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1.
I
NT
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D
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O
N
Ma
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ch
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w
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p
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f
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eq
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f
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m
ea
s
u
r
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en
t
[
1
-
9
]
,
w
h
ile
attem
p
ts
in
[
1
0
-
1
3
]
to
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k
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ly
a
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alf
a
cy
cle
to
r
ec
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d
th
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attem
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to
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tim
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f
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m
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to
ab
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t
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q
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ar
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w
as
illu
s
tr
ated
in
[
1
4
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.
T
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b
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v
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s
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m
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w
as
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in
[
1
5
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,
w
h
ich
am
o
u
n
ted
to
o
n
ly
3
p
r
o
g
r
ess
iv
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s
am
p
les
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
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an
d
cu
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r
en
t
s
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als.
A
f
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th
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g
r
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t
im
p
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o
v
em
en
t
w
as
in
tr
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d
u
ce
d
in
[
1
6
]
w
h
er
e
o
n
ly
tw
o
p
r
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g
r
ess
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s
am
p
les
o
f
th
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v
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ltag
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an
d
cu
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r
en
t
w
h
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w
er
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s
am
p
led
s
im
u
ltan
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u
s
l
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w
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ad
eq
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ate
f
o
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th
e
m
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t.
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ll
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ited
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m
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s
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r
in
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th
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p
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f
ac
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f
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p
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in
u
s
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id
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p
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ts
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th
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cu
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en
t.
I
n
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lo
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r
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t
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ap
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to
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-
s
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ar
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is
to
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tio
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A
m
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s
ch
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m
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th
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s
tan
tan
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s
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ac
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f
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a
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s
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id
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al
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as
d
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u
s
in
g
w
av
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tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
in
[
1
7
]
th
en
d
is
cr
ete
w
av
elet
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
in
d
o
w
in
[
1
8
]
.
A
FP
GA
-
b
ased
ch
ip
w
as
im
p
lem
en
ted
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
er
r
o
r
s
w
er
e
d
escr
ib
ed
in
[
19
]
,
w
h
ile
a
f
in
ite
elem
en
t
m
eth
o
d
w
as
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
e
last
f
o
u
r
m
eth
o
d
s
in
v
o
lv
ed
co
m
p
lex
m
ath
em
atica
l
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
es
th
at
w
er
e
h
ar
d
to
b
e
im
p
lem
en
ted
.
T
h
is
m
ig
h
t
ca
u
s
e
a
d
elay
w
h
ich
w
as
n
o
t
p
o
in
ted
o
u
t.
Mic
r
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co
n
tr
o
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s
ar
e
s
in
g
le
-
ch
ip
co
m
p
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ter
s
w
h
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o
f
f
er
co
s
t
-
ef
f
icien
t
s
o
lu
tio
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s
.
Usi
n
g
m
icr
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co
n
tr
o
ller
s
in
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
t
o
f
a
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
w
as
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ated
in
[
2
1
,
2
2
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
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is
m
ea
n
t
to
m
ak
e
a
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
in
th
e
p
ap
er
ex
p
lain
ed
in
[
1
6
]
to
p
r
o
m
o
t
th
e
m
eth
o
d
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
p
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w
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f
ac
to
r
in
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
s
in
u
s
o
id
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lo
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cu
r
r
en
t.
T
h
e
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
p
o
w
er
f
ac
to
r
ca
n
b
e
m
ea
s
u
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b
y
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s
in
g
o
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ly
tw
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r
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s
am
p
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e
v
o
ltag
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an
d
cu
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r
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t
s
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b
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a
r
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d
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m
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w
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[1
]
D.
H.
Bo
g
h
a
sia
n
a
n
d
M
.
H.
A
.
A
.
K
a
re
e
m
,
“
A
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
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ter
d
e
sig
n
b
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tec
h
n
iq
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s,
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IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.IM
,
v
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l.
2
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
5
-
4
3
8
,
Ja
n
1
9
8
1
.
[2
]
M.
S.
M
.
A
l
A
n
y
a
n
d
M
.
A.
H
.
A
.
Ka
re
e
m
,
“
A
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
ter
d
e
sig
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
4
3
9
-
4
4
4
,
1
9
8
4
.
[3
]
B.
Ha
f
id
h
a
n
d
M
.
A.
H.
A
.
Ka
re
e
m
,
“
Dig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
ter
b
a
se
d
o
n
n
o
n
li
n
e
a
r
AD
C
c
o
n
v
e
rsio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
-
5
1
9
,
1
9
8
5
.
[4
]
S.
M.
R.
T
a
h
a
a
n
d
M
.
A.
H.
A
.
Ka
re
e
m
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
t
e
r
d
e
sig
n
,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
o
n
IM
,
vo
l.
3
5
,
p
p
.
6
3
8
-
6
4
0
,
De
c
1
9
8
6
.
[5
]
M
.
A
.
S
h
re
e
a
n
d
D
.
P
.
V
a
d
a
n
a
,
“
S
m
a
rt
m
e
ter f
o
r
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
in
re
a
l
-
ti
m
e
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Emb
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICES
),
p
p
.
1
7
7
-
1
8
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
S
.
F
a
rh
a
t
a
n
d
E
.
Co
h
e
n
,
“
A
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
ter
b
a
se
d
o
n
ra
ti
o
m
e
tri
c
A
DC,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ph
y
sic
s
a
n
d
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
I
n
stru
me
n
ts,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
p
p
.
8
4
8
-
8
5
0
,
1
9
8
8
.
[7
]
N.
Ba
k
o
s,
e
t
a
l.
,
“P
h
a
se
sh
if
t
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
a
w
i
d
e
f
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
ra
n
g
e
u
sin
g
ROM,
”
In
t.
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
6
4
,
p
p
.
2
9
9
-
3
0
4
,
1
9
8
8
.
[8
]
C.
P
ra
sa
u
n
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“P
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
t
o
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,
”
El
e
c
tric
p
o
we
r
s
y
st
e
ms
r
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
1
-
1
4
3
,
1
9
9
5
.
[9
]
L.
Y.
Zh
o
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“S
tu
d
y
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
th
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
sim
il
a
rit
y
o
f
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
s,
”
3
rd
IEE
E
c
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
d
u
stria
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
p
p
.
1
5
3
4
-
1
5
3
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
0
]
E
.
S
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
u
ter
-
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
d
lo
a
d
lo
ss
sta
n
d
a
rd
f
o
r
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
n
g
h
ig
h
-
v
o
l
tag
e
p
o
w
e
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
sy
ste
m
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s.
In
stru
m.
M
e
a
s.,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
5
-
4
2
8
,
1
9
9
5
.
[1
1
]
J.
C.
W
u
a
n
d
H
.
L
Jo
u
,
“
F
a
st
Re
sp
o
n
se
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
De
tec
to
r,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
t
io
n
o
n
I
n
st
ru
me
n
ta
ti
o
n
&
M
e
a
su
re
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
9
1
9
-
9
2
2
,
1
9
9
5
.
[1
2
]
S.
S
.
Om
ra
n
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
A
l
k
h
a
li
d
,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
ter,
”
Al
Bu
h
o
o
t
h
a
l
T
a
q
a
n
iya
,
v
o
l
.
6
7
,
p
p
.
5
4
-
6
2
,
2
0
0
0
.
[1
3
]
D.
R.
T
u
tak
n
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
in
g
le
-
P
h
a
se
F
a
st
Re
sp
o
n
se
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
T
ra
n
sd
u
c
e
r,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
I
S
IE,
M
o
n
tre
a
l,
Q
u
e
b
e
c
,
Ca
n
a
d
a
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
5
-
1
7
6
8
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
4
]
S
.
S
.
Om
ra
n
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
A
l
-
Kh
a
li
d
,
“
A
M
icro
p
ro
c
e
ss
o
r
–
Ba
se
d
F
a
st
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
M
e
ter,
”
Al
-
Bu
h
o
o
t
h
Al
_
T
a
q
u
n
y
a
,
v
o
l
.
1
0
2
,
p
p
.
6
0
-
6
5
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
5
]
S
.
S
.
Om
ra
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
No
v
e
l
a
n
d
F
a
st
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Ca
lcu
lati
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
Al
-
Bu
h
o
o
th
Al
_
T
a
q
u
n
y
a
,
v
o
l.
1
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
-
3
0
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
6
]
A
.
S
.
A
l
-
Kh
a
li
d
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
Om
ra
n
,
“
A
V
e
ry
F
a
st
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Ca
lcu
lati
o
n
M
e
th
o
d
,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IEE
E
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
E
lec
tro
n
ic a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
L
a
n
g
k
a
wi,
M
a
la
y
sia
,
p
p
.
4
9
4
-
4
9
7
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
7
]
A
.
S
a
rk
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
S
e
n
g
u
p
ta,
“
A
n
o
v
e
l
in
sta
n
tan
e
o
u
s p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
m
e
th
o
d
b
a
se
d
o
n
w
a
v
e
let
tran
sf
o
r
m
,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
IE
EE
P
o
we
r In
d
i
a
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
Ne
w
De
lh
i
,
I
n
d
i
a
,
2
0
0
6
.
[1
8
]
A
.
S
a
rk
a
r
a
n
d
S
.
S
e
n
g
u
p
ta,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
im
p
lem
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
o
v
e
l
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
o
n
it
o
rin
g
u
n
it
u
sin
g
d
isc
re
te
w
a
v
e
let
tran
s
f
o
r
m
,
”
IET
S
c
i.
M
e
a
s.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
2
-
12,
2
0
0
9
.
[1
9
]
S
.
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
C
.
W
u
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
u
si
n
g
F
P
G
A
b
a
se
d
c
h
ip
,
”
W
se
a
s T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Circ
u
it
s a
n
d
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
4
5
3
-
4
6
2
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
0
]
C.
De
S
e
lv
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“P
o
w
e
r
fa
c
to
r
c
a
lcu
latio
n
b
y
th
e
in
f
in
it
e
e
lem
e
n
t
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
IE
EE
T
r
a
n
s.
On
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
4
6
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
0
2
-
3
0
0
5
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
1
]
A
.
A
,
Ya
s
e
e
n
,
“
F
a
st
-
Re
sp
o
n
se
P
o
w
e
r
F
a
c
to
r
Co
m
p
u
tatio
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
P
ro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
2
n
d
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
T
o
o
ls
fo
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
(
ACT
EA
),
Z
o
u
k
-
M
o
sb
e
h
,
L
e
b
a
n
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
2
9
-
2
3
4
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
K.
A
.
H
a
m
e
e
d
,
“
A
m
icro
c
o
n
tro
l
ler
b
a
se
d
d
ig
it
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
fa
c
to
r
a
n
d
p
h
a
se
a
n
g
le
m
e
ter,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
&
E
lec
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
IOS
R
-
J
E
EE
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
p
p
.
8
2
-
8
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
D.
S
h
a
n
tan
u
,
“
Ro
b
u
st
sw
it
c
h
e
d
m
o
d
e
DC
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
li
e
s
f
o
r
sa
fe
t
y
sig
n
if
icia
n
t
a
n
d
sa
f
e
t
y
c
rit
ica
l
in
d
u
strial
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
i
n
stru
m
e
n
tatio
n
sy
ste
m
s,
”
El
e
c
trica
l
In
d
i
a
,
v
o
l
.
5
0
,
p
p
.
98
-
1
0
7
,
A
p
r
2
0
1
0
.
[2
4
]
M
.
Bo
ll
e
n
,
“
Un
d
e
rsta
n
d
i
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
q
u
a
li
ty
p
ro
b
lem
s:
V
o
lt
a
g
e
S
a
g
s
a
n
d
In
terru
p
t
io
n
s
,”
1
st
e
d
it
i
o
n
N
Y
IEE
E
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
0
.
[2
5
]
P
.
P
a
tel
a
n
d
D.
K.
S
in
g
h
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
n
g
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r
a
n
d
T
h
d
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
u
sin
g
v
a
rio
u
s
c
o
rre
c
ti
o
n
c
ircu
i
ts
a
n
d
f
il
ters
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
e
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
IJ
ER
T
)
,
v
o
l.
3
,
p
p
.
3
8
9
-
3
9
4
,
De
c
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
W.
M
G
ra
d
y
a
n
d
R.
J.
G
il
les
k
ie,
“
Ha
r
m
o
n
ics
a
n
d
h
o
w
th
e
y
re
late
to
p
o
w
e
r
f
a
c
to
r,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
EP
RI
p
o
we
r
q
u
a
li
ty Issu
e
s a
n
d
o
p
p
o
rtu
n
it
ies
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
PQA
9
3
),
S
a
n
D
ieg
o
,
CA,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
No
v
1
9
9
3
.
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