Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
3
,
June
2020
,
pp.
2884
~
2893
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
3
.
pp2884
-
28
93
2884
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Photov
oltaic
sola
r farm:
earth
ing syst
em design f
or
cost red
uction
an
d syste
m comp
lianc
e
Moham
ad N
asse
reddine
1
,
K
ha
le
d
Ali
2
, Ch
ad
i
Nohra
3
1,2
Depa
rtment
of
Ele
ct
r
ical and
C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
,
Am
eri
ca
n
Univer
sit
y
in
Du
bai
,
U
nited
A
rab
E
m
ira
t
es
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
and
C
om
pute
r
Engi
n
e
eri
ng,
Be
irut
Ar
a
b
Univer
sit
y
,
Lebanon
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
26
, 2
019
Re
vised
Dec
1
0
,
20
19
Accepte
d
Dec
1
6
, 20
19
The
inc
r
ea
sing
demand
for
gre
en
s
ustai
nab
le
ene
rg
y
sour
ce
le
d
t
o
a
worldwide
in
cre
ase
in
the
in
stal
lation
of
l
ar
ge
sca
l
e
photov
olt
aic
(PV
)
far
m
s.
To
ensure
the
PV
far
m
s
complia
nce
w
it
h
safe
t
y
and
oper
ational
guide
li
n
es,
ea
r
t
hing
s
y
stems
are
essential
c
o
m
ponent
of
the
design.
An
ade
quate
e
a
rthi
ng
s
y
st
em
for
low,
m
e
dium,
and
high
vo
lt
a
ge
areas
of
the
PV
far
m
en
sures
ene
rg
y
un
der
fau
lt
c
onditi
on
and
s
y
s
te
m
m
al
func
ti
o
n
are
absorbe
d
wit
hout
excee
ding
t
he
desira
b
le
l
imits.
Th
e
work
in
thi
s
pape
r
ca
ptur
es
the
soi
l
resisti
vi
t
y
and
the
ea
r
thi
ng
s
ystem
req
uire
m
e
nts
for
ea
ch
volt
ag
e
le
ve
l.
T
he
pape
r
high
li
g
hts
the
boundar
i
es
for
combined
or
sepa
rate
ea
rth
ing
s
y
st
em
bet
wee
n
low,
m
edi
um
and
high
volt
ag
e.
F
urthe
rm
ore
,
the
works
foc
us
on
the
sy
stem
cost
and
m
ai
ntenanc
e
withou
t
je
opar
di
zi
n
g
s
y
stem i
nt
egr
i
ti
e
s a
nd
saf
ety
complia
n
ce
.
Case
stu
d
y
is also i
n
cl
ud
ed.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Earth p
otentia
l rise
Fault
cu
rr
e
nt
di
stribu
ti
on
PV
gro
undi
ng
Sp
li
t fact
or
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Chadi
N
ohra,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
pu
te
r
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Be
irut Ara
b U
niv
e
rsity
, Tr
i
poli
Leb
a
non
,
U
nited
A
ra
b
E
m
irat
es.
Em
a
il
: c.no
hra
@b
a
u.
e
du.lb
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ele
ct
rical
pow
er
f
or
m
an
ind
is
pe
ns
able
par
t
of
hu
m
an
com
fo
rt
a
nd
eco
nom
ic
dev
el
opm
ents.
An
el
ect
ric
power
outa
ge
ca
n
cause
m
ajo
r
disturba
nce
to
hu
m
an
daily
a
ct
ivit
y,
and
m
i
gh
t
bur
de
n
the
glo
ba
l
econom
y.
Moreo
ve
r,
gen
e
rati
on
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
is
heav
i
ly
dep
en
de
nt
on
fo
s
sil
fu
el
.
The
Co
2
em
i
ssions
from
this
gen
e
rati
on
proc
ess
neg
at
ively
a
ff
e
ct
s
the
e
nv
i
ron
m
ent.
I
n
a
dd
it
ion
to
t
he
e
nviro
nm
ental
i
m
p
act
s
,
the
de
pleti
on
of
f
os
sil
f
uel
pu
ts
add
it
io
nal
bur
de
n
on
gove
rn
m
ent
and
res
earche
rs
to
fin
d
a
gr
ee
n
s
us
ta
inab
l
e
so
urce
f
or
elec
tric
al
p
ower
ge
ner
at
io
n.
So
la
r
e
nergy
is
on
e
of
the
gr
e
en
su
sta
i
nab
le
so
urces
that
ca
n
be
us
e
d
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
to
fo
ssil
f
uels.
Photo
vo
lt
ai
c
(
PV
)
te
c
hnolog
ie
s
cov
e
rt
su
n
rad
ia
ti
on
i
nto
direct
current
(D
C)
e
nergy,
without
the
ne
gative
i
m
pact
associat
ed
with
util
iz
ing
f
os
sil
f
uel.
The
U
nited
Nati
ons,
sup
porte
d
by
gove
rn
m
ents,
enc
oura
ge
the
dep
l
oym
ents
of
PV
syst
e
m
fo
r
sm
all,
m
edium
and
lar
ge
-
scal
e
pro
j
e
ct
s.
Larg
e
scal
e
proj
ect
s
are
form
ed
with
la
r
ge
nu
m
ber
of
PV
pa
nels
ac
ro
ss
l
arg
e
area
,
as
sh
ow
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1
[
1].
The
m
ajo
rity
of
el
ect
rical
netw
orks
op
e
r
at
e
on
al
te
r
nating
c
urre
nt
(
AC
)
syst
em
.
Thu
s
,
in
a
dd
it
io
n
to
gen
e
rati
ng
D
C
from
su
n
ra
di
at
ion
,
the
P
V
far
m
conve
rts
DC
to
AC,
f
or
net
w
ork
de
plo
ym
e
nts.
For
a
la
rge
PV
fa
rm
,
after
ob
ta
ini
ng
t
he
AC
powe
r,
t
he
syst
e
m
w
il
l st
ep
up
the
vo
lt
ag
e
us
ing t
w
o
sta
ges:
Lo
w vo
lt
age
to
m
ediu
m
v
oltage
(11
kV to 1
33kV)
Me
diu
m
v
oltag
e to
high
vo
lt
a
ge (6
6kV
and
up)
The
hi
gh
volt
age
side
is
co
nn
ect
ed
to
a
trans
m
issi
on
li
ne
ne
twork
to
tra
nsm
it
the
gen
e
rated
po
wer
t
o
the
load
.
To
e
ns
ure
the
syst
e
m
is
co
m
plyin
g
with
safety
regulat
ion
s
a
nd
operati
onal
gu
i
delines,
ea
rthing
syst
e
m
(also
know
n
as
gro
unding
syst
em
)
i
s
re
qu
ire
d
t
hro
ughout
t
he
pla
nt.
T
o
c
om
ply
with
sta
nd
a
rds
a
nd
po
li
ci
es,
the
e
arthin
g
syst
em
is
req
uire
d
f
or
the
DC,
lo
w
,
m
edium
and
hig
h
vo
lt
age
areas.
T
he
ear
thin
g
syst
e
m
is
com
po
s
ed
of
the
ea
rth
gr
i
d,
t
he
ea
rth
ca
ble,
a
nd
t
he
ca
ble
scre
e
n
(
or
the
ove
rhead
ea
rth
wire
)
[2
-
7].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ph
oto
v
oltaic s
ola
r
fa
r
m: eart
hing syste
m de
sign f
or
c
os
t
re
du
ct
io
n
…
(
Mo
ham
ad Nasse
r
edd
i
ne
)
2885
The
eart
h
gri
d i
s f
or
m
ed
by steel
f
oundat
ions
, elect
ro
de
s and m
esh.
Th
e earth
gri
d
i
s locat
ed
at
the P
V pa
nels,
as
well
as
,
at
the
lo
w,
m
edi
um
and
high
vo
lt
age
s
ubsta
ti
on
s
.
P
V
far
m
s
are
ex
posed
to
DC
an
d
A
C
fau
l
t
conditi
ons.
Th
e
ro
le
of
the
ea
rth
gri
d
is
to
absor
b
the
fau
lt
energy,
w
hich
pr
e
ve
nts
hu
m
an
injur
y
or
da
m
age
to
the equipm
ent.
Currentl
y,
IE
EE
sta
nd
a
rds
[2
,
5]
are
the
m
a
in
ref
e
ren
ces
for
earthin
g
desi
gn
procedure
s.
These
sta
nd
a
r
ds
are
base
d
on
s
ubsta
ti
ons
and
has
no
r
efere
nce
or
s
pe
ci
al
pr
oce
dur
es
for
la
r
ge
P
V
fa
r
m
earthin
g
desi
gn.
F
ollow
i
ng
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
IEE
E
sta
nd
a
rd
s
c
ould
le
a
d
to
an
unnecessa
rily
com
plex
syst
e
m
,
wh
ic
h
has
im
pact
on
cost
a
nd
en
vir
on
m
ent.
T
he
m
ai
n
co
ntributi
on
of
this
pa
pe
r
is
a
ste
p
-
by
-
ste
p
guide
to
desi
gn
the earthi
ng
sy
stem
f
or
lar
ge sc
al
e PV
f
a
rm
s
. Th
e
pap
e
r
f
oc
us
es
on
syst
em
co
m
pliance wh
il
e reducin
g p
rojec
t
costs,
m
ai
ntenan
ce
re
quirem
ents
with
out
j
e
op
a
r
dizing
t
he
safety
aspect o
f
the d
esi
gn.
A
no
t
her
c
ontrib
ution o
f
this
pa
per
is
a
naly
sis
of
t
he
i
m
pact
of
va
ri
ou
s
so
il
resist
i
vity
structu
re
on
t
he
eart
hing
de
sig
n
of
P
V
fa
rm
.
The
pro
vid
e
d
analy
sis
includes
DC,
lo
w,
m
edium
,
and
high
volt
age
area
s.
This
a
na
ly
sis
sh
ou
ld
pro
vid
e
the
desig
ne
r
w
it
h
the
require
d
init
ia
l
assessm
ents.
Finall
y,
this
pap
e
r
co
nsi
der
s
the
var
i
ou
s
volt
age
ar
eas,
i.e
.
DC,
l
ow
,
m
edium
, an
d hig
h v
oltages,
in
t
he e
arthin
g desi
gn pro
ces
s.
Figure
1
.
Lar
ge
scale
P
V
fa
r
m
2.
THE
ORETI
C
AL ST
UDY
2.1.
P
hotov
olta
ic
fa
r
m desi
gn
The
desig
n
a
nd
la
yo
ut
of
P
V
far
m
s
is
discu
ssed
in
this
se
ct
ion
.
T
he
po
wer
of
the
P
V
pan
el
s
va
ries
betwee
n 100 t
o 3
70 w
at
ts.
F
or large
P
V
fa
rm
, th
e
re
qu
ire
d n
um
ber
of PV
pa
nels
N
PV
is de
te
rm
ined by (
1):
PV
F
PV
P
P
N
(1)
wh
e
re
P
F
is
the
PV
fa
rm
po
we
r
capaci
ty
in
Watt
s
and
P
PV
is
the
ind
ivi
dual
PV
pa
nel
po
wer
in
Watt
s.
The
P
V
pan
el
s
are
in
sta
ll
ed
in
strings
and
ar
rays
to
su
it
the
instal
le
d
inv
erte
r
rati
ng
ca
pacit
y.
The
num
ber
of
P
V
pan
el
s
p
e
r
in
ve
rter is c
om
pu
te
d usin
g
(
2
)
.
M
P
P
N
PV
i
i
PV
(2)
wh
e
re
P
i
is
the
cho
se
n
in
ver
te
r
m
axi
m
u
m
po
wer
po
i
nt
(MP
PT)
rate
d
pow
er
as
per
the
m
anufactu
rer
in
Watt
s,
P
PV
is
the
ind
iv
idu
al
P
V
pa
nel
power
i
n
W
at
t
s,
an
d
M
is
the n
um
ber
of
MP
PT
at
the
ch
ose
n
in
ver
te
r
.
Fi
gure
2
sh
ows
a
la
yout
of
P
V
far
m
.
As
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2,
the
AC
s
ide
of
the
i
nv
e
rter
is
fed
to
a
ste
p
-
up
tra
nsfo
rm
er.
Also
,
t
he
hi
gh
side
of
the
tr
ansfo
rm
er
is
fed
to
the
high
vo
lt
age
subst
at
i
on
f
or
a
nother
volt
age
ste
p
-
up.
Ca
bles w
it
h sc
reen
s
are
u
se
d t
o
co
nnect
the
m
edium
tran
sf
or
m
ers
to t
he h
igh
volt
age s
ub
sta
ti
on
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
8
4
-
2
8
9
3
2886
PV
Pa
n
el
s
In
v
e
rt
er
&
St
ep
-
u
p
T
ran
s
fo
rme
r
MV
/
H
V
T
ran
s
fo
rme
r
In
v
e
rt
er
&
St
ep
-
u
p
T
ran
s
fo
rme
r
In
v
e
rt
er
&
St
ep
-
u
p
T
ran
s
fo
rme
r
Figure
2
.
P
V
f
arm
lay
ou
t showin
g
the
p
a
nel
s,
in
ver
te
r
a
nd
trans
form
er
2.2.
S
oil resi
st
ivity
The
ea
rth gr
i
d resist
ance
of
t
he
g
r
oundin
g
sy
stem
is g
ov
e
r
ne
d by the size
of
t
he
c
onduct
ive m
at
erials
e
m
bed
de
d
i
nto
the
gro
und,
an
d
the
so
il
resist
ivit
y
(
ρ
)
of
t
he
a
rea.
T
her
e
fore,
so
il
resist
ivit
y
for
m
s
an
i
m
po
rtant
el
e
m
ent
w
hen
it
com
es
to
gro
undi
ng
syst
em
.
Me
asur
i
ng
so
il
resis
ti
vity
is
r
equ
i
red
to
det
erm
ine
the
so
il
’s
abili
ty
to
retar
d
th
e
co
nductio
n
of
an
el
ect
ric
current.
S
oil
res
ist
ivit
y
values
ty
pical
ly
ran
ge
from
about
2
to
10,000
Ω
-
m
,
bu
t
m
or
e
e
xtrem
e
values
are
not
un
us
ua
l.
Ta
ble
1
sh
ows
t
he
s
oil
resist
ivit
y
rang
e
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
so
il
t
ypes.
T
he
s
oil
resist
ivit
y
valu
e
sig
nificantl
y
i
m
pacts
the
gri
d
r
esi
sta
nce.
T
he
gr
i
d
re
sist
an
ce
in
tur
n
re
flect
s
on
the
ea
rth
pote
ntial
rises
a
nd
vo
lt
age
tra
ns
fe
r.
T
he
refor
e
,
a
m
or
e
accurate
so
il
resist
ivit
y
value
is
req
uir
ed
f
or
com
pliant
design.
A
ny
of
the
so
il
resist
ivit
y
m
et
ho
ds,
su
c
h
as
W
en
ne
r
m
et
ho
d,
the Sc
hlu
m
berger
ar
ray,
or
t
he
drive
n
r
od m
et
hod
ca
n be
use
d
t
o determ
i
ne
the
s
oil resi
sti
vity
[
1
-
11]
.
Table
1
.
Ty
pic
al
so
il
r
esi
sti
vit
y of va
rio
us
ty
pe of
so
il
Ty
p
e of
Soil o
r
wa
ter
ρ
(
Ω
-
m)
Sea
W
ater
2
Clay
40
s
Grou
n
d
well
an
d
sp
ring
water
50
Clay
an
d
Sand
m
ix
100
Sh
ale,
Slates
,
San
d
sto
n
e
120
Peat,
Loa
m
an
d
M
u
d
150
Lake and
Broo
k
Water
250
San
d
2000
Moran
e G
ravel
3000
Rid
g
e Gr
av
el
1
5
0
0
0
So
lid
gran
ite
2
5
0
0
0
Ice
1
0
0
0
0
0
2.3.
Grid re
sistance
The
ea
rth g
rid resist
ance
of a
sing
le
elec
tr
od
e
R
g
is cal
culat
ed by
(
3
)
[2
-
14]
1
8
ln
2
d
L
L
R
g
(3)
wh
e
re
ρ
is
th
e
so
il
re
sist
ivit
y,
L
is
the
burie
d
le
ngth
of
the
el
ect
rode
in
m
et
ers,
an
d
d
the
diam
e
te
r
of
the
el
ect
ro
de
i
n
m
e
te
rs.
Fig
ure
3
sho
ws
the
resist
ance
of
0.5m
e
le
ct
ro
de
,
with
a
cross
-
sect
ion
al
area
of
70
sq
ua
re
m
il
lim
e
te
rs,
u
nde
r
var
i
ou
s
s
oil
resist
ivit
y
conditi
ons
.
Fig
ure 3
cl
ear
ly
ref
le
ct
s
the
i
ncr
ease
in
ea
rt
h
gr
i
d
resist
ance
valu
e of
a si
ng
le
el
ect
rode
with th
e increase
in
th
e so
il
r
e
sist
ivit
y.
The
P
V
pa
ne
ls
are
instal
le
d
on
a
sup
port
struct
ur
e
,
wh
ic
h
has
c
oncrete
fou
nd
at
ion
s
.
T
hese
fou
nd
at
io
ns
ha
ve
co
nductive
ste
el
m
a
te
rial
s
wh
ic
h
m
akes
it
su
it
able
to
act
as
an
el
ect
ro
de
.
It
is
wo
rth
noti
ng,
that
the
PV
s
yst
e
m
cann
ot
exists
with
ou
t
the
sup
portin
g
str
uctu
re,
th
eref
or
e
t
hese
structu
res
for
m
an
ind
is
pen
sa
ble
el
e
m
ent
of
the
PV
far
m
.
Fig
ur
e
4
show
s
th
e
pan
el
instal
la
ti
on
s
in
P
V
farm
.
The
la
rg
e
num
ber
of
P
V
pan
el
s
r
eflect
la
rg
e
nu
m
ber
of
st
eel
f
oundat
ions.
C
om
bin
ing
these
steel
fou
nd
at
io
ns
h
as
t
he
pote
ntial
to
form
low
gri
d
resist
ance,
pe
ndin
g
s
oil
resist
ivit
y
values.
D
ur
i
ng
t
he
asse
s
sm
ent
within
this
pa
pe
r,
eac
h
le
g
is
consi
der
e
d
a
s a
n
el
ect
r
od
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ph
oto
v
oltaic s
ola
r
fa
r
m: eart
hing syste
m de
sign f
or
c
os
t
re
du
ct
io
n
…
(
Mo
ham
ad Nasse
r
edd
i
ne
)
2887
Figure
3
.
Sin
gl
e ele
ct
rode
gr
i
d resist
ance
for
v
a
ro
i
ou
s
s
oil r
esi
sti
vity
Figure
4
.
P
V p
anels instal
la
ti
on in
la
rg
e
f
a
r
m
an
d
it
s f
ou
ndat
ion em
bed
de
d
int
o
the
gro
und [
11
]
Fo
r
a r
ow of P
V
pa
nels, each
fou
nd
at
io
ns
is connected t
o
th
e n
ext one u
si
ng the steel
o
f
the stru
ct
ur
e
that
su
pport
th
e
pan
el
s.
Let
R
s
denote
the
resist
ance
of
the
ste
el
structur
e
bet
ween
t
wo
f
oundat
io
n
po
le
s,
R
a
denote
the
resist
ance
of
the
ste
el
str
uc
ture
a
bove
gro
und,
an
d
R
ft
d
e
no
te
t
he
f
oo
ti
ng
resist
an
ce
of
the
foundati
on
po
le
.
Fi
gure
5
sh
ows
the
resis
ta
nce
ci
rcu
it
of
a
ro
w
of
PV
pa
nels.
N
ote
that
R
ft=
R
g+
R
a
,
whe
r
e
Rg
is
ob
ta
i
ne
d
from
(
3
)
re
pr
ese
nts
t
he
r
esi
sta
nce
belo
w
gro
und
for
the
fou
nd
at
io
ns
of
the
sup
portin
g
structu
re.
Sinc
e R
g
>>R
a
, th
er
efore R
ft
≈R
g
.
Fo
r
a
lo
ng
r
ow
w
he
re
it
is
co
ns
ide
red
a
n
in
finite
syst
e
m
,
analy
sing
the
ci
rc
uit
in
Fig
ur
e
6
t
o
determ
ine
the
total
resist
ance
of
t
he
r
ow.
“
R
inf
”
is
the
in
f
init
e
resist
ance
as
seen
from
the
en
d
of
the
row.
Infinite
syst
e
m
def
init
io
n:
when
the
input
re
sist
ance
at
the
edg
e
of
the
r
ow
can
no
t
capt
ure
the
entire
le
ng
t
h
of
the syst
em
, th
eref
or
e
only
a s
ect
ion
of the
r
ow is c
onside
re
d for the
in
pu
t
resist
ance.
Figure
5
.
Re
sist
ance circ
uit f
or the
row
Figure
6
.
ci
rcu
i
t analy
sis f
or
the lo
ng ro
w
R
ft
R
s
R
ft
R
ft
R
s
R
ft
R
ft
R
ft
R
s
R
s
R
ft
R
s
R
i
n
f
i
n
f
R
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
8
4
-
2
8
9
3
2888
An
al
yz
in
g
the
ci
rcu
it
in
Fig
ur
e
6
ge
ner
at
e
s
in
(
4
)
[
2,
5].
Figure
7
(
a
)
il
lustrate
s
the
in
finite
input
resist
ance
of a
long
row usin
g f
oo
ti
ng
resist
ance
from
Figu
r
e
5. F
or the si
m
ula
ti
on
, R
s
is
assu
m
ed
to
be
0
.
1Ω.
=
2
+
√
(4)
Figure
7
(
b
)
s
hows
t
he
in
pu
t
i
m
ped
ance
f
or
an
infi
nite
row
with
diff
e
re
nt
fou
nd
at
io
ns
detai
ls.
The
f
igures
sh
ow
the
f
oundat
ion
de
pth
c
hanges
t
o
re
presents
di
ff
e
rent
el
ect
ro
de
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs.
It
is
cl
early
sh
ow
n
f
ro
m
the
fi
gure
that
the
f
oundat
io
n
detai
ls
play
an
im
po
rta
nt
ro
le
al
ong
wi
th
th
e
s
oil
re
s
ist
ivit
y
to
determ
ine
the
infin
it
e
in
put
resist
ance
va
lue
.
Ba
sed
on
the
above
in
form
ation
,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
le
ng
th
f
or
the ro
w
to
b
e
c
on
si
der
e
d
a
n
i
nfi
nite sy
ste
m
.
The pa
per
us
es
(
5
)
t
o determ
i
ne
the
in
finite
leng
t
h
L
inf
[
15, 16].
√
>
2
(4)
Figure
8
s
how
s
the
le
ngth
of
the
r
ow
to
be
c
on
si
der
e
d
as
a
n
in
finite
syst
em
fo
r
dif
fer
e
nt
fou
nd
at
io
ns
char
act
e
risti
cs.
Ba
sed
on
the
si
m
ulate
d
dat
a,
it
is
cl
early
sh
ow
n
that
i
n
so
la
r
far
m
s,
in
finite
co
ndit
ion
s
a
r
e
app
li
cable
as
t
he
r
ow
usual
ly
are
form
ed
by
100s
of
pan
el
s
wh
ic
h
eq
uate
to
100s
of
m
eter
s.
T
he
resist
a
nce
as
per
(
4
)
is u
sed
as an
in
pu
t
resi
sta
nce at the
in
ver
te
r
tra
ns
f
orm
er ear
th
gri
d
.
(a)
(b)
Figure
7
.
(a
)
I
nfi
nite i
nput
resi
sta
nce fo
r
a l
ong
in
finite
ro
w,
(b) In
finite
in
put resist
a
nce fo
r
a
n
in
finite
ro
w unde
r diffe
r
ent
f
oundat
io
n
Figure
8
.
I
nf
i
nite l
eng
th
for r
ow
unde
r diffe
r
ent fo
undatio
n detai
ls
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ph
oto
v
oltaic s
ola
r
fa
r
m: eart
hing syste
m de
sign f
or
c
os
t
re
du
ct
io
n
…
(
Mo
ham
ad Nasse
r
edd
i
ne
)
2889
2.4.
Ear
th
gri
d la
yout
Fo
ll
owin
g
the
l
ay
ou
t
in
Fi
gure
2,
the
earth
gri
d
of
each
sect
ion
can
be
bond
ed
us
in
g
t
he
ca
ble
scree
n
or
ca
ble
tray
s
t
o
the
rem
ai
nin
g
eart
h
gr
id
s.
Figure
9
(
a
)
s
hows
the
pro
pos
ed
ci
rc
uit
f
or
t
he
c
om
bin
ed
e
arthin
g
syst
e
m
of
the
PV
fa
rm
.
Co
m
bin
in
g
the
ea
rt
h
gr
id
offer
s
num
ero
us
br
a
nc
hes
f
or
t
he
fa
ul
t
cur
re
nt
distri
bu
ti
ons
,
in
add
it
io
n
to
vo
lt
age
tra
nsfe
r
betwee
n
thes
e
gr
ids
.
De
pendin
g
on
the
fa
ult
cur
re
nt
m
a
gn
it
ude
an
d
ea
rth
gri
d
resist
ance,
the
vo
lt
age
rise
du
e
to
c
urre
nt
distribu
ti
on
c
ou
l
d
reac
h
un
safe
lim
it
and
cause
dam
age
to
app
a
ratuse
s
a
nd
risk
to
hum
ans.
Pe
nd
i
ng
the
tra
nsfo
rm
er
arr
a
ngem
ent
(
De
lta
-
W
ye
)
a
nd
if
it
is
ground
e
d,
the
gro
und
faul
t
cur
re
nt
co
ndit
ion
will
be
de
te
rm
ined.
T
he
gro
und
fa
ult
at
the
HV
s
ubsta
ti
on
can
be
fe
d
from
the
util
it
y
and
the
ent
ire
PV
f
arm
.
This
conditi
on
co
ul
d
in
crease
the
gro
und
fa
ult
curre
nt
du
e
to
util
ity
fau
lt
conditi
ons.
U
nder
f
a
ult co
nd
it
ion
,
the c
urre
nt
sp
li
t i
s go
vern
ed by t
w
o
la
w
s
:
Current
div
i
der r
ule
Mutual c
ouplin
g betwee
n faul
te
d
phase
and
r
et
urn path
Figure
9
(
b
)
re
pr
ese
nts
a
fau
l
t
conditi
on,
th
e
current
i
nto
the
com
bin
ed
earth
gr
i
d
is
gove
r
ned
by
current
di
vid
e
r
ru
le
an
d
the
m
utu
al
cou
plin
g
betwee
n
the
fau
lt
ed
ph
a
se
and
ca
ble
scre
en.
T
he
fa
ult
current
distrib
ution
be
tween
the
ea
rth
gri
ds
(HV,
MV
an
d
PV
e
arth
gri
d)
is
gove
r
ned
by
th
e
current
di
vide
r
r
ule
without m
utu
al
coup
li
ng.
T
he sc
reen cu
rr
e
nt
can
be
c
om
pu
te
d usin
g
(
6
)
[16]
=
(
−
−
−
+
)
(6)
wh
e
re
I
g
is
the
total
gr
id
fa
ult
current
(
for
the
com
bin
ed
gr
i
ds),
I
f
is
the
fa
ult
cur
re
nt,
Z
scr
-
in
is
the
cable
screen
input
i
m
ped
an
ce,
Z
m
is
the
m
utu
al
cou
pling
betwee
n
th
e
fau
lt
ed
phas
e
and
the
ca
bl
e
screen,
a
nd
R
g
is
the
com
bin
ed
earth
gri
ds
(
H
V,
MV
an
d
P
V
earth
gri
ds).
Af
te
r
determ
ining
I
g
usi
ng
in
(
6
)
,
cu
rr
e
nt
div
id
e
r
ru
le
is a
ppli
ed t
o
s
plit
I
g
into
the
diff
e
re
nt ear
th grids
(H
V
e
arth gri
d,
M
V ea
rth gr
i
d
a
nd
PV
ea
rth
grid
).
MV
E
art
h
G
ri
d
PV
E
art
h
G
ri
d
Co
n
n
ec
t
i
o
n
Imp
ed
an
ce
H
V
E
art
h
G
ri
d
MV
E
ar
t
h
G
ri
d
PV
E
art
h
G
ri
d
Co
n
n
ec
t
i
o
n
Im
p
ed
an
ce
E
art
h
Bar
a
t
t
h
e
H
V
Su
b
s
t
at
i
o
n
MV
E
art
h
G
ri
d
PV
E
art
h
G
ri
d
H
V
E
art
h
G
ri
d
Cab
l
e
Scr
een
Res
i
s
t
an
ce
Fa
u
l
t
ed
p
h
as
e
at
H
V
Su
b
s
t
at
i
o
n
Cab
l
e
Sc
r
een
fo
r
t
h
e
fau
l
t
ed
p
h
as
e
i
s
c
r
e
e
n
i
f
a
ul
t
(a)
(b)
Figure
9
.
(a
)
E
arth gri
d
ci
rc
ui
t l
ay
ou
t;
(b)
fa
ult co
nd
it
io
n w
it
h
m
utu
al
coupling
3.
PROP
OSE
D DESIG
N DI
A
GRAM
On
e
of
the
pap
e
r’s
m
a
in
con
tri
bu
ti
ons
is
pr
esente
d
in
this
sect
i
on.
As
hi
gh
li
gh
te
d
within
the
introd
uctio
n,
the
cu
rrent
s
ta
nd
a
rd
s
a
nd
proce
dures
do
not
ref
le
ct
the
optim
u
m
pr
oces
s
for
la
rg
e
P
V
far
m
earthin
g
deig
n.
The
pa
per
util
iz
ed
the
a
vaila
ble
in
for
m
at
ion
within
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
sta
nd
a
rds
[
2
-
7]
,
and
the
avail
able
re
search
outp
uts [
13
-
20
]
,
to d
et
erm
ine
the
op
ti
m
u
m
ste
ps
to
e
ns
ure
the
ea
rth
ing
d
esi
gn
c
ompli
es
with
saf
et
y
and
operati
on
po
li
ci
es.
No
te
that
this
is
done
wh
il
e
r
edu
ci
ng
im
ple
m
entat
ion
cos
t
an
d
env
i
ronm
ental
i
m
pact
of
the
pro
j
ect
.
Ba
sed
on
the
t
heoreti
cal
sect
ion
ana
ly
sis,
the
pap
er
proposes
the
desi
gn
diag
ram
sh
own
in
Fi
gure
10.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
8
4
-
2
8
9
3
2890
P
V
E
a
r
t
h
i
n
g
D
e
s
i
g
n
D
i
a
g
r
a
m
S
t
e
p
#
1
:
G
a
t
h
e
r
d
a
t
a
(
s
o
i
l
,
f
a
u
l
t
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
s
,
e
t
c
)
S
t
e
p
#
2
:
D
e
s
i
g
n
e
a
r
t
h
g
r
i
d
l
a
y
o
u
t
(
w
o
r
s
t
f
a
u
l
t
s
c
e
n
a
r
i
o
)
S
t
e
p
#
3
:
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
e
a
r
t
h
g
r
i
d
r
e
s
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
S
t
e
p
#
4
:
C
o
m
b
i
n
e
g
r
i
d
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
S
t
e
p
#
5
:
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
m
a
g
n
i
t
u
d
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
e
a
r
t
h
g
r
i
d
S
t
e
p
#
6
:
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
e
E
P
R
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
e
a
r
t
h
g
r
i
d
S
t
e
p
#
7
:
D
e
t
e
r
m
i
n
e
i
f
E
P
R
i
s
b
e
l
o
w
a
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e
l
i
m
i
t
s
D
e
s
i
g
n
R
e
p
o
r
t
Y
e
s
No
Figure
10
.
Pro
po
s
ed
d
esi
gn di
agr
am
f
or P
V farm
earthin
g
s
yst
e
m
The
ai
m
of
the
diagr
am
is
to
set
the
op
ti
m
u
m
ste
ps
fo
r
the
desig
n
when
i
t
co
m
es
to
PV
so
la
r
far
m
earthin
g
syst
e
m
.
The
diagr
a
m
ai
d
the
des
ign
e
r
to
de
te
r
m
ine
the
requ
ired
ste
ps
to
ens
ur
e
the
sys
tem
i
s
co
m
pliant
to
s
afety
an
d
op
e
r
at
ion
al
re
quire
m
ents.
From
t
he
diag
ram
,
ste
p
#3
f
or
m
the
area
w
her
e
t
he
earth
gr
i
d
resist
ance
is
c
om
pu
te
d
ba
sed
on
t
he
propose
d
syst
em
.
Ba
se
d
on
the
res
ults
f
r
om
ste
p
#7,
the
eart
h
gr
i
d
desig
n
will
be
al
te
red
to
e
ns
ure
t
he
eart
h
p
ote
ntial
rise
(EPR
)
is
w
it
h
in
the
al
lo
wab
le
sa
fety
lim
it
s.
Fo
r
al
lo
wab
le
safety
lim
it
s,
IEEE
80
an
d
re
fer
e
nces
[5
]
ca
n
be
us
e
d.
T
he
theo
reti
cal
se
ct
ion
highli
ghts
that
the
f
oundat
io
n
of
t
he
P
V
st
ru
ct
ur
e
ca
n
be
us
e
d
as
el
ect
rodes
t
o
re
duc
e
the
eart
h
gri
d
of
the
PV
far
m
.
The
c
om
bin
ed
footin
gs
resis
ta
nce
can
be
c
om
pu
te
d
us
in
g
(
4
)
al
ong
with
the
m
axi
m
u
m
le
ng
th
as
pe
r
(
5
)
.
These
c
oncept
s
is
the
sam
e
as
transm
issio
n
li
ne
in
pu
t
resist
ance,
w
hich
is
ver
ifie
d
in
t
he
f
ollo
wing
ref
e
ren
ces
[
20
-
2
5
]
.
The
se
equ
at
io
ns
ai
d
t
he
desi
gn
e
r
to
com
plete
the
assessm
ent
us
ing
e
xcel
or
Ma
tl
ab
eng
i
neer
i
ng software
.
The
pro
po
se
d
diag
ram
set
the
ste
ps
require
d
to
c
om
plete
t
he
a
dequate
de
sign.
T
he
dia
gra
m
ensures
the
cost
of
the
earthi
ng
syst
em
is
con
tr
olled
by
ens
uri
ng
on
ly
the
re
qu
i
r
e
d
el
ect
r
od
e
is
instal
le
d.
Add
it
ion
al
el
ect
ro
des
are
instal
le
d
to
s
uit
ste
ps
2
&
3.
By
sta
rtin
g
the
desi
gn
as
sessm
ent
us
ing
the
fou
nd
at
i
on
s
as
el
ect
ro
des
a
nd
then
c
om
plete
the
s
plit
factor
cal
culat
ion
s,
th
e
desi
gn
e
r
has
the
op
portu
nity
to
co
ntr
ol
th
e
cost
o
f
the
ea
rthi
ng
syst
e
m
by
red
ucin
g
the
nu
m
ber
of
el
ect
r
ode
require
d
wit
hout
co
ns
ide
ra
ti
on
of
the
str
uctu
re
fou
nd
at
io
ns
.
T
he
c
os
t
re
duct
ion
s
ad
d
great
value
t
o
the
en
gin
ee
red
earthi
ng
syst
em
and
has
posit
ive
i
m
pact
on
t
he
pr
oj
ect
ov
e
rall
budget
.
In
t
his
sec
ti
on,
it
is
exp
la
ine
d
the
resu
lt
s
of
resea
rch
a
nd
at
the
sam
e
tim
e
is
giv
e
n
the
c
ompre
he
ns
ive
dis
cussion.
Re
s
ult
s
can
be
prese
nted
i
n
fig
ures,
gr
a
phs,
ta
bles
and
othe
rs
t
hat
m
ake
the r
ea
der u
nd
erstan
d
easi
ly
[2,
5]. T
he disc
us
sio
n
ca
n be
m
ade in
se
vera
l s
ub
-
c
hap
te
rs
4.
THE
ORETI
C
AL DIS
CUSS
ION
Safety
is
al
ways
the
nu
m
ber
on
e
pri
ori
ty
du
ri
ng
any
phas
e
of
a
proj
ect
.
Earthin
g
syst
em
is
crit
ic
al
because
,
i
n
a
ddit
ion
t
o
m
ai
ntaining
a
de
qua
te
op
e
rati
on
of
the
P
V
far
m
,
it
ensures
saf
et
y
of
t
he
P
V
far
m
.
Currentl
y,
on
e
of
the
m
ajor
issues
relat
ed
t
o
desig
ning
ea
rthing
syst
em
fo
r
la
rg
e
P
V
fa
rm
s
is
the
abse
nce
of
cl
ear
set
of
proce
dures
th
at
govern
the
de
sign
e
r
decisi
on
s
.
F
or
e
xa
m
ple,
fo
r
co
nventio
nal
hi
gh
vo
lt
age
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ph
oto
v
oltaic s
ola
r
fa
r
m: eart
hing syste
m de
sign f
or
c
os
t
re
du
ct
io
n
…
(
Mo
ham
ad Nasse
r
edd
i
ne
)
2891
su
bst
at
ion
s
a
nd
transm
issi
on
li
nes,
IEEE
and
oth
e
r
sta
nd
a
r
ds
set
cl
ear
desig
n
ste
ps
to
ensure
s
yst
e
m
com
pliance
w
hile
ta
king
int
o
c
on
si
der
at
io
n
the
c
os
t
a
nd
m
ai
ntenan
ce
requirem
ents.
Howe
ver,
a
un
i
fied
desig
n
ste
ps
f
or
la
rg
e
P
V
fa
rm
s
do
es
no
t
e
xist.
T
o
reso
l
ve
this
m
ajo
r
is
su
e,
t
his
pap
e
r
intr
oduces
a
desig
n
diag
ram
,
sh
own
in
Fig
ur
e
10.
This
desig
n
di
agr
am
,
wh
ic
h
adh
e
res
to
the
var
i
ou
s
sta
nda
r
ds
an
d
publica
ti
on
s,
can
be
us
e
d
as
a
gu
ideli
ne
for
the
m
ini
mu
m
req
uirem
e
nts
thr
ough
ou
t
the
desig
n
pr
ocess.
T
he
pr
opose
d
desig
n
diag
ra
m
al
so
introduc
es
the
first
ea
rthing
desi
gn
diag
ram
fo
r
la
rg
e
P
V
far
m
s.
N
ote
that
this
desi
gn
diag
ram
can
be
us
ed
as
a
ba
sis
fo
r
eart
hing
syst
e
m
design
fo
r
al
te
rnat
ive
ren
ew
able
ene
rg
y
pro
j
ect
s
suc
h
as
wind
far
m
s.
5.
CASE
ST
UDY
A
200M
W
P
V
so
la
r
fa
rm
is
plann
e
d
f
or
Lebano
n
Be
ka
a
valle
y,
the
PV
pa
nels
are
instal
le
d
i
n
the foll
owin
g
a
rr
a
ng
em
ent:
113 r
ow
s
of
pa
nels,
5000
pa
ne
ls per r
ow
Footi
ng se
par
a
ti
on
is
4
m
, f
oo
ti
ng
dep
t
h
is
1m
, an
d
f
ooti
ng
rod
c
ross
-
sect
i
on
al
a
rea is
12
0
m
m
2
The
ste
el
str
uct
ur
e
is m
ade o
f
90x90 sq
ua
re
ga
lvanize
d
ste
el
w
it
h
t
hick
ness
of
7
m
m
Re
sist
ivit
y of
s
te
el
stru
ct
ure
13.
8
×
10
^ (
-
8)
Ω
-
m
an
d
S
oil r
esi
sti
vity
o
f
th
e area is
100 Ω
-
m
Ever
y
r
ow h
as
it
s o
w
n
ste
p up trans
f
or
m
er to 1
32 kV
The
ste
p
-
up
tra
ns
f
or
m
er gr
ound
i
ng is c
onne
ct
ed
to
132/
22
0 kV g
rou
ndin
g usin
g 1
20 m
m
2
screen.
The 2
20k V
fe
ed
er
h
as
a
48 c
or
e
O
P
G
W
as
the
OHE
W.
The
se
pa
rati
on b
et
wee
n
t
he O
HE
W
a
nd the l
ow
est
phase is
4.1m
The hig
hest
fa
ult cu
rr
e
nt s
upplied
by the
22
0 kV is 1
5 k
A wit
h 150 m
s clea
ran
ce
tim
e
The
220
-
kV
substat
ion eart
h gr
i
d
is
0.89 Ω
The
substat
io
n
earth
gr
i
d
cu
rr
e
nt
is
cal
cul
at
ed
us
in
g
the
sp
li
t
f
act
or
and
the
gu
i
delines
as
per
the
IEE
E
80
sta
nd
a
rd
[
5].
The
gr
i
d
c
urre
nt
is
com
pu
te
d
to
be
2906
A
a
nd
t
he
tot
al
EPR
at
the
220k
V
su
bst
at
ion
is
2
.
586
V
.
No
te
that
the
E
PR
is
ve
ry
hi
gh
an
d
the
desi
gn
m
us
t
red
uce
t
he
220kV
eart
h
gr
i
d
resist
ance
to
r
edu
ce
t
he
EPR
to
acce
ptable
lim
it
.
By
fo
ll
ow
in
g
the
pro
pose
d
desig
n
diagr
am
,
the
des
ign
is
com
plete
d
us
in
g
the
sam
e
inputs.
T
he
desi
gn
c
omm
ences
by
cal
culat
in
g
the
resist
a
nce
of
a
sin
gle
fou
nd
at
io
n
of
the
ste
el
str
uctu
re
that
sup
ports
the
P
V
pa
nels
via
(
1
)
.
Th
us
,
f
or
so
il
resist
ivit
y
ρ=
10
0
Ω
-
m
,
the
fo
oti
ng
resist
ance
R
ft=R
g=87.1
Ω
.
The
c
onnecti
on
re
sist
ance
be
tween
t
he
tw
o
f
oundat
io
ns
Rs
is
cal
culat
e
to
be
0.455
8
m
Ω.
From
(
5
)
a
nd
the
cal
culat
ed
val
ues
of
Rft
a
nd
Rs,
f
or
eac
h
r
ow
to
be
c
onsi
der
e
d
as
an
in
f
init
e
syst
e
m
Linf
>
874.2
6
m,
since
each
r
ow
is
com
po
sed
of
5000
pan
el
s
,
i.e
.
the
le
ngth
of
each
r
ow
is
5
km
,
the in
finite
sys
tem
co
nd
it
io
n
i
s sati
sfied.
MATLAB
is
us
e
d
to
cal
cul
at
e
the
eq
uiv
al
ent
resist
ant
of
each
r
ow
of
PV
pan
el
s
Rsi
m
,
based
on
Figure
6.
F
or
5000
P
V
pa
nels,
i.e.
1250
footin
g
pos
ts,
Rsim
=
200
.
3
m
Ω.
The
t
heore
ti
cal
value
of
the
equ
i
valent
resist
ant
of
ea
ch
row
is
cal
culat
ed
by
(
4
)
to
be
Ri
nf.
=
19
9.5
m
Ω.
Un
de
r
a
220kV
sub
sta
ti
on
fau
lt
,
the
gro
und
c
urre
nt
is
sp
li
t
into
11
3
rows,
with
a
n
input
i
m
ped
a
nce
of
1.8
m
Ω.
The
sp
li
t
f
act
or
is
cal
culat
ed
to
be
0.
40
5.
The
gro
und
fa
ult
cu
rr
e
nt
is
6.
076k
A.
The
desig
ne
r
will
com
ple
te
the
sp
li
t
an
al
ysi
s
betwee
n
the
22
0kV
s
ub
sta
ti
on
earth
gri
d
an
d
the
inp
ut
i
m
ped
ance
s
from
th
e
113
r
ow
s
(fo
r
the
pur
pose
of
this
stud
y,
t
he
c
onnecti
on
im
ped
ance
betwee
n
the
eart
h
gri
d
of
the
220k
V
a
nd
t
he
132kV
tra
nsfo
rm
er
tha
t
connect t
he
ro
w
is c
onside
re
d
to
b
e
0.01
oh
m
s).
The
sim
ulati
on
sh
ows that the
cu
rr
e
nt into
ea
ch
r
ow
is 5
4A
and
the
gr
i
d
cu
rr
e
nt into
the 220k
V
earth
gr
i
d
is
15A
.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
sh
ows
t
hat
the
m
axi
m
u
m
EPR
for
each
r
ow
is
13
V.
T
he
pap
e
r
us
es
E
TAP
t
o
ver
ify
the
eart
h
gr
i
d
resist
an
ce
of
the
rows
and
the
m
axi
m
um
EPR
un
de
r
the
fau
lt
conditi
on
s.
ET
AP
softwar
e
was
us
e
d
to
c
om
pu
te
the
in
pu
t
resist
ance
of
eac
h
r
ow.
The
resu
lt
s
s
how
an
i
nput
r
esi
sta
nce
of
314
m
Ω.
It
is
w
ort
h
noti
ng
t
hat
the
au
thors
ran
an
e
xtrem
e
case
on
ET
AP
w
he
re
5kA
fa
ult
cu
r
ren
t
was
i
nject
ed
int
o
on
e
Ro
w.
T
he
si
m
ulati
on
s
hows
t
hat
the
m
a
xim
u
m
tou
ch
volt
age
is
15
8V
with
an
al
lo
w
able
to
uc
h
vo
lt
age
of
188V.
Ba
se
d
on
the
case
stu
dy
data,
t
her
e
is
no
nee
d
f
or
a
dd
it
io
nal
eart
h
gri
d
t
o
e
nsure
syst
e
m
com
pl
ia
nce
unde
r
giv
e
n
da
ta
.
The
syst
em
util
iz
es
the
existi
ng
fou
ndat
ion
s
of
the
P
V
str
uctur
e
s.
This
re
du
c
es
the
cos
t
inv
est
e
d
into
the
earthi
ng
sys
tem
.
No
te
that
adequate
bondi
ng
betwee
n
the
structur
e
s
an
d
the
fo
un
dations
has
to
be
ens
ured
,
wh
ic
h
is
al
so
re
qu
ir
ed
if
el
ect
ro
des
a
nd
m
esh
are
ins
ta
ll
ed.
Fo
r
li
ghtnin
g
assess
m
ent,
the
syst
em
has
to
com
ply
with
the
surge
im
ped
a
nce
a
nd
s
urge
vo
lt
ag
es.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
a
de
sign
at
e
d
el
ect
r
od
e
f
or
the li
gh
t
ning m
ast
s m
igh
t be
re
qu
i
red to a
bso
rb the li
ghtni
ng e
nergy.
6.
CASE
ST
UDY DIS
CUSSI
ON
Using
the
curr
ent
avail
able
I
EEE
80
sta
nd
a
rd
[
5],
this
paper
pro
po
se
d
a
case
stud
y
t
o
dem
on
strat
e
the
viabili
ty
of
the
propose
d
desig
n
dia
gr
a
m
.
Fo
r
the
cas
e
stud
y,
the
sp
l
it
factor
an
d
th
e
su
bs
ta
ti
on
E
PR
wer
e
cal
culat
ed
usi
ng
the
c
urre
nt
IEEE
desig
n
di
agr
am
;
ho
we
ve
r,
the
desi
gner
di
d
not
ta
ke
into
c
onside
rati
on
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2020
:
2
8
8
4
-
2
8
9
3
2892
the
co
nn
ect
e
d
PV
r
ows.
As
s
how
n
in
the
re
su
lt
s,
the
EPR
is
com
pu
te
d
to
be
2586
V
due
to
a
sp
li
t
factor
of
0.193.
T
o
validat
e
the
pro
po
sed
desig
n
dia
gr
am
,
the
case
stud
y
is
eval
ua
te
d
usi
ng
the
pro
po
se
d
ste
ps
show
n
in
Fig
ure
10.
The
E
PR
at
th
e
substat
ion
is
com
pu
te
d
to
be
13.
35
V
.
F
ol
lowing
t
he
pro
po
s
ed
dia
gr
am
ens
ure
that
the
desig
n
co
ns
ide
rs
t
he
fou
nd
at
io
n
of
t
he
P
V
sup
ports,
wh
ic
h
r
ed
uc
es
the
substat
ion
gri
d
as
see
n
from
the
fau
lt
.
T
he
r
esults
co
nf
irm
the
reducti
on
in
EPR.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
ET
AP
si
m
ula
ti
on
show
s
that
the
syst
em
will
c
om
ply
with
safety
regulat
io
ns
if
up
t
o
5000
A
of
fa
ul
t
cur
re
nt
reac
hes
a
ny
row
within
the
PV
far
m
.
Th
us
, t
his case
v
al
idate
s t
he
e
ff
ic
acy
of t
he p
rop
os
ed
d
e
sig
n diag
ram
.
7.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
pap
e
r
ad
dresses
a
n
im
po
rtant
to
pic
rela
te
d
to
safety
a
nd
operati
on
of
PV
so
la
r
fa
r
m
.
The
wo
r
k
in
this
pa
per
hi
gh
li
ghts
the
m
ini
m
u
m
req
ui
rem
ents
fo
r
the
eart
hing
syst
e
m
to
m
eet
s
afety
and
oper
at
ion
al
requirem
ents
with
m
ini
m
al
costs.
The
presente
d
desi
gn
diag
ram
of
fer
s
the
basic
gu
i
delines
to
ens
ur
e
the
syst
em
com
pl
ie
s
with
t
he
pro
j
ect
requi
rem
ents.
The
pr
ese
nted
case
stu
dies
s
how
the
a
dv
a
ncem
e
nt
of
the
pro
posed
diag
ram
especial
ly
wh
en
it
com
es
to
cost
reducti
o
n
a
nd
m
an
po
we
r
de
plo
ym
ents
for
the eart
hing
sy
stem
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Solar
PV
power
plant
requires
40
mile
s
of
cable
tray
,
C
abling
I
nstal
l
at
ion
&
M
ai
n
te
nan
ce,
Acc
ess
ed
13
J
une
2019
.
[
O
nli
ne]
.
A
vaila
ble
:
htt
ps:
//
ww
w.c
ab
li
nginst
al
l
.
c
om
/a
rti
c
le
s/2016
/01/
fluor
-
sol
ar
-
pv
-
ca
bl
et
ra
y
.
html
[2]
"
IEE
E
Guid
e
fo
r
Mea
suring
E
ar
th
Resisti
vi
t
y
,
Ground
Im
peda
nc
e,
and
E
art
h
Su
rfa
ce
Potential
s
of
a
Grounding
S
y
stem,"
in
IE
E
E
Std
81
-
2012
(
Re
v
ision
of
IE
E
E
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-
1983)
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-
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28
De
c. 2012
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[3]
Au
stralian/
New
Zealand
Standard™
Earth
pote
nt
ial
rise
-
protectio
n
of
te
lecomm
unic
ati
on
n
et
work
users
personnel
and
plant,
P
art
1
:
Code
o
f
prac
t
ic
e
,
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.
383
5
.
1
2006
,
2
7
Septe
m
ber
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[4]
Au
stralian/
New
Zealand
Standard™
Earth
pote
nt
ial
rise
-
protectio
n
of
te
lecomm
unic
ati
on
n
et
work
users
personnel
and
plant,
P
art
2
:
Application
g
uide
,
AS
/NZS
Std.
383
5
.
2
2006
,
27
Septe
m
ber
20
06.
[5]
IEE
E
Guid
e
for
Safe
t
y
in
AC
Subs
ta
ti
on
Grounding,
"
in
IE
E
E
Std
80
-
2013
(
Re
vi
sion
of
IE
EE
Std
80
-
2000
/
Inc
orpor
ate
s IEEE
S
td
80
-
2013/
Cor 1
-
2015)
,
pp.
1
-
226,
15
Ma
y
2
015
.
[6]
Au
stralian/
New
Zealand
Stan
dard
™
Ove
rhead
li
ne
design
-
Detai
l
ed
proce
dur
es
,
AZ/NZS
7000:2010,
26
Novem
ber
2010.
[7]
Au
stralian/
New
Zealand
Stand
ard
™
El
ectric
a
l
instal
la
ti
ons
-
sur
fac
e
mines
a
nd
ass
oci
ate
d
proce
ss
ing
plan
t
,
AS
/NZS
Std.
30
07.
2
-
2004
,
30
A
ugust
2004
[8]
N
assere
ddine
M,
Riz
k
J,
Nagri
a
l
M
and
Hell
any
A.
,
“
Esti
m
at
io
n
of
appa
ren
t
soil
resisti
vi
t
y
fo
r
two
lay
ers
soil
struct
ure
using
t
he
ref
l
ection
co
eff
icient
K
,
”
In
t
ernati
onal
Journal
of
En
ergy
a
nd
Env
ironment
and
Ec
onomi
cs
,
Vol.
4,
No.
4
,
pp
.
573
-
580
,
2013
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[9]
Nass
ere
ddine
M
.
,
R
iz
k
J.
,
and
Nass
erd
ine
G.
,
“
Soil
Resisti
vity
Struct
ure
and
I
ts
Im
pli
ca
t
ion
o
n
the
Pol
e
Grid
Resista
nc
e
for
T
ran
sm
ission
Li
nes
,
”
Int
ernati
ona
l
Journal
of
E
le
c
tric
al
,
robotic
s,
el
e
ct
ronics
and
Comm
unic
ati
ons
Engi
ne
ering
,
Vol.
7
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No
.
1
,
pp
.
1
9
-
23.
2013
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[10]
Chow,
Y
L.
Els
her
bin
y
,
M.
an
d
Sala
m
a
M.
,
“
Resista
nc
e
form
ula
s
for
groundi
ng
sy
st
ems
in
two
-
lay
er
e
art
h
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Powe
r
Del
iv
ery
,
Vol
.
11
,
N
o
.
3
,
pp
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1330
-
1
336,
1996
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Tsia
m
it
ros
A.
,
“
Hom
ogenous
ea
rth
appr
oximat
io
n
of
two
-
lay
e
r
e
art
h
struc
ture
s: an
equi
va
le
nt
resi
stivi
t
y
appr
oac
h
,
”
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
o
ns on
Powe
r
Del
iv
ery
,
Vol
.
22
,
N
o.
1
,
pp
.
658
-
66
6,
2006
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[12]
W
.
Bogaj
ewski
,
F.
Dawal
ibi
,
Y.
Gerva
is
,
D.
Mukhedka
r
.
,
“
Eff
e
ct
s
of
Sus
ta
ine
d
Gr
ound
Fault
Curr
ent
on
Con
cre
t
e
pole
s
,
”
IE
EE
Po
wer
Engi
n
ee
ring
Revie
w
,
Vol
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PE
R
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2,
No.
8,
pp.
4
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-
43,
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[13]
Verm
a,
R.
,
D.
Mukhedka
r
,
“
Ground
fau
lt
c
urre
nt
d
istri
but
i
on
in
subs
tatio
n,
tower
and
ground
wire
,
”
IEE
E
transacti
o
ns on
power
app
aratus and
syste
ms
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Vol.
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730,
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Nass
ere
ddine
M
.
,
Hel
la
n
y
A
.,
a
nd
Riz
k
J
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,
“
How
to
design
an
eff
ective
ea
r
thi
n
g
s
y
stem
to
ens
ure
the
saf
ety
o
f
the
peop
le,
”
In
te
rnational
Con
fe
renc
e
on
Ad
v
ance
s
in
Comp
utat
ional
Tools
for
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Appl
i
cat
ions
,
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.
416
-
421
,
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09.
[15]
[
O
nli
ne]
.
A
vai
l
a
ble
:
ht
tp:
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n
lec.
com/Blog
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abI
d/126/
ArtMID
/657/
Artic
l
eID/7
7/
Solar
-
PV
-
Farm
-
Com
m
is
sioned
-
in
-
Carr
i
ac
ou
.
asp
,
A
c
ce
ss
ed
on
June
13
,
2019
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[16]
Nass
ere
ddine
M.,
Riz
k
J.,
Hel
lan
y
A.
and
Nagri
al
M.
,
“
Rel
ation
bet
wee
n
tra
nsm
ission
li
nes
coupl
ing
fac
tor
and
OH
EW
le
ngth;
it
s
impact
s
on
fau
lt
cur
r
ent
dist
ribut
ion
,
”
IET
Gene
ration,
Tr
ansm
ission
&
Di
stributi
on
,
Vol.
8,
No.
4
,
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600
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08
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ere
ddine
M.,
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k
J.
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a
n
y
A.
and
Nagri
al
M.
,
“
Tra
nsm
i
ss
ion
Mains
pol
e
ea
rth
pot
ent
i
al
rise
(EPR)
und
e
r
subs
ta
ti
on
f
aul
t
,
”
Int
ernati
onal
j
ournal
of emergi
ng
elec
tri
c
pow
e
r
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“
Com
puta
ti
on
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urre
nt
-
div
ision
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tors
and
asses
sm
ent
of
ea
rth
-
g
rid
safe
t
y
a
t
161/69kV
indoor
-
t
ype
and
outdoor
-
t
y
p
e
subs
ta
t
ions
,
”
I
EE
proc
.
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r
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van
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A
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,
“
Alte
rna
ti
ve
ea
r
th
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ul
ations
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grid
and
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s
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”
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E
proc.
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ene
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n
M.
and
Buta
A.
,
“
Ground
fau
l
t
cu
rre
nt
di
stribut
ion
on
ov
erh
ea
d
Tr
a
20
nsm
ission
Li
nes
,
”
SER
.
Elec
.
Ene
r
g.
,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Ph
oto
v
oltaic s
ola
r
fa
r
m: eart
hing syste
m de
sign f
or
c
os
t
re
du
ct
io
n
…
(
Mo
ham
ad Nasse
r
edd
i
ne
)
2893
[21]
Nass
ere
ddine
M
.
,
Ri
zk
J.,
Nagr
ia
l
M.
and
He
llan
y
A
.
“
Tra
nsm
ission
m
ai
ns
ea
rthi
ng
design
a
nd
conc
re
te
pol
e
depl
o
y
m
ent
s
,
”
W
orld
Aca
dem
y
of
Sci
ence, E
ng
ine
er
ing
and
T
echnolog
y
,
Vol
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Hans R.
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Aror
a
J.
and
Soni S.
,
“
A pra
c
ti
c
al
appr
oa
ch
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or com
puta
tion of
grid curre
n
t,
”
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons on Powe
r
Deli
v
ery
,
Vol.
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ue
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n
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Tam
m
i,
O,
Haa
rla
C.
,
“
Undergroun
d
Ground
W
ire
s
for
Tra
nsm
ission
Li
nes:
Elec
tr
ical
Beh
avi
or
and
Feasibi
lit
y
,
”
I
EEE
Tr
ans P
ower
Deli
v
ery
,
V
ol.
2
8,
Iss
ue
1
,
pp
.
20
6
-
215
,
2013
.
[24]
U
y
ttersprot
L
.
,
Roca
J
.
,
Ch
ano
S
.
,
Dorm
es
L
.
,
Dos
A
.
,
Kem
m
l
ert
J.
,
“
Elec
tri
c
a
l
Char
ateri
st
ic
s
of
Mix
ed
Overhe
ad
Li
ne/
C
able
Cir
c
uit
s,
”
CIGRE
St
ud
y
Com
m
it
te
e B5 Col
loqui
um
,
La
usanne
Sw
it
z
e
rla
nd
,
Sept
ember
12
-
17,
2011
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[25]
Cunnie
E
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,
“
Gro
und
Te
sting
of
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nsm
ission
Towe
rs,
”
IE
EE
1
2
th
Inte
rnationa
l
Confe
renc
e
on
Tr
ansm
i
ss
ion
and
Distributi
on,
Operation
and
Live
-
Line
Main
te
nan
ce
,
pp.
1
-
8
,
2011
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Dr.
Mohamad
Nas
ser
eddin
e
,
As
sistant
profe
ss
or
of
el
ec
trica
l
engi
nee
r
ing,
re
ce
iv
ed
his
Ph.D.
degr
ee
in
the
fi
el
d
of
High
Vol
ta
ge
Pow
er
S
y
st
ems
from
W
est
ern
S
y
dn
e
y
Uni
ver
sit
y
.
He
al
so
rec
e
ive
d
his
MEng
(Hons
)
by
rese
arc
h
in
th
e
fie
ld
of
Elec
tr
ic
Mac
hine
and
Rene
wabl
e
Ene
r
g
y
from
the
sam
e
unive
rsit
y
.
Dr
.
Nass
ere
ddine
joined
the
Am
eri
c
an
Univer
sit
y
in
Dubai
(AU
D)
i
n
Fa
ll
2017.
Prior
to
joi
ning
AU
D,
he
spent
th
e
pas
t
13
y
ea
rs
worki
ng
in
the
academ
ia
and
industr
y
ac
ross
Aus
tra
li
a
.
Dr
Nass
ere
ddine
publi
shed
large
num
ber
of
pee
r
rev
ie
wed
conf
ere
n
ce
s
and
journa
ls
in
th
e
f
i
el
d
of
power
s
y
s
te
m
and
ren
ew
a
ble
ene
rg
y
.
Dr.
K
haled
Al
i
obta
in
ed
his
Ph.
D.
in
e
le
c
trica
l
engi
ne
eri
ng
fro
m
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Cal
gar
y
,
Can
ada.
He
joi
ned
the
Am
eri
ca
n
Univ
ersity
in
Duba
i
(
AUD
)
in
Fall
2016
as
an
assi
stant
profe
ss
or
of
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
eng
in
ee
ring
.
Prior
to
joi
ning
AU
D
,
Dr.
Ali
was
a
rese
arc
h
fell
ow
at
Nan
y
a
ng
Te
chno
logi
c
al
Univer
sit
y
in
Si
ngapor
e,
where
he
worked
on
e
nhanc
ing
v
ehicl
e
localiza
ti
on
in
GNSS
-
deni
ed
envi
ronm
ent
.
Prior
tha
t
,
Dr
Ali’s
r
e
sea
rch
was
on
c
har
acte
ri
zation
a
nd
m
it
iga
t
ion
of
int
erf
ere
n
ce
b
etw
ee
n
dig
it
a
l
sub
scribe
r line
and
powe
r
li
n
e comm
unic
at
ion
net
w
orks.
D
r.
Ch
adi
Noh
r
a
,
As
socia
te
Pro
fessor
for
El
ectri
ca
l
Pow
er
and
Mac
hine
s
Eng
in
ee
ring
progr
am
at
Bei
rut
Arab
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
r
ecei
ved
his
PH
D
degr
ee
in
the
f
ie
ld
of
C
ontrol
and
Auto
m
at
ion
from
Paul
Cez
ann
e
Univer
sit
y
-
Aix
Marsei
ll
e
III
-
Franc
e.
Dr.
Nohra
Joined
Bei
rut
Arab
Uni
ver
sit
y
in
Fall
2012.
His
cur
ren
t
rese
arc
h
in
te
r
ests
inc
lude
ele
ct
ri
ca
l
m
ac
hin
es
cont
rol
and
diagnos
ti
cs,
Diese
l
m
odel
ing
&
diagnos
ti
cs,
ren
ewa
ble
ene
rg
y
and
adva
nc
e
power
s
y
stem
for
embedde
d
generatio
n
and
e
lectr
i
c
v
ehicle
s.
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