
u
ltiple networks as
per th
e user r
e
qu
irem
ent.
W
L
AN m
e
t this n
eed
to
som
e
extent
but
, due
to i
t
s
low range it was not recommen
d
ed commercially
.
With th
e intr
oduction of
WiMAX there
was an emergin
g
need
to select the b
e
st network amongst
WiMAX or
WL
AN depending upon the user
location
.
Path loss with respect
to thes
e par
ticu
l
ar networks
als
o
need
s to be compared. In this paper we
com
p
are the p
a
t
h
los
s
m
odeling for W
i
MAX an
d WLAN sy
stems.
Different
M
odels
have be
en com
p
ared wit
h
each o
t
her to k
now which m
o
del perform
s
better b
y
k
eepin
g same simulation envi
ronment. Path Loss models used fo
r
W
L
AN are Ok
um
ura, Hata, C
o
st-231 and Free Space Path L
o
ss whereas
m
odels
us
ed f
o
r W
i
M
AX are F
r
ee
S
p
ac
e
P
a
th Los
s
,
Ok
um
ura-Hata,
Cost231-Hata
and Stanford Un
iversity
Inter
i
m. In case of
WiMAX three
differen
t
scen
arios Urban, Sub-Urban a
nd Rura
l is
cons
idered
where as
in
case of WLAN only
ou
tdoor en
vironment is
co
nsidered. With
the Path Loss
com
p
arison, power receiv
e
d for these two technolog
ies; W
i
MAX, and
W
L
AN are als
o
sim
u
lated.
MATLAB is the
tool used for
sim
u
lations.
Antenna Spec
if
ica
tions for W
i
MAX
and WL
AN is kept
sa
me
for a
ll
simulation envir
onments.
Keyword:
M
odel
s
Path
lo
ss
Sche
dul
i
n
g
Wi
M
A
X
WL
AN
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Im
ran Is
rar,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
Engi
neeri
n
g
,
CO
MSA
T
S Institu
te
o
f
In
fo
rmatio
n
Technolo
g
y
,
Isl
a
m
a
bad
1.
INTRODUCTION
In
radi
o p
r
o
p
a
g
at
i
on s
p
at
i
a
l
,
chan
nel
s
an
d
t
e
m
poral
va
ri
at
i
ons are
us
u
a
l
l
y
cal
cul
a
t
e
d usi
n
g t
h
ree
main scales. Signal
variation on sm
all scale called as
fas
t
fadi
ng
, si
gna
l
vari
at
i
o
n
o
n
sm
al
l
area ave
r
ag
e
kn
o
w
n a
s
sha
d
owi
ng a
n
d va
ri
at
i
ons
ove
r l
a
r
g
e area
di
st
anc
e
kn
o
w
n a
s
pat
h
l
o
ss
. Pat
h
l
o
s
s
pl
ay
s an i
m
port
a
nt
ro
le i
n
d
e
term
in
in
g
d
i
stan
ce b
e
t
w
een transmitter a
n
d
receiv
e
r i
n
m
o
bile syste
m
s an
d
also
it is a goo
d
assessm
ent
perim
e
t
e
r t
o
kno
w
ho
w ra
di
o
pr
o
p
agat
i
o
n si
g
n
al
vari
es wi
t
h
di
s
t
ance. Thi
s
pap
e
r i
s
on cal
c
u
l
a
t
i
n
g
path
loss of Wireless
Local
Area Network (W
LAN)
a
nd Worldwide Int
e
ropera
b
ility for Microwa
v
e
Access
(
W
i
M
A
X
)
by
usi
n
g
pat
h
l
o
ss
m
odel
s
w
h
i
c
h
a
r
e p
r
evi
ousl
y
desi
g
n
e
d
by
resea
r
c
h
ers fo
r bot
h o
f
t
h
ese
techniques
.
A.
WiMA
X
IEEE 802.16 is
well known as W
i
MAX.
It supports hi
gh ra
dius and high da
ta rates up to s
e
veral km
an
d Mb
it/s resp
ectiv
ely. It
h
a
s th
ree typ
e
s of to
po
l
o
g
i
es
Po
in
t to Po
in
t
(P2P), Po
in
t to M
u
ltip
o
i
n
t
(P2
M
P) and
M
u
l
t
i
poi
nt
t
o
m
u
lt
i
poi
nt
(M
P2M
P
) or (M
e
s
h)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
108
3
–
10
91
1
084
B.
WLAN
WLAN li
n
k
s
o
n
e
or m
o
re
dev
i
ces
u
s
ing
so
m
e
wireless d
i
stribu
tio
n meth
od
.
Th
e access po
in
t is a
part
o
f
wi
der i
n
t
e
r
n
et
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
W
L
A
N
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
i
s
t
ech
ni
q
u
e
one ca
n m
ove aro
u
n
d
wi
t
h
i
n
a l
o
cal
area
net
w
or
k
th
u
s
u
tilizin
g
th
e serv
ices of in
tern
et.
W
i
reless n
e
twor
k
occu
p
i
es an
i
m
p
o
rtan
t fun
c
tion
in
field
o
f
LANs.
ALO
H
A
was t
h
e fi
rst
com
p
u
t
i
ng de
vel
o
pe
d
,
l
a
t
e
r wi
t
h
t
i
m
e
di
ffere
nt
p
r
ot
ocol
s ha
s b
een de
vel
o
pe
d
.
It
is
foun
d
th
at
wireless LANs are an
adju
n
c
t t
o
trad
itio
n
a
l wired
LANs, to
o
v
e
rco
m
e th
e
p
r
ob
lem
o
f
mo
b
ility,
l
o
cat
i
ons
whe
r
e wi
red st
r
u
ct
u
r
e i
s
very
di
f
f
i
c
ul
t
and d
u
e t
o
l
i
m
i
t
a
ti
ons o
f
cove
ra
ge area.
W
i
re
d an
d wi
r
e
l
e
ss
are t
h
e
t
w
o
bas
i
c t
y
pes o
f
c
o
m
put
i
n
g
net
w
o
r
k
s
. O
u
r
wo
rk add
r
esses m
a
in
ly
wireless lo
cal
n
e
two
r
k
(WLAN).
2.
RELATED WORK AND
MOTIVATION
W
i
M
A
X
sy
st
em
eval
uat
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
dol
ogy
i
s
ex
pl
ai
ne
d
i
n
[1]
by
a
u
t
h
ors
.
Sy
st
e
m
sim
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
m
odel
i
ng fo
r cent
e
r cel
l
appr
o
ach, sector as
sessm
ent, power cont
rol and
ap
p
lication
traffic
m
o
d
e
ls h
a
ve also
been e
x
pl
ai
ne
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
b
o
o
k
.
M
A
C
l
a
y
e
r an
d P
HY l
a
y
e
r
m
odel
i
ng ha
ve
al
so bee
n
do
n
e
. O
u
r
rel
a
t
e
d
wo
rk i
s
o
n
ch
ann
e
l m
o
d
e
ls wh
ich
in
cl
u
d
e
p
a
th
lo
ss, sh
adowing
,
m
u
ltip
ath
and
em
p
i
rical p
a
th
lo
ss
m
o
d
e
ls wh
ich
h
a
v
e
been disc
usse
d in
[1].
Em
pi
ri
cal
PL m
odel
s
have
b
een
use
d
t
o
est
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e PL
f
o
r
C
-
B
a
nd
Ai
r
p
o
r
t
S
u
rface
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
o
n
is discussed by
authors in [2].
Diffe
re
nt NL
OS and
LOS
pa
ths are used t
o
calculate
the
PL in differe
n
t areas
of airp
ort. In
th
is
pape
r a
u
t
h
ors
have
use
d
di
ff
erent
m
easure
m
ent
s
whi
c
h a
r
e col
l
ect
ed
fr
om
LOS an
d
NLO
S
pat
h
s t
o
devel
o
p
pat
h
l
o
ss
para
m
e
t
e
rs and
pat
h
l
o
s
s
m
odel
s
f
o
r
di
f
f
ere
n
t zon
e
s
for larg
e ai
rpo
r
ts. An
tenna ch
aracteristics wh
ich
are used a
r
e, gain of
base stat
ion is
15
db
i and
m
o
b
ile statio
n
an
tenn
a
g
a
in o
f
6db
i. Beam wid
t
h
in
azimu
th
is
12
0
deg
r
ees
w
h
i
l
e
i
t
i
s
onl
y
6 deg
r
ees i
n
el
e
v
at
i
o
n
.
Di
ffe
re
nt
scena
r
i
o
s
ha
ve bee
n
s
u
p
p
o
s
e
d t
o
c
o
l
l
ect
dat
a
for
estab
lish
i
ng
t
h
e p
a
th lo
ss m
o
d
e
l.
In [
3
]
aut
h
ors
have e
v
al
uat
e
d
Pat
h
Loss m
odel
s
at
W
i
M
A
X cel
l
-
ed
ge.
Wi
M
AX co
vera
g
e
area i
s
one
of t
h
e m
o
st
im
po
rt
ant
fact
ors
t
h
at
need c
o
nsi
d
erat
i
o
n w
h
i
l
e
devel
opi
ng a s
y
st
em
. Predi
c
t
i
ng a
n
d fi
n
d
i
n
g
PL i
s
very
i
m
port
a
nt
i
n
pl
a
nni
ng a
nd
desi
gni
ng
m
obi
l
e
sy
st
ems. I
n
t
h
i
s
pape
r aut
h
o
r
prese
n
t
e
d c
o
m
p
rehe
nsi
v
e
st
udy
o
n
pat
h
l
o
ss m
odel
s
whi
c
h are de
vel
ope
d t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e hi
gh t
h
ro
u
g
h
put
, l
o
w PL a
nd
wi
de co
ver
a
ge f
o
r
m
o
b
ile W
i
MAX.
Au
tho
r
s calcu
l
ated
path
lo
ss, co
m
p
ar
ed
t
h
e p
a
th
l
o
s
s
v
a
lu
e
s
,
th
ro
u
g
h
p
a
t
h
lo
ss
t
h
e
y
calcu
lated
ou
tag
e
pro
b
a
b
ility
an
d
also
d
e
termin
ed
li
n
k
b
u
d
g
e
t.
WiMAX freq
u
e
n
c
y of
3
.
5
GHz is used
with
ran
g
e
vari
at
i
o
n
fr
om
1km
t
o
5
0km
.
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
m
odel
s
of
W
i
M
AX i
n
r
u
r
a
l
envi
ro
nm
ent
s
at
3.5 G
H
z i
s
di
scuss
e
d
by
aut
h
ors i
n
[4]
.
Models which are used
for
c
o
m
p
arison
are
Cost-Hata,
E
r
c
e
g,
D
u
al
-Sl
ope
, S
U
I,
M
acr
o
m
odel
and
EC
C
-
3
3
.
Th
is co
m
p
ariso
n
is for m
o
b
ile as
well as fi
xed
wireless syste
m
s lik
e
W
i
MAX.
Au
t
h
ors i
n
[13] p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a co
m
b
in
ed
sp
atial
m
u
ltip
lex
i
ng
MIM
O
sch
e
me with
b
eam
form
in
g
for
hi
g
h
dat
a
rat
e
wi
rel
e
ss c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on. T
h
e p
r
op
ose
d
t
r
ansm
i
ssi
on schem
e
co
m
b
i
n
es t
h
e be
ne
fi
t
s
of
b
o
t
h
tech
n
i
qu
es an
d th
e syste
m
w
a
s ab
le to
transmit p
a
rallel d
a
ta strea
m
s as
well as p
r
o
v
i
de b
eam
fo
rm
in
g
g
a
i
n
.
Th
e
pr
opo
sed
h
ybr
id
tech
n
i
qu
e im
p
r
ov
ed t
h
e system
sp
ect
ral efficie
n
cy pe
rform
a
nce
significa
ntly than t
h
e
co
nv
en
tio
n
a
l
MIMO, sp
atial
m
u
ltip
lex
i
n
g
an
d
b
eam
fo
rmin
g
techn
i
qu
es wh
en
u
s
ed
alo
n
e
u
n
d
e
r th
e sa
m
e
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on en
v
i
ro
nm
ent
Au
t
h
ors in
[1
4] ev
alu
a
ted
th
e p
e
rfo
r
m
a
n
ce o
f
Mu
ltip
le Inp
u
t
Mu
ltip
le Ou
tpu
t
(MIMO) ch
ann
e
ls i
n
fadi
ng e
n
vi
r
o
n
m
ent
,
B
o
t
h
ca
ses o
f
co
rrel
a
t
e
d a
nd
u
n
co
rrelated MIMO
channels a
r
e c
onsi
d
ere
d
under the
condition
whe
n
Channel State Inform
a
tion (CSI) is not known
at transmitter and CSI is known at receive
r
si
de,
A
u
t
h
ors
h
a
ve c
o
m
p
ared
t
h
e ca
paci
t
y
o
f
2x
2,
3
x
3
a
n
d
4
x
4
M
I
M
O
c
h
a
nnel
s
an
d
ha
ve
sh
o
w
n
t
h
at
ca
paci
t
y
increases
linea
rly with i
n
crea
se in t
h
e
num
ber
of a
n
tenna
s
at
tra
n
sm
itter a
n
d
recei
ver si
de
Aut
h
ors in [15] provide a s
u
rvey
of the
basic m
echanism
s
whic
h influence t
h
e propagation
of
electro
m
a
g
n
e
tic wav
e
s in
h
illy areas. Th
ree e
m
p
i
rical
m
o
d
e
ls: COST23
1-Hata,
Ok
u
m
u
r
a-Hata
an
d
Eg
li
wh
ich
are su
itab
l
e for p
a
th
lo
ss p
r
ed
ictio
n
fo
r su
ch
area
are
prese
n
ted. By using th
ese propagation m
odels the
br
oa
dcast
si
gn
al
st
rengt
h a
r
e pre
d
i
c
t
e
d f
o
r t
h
i
s
t
y
pe of en
v
i
ro
nm
ent
.
M
e
asurem
ent
resul
t
s of si
gnal
st
re
ngt
h i
n
UH
F ban
d
o
b
t
a
i
n
ed
i
n
Ida
n
r
e
To
w
n
of O
n
do
St
at
e
Ni
geria are
prese
n
te
d a
n
d co
m
p
ared
with
th
e
resu
lts
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d by
u
s
i
ng t
h
e
pr
opa
gat
i
on m
odel
s
m
o
reover a
u
t
h
ors
have al
s
o
p
r
o
p
o
sed
A m
o
di
fi
ed C
O
ST
2
3
1
-
H
a
t
a
radi
o wa
ve
propagation m
ode
l was
de
vel
ope
d and im
ple
m
e
n
ted
with Ma
tlab GUI (Gra
phical User
Interface)
fo
r sim
u
lation.
3.
PATH L
O
SS
MODELS OF WiMAX
AND WL
AN
Pat
h
l
o
ss m
easures t
h
e si
gnal
l
o
ss due t
o
di
ffe
rent
cl
im
atic effects. It tells about decre
a
se in signal
p
o
wer du
e to
d
i
fferen
t
cli
m
a
t
e aff
ects, en
v
i
ron
m
en
tal an
d g
e
og
raph
ical co
nd
itio
ns. Throug
h
Pat
h
Loss we
kn
o
w
a
b
o
u
t
ra
di
o si
gnal
s
p
r
opa
gat
i
o
n i
n
d
i
ffere
nt
e
nvi
r
o
nm
ent
s
. Li
nk
bu
d
g
et
us
ual
l
y
uses
PL t
o
p
r
edi
c
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Pa
th Lo
ss Modelin
g
o
f
WLAN
an
d WiMAX
System
s
(Imr
an Israr)
1
085
receive
d powe
r
at the output. There
are
m
a
ny m
odels that are desi
gned t
o
pre
d
ict PL of differe
n
t techniques
ope
rat
i
n
g i
n
di
ffe
rent
f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
band
s. The
s
e
m
odel
s
are
used t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
PL alm
o
st
exact
l
y
. Usi
n
g
t
h
ese
m
odel
s
vari
at
i
on
o
f
ra
di
o
si
gnal
s
a
n
d p
a
t
h
l
o
ss t
h
ey
expe
ri
ence
whi
l
e
t
r
a
v
el
i
n
g t
h
ro
u
gh
di
f
f
ere
n
t
envi
ro
nm
ent
s
of
ur
ba
n, s
u
b-
ur
ba
n an
d r
u
ra
l
areas are
pre
d
i
c
t
e
d. Pat
h
L
o
ss i
s
t
h
e m
a
i
n
pr
o
b
l
e
m
whi
l
e
deal
i
n
g
with wireless s
i
gnals.
Due t
o
Path Losses signals
do
no
t re
ach receiver a
ccurately and hence i
n
form
ation i
s
lost in
betwee
n. Due t
o
Pat
h
L
o
sses
dr
op
i
n
si
g
n
a
l
po
w
e
r
o
c
cu
r
s
h
e
n
ce
pr
oper
in
tern
et services is no
t served
.
A.
WiMA
X
In t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r w
e
ha
ve anal
y
z
e
d
f
o
ur
di
f
f
ere
n
t
m
odel
s
w
h
i
c
h h
a
ve
bee
n
pr
op
ose
d
by
t
h
e
researc
h
er
s i
n
past
at
ope
rat
i
ng
fre
qu
ency
of
3.
5G
Hz [
1
1
,
12
, 1
3
-
1
6]
. These m
odel
s
have
bee
n
esp
eci
al
l
y
prop
os
ed f
o
r
W
i
M
A
X s
o
that they are
abl
e
to
be
operat
ed at
fre
quenc
y
of 3.5GHz.
In
ou
r t
h
esi
s
i
have
c
onsi
d
ere
d
F
r
e
e
Space Path L
o
ss
m
odel (FSPL) as refe
re
nc
e
m
odel. This
m
odel is used as idealistic
model.
We take
it a
s
refe
rence
m
odel so, we
can c
o
m
p
are our ot
he
r m
o
d
e
ls with referen
ce to this m
o
d
e
l.
B.
WLAN
In
t
h
is section
PL m
o
d
e
ls o
f
WLAN
will b
e
ex
p
l
ai
n
e
d. 4 differen
t
m
o
d
e
ls are used
fo
r calcu
l
atio
n
o
f
WL
AN
at
f
r
eq
uency
o
f
2.
4G
Hz a
n
d
c
onsi
d
eri
n
g t
h
ree t
y
p
e
o
f
e
nvi
ro
nm
ent
s
Ur
ban
,
S
u
b
-
U
r
ba
n a
n
d R
u
ral
.
P
L
m
odels which
are use
d
for
prediction
of PL
in all
three environm
ents are FSPL,
Okum
ura
,
Hata and
Cost-
231. Origi
n
al m
odels are used with correcti
on fact
ors
s
o
that correct path loss can be predicted at fre
que
ncy
o
f
2.4 GH
z.
4.
SIMULATION AND RESULTS
Sim
u
l
a
t
i
ons a
n
d
res
u
l
t
s
ha
ve
been
di
scusse
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
sect
i
o
n.
Si
m
u
l
a
t
i
on pa
ram
e
t
e
rs are
gi
ven
i
n
t
a
bl
e
III. Matlab
is t
h
e too
l
th
at is
u
s
ed
fo
r sim
u
l
a
tio
n
.
Fo
r
c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
o
f
di
ff
erent
m
odel
s
o
f
W
i
M
AX an
d WL
A
N
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on pa
r
a
m
e
t
e
rs are
ke
pt
sam
e
, so t
h
a
t
com
p
ari
s
on
c
a
n
be
do
ne
by
keepi
n
g
eve
r
y
t
hi
n
g
sam
e
.
Tabl
e 3. Si
m
u
lat
i
on
Pa
ram
e
t
e
rs
Para
m
e
ters
Values
Base Antenna T
r
ans
m
ission Power (pt)
50db
T
r
ans
m
ission Antenna Height (
h
t)
30
m
Receiving Antenna Height (hr
)
10
m
Oper
ating Fr
equency
W
i
M
A
X
3.
5GHz
Oper
ating Fr
equency
W
L
AN
2.
4GHz
Distance T
X
-RX
WiM
A
X
5k
m
T
r
ans
m
ission Antenna Gain (
G
t)
15dbi
Receiving Antenn
a Gain (Gr)
15dbi
Distance T
X
-RX
WL
AN
300
m
Tabl
e 3 s
h
ows
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on pa
ram
e
t
e
rs wi
t
h
t
h
ei
r val
u
es, t
h
ese pa
ram
e
t
e
rs ke
pt
co
nst
a
nt
fo
r ev
ery
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on so
t
h
at
a
pr
o
p
er c
o
m
p
ari
s
on ca
n
b
e
d
one
bet
w
ee
n
di
ffe
re
nt
m
odel
s
of
Wi
M
A
X a
n
d
WLA
N
.
A.
Pat
h
L
o
ss of
Wi
MA
X
a
t
3.
5
G
H
z
Fr
ee
Sp
ace Pat
h
Lo
ss (
F
SPL) is show
n in
f
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
Path Lo
ss
(
P
L)
is
p
l
otted
u
s
i
n
g r
a
nge of
d
i
stan
ce
u
p
to
5
k
m
. PL is in
creasing
with
in
cr
ease in distance from
0km
to 5km
. Incr
ease in
p
a
th lo
ss is d
u
e
to
cli
m
ate
affects, re
flection from
buildings
, ge
ogra
phi
c issues. At 0km
FSPL have
PL
of
60 db, a
t
1km
distance it has
PL
o
f
10
0 db
.
A
t
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
d
i
stan
ce of
5
k
m
it h
a
s PL of
114
db
v
a
lu
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
108
3
–
10
91
1
086
Figure 5.
Free
Space Path Loss
Fi
gu
re 6.
Pat
h
Loss
i
n
Ur
ba
n Area
o
f
W
i
M
A
X
m
odel
s
wi
t
h
R
e
fere
nce
M
o
del
C
o
m
p
ari
s
ons
of
di
ffe
re
nt
M
odel
s
Ok
um
ura-Hat
a
, C
o
st
2
3
1
-
H
a
t
a
and S
u
i
,
wi
t
h
keepi
ng F
SPL a
s
refe
rence
m
odel
usi
n
g
di
f
f
er
ent
en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
U
r
ban
,
S
u
b
-
U
r
ba
n a
n
d R
u
ral
a
r
e
gi
ve
n
i
n
fi
g
u
res
6
,
7,
8
respectively.
Com
p
arison
of differe
n
t Models Okum
ura
-
Hata,
C
o
st231-Hata and S
u
i, with
kee
p
ing
FSPL as
refe
rence m
o
d
e
l
usi
ng di
f
f
e
r
ent
envi
r
o
nm
ent
Ur
ban
,
Sub-
Ur
b
a
n
and
Ru
r
a
l ar
e shown
in
f
i
gu
r
e
6.PL o
f
di
ffe
re
nt
m
odel
s
of
W
i
M
A
X
i
n
U
r
ba
n
Area
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
fi
gu
re
6. M
o
del
s
whi
c
h are
us
ed f
o
r
Wi
M
A
X ar
e
Okum
ura-Hata, Cost231-HATA
and S
U
I
m
odel. FSPL is used as
refe
rence m
odel and rest of m
odels are
com
p
ared
with it. FSPL
has l
o
west
PL,
with SUI bei
n
g
sec
o
nd
with lowes
t
Path L
o
ss, C
o
st231-Hata ha
ve P
L
alm
o
st
equal
t
o
t
h
at
o
f
SU
I m
odel
.
Hi
ghe
st
P
L
i
n
t
h
i
s
sce
n
ar
i
o
i
s
of
O
kum
ura-
Hat
a
m
odel
.
Fi
gu
re 7.
Pat
h
Loss
i
n
Su
b-
Ur
ban
A
r
ea of
Wi
M
AX
m
odel
s
wi
t
h
R
e
fe
re
nce
M
o
d
e
l
Fi
gu
re
7 s
h
o
w
s Pat
h
L
o
ss
o
f
di
f
f
er
ent
M
o
del
s
o
f
W
i
M
AX i
n
s
u
b
-
ur
ban
area.
FSP
L i
s
use
d
a
s
refe
rence M
o
d
e
l for com
p
ari
ng
of di
ffe
rent
m
odels with
it. Th
is figu
re
h
a
s sam
e
ch
aracteristics as
PL in
ur
ba
n area
. S
U
I
has l
o
west
P
L
am
ong
O
k
u
m
ura-Hat
a
an
d
C
o
st
2
3
1
-
H
at
a.
C
o
st
2
3
1
-
H
at
a
i
s
cl
ose t
o
S
U
I
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Pa
th Lo
ss Modelin
g
o
f
WLAN
an
d WiMAX
System
s
(Imr
an Israr)
1
087
Fi
gu
re 8.
Pat
h
Loss
i
n
R
u
ral
Area
o
f
W
i
M
A
X
m
odel
s
wi
t
h
R
e
fere
nce
M
o
de
Fig
u
r
e
8 shows PL or
W
i
MA
X in ru
r
a
l
ar
ea.
Ok
u
m
u
r
a do
es
no
t
h
a
ve an
y m
o
d
e
l
d
e
sign
ed
f
o
r
calcu
latio
n
of
PL in
ru
ral area in
th
is case. Bo
th
C
o
st
2
3
1
-
H
at
a m
odel
and
SU
I
are c
o
m
p
ared by
keeping
FSPL a
s
refe
re
nce m
odel. S
u
i
has
lowest PL
then C
o
st231-Hata.
Pat
h
Loss c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of eac
h m
odel
wi
t
h
it
sel
f
, i
n
R
u
ral
,
Sub
-
U
r
ban an
d Ur
ba
n area i
s
sho
w
n i
n
fi
g
u
res
9
,
10
,
1
1
a
n
d
gi
ven
bel
o
w
.
T
h
ese
g
r
ap
hs
gi
ve
an
i
d
ea
o
f
eac
h m
odel
pe
rf
orm
a
nce i
n
di
ffe
re
nt
area
s.
Fi
gu
re 9 s
h
o
w
s Ok
um
ura-H
a
t
a
Pat
h
Loss
m
odel
of
W
i
M
AX i
n
u
r
ban
and su
b
-
u
r
ba
n areas.
It
has
m
o
re PL i
n
U
r
ba
n area t
h
en
i
n
su
b-
ur
ba
n.
R
eason i
s
tha
t
in urban a
r
e
a
there are m
o
re obstacles between
si
gnal
pat
h
s
t
h
an s
u
b-
ur
ba
n.
Ot
he
r rea
s
o
n
i
s
effect
o
f
cl
i
m
at
e, w
h
i
c
h a
ffe
c
t
s si
gnal
d
u
ri
n
g
pr
o
p
agat
i
o
n.
Fi
gu
re 9.
Pat
h
Loss o
f
Ok
um
ura
-
Hat
a
M
o
de
l
of
W
i
M
A
X
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
Path Lo
ss of
C
o
st23
1-
Hata Mod
e
l of
W
i
M
A
X
Perform
a
n
ce with
resp
ect to
PL o
f
C
o
st23
1-Hata in
t
h
ree
d
i
ffere
nt
en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
s
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
10
. T
h
i
s
fi
gu
re
sh
ows
t
h
at
ur
ban
has
hi
ghes
t
PL t
h
e
n
s
u
b
-
ur
ba
n an
d
ru
ra
l
but
bot
h
ur
ba
n a
nd
su
b-
u
r
ba
n ar
e
very
cl
ose t
o
e
ach
ot
he
r a
n
d
a
l
m
o
st
nearl
y
e
qual
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
108
3
–
10
91
1
088
Fi
gu
re 1
1
. Pat
h
Loss
o
f
SU
I M
odel
of
W
i
M
A
X
PL co
m
p
arisons o
f
SUI m
o
d
e
l in
th
ree
d
i
fferen
t sc
en
ar
i
o
s
o
r
env
i
ro
n
m
en
ts ar
e show
n in
Figur
e 11.
SUI
has m
o
re
PL i
n
u
r
ban a
r
ea com
p
ared t
o
su
b
-
u
r
ba
n a
n
d rural area
. R
eason is sam
e
due t
o
m
o
re obstacle
s
and
en
vi
r
o
nm
ent
fact
ors
.
SU
I
m
odel
use
d
i
s
up
g
r
ade
d
fo
r
W
i
M
A
X
t
o
be
ope
rat
e
d
o
n
fre
que
ncy
of
3
.
5
GHz
.
Fi
gu
re
1
2
. C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
Pa
t
h
L
o
ss i
n
Ur
b
a
n
Area
o
f
W
i
M
A
X
Fi
gu
re
12
sh
o
w
s c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
di
f
f
ere
n
t
m
odel
s
i
n
u
r
ban
envi
ro
nm
ent
.
Ok
um
ura-
Hat
a
M
odel
ha
s
highest PL
afte
r Okum
ura-Hata, Cost
231-Hat
a
has
hi
ghe
r P
L
the
n
S
U
I and m
odel with le
ast PL is
FSPL
.
Fi
gu
re
1
3
. C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
Pa
t
h
L
o
ss i
n
S
u
b-
Ur
ba
n A
r
ea
o
f
W
i
M
A
X
In Fi
gure
13 c
o
m
p
arison
of
PL m
odels are
shown
in s
u
b-urba
n environm
ent. FSPL
has lowest P
L
t
h
en SU
I
a
n
d C
o
st
2
3
1
-
Hat
a
are
cl
ose
t
o
eac
h ot
he
r. O
kum
ura
has
hi
ghe
st
PL.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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ECE
I
S
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:
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8-8
7
0
8
Pa
th Lo
ss Modelin
g
o
f
WLAN
an
d WiMAX
System
s
(Imr
an Israr)
1
089
Fi
gu
re
1
4
. C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
Pa
t
h
L
o
ss i
n
R
u
ra
l
Area
o
f
W
i
M
A
X
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
of
PL i
n
r
u
ral
en
vi
r
onm
ent
s
am
on
g
di
ffe
rent
m
odel
s
are sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
re
1
4
. O
k
um
ura-
Hata m
odel does not e
x
ist for rural area. Cost231-Hata
and SUI are cl
os
e to each ot
her. In this
gra
p
h Cost-
23
1
up t
o
2
.
5
k
has
hi
g
h
er P
L
,
but
S
U
I
has m
o
re
PL aft
e
r
2.
5k
. B
o
t
h
C
o
st
2
3
1
-
H
a
t
a
an
d S
U
I
ha
ve sam
e
val
u
es
of PL. at dista
n
ce of
1850m
.
B.
Pat
h
L
o
ss of
WL
AN
a
t
2.
4 GHz
Pat
h
Loss
of
m
odel
s
of
W
L
AN i
n
out
do
or
envi
r
o
nm
ent
is sho
w
n i
n
fi
g
u
re 1
5
.
Ok
um
ura
,
Hat
a
an
d
Cost-231 a
r
e c
o
m
p
ared
with
FSPL
wh
ich is
use
d
a
s
a
re
ference m
odel
for com
p
arison
by
m
e
. Okum
ura ha
ve
l
e
ss PL t
h
en
H
a
t
a
m
odel
a
n
d
C
o
st
-
2
3
1
.
C
o
st
-2
3
1
has
hi
g
h
e
s
t
PL c
o
m
p
ared t
o
ot
her
m
odel
s
.
Fi
gu
re
1
5
.
Pat
h
Loss
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
i
n
O
u
t
d
o
o
r
En
vi
r
onm
ent
of
W
L
A
N
m
o
d
e
l
s
W
i
t
h
R
e
fer
e
nce M
odel
Fi
gu
re 1
6
sh
o
w
s PL com
p
ari
s
on
of
WLA
N
m
odel
s
i
n
Ou
td
oor area. In
this area all
m
o
d
e
ls h
a
v
e
less
di
ffe
re
nce bet
w
een t
h
em
ot
h
e
r t
h
an C
o
st
-
2
31
. U
p
t
o
1
5
0
m
e
t
e
rs Hat
a
l
a
gs O
k
um
ura
m
odel
b
u
t
aft
e
r
15
0 m
Hata leads
Okum
ura m
odel as shown in
figure.
Fi
gu
re 1
6
. Pat
h
Loss
C
o
m
p
ari
s
on
o
f
WL
A
N
M
odel
s
i
n
Out
d
o
o
r
E
nvi
ro
nm
ent
.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
AN
D F
U
T
U
RE W
O
R
K
In t
h
i
s
pa
pe
r p
a
t
h
l
o
ss m
odel
s
of
W
L
A
N
and
W
i
M
AX
h
a
ve bee
n
com
p
are
d
. E
x
i
s
t
i
n
g m
odel
s
are
am
ended t
o
be
abl
e
t
o
wor
k
f
o
r
W
i
M
AX at
fre
que
ncy
of
3
.
5
GHz
. M
odel
s
whi
c
h are
us
ed fo
r com
p
ari
s
on i
n
WL
AN
are
O
k
um
ura,
Hat
a
, F
SPL a
n
d C
o
st
-
2
3
1
a
n
d m
odel
s
w
h
i
c
h
are
u
s
ed
fo
r c
o
m
p
ari
s
on
i
n
W
i
M
A
X a
r
e
FSPL,
Cost
231-Hata,
Okum
ura-Hata a
n
d S
U
I.
We ha
ve t
a
ke
n o
n
l
y
t
w
o i
m
port
a
nt
t
echnol
ogi
es
WLA
N
an
d
W
i
M
A
X an
d pe
rf
or
m
e
d pat
h
l
o
s
s
m
o
d
e
lin
g
to
kn
ow th
at, how p
a
th
lo
ss also
affects
the
m
.
Three different scena
r
ios have been
used for
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
108
3
–
10
91
1
090
com
p
arison in
case of
W
i
MAX, each sce
n
ario has its
own
properties and structur
es. Urban
area
considere
d
havi
ng
hi
g
h
b
u
i
l
d
i
ng an
d l
a
r
g
e obst
acl
es bet
w
een si
gnal
pa
t
h
s, t
h
ere a
r
e v
e
ry
few pl
ai
n a
r
eas. S
u
b
-
U
r
ba
n area
is conside
r
ed
as an area
wi
th interm
ediate hei
ght
o
f
bu
ild
ing
and
al
so
less ob
stacles in
si
g
n
a
l
p
a
th
as
com
p
ared t
o
U
r
ba
n a
nd m
o
re
pl
ai
n l
a
n
d
s. R
u
ral
i
s
con
s
i
d
ere
d
as flat terrai
n
with ve
ry
fe
w
buildi
n
g
s
an
d l
a
rge
plain. For WL
AN
only
outd
oor e
n
vironm
ent is c
onsi
d
ere
d
because
WL
AN is
not a
ffe
cted
by
environm
ents
lik
e ur
b
a
n
,
ru
r
a
l an
d su
b-
urb
a
n
.
Ai
m
of o
u
r
w
o
r
k
was
t
o
sh
o
w
t
h
at
,
ho
w
P
L
af
fect
s t
w
o
t
echn
o
l
o
gi
es a
n
d
ho
w
pat
h
l
o
ss va
ri
es i
n
d
i
fferen
t
env
i
ro
n
m
en
ts. Du
e to
m
u
ltip
ath
affect an
d
NLOS
en
v
i
ron
m
en
ts i
n
urb
a
n
area, du
e to
h
i
gh
bu
ild
ing
s
and
po
p
u
l
a
t
e
d areas, Pat
h
L
o
ss i
n
Ur
ban a
r
ea i
s
very
hi
g
h
as com
p
ared
t
o
Sub
-
u
r
ban
and
ru
ral
.
Su
b
-
u
r
ba
n
in
clu
d
e
s less hig
h
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
du
e to
wh
ich
its PL is h
i
gh
as
com
p
ared to a
r
ea whe
r
e the
r
e
are m
o
re plain
area
s
means i.e. i
n
rural area.
Ou
r f
u
t
u
re
wo
rk i
n
cl
u
d
es
de
vel
o
pi
n
g
a
pat
h
l
o
ss
m
odel
whi
c
h i
s
m
o
re feasi
b
l
e
a
nd
c
a
n gi
ve m
o
re
accurate re
sult
s. I
want to
de
velop a m
odel based
on va
l
u
es recorded i
n
the re
gi
on of
Pakistan a
n
d
whic
h
gi
ves a
n
i
d
ea
o
f
h
o
w
si
g
n
al
v
a
ri
es i
n
p
o
we
r
i
n
Pa
ki
st
an a
n
d
ho
w t
o
de
vel
o
p
a
bet
t
e
r net
w
o
r
k
by
c
o
nsi
d
eri
ng
PL a
n
alysis
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
E
.
H.
Ja
n,
R.
Vida
r,
A.
M.
T
o
r,
"E
mpi
r
i
c
al
Pa
t
h
L
o
ss Mode
l
s
for C-Ba
nd Ai
rport Surfa
c
e
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uni
c
a
t
i
ons ",
IEEE
transaction on
antenna and
prop
agation, Vol. 60, July
, 2012
[2]
A. Mohammad, A. Tughtu
l
,
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ohn,
E. Ahmot,
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ss models at WiMAX cell-
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[3]
K.
Vivek,
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K.
Gupta,
B.
Nidhika, "Comparison of Path Loss
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For
WiMAX in
Rural Environment at
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HGz.
"
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lo
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JEST)
, Vol.
3, No. 2, Feb 20
11.
[4]
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e
rt, B
.
Eduardo
,
A. John, "Deplo
y
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ormance Issues of an
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a
mpus Network",
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[5]
R. Merden
i,
T.S
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Priy
a,
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MAX Path Loss Prediction
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ronments",
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[6]
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e
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ission of
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p
ressed ECG Data from
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Network", 978-1
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61284-233-2, 2
011
[7]
Akkasli, C
e
m. "
M
ethods for Path loss Prediction
.
" (2009).
[8]
V.S. Abhay
a
war
dhana, I
.
J.
Wa
sse
l,
D.
Crosby
,
M
.
P.
Se
lle
r
s,
M.
G. Brown,
"Compa
rison of empirical propagation
path los
s
m
odels
for fixed wirel
e
s
s
acces
s
s
y
s
t
em
s
"
, 61th
IEEE Te
chnolog
y Conferen
ce, S
t
ockholm
, pp
. 73-
77, 2005
.
[9]
Josip Milanovic, Rimac-Drlje S,
Bej
uk K, "Comparison of propagation m
odel
accuracy
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AX on 3.5GHz"
,
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IEEE Inter
national
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, Morocco
, pp. 111-114. 20
07.
[10]
S.
Ullah,
K.
S.
Kwak,
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d Traffi
c-ad
apti
ve M
e
dium
A
ccess Control Protocol for Wireless
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ork",
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d Sy
st
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1030 DOI 10.10
07/s10916-010-9564-2.
[11]
E
.
H
.
J
a
n
,
R
.
V
i
d
a
r
,
A
.
M
.
T
o
r
,
"
E
m
p
i
r
i
c
a
l
P
a
t
h
Loss Models for C-Band Air
port Surface Communications",
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n
tenna and
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n, Vol. 60, July
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[12]
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t
anic I., and Zr
nic B., "
Minima
x LS Algorithm
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e 9
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m
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e
, Nov.2001.
[13]
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. O
.
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tus
,
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ap
aci
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ce
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e
nt for High
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e
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i
reles
s
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m
unica
tion S
y
s
t
em
”
,
International Jo
urnal of
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I
JECE)
, Vol. 4, No. 5
,
Octob
e
r 20
14, pp
. 800~809.
[14]
M. M. Lodro, M
.
H. Abro, “
E
rgo
d
ic Cap
aci
t
y
of
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Correlate
d Channels in M
u
ltipa
t
hFading
E
nvironm
ent with
known Channel State Informatio
n”,
International Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineerin
g (
I
JECE)
, Vol.2,
No.5, October
2
012, pp
. 691~69
7.
[15]
F.
J.
Oluwole,
O
.
Y.
Olajide,
“Rad
io Frequen
c
y
Propagation Mechanisms a
nd Empirical Models
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eas
”,
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urnal of
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eering
(
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JECE)
, Vol. 3, No. 3
,
June 2013,
pp. 372~376.
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Imr
a
n Isr
ar
got his
M
a
s
t
er Degree i
n
Elec
tri
cal
Engine
ering S
p
eci
ali
zat
ion i
n
Tel
ecom
m
unicat
ion Engineerin
g from
Co
m
s
a
t
s Institute of
Inform
ation and Technolo
g
y
Islamabad. He is Network Engineer (NOC
and
CORE) at QU
BEE ISP Islamabad. He has
worked for P
a
kis
t
an Cons
ortium
for Advance Re
s
earch in E
l
e
c
tri
cal Eng
i
ne
ering
and carr
i
ed out
research in Wir
e
less Communi
cation and Tech
nique
s.
His a
r
e
a
s of Inte
re
st inc
l
ude
Wire
le
ss
Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks, Comm
unication
S
y
stems, Routing
and Switching.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
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8-8
7
0
8
Pa
th Lo
ss Modelin
g
o
f
WLAN
an
d WiMAX
System
s
(Imr
an Israr)
1
091
Dr
.
M
u
stafa Shakir
got his Ph
D in Informatio
n and Co
mmunication Eng
i
neer
ing from Beijing
University
of Po
sts and Telecommunications, Ch
ina.
He
is a
n
As
sista
n
t Profe
ssor a
t
De
pa
rtme
nt
of Ele
c
tr
ica
l
En
gineer
ing, COM
S
ATS Institute
of Inform
ation
Techno
log
y
, Isl
a
m
a
bad. He
has
worked for Pakistan
Telecommunications
Co
mpan
y
Limited
and
conducted
sessions and
trainings on Bro
a
dband Access,
Next Generation
Networks, IP
TV, Data Communications and
Understanding Telecom
Network
s
a
nd S
e
rvices
. His
areas
of intere
st include wireless networks
and communication s
y
stems, ad
hoc
networks, sensor networks a
nd next gen
e
ration networks.
Dr. Mahmood Ashraf Kha
n
got his PhD fro
m the University
of Aston in Birmingham, UK.
He is serving
as Director
, Cen
t
re for
Advanc
e
d
S
t
udies
in
Te
lecom
m
unicat
io
ns
(CAS
T) at
COMSAT
S Inst
itute of Information Technolog
y,
Islamabad. He has ove
r seventeen
y
e
ars of
s
e
rvices
at P
a
k
i
s
t
an Tel
ecom
m
unica
tion Com
p
an
y
L
t
d, Is
lam
a
b
a
d, in diff
eren
t capa
c
it
ies
.
Dr.
Mahmood has
an extensiv
e ex
perien
ce in con
ducting research & development programs at
nation
a
l and in
ternational level and providing c
onsultancy
services. He has coo
r
dinated with
differen
t
intern
ational funding
organizations
and honored with excellence award from the
Ministr
y
of Science
and Techn
o
log
y
, Government
of Pa
kista
n
. His re
se
a
r
c
h
inte
re
sts inc
l
ude
data communication s
y
s
t
ems, transport and
ac
ces
s rela
ted
networ
ks
and techno
log
i
es.
Dr.
Shah
z
a
d
A.
Malik
is
a P
r
ofes
s
o
r at the Dep
a
rtm
e
nt of El
ec
t
r
ica
l
Engin
eerin
g, COM
S
ATS
Institute of Infor
m
ation Technol
og
y
,
Islam
a
bad
.
He holds a B.Sc. in Electri
c
al En
gineer
ing from
University
of
Engineer
ing and
Techno
log
y
(U
ET), Lahore, Pakistan
and M.S. and Ph.D
. in
Tel
ecom
m
unicat
ions
from
ENST, P
a
ris
,
F
r
ance
. His
res
ear
ch i
n
teres
t
s
in
clude
wireles
s
an
d
mobile networks, integration of
heterogeneous
wireless networks, MAC and transport lay
e
r
protocols for wireless networks
, QoS and perfor
m
ance an
aly
s
is
of networks. He has published
papers in sev
e
ral areas including
radio r
e
sour
ce
allo
cat
ion, m
obi
lit
y m
a
nag
e
ment, performance
and
capacity
evaluation a
nd quality
of serv
ice provisioning in
wireless networks.
He has taught
courses on wireless commu
nica
tion, mobile networks,
co
mputer networks, digital
communications
and p
e
rformance an
aly
s
is of
co
mputer networks
.
P
r
of. Dr
. Shahid A.
Khan
is
s
e
rving as
De
an,
F
acul
t
y
of
Engine
ering/
In ch
arge
Academ
ics
a
t
COMSAT
S Institute
of Inf
o
rm
ation T
ech
nolog
y, Isl
a
m
a
bad. He
did
his PhD in
Telecommunication Engineer
ing
and MS in Elec
tronic Engin
eer
ing from UK. He
has about 2
4
y
e
ars of experience in resear
ch,
teaching and work
ing in IT industries. His resear
ch publications
encompass several papers publishe
d in international journals/co
n
ferences. On the basis of his
m
e
ritorious serv
ices he h
a
s been
honored with m
u
ltipl
e
awards
and m
e
m
b
erships in the f
i
eld o
f
engine
ering. H
e
has
pla
y
ed p
i
vot
al rol
e
in es
t
a
blis
hm
ent of acad
e
m
ic coll
aborat
io
n between CII
T
and m
a
n
y
intern
ation
a
l univ
e
rsit
ies, espe
ci
all
y
w
ith Lancaster University
UK,
Q
M
UL UK,
The
Univers
i
t
y
of
S
h
effi
eld UK and
NDSU U.
S.
A.
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