Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4486
~
4495
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
4486
-
44
95
4486
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Addi
ng Psychol
ogical F
ac
tor in th
e Model
of El
ectricity
Consum
ption in
Office B
uil
din
g
Meredit
a Sus
an
t
y
Depa
rt
m
ent
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce,
Univer
si
t
y
Per
t
amina
,
Indone
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
14
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
22
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug 6
, 2
01
8
Resea
rch
es
indicate
that
en
erg
y
beha
viour
is
the
ke
y
to
en
erg
y
c
onserva
ti
on
and
suggest
tha
t
compara
ti
v
e
feedbac
k
on
ene
rg
y
usage
ca
n
gene
r
at
e
saving
s
in
reside
nt
ia
l
a
nd
orga
nizati
on
al
settings.
In
implementi
ng
c
om
par
at
ive
fee
dba
ck
in
w
orkpla
c
e,
th
ere
are
two
diff
e
ren
t
wa
y
s
to
disaggre
ga
te
col
l
ec
t
ive
ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on
a
nd
appor
ti
on
it
t
o
buil
ding
users;
indi
v
idual
or
group
le
vel
.
Thi
s
rese
arc
h
us
es
age
nt
-
b
ase
d
m
odel
li
ng
and
sim
ula
ti
on
to
exa
m
ine
the
i
m
pac
t
of
appl
y
ing
diff
ere
n
t
appr
oac
h
es
of
ene
rg
y
d
ata
appor
ti
onm
ent
to
ch
ange
st
af
f
beha
v
iour
to
ward
ene
rg
y
c
onsum
pti
on
red
uction.
A
sim
ula
ti
on
m
odel
of
ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on
in
workpla
ce
as
a
bas
e
m
odel
is
a
re
-
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
and
sim
pli
fication
from
form
e
r
rese
ar
ch
.
Sever
al
ps
y
chological
factors
and
dec
ision
-
m
a
king
m
ec
hani
s
m
are
the
n
bei
ng
add
ed
as
an
extension.
The
m
odel
div
i
des
staff
s
int
o
four
ene
r
g
y
awa
ren
ess
ster
e
ot
y
p
es
base
d
on
m
oti
vat
ion
le
ve
l.
Sensit
ivi
t
y
an
aly
sis
suggests
tha
t
m
oti
vation
is
an
important
f
ac
tor
in
cha
nging
user’s
beha
viour
and
the
expe
r
iment
result
s
indic
at
es
gre
a
te
r
pot
e
nti
al
for
en
erg
y
saving
when
ene
rg
y
usage
is
appor
ti
oned
to
group
le
vel.
T
he
signifi
c
ant
d
iffe
ren
ce
of
ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on
le
ve
l
m
ake
s
user
with
low
and
m
edi
um
m
oti
vat
ion
should
bec
om
e
t
he
t
arg
et of
ene
r
g
y
red
uc
ti
on
cam
pai
gn.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Ag
e
nt
-
base
d
m
od
el
li
ng a
nd
si
m
ulati
on
Be
hav
i
our
Energy C
on
s
um
pt
ion
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Me
red
it
a S
us
a
nty,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce,
Un
i
ver
sit
y Pe
rta
m
ina,
Jl Teu
ku N
ya
k Ar
ie
f
K
e
bay
or
an
Lam
a Jakar
t
a Selat
an 122
20, I
ndonesi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
m
ered
it
a.su
sa
nty@
un
i
ver
sit
as
per
ta
m
i
na.
ac.i
d
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Be
sides
buil
din
g
a
uto
m
at
ion
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
is
instal
le
d
to
integrate,
m
on
it
or
a
nd
c
on
t
r
ol
el
ect
rical
and
m
echan
ic
a
l
dev
ic
es,
m
oti
vating
people
to
bec
om
e
better
cl
i
m
at
e
stew
ar
ds
m
igh
t
be
the
nex
t
bi
g
win
f
or
the
planet.
Re
searche
s
in
dicat
e
that
energ
y
beh
a
vio
ur
i
s
key
to
ene
r
gy
co
ns
er
vation
a
nd
sug
ge
st
that
com
par
at
ive
fe
edb
ac
k
on
e
nergy
us
a
ge
can gener
at
e
sa
ving
s
in
reside
ntial
and
o
r
ga
nizat
ion
al
set
ti
ngs
[
1]
,
[2
]
.
An
a
ge
nt
-
base
d
m
od
el
w
hich
inte
gr
at
es
four
im
po
rta
nt
el
e
m
ents;
or
ga
nizat
ion
al
energy
m
anag
e
m
ent
po
li
ci
es/
re
gu
la
ti
on
s,
ene
r
gy
m
anag
em
ent
te
chnolo
gies,
e
le
ct
ric
ap
plian
ces
an
d
eq
ui
pm
ent,
an
d
hum
a
n
beh
a
viou
r
was
dev
el
ope
d
by
Zha
ng
[
3]
to
com
pr
ehe
ns
ivel
y
un
de
rstan
d
the
com
plex
organ
isa
ti
onal
issue
of
office
e
nergy
consum
ption
.
The
resea
rch
e
rs
ac
knowle
dg
ed
s
om
e
lim
itati
on
s
i
n
thei
r
m
od
el
.
Firstl
y,
an
el
ect
rici
ty
us
er
agen
t’s
ste
re
ot
ype
in
the
m
odel
is
fixed
.
Howev
e
r,
they
no
te
d
that
in
the
reali
ty
the
swit
ch
of
ste
reo
ty
pes
m
i
gh
t
ha
pp
e
n,
al
thou
gh
the
pro
bab
il
it
y
for
s
uc
h
occurre
nce
is
low.
T
he
se
cond,
ass
u
m
pti
on
that
enh
a
ncin
g
inte
racti
on
s
a
bout
energy
issues
betwee
n
sta
ff
c
an
increa
se
sta
ff’s
ene
rg
y
sa
vi
ng
a
war
e
ness
wh
ic
h
is
correct
in
a
sit
uation
w
here
el
ect
rici
ty
us
ers
hav
e
to
be
ar
the
cost
of
el
ect
rici
ty
.
Howev
e
r,
t
hey
ha
ve
no
t
fou
nd
a
ny sou
nd
e
vid
e
nce
to
su
pp
or
t t
his as
su
m
ption
as staff
do not h
a
ve
to
bear
the c
ost
o
f
el
ect
rici
ty
,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
r
esult i
n
t
he
ass
um
ption
in questi
on.
Be
hav
i
oural
s
ci
ence
ex
per
i
m
ent
sh
owe
d
that
encou
rag
i
ng
pe
op
le
to
save
power
be
cause
it
is
env
i
ronm
ental
l
y
fr
ie
nd
ly
or
econom
ic
al
us
ua
ll
y
do
no
t
cha
ng
e
thei
r
long
-
te
rm
hab
it
s
[1
]
.
Re
searche
r
tr
ie
d
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ad
ding Psyc
ho
log
ic
al
Fact
or
in the M
odel
of Elect
ric
it
y
…
(
Meredit
a S
usa
nty
)
4487
cl
ever
er
ta
ct
ic
from
so
ci
al
ps
yc
ho
lo
gy
w
hic
h
ha
d
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
to
m
ak
e
a
la
sti
ng
im
p
act
cal
le
d
nor
m
at
ive
com
par
ison.
It
giv
es
t
ho
se
sa
m
e
people
cl
ear,
per
s
onal
iz
ed
insig
hts
into
t
heir
e
nergy
use
,
then
ad
d
c
onte
xt
by
com
par
ing
t
he
m
to
each
othe
r.
Scie
ntist
be
li
eve
if
this
appr
oach
is
a
pp
li
ed
to
ho
m
e
energy
us
e
i
t
is
an
ast
on
is
hingly
re
li
able way to
m
ot
ivate
p
e
op
l
e to m
ake sm
arter d
eci
sio
ns [
1]
,
[2]
,
[
4].
Be
dw
el
l
[5
]
in
his
li
te
ratur
e
rev
ie
w
in
dicat
es
gr
eat
est
po
te
ntial
fo
r
ene
rgy
saving
by
ch
ang
i
ng
us
e
r
beh
a
vior.
It
is
sai
d
that
disaggre
gation
of
energy
data
an
d
ap
portio
nm
e
nt
is
valuab
le
to
le
ver
a
ge
da
ta
fo
r
beh
a
viou
ral
c
ha
ng
e
a
nd
is
c
on
cl
ud
e
d
that
set
ti
ng
cl
ear
s
pecific
goal
w
it
hin
a
nd
co
he
ren
t
with
com
pan
y
strat
egy is li
kel
y t
o
be
ef
fecti
ve
and m
or
e s
o
i
f
s
pecific fe
ed
back o
n
t
hese
go
al
s
are p
rovi
ded.
Mod
el
s
o
ci
o
-
te
chn
ic
al
syst
em
of
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ption
in
w
ork
place
is
us
e
d
in
this
pap
e
r
to
a
naly
se
the
im
pact
of
i
m
ple
m
enting
diff
e
re
nt
strat
e
gies
to
pr
om
ot
e
ene
rg
y
savi
ng
a
war
e
ness
a
nd
m
otivate
sta
ff
t
o
change
their
be
hav
i
our.
T
his
m
od
el
aim
s
to
fin
d
t
he
im
pact
of
a
dd
i
ng
ps
yc
holo
gical
factors
for
el
e
ct
rici
ty
consum
ption
i
n
office
bu
il
di
ng
an
d
t
o
unde
rstan
d
the
im
pact
of
ap
plyi
ng
dif
fer
e
nt
a
ppr
oach
e
s
of
ene
r
gy
data
appo
rtion
m
ent to ch
a
nge staf
f beha
viou
r
to
w
ard ene
rg
y c
on
su
m
ption
r
e
du
ct
ion
.
The
pap
e
r
is
or
gan
iz
e
d
as
fo
ll
ow
s
.
I
n
Sect
i
on
2,
prese
nt
the
sp
eci
ficat
io
n
a
nd
d
esi
gn
of
th
e
m
od
el
.
I
n
Sect
ion
3,
we
descr
i
be
the
ex
per
im
ental
design
,
e
xecu
ti
on
and
validat
io
n.
In
Sect
io
n
4,
the
sim
ulatio
n
r
esults
of the m
od
el
a
r
e presente
d.
Finall
y, so
m
e co
nclusi
on
s
are
presente
d
in
Sec
ti
on
5.
2.
MO
DEL DE
V
EL
OPMENT
2.1.
Concept
ua
li
z
ati
on
The
co
nce
ptu
a
l
m
od
el
was
de
velo
ped
us
in
g
a
fr
am
ewo
r
k
descr
ibe
d
in
Rob
i
ns
on
[
6].
It
is
sta
rted
with
an
un
der
s
ta
nd
in
g
of
the
pr
oble
m
si
tuati
on
.
A
set
of
m
od
el
li
ng
obje
ct
ives
are
then
determ
ined.
These
obj
ect
ives t
hen d
ri
ve
the
der
i
va
ti
on
of the
c
oncept
ual m
od
el
, f
irst
by d
efi
nin
g
t
he
in
pu
ts a
nd
outp
uts,
a
nd the
n
by d
e
fini
ng the
content
of the
m
od
el
it
sel
f.
Table 1
s
hows
Mod
el
Sp
eci
fic
at
ion
.
Table
1
. M
od
el
Sp
eci
ficat
ion
Prob
le
m
Situatio
n
Ch
an
g
in
g
o
f
us
er
b
eh
av
io
u
r
m
ay
help
redu
ce e
n
erg
y
con
su
m
p
tio
n
.
C
o
m
p
a
rative f
eedb
ack o
r
n
o
r
m
ativ
e
s
o
cial inf
lu
en
ce
h
as in
f
lu
en
ce
to
ch
an
g
e us
er
b
eh
av
io
u
r
.
W
h
eth
er
f
in
e
-
g
rain
ed
en
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
sh
o
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
o
rtion
ed
at
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
o
r
g
rou
p
lev
el
re
m
ain
s
d
eb
atab
le.
Ob
jectiv
e
Ob
serv
e the
m
o
st
ef
f
ectiv
e strategy
t
o
r
ed
u
ce e
n
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
.
Ob
serv
e the to
tal e
n
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
per energy
awa
re
n
ess
stereotype.
Inp
u
t/ E
x
p
eri
m
en
t
al
Facto
r
User initial st
ereot
y
p
e
Ap
p
o
rtion
m
en
t lev
el
Feed
b
ack av
ailab
ility
Data a
p
p
o
rtion
m
e
n
t ano
n
y
m
ity
I
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
of
san
ctio
n
Beh
av
io
u
r
th
resh
o
l
d
Ou
tp
u
t/ Resp
o
n
se
Sch
o
o
l E
n
ergy
Co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
per
m
o
n
th
Mon
th
ly
E
n
erg
y
C
o
n
su
m
p
tio
n
per ste
reotype
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Ster
eo
ty
p
e sh
if
t per
m
o
n
t
h
Mod
el Scop
e
Mod
el
sco
p
e
is
u
s
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
k
ey
in
tercon
n
ectio
n
s
b
etween
th
e
ex
p
e
ri
m
en
tal
f
acto
rs
an
d
resp
o
n
ses
an
d
th
e oth
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts o
f
the rea
l worl
d
.
See
Table
2
f
o
r
d
etail
Mod
el L
ev
el of
Detail
The
lev
el
o
f
d
etail
represen
ts
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
d
ef
i
n
ed
with
in
th
e
sco
p
e
an
d
th
eir
in
tercon
n
ectio
n
with
th
e
o
th
er
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
the
m
o
d
el w
ith
su
ff
icien
t accuracy. See
table
3
.
Ass
u
m
p
tio
n
Po
ten
tial f
ree
-
ride
r
s is 1
0
% o
f
total p
eo
p
le in g
rou
p
I
n
d
iv
id
u
als were
a
ctiv
ely
reviewin
g
c
o
m
p
a
rative f
eedb
ack in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
and
this
inf
lu
en
ced th
e
ir
b
eh
av
io
u
r.
Each us
er
u
se o
n
e
co
m
p
u
ter
which
co
n
sis
t of
PC,
m
o
n
it
o
r,
and
inp
u
t dev
ice su
ch
as
m
o
u
se an
d
keybo
ard.
Lapto
p
and
co
m
p
u
ter
a
re
ass
u
m
ed
to
co
n
su
m
e sa
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
electr
icit
y
p
o
wer.
Co
m
p
u
ter
will
au
to
m
aticall
y
chan
g
e
to
stan
d
b
y
m
o
d
e w
h
en
us
er
leav
e the
roo
m
f
o
r
2
0
m
in
u
tes.
Each
u
ser
h
as
d
i
f
fer
en
t
m
o
tiv
es
in
p
erfo
r
m
in
g
th
eir
actio
n
,
su
ch
as
self
-
achi
ev
e
m
en
t
an
d
altruis
m
v
alu
e
.
This
si
m
u
latio
n
r
ef
lects u
s
ers who
a
re
m
o
tiv
ated
by
achi
ev
e
m
en
t.
Si
m
p
lif
icatio
n
This
r
esea
rch o
n
ly
f
o
cu
s o
n
co
m
p
a
rati
v
e f
eedb
ack an
d
th
e wa
y
f
eedb
ack is
ap
p
o
rtion
ed
to u
se
r.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el on
ly
a
l
lo
w decis
io
n
m
ak
i
n
g
pro
cess
on
ce a
m
o
n
th
.
This
pro
ject gro
u
p
s staf
f
bas
ed
on
the
ir
sp
ati
al locatio
n
.
2.2.
Design
This
m
od
el
is a
sim
plific
ation
o
f
a
f
orm
er
m
od
el
[3
]
w
hic
h
c
onsist
s
of 5
o
bject
cl
asses;
U
ser
, O
f
fice,
Ligh
t,
C
om
pu
te
r
an
d
Ma
in.
A
ne
w
al
gorit
hm
,
wh
ic
h
im
plem
ent
ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
facto
r
s,
f
or
decisi
on
m
aking
was
ad
de
d
into
the
us
e
r
age
nts
an
d
is
exe
cuted
at
the
end
of
the
m
onth.
Table
2
s
hows
m
od
el
of
s
co
pe
.
Table
3
s
hows
m
od
el
level of
detai
l
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4486
-
4495
4488
Table
2
. M
od
el
of S
c
ope
Ele
m
en
t
Detail
Decisio
n
Ju
stif
icatio
n
Acto
r
Staf
f
,
Res
earc
h
f
ello
ws, PhD
stu
d
en
ts
Inclu
d
e
Reg
u
larly
occu
p
y
o
ff
ice bu
ild
in
g
UG +
MSc
Stud
en
ts
Exclu
d
e
Do
no
t hav
e con
trol o
v
er
th
eir
wo
rk
en
v
iron
m
en
t
Visito
rs
Exclu
d
e
Ins
ig
n
if
ican
t energ
y
con
su
m
p
t
io
n
Ap
p
lian
ces
Heatin
g
,
Ven
tilatin
g
,
Air
Co
n
d
itio
n
in
g
(
HVAC) S
y
ste
m
Exclu
d
e
On
ly
n
eed o
n
e
m
aj
o
r
en
ergy
co
n
su
er
to
test the th
eo
ry
;
d
ecid
ed
to g
o
f
o
r
electric
it
y
Ligh
tin
g
Inclu
d
e
Interacts
with
us
er
s o
n
a
d
aily
bas
is;
co
n
trolled
by
u
ser
Co
m
p
u
ter
Inclu
d
e
Interacts
with
us
er
s o
n
a
d
aily
bas
is;
co
n
trolled
by
u
ser
Mon
ito
r
Exclu
d
e
Mod
elled
as part o
t the co
m
p
u
ter
Co
n
tin
u
o
u
sly
run
n
in
g
ap
p
lian
ces
Exclu
d
e
Co
n
stan
t con
s
u
m
p
tio
n
of
electr
icity
;
n
o
t con
trollab
le by
in
d
iv
id
u
als
Perso
n
al app
lian
ces
Exclu
d
e
No
way to
m
e
asu
r
e con
su
m
p
tio
n
W
eath
er
Te
m
p
e
rature
Exclu
d
e
No
t necess
ar
y
f
o
r
p
roo
f
-
of
-
p
rincip
le
Natu
ral
Ligh
t L
ev
e
l
Exclu
d
e
No
t necess
ar
y
f
o
r
p
roo
f
-
of
-
p
rincip
le
Ro
o
m
Of
f
ice
Inclu
d
e
Locatio
n
where
el
e
ctron
ic app
lian
ces
are
in
stalled
Lab
Exclu
d
e
Mainly
u
sed
b
y
U
G +
MSc
Kitch
en
Inclu
d
e as grou
p
(Other Ro
o
m
)
Co
m
m
o
n
ar
e
as
f
re
q
u
en
tly
us
ed
by
u
sers
Toilet
Co
rr
id
o
r
Inclu
d
e
Co
m
m
o
n
ly
us
ed
w
h
en
us
ers
m
o
v
e aro
u
n
d
Psycho
lo
g
ical
Facto
rs
Co
m
p
a
rative Feed
b
ack
Inclu
d
e
Ef
f
ectiv
e strategy
t
o
r
ed
u
ce e
n
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
in
resid
en
tial bu
ild
in
g
Inf
o
r
m
ativ
e
Feedb
ack
Inclu
d
e
Ef
f
ectiv
e strategy
t
o
r
e
m
o
v
e bar
rier
s
i
n
perf
o
r
m
in
g
sp
ecif
ic
b
eh
av
io
r
Ap
p
o
rtion
m
en
t L
e
v
el
Inclu
d
e
Ef
f
ectiv
e strategy
t
o
r
ed
u
ce e
n
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
in o
f
f
ic
e
b
u
ild
in
g
Freer
id
in
g
Inclu
d
e
Beh
av
io
u
r
th
at differ
en
tiate t
wo
app
o
rtion
m
en
t strateg
y
San
ctio
n
Inclu
d
e
Facto
r
to
enco
u
n
ter
f
reer
id
in
g
beh
av
io
r
An
o
n
y
m
ity
Inclu
d
e
Table
3
. M
od
el
Lev
el
of D
et
ai
l
Mod
el L
ev
el
o
f
Detail
Detail
Decisio
n
Co
m
m
en
ts
User
Aware
n
ess
Level
Inclu
d
e
Deter
m
in
e
th
e
p
ro
b
ab
ility
wh
eth
er
u
ser
will
switch
o
f
f
u
n
n
ecessary
electron
ic app
lian
c
es.
W
o
rkin
g
ti
m
e
Inclu
d
e
Deter
m
in
e total en
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
.
Locatio
n
Inclu
d
e
User t
rigg
ers ele
ct
r
o
n
ic app
lian
ces in
a
certa
in
locatio
n
.
Ap
p
lian
ces
Energy
Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
Inclu
d
e
Thin
g
s wh
ich
is aim
e
d
to b
e r
ed
u
ced.
Usag
e T
i
m
e
Exclu
d
e
Ref
lected f
ro
m
wo
rkin
g
ti
m
e.
State (
On
/Of
f
/Stan
d
b
y
)
Inclu
d
e
Deter
m
in
e the ene
r
g
y
con
su
m
p
tio
n
.
Energy Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
Patter
n
Exclu
d
e
Ref
lected f
ro
m
aw
areness
level.
Au
to
m
atic/M
an
u
ally
On/Of
f
Inclu
d
e
Af
f
ected
b
y
u
ser
b
eh
av
io
u
r
an
d
at
th
e
en
d
it
will
g
i
v
e
i
m
p
act
to
o
v
erall
en
ergy
con
su
m
p
tio
n
.
Bran
d
/Mod
el
Exclu
d
e
Giv
e
i
m
p
act
o
n
a
p
p
lian
ces
en
ergy
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
.
Ass
u
m
in
g
th
at
all
ap
p
lian
ces in
a
si
m
ilar
t
y
p
e con
su
m
e
sa
m
e a
m
o
u
n
t of
energy.
Locatio
n
Exclu
d
e
Ref
lected f
ro
m
ele
ctrical ap
p
lian
ces in
stalled
in a r
o
o
m
.
Ro
o
m
Cap
acity
Inclu
d
e
Sh
o
ws
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ap
p
lian
ces
th
a
t
are
in
stalled
in
a
certa
in
roo
m
.
This
will also
deter
m
in
e
the to
tal energ
y
co
n
su
m
ed
in a
sp
ecif
ic r
o
o
m
.
Occup
an
cy
Status
Exclu
d
e
Ref
lected f
ro
m
us
er
lo
catio
n
.
Electr
i
cal
Ap
p
lian
ces
Ins
talled
Inclu
d
e
Sh
o
w elec
tric
app
lian
ces ty
p
e that
ar
e ins
talled
in a
roo
m
.
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Occup
a
n
t
Inclu
d
e
Needed
to ap
p
o
rtion
data to
ind
iv
id
u
a
l level.
Psycho
lo
g
ical
Facto
r
Exis
ten
ce
Inclu
d
e
Sh
o
w wheth
er
o
r
n
o
t the f
acto
r
is i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
I
m
p
act
Inclu
d
e
The th
in
g
that are g
o
in
g
to b
e observed
in th
is resear
ch
.
Pattern/C
o
n
d
itio
n
Inclu
d
e
The th
in
g
that d
eter
m
in
e
m
o
tiv
atio
n
increase/d
ecre
as
e.
2.2.1
.
Be
havio
ur
of El
ectric
i
ty U
ser
Agen
t
s
User
,
a
n
act
iv
e
age
nt
who
tr
igg
e
rs
e
nergy
consum
ption
i
n
wor
kp
la
ce
,
s
ta
rts
to
c
ons
um
e
el
ect
rici
ty
wh
e
n
they
arr
i
ve
in
an
office
bu
il
ding.
T
o
f
ind
their
own
office,
us
e
r
wa
lk
from
on
e
room
to
ano
the
r.
The
com
m
un
al
roo
m
wh
ere
us
er
passes
t
o
reach
their
own
offi
ce
is
ge
ner
al
ise
d
as
co
rr
i
dor.
Be
sides
that,
use
r
al
s
o
us
es
oth
e
r
r
oom
s
su
ch
as
toi
le
t,
pa
ntry,
la
b,
m
eet
ing
r
oom
.
Wh
en
use
r
le
aves
office
bu
il
di
ng,
t
heir
ene
rg
y
consum
ption
i
s
ex
pected
to
be
ze
ro.
H
ow
e
ver,
if
they
do
not
s
witc
h
of
f
thei
r
el
ect
r
onic
a
pp
li
ance
s,
their
el
ect
rici
ty
con
su
m
ption
is
st
il
l
cou
nte
d.
T
h
e
s
e
proc
ess
es
are
re
present
ed
in
a
sta
te
char
t
in
the
si
m
ula
ti
on
m
od
el
.
The
sta
te
in
sta
te
cha
rt
show
s
locat
io
n
in
the
office
bu
il
di
ng
w
hile
sta
te
inside
it
sh
ows
us
e
r’s
a
ct
io
n
wh
e
n
they
oc
cup
y
the
offic
e.
Total
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
wh
ic
h
is
consum
ed
by
each
us
er
is
cal
culat
ed
us
i
ng
t
he
fo
ll
owin
g form
ula:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ad
ding Psyc
ho
log
ic
al
Fact
or
in the M
odel
of Elect
ric
it
y
…
(
Meredit
a S
usa
nty
)
4489
=
∑
+
: own e
ne
rg
y,
∑
: ener
gy
of
all
l
igh
ts i
n
a
room
that use
r
is
o
c
cup
ie
d
: nu
m
ber
of o
c
cup
a
nt,
: ene
rgy
o
f
co
m
pu
te
r
The
nat
ur
e
a
nd
data
ab
out
us
er
be
hav
i
our
that
is
us
ed
i
n
this
pro
j
ect
was
gai
ned
from
fo
rm
er
researc
h
[
3]
,
cat
egorized
us
e
r
based
on
their
wo
r
king
tim
e
[3
]
an
d
energy
savin
g
awa
reness
[3
]
us
e
d
of
u
ser
’
s
m
ov
e
m
ent
fr
om
on
e
locat
io
n
to
the
ot
her
as
their
sta
t
e.
Wh
il
e
[3]
im
plem
ents
three
diff
e
ren
t
el
ec
tric
ity
m
anag
em
ent
st
rategy
–
a
uto
m
at
ed,
m
ixed
an
d
m
anu
al
,
this
m
od
el
on
ly
i
m
plem
ented
the
m
ixed
strat
egy
wh
e
n
us
er
is
e
xpect
e
d
to
s
witc
h
off
the
el
ect
ronic
app
li
anc
es
m
a
nu
al
ly
w
he
n
th
ey
le
ave
a
r
oom
bu
t
in
case
t
hey
do
no
t
switc
h i
t off,
it
will
b
e a
uto
m
atical
ly
sw
itch off
or stan
dby i
n
a
certai
n
tim
e after they
le
ave th
at
roo
m
.
New
al
go
rith
m
is
based
on
seve
ral
ps
y
cho
l
og
ic
al
fac
tors,
nam
ely
norm
at
ive
so
ci
al
influ
ence,
beh
a
viou
r
-
s
pec
ific
abili
ty
and
ad
diti
on
al
fa
ct
or
s
f
or
group
a
pport
ion
m
ent
because
of
the
po
te
ntial
fr
ee
r
idi
ng
act
,
an
on
ym
it
y
in
data
a
ppor
t
ion
m
ent
an
d
t
he
im
ple
m
enta
ti
on
of
sancti
on.
Th
os
e
facto
rs
will
change
us
er
’s
m
ot
ivati
on
.
Si
nce
e
nergy
sa
vi
ng
a
wa
ren
es
s
ste
reo
ty
pe
dete
rm
ine
us
er
’s
m
otivati
on
le
vel,
in
rev
e
rse
c
ha
ng
e
s
in
us
er
m
otivati
on
le
vel
will
al
so
cha
ng
e
th
ei
r
ste
reo
ty
pe.
The
flo
wc
har
t
in
Figure
2
re
pr
ese
nts
the
lo
gic
of
the alg
or
it
hm
w
hic
h
li
nks t
he
log
ic
t
o
it
s
rati
on
al
e i
n
Ta
ble
3 base
d on
[
5]
.
Figure
1
.
(a
) U
ser Age
nt
(b)
L
igh
t
Ag
e
nt
(c)
Com
pu
te
r
A
ge
nt (d) O
ff
ic
e
A
gen
t
Stat
e Cha
rt
The
al
gorithm
is trigg
ere
d
at
the end
of the
m
on
th,
a su
m
m
ary of
u
se
r’
s
total
elec
tric
ity
co
nsum
ptio
n
is
pr
ese
nted
tog
et
her
with
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
ou
t
the
m
ajo
r
it
y
of
oth
er
use
r
s
’
c
on
s
um
ption
.
Ba
sed
on
this
inf
or
m
at
ion
,
pe
op
le
will
m
a
ke
com
par
iso
n
with
ot
her
people
pe
rform
ance
and
c
om
par
ison
with
their
perform
ance
in
the
pr
evi
ous
m
on
th.
Data
appo
rtion
m
ent
t
o
ind
i
vidual
an
d
gro
up
le
ad
s
to
dif
fer
e
nt
for
m
ula
to
cal
culat
e
total
energy
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
.
In
a
r
oo
m
occupied
by
m
or
e
than
on
e
us
e
r,
if
da
ta
is
app
ort
io
ned
t
o
ind
ivi
du
al
le
ve
l
the
total
of
li
gh
t
e
nergy
co
nsum
ption
is
di
vid
e
d
by
the
num
ber
of
r
oo
m
occupa
nt.
When
data
is
appo
rtion
e
d
to
gro
up
le
ve
l,
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
of
sancti
on
will
red
uce
t
he
num
ber
of
f
re
e
ride
r
by
incr
easi
ng
their
m
otivatio
n
an
d
s
pecif
ic
evide
nce
of
one
’s
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
(not
a
nonym
ou
s)
wi
ll
pu
t
pr
ess
ur
e
on
them
sel
ves
to
perform
b
et
te
r i
n
the
f
utu
re
be
cause
of lat
eral co
ntr
ol which
will
incr
ease
th
ei
r
m
otivati
on
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
there
is
a
no
t
he
r
fact
or
na
m
ely
behavi
our
s
pecific
a
bili
ty
that
m
igh
t
have
im
pact
to
m
ot
ivati
on
but
is
not
dep
ic
te
d
in
Fig
ure
1(
a
)
.
Prov
i
ding
pract
ic
al
ti
ps
on
how
t
o
perf
orm
bette
r
in
co
nse
rv
i
ng
energy
in
offi
ce
bu
il
di
ng
is
increasin
g
pe
op
le
m
otivati
o
n
or
in
a
sit
ua
ti
on
w
he
n
pe
op
le
’s
m
otivat
ion
is
decr
easi
ng,
the
value
of
m
otivati
on
dec
reas
e
is
lowe
r
tha
n
if
this
pract
ic
al
inform
at
ion
is
no
t
a
vaila
bl
e.
The
avail
abili
ty
of
pr
act
ic
al
inf
orm
at
ion
is
rep
r
esented
as
a
va
riable
nam
ed
feedbac
k
in
th
e
m
od
el
as
show
n
i
n
Figure
2
.
2.2.2 Beh
avio
ur of Lig
ht A
ge
nt
s
Ligh
t
,
a
passive
agen
t
an
d
is
instal
le
d
in
eac
h
r
oo
m
in
the
bu
il
di
ng
,
has
2
sta
te
s,
on
(c
on
su
m
e
60W)
and
off
(
0W)
[
3]
,
sho
wn
in
F
igure
1
(
b)
.
I
niti
al
ly
,
li
gh
ts
in
a
room
is
of
f
.
User
prese
nce
in
a
r
oom
trigg
ers
autom
at
ed
li
gh
t
sensor
w
hich
will
switc
h
the
li
gh
t
on.
Lig
ht
will
be
off
ei
ther
if
us
e
r
s
witc
h
it
of
f
or
if
the
sens
or
does
no
t detec
t any
use
r pr
ese
nce
for
20 m
inu
te
s.
2.2.3 Beh
avio
ur of
Compu
t
er A
gents
Com
pu
te
r
,
a
passive
age
nt
and
on
ly
avail
a
ble
in
us
er
’s
office
room
,
has
three
sta
te
s,
off
(0W)
,
on
(40
0W)
an
d
sta
ndby
(25
W)
,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
1
(c
).
It
changes
f
ro
m
on
sta
te
to
of
f
sta
te
and
vice
ver
s
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4486
-
4495
4490
because
of
use
r’
s
act
ion.
Wh
en
us
e
r
is
not
in
t
he
room
fo
r
a
certai
n
pe
rio
d
a
nd
do
es
no
t
switc
h
the
co
m
pu
te
r
off,
it
will
au
to
m
at
ic
ally chan
ge
it
s stat
e to
s
ta
ndby the
n ba
ck
to
stat
e on
wh
e
n
it
detect
s
us
e
rs’
act
ion.
2.2.4 Beh
avio
ur of
Of
fice A
gents
Office
agen
t
is
a
passive
age
nt
that
rep
re
se
nts
a
certai
n
locat
ion
in
a
n
office
bu
il
di
ng.
Com
pu
te
rs
and
li
ghts
are
i
ns
ta
ll
ed
in
a
n
office,
w
hile
c
orrid
or
a
nd
ot
he
r
r
oo
m
on
ly
ha
ve
li
gh
ts
.
Use
r
occ
upie
s
an
office
durin
g
the
day.
It
has
t
wo
sta
t
es,
vaca
nt
an
d
occupied
,
base
d
on
us
er
prese
nce
as
s
how
n
i
n
Fig
ure
1
(
d)
.
Wh
e
n
us
ers
occ
upy
a
room
,
their
pr
ese
n
ce
tri
ggers
the
li
ght
on
a
nd
he/s
he
m
igh
t
switc
h
t
he
c
om
pu
te
r
on.
B
oth
act
ion
s
sta
rt
en
erg
y
co
nsum
ption
in
a
r
oom
.
Conver
sel
y,
w
hen
us
e
r
le
ave
s
a
room
ener
gy
con
s
um
ption
will
be
zero
if
the
y
switc
h
of
f
al
l
app
li
ances
bef
ore
le
avin
g.
Ot
herwise,
after
a
cert
ai
n
tim
e,
the
li
g
ht
will
autom
at
ic
ally
switc
h
off
a
nd
com
pu
te
r
will
keep
c
onsu
m
i
ng
25
W
of
e
ne
rg
y
beca
us
e
it
enters
sta
nd
by
sta
te
.
The
new
al
gor
it
h
m
rati
on
al
e
as
show
n
in
T
able
4.
Since
appo
rtion
m
ent
to
gro
up
le
ve
l
cat
ego
rise
d
pe
op
le
base
d on their
sp
at
ia
l
locat
ion, the
f
or
m
ula bel
ow
is
u
se
d
t
o ca
lc
ulate
grou
p
c
onsu
m
ption:
∑
=
∑
+
∑
∑
:
Total
E
nergy Con
s
um
ption
,
∑
:
ene
r
gy
of
al
l l
igh
ts
in
sta
ll
ed
in
the
room
,
∑
: ener
gy
of c
om
pu
te
r
in
sta
ll
ed
in the
roo
m
Figure
2
.
N
e
w
Algorithm
Flo
wch
a
rt
Table
4
. T
he
New
Algorithm
Rat
ion
al
e
No
.
Ratio
n
ale
1.
Hav
in
g
k
n
o
wled
g
e
o
f
o
t
h
er
p
eo
p
le’s
b
eh
av
io
u
rs
wo
rks
as
‘des
criptiv
e
n
o
rm
s
’
to
th
e
g
rou
p
,
an
d
p
eo
p
le
will
b
e
in
clin
ed
to
f
o
llo
w thes
e no
r
m
s
and
act
si
m
ilarl
y
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
].
Energy
f
eedb
ack
o
f
ten
focu
ses
o
n
i
n
d
iv
id
u
al
actio
n
s
an
d
related
s
m
all
co
sts
/sav
in
g
s,
wh
i
ch
m
a
y
d
ish
earte
n
in
d
iv
id
u
al
s
g
iv
en
th
at
th
ey
see
th
eir
actio
n
s
o
n
ly
h
av
in
g
a
relatively
m
in
o
r
i
m
p
a
ct
[
8
]
.
Ob
serv
in
g
th
e
larger
scale
co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
ap
p
o
rtion
ed
to
a
g
rou
p
m
a
y
in
crea
se
p
erce
iv
ed
in
stru
m
en
tality
,
a
sig
n
if
ican
t
f
acto
r
in
p
ro
m
o
tin
g
en
ergy
-
sav
in
g
b
eh
av
i
o
u
r
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
3
]
.
2.
W
ith
rega
rd
to
d
escript
iv
e
n
o
r
m
s,
if
in
f
act
it
is
o
b
serv
ed
th
at
o
th
ers
ten
d
to
co
n
su
m
e
m
o
re,
t
h
en
p
eo
p
le
m
a
y
ac
tu
ally
in
cre
a
s
e
th
eir
u
sag
e as a res
u
lt
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
5
].
3.
Freer
id
in
g
tend
s to
be
m
o
re
co
m
m
o
n
in
lar
g
er
g
rou
p
s an
d
when
ind
iv
id
u
al
b
eh
av
io
u
r
is
m
o
r
e
an
o
n
y
m
o
u
s
[
1
6
]
.
4.
Makin
g
m
echan
ism
s
av
ailab
le
to
id
e
n
tif
y
f
ree
-
riders
[
1
7
]
an
d
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
ti
n
g
san
ctio
n
s
(so
cia
l,
e.g.
g
o
ss
ip
,
o
r
in
stitu
tio
n
al,
e.g
.
f
in
es) to p
reven
t f
u
rther free
ridin
g
[
1
8
]
.
5.
The
in
ju
stice
o
f
f
r
eeridin
g
en
co
u
rag
es
an
g
er
an
d
co
n
f
r
o
n
t
atio
n
[
1
9
]
,
an
d
th
ere
is
p
o
ten
tial
for
u
n
ju
sti
f
ied
scapego
atin
g
wh
en
th
ere
is n
o
sp
ecif
ic evid
en
ce of
ind
iv
i
d
u
al con
su
m
p
tio
n
.
6.
There
ar
e
so
m
e
e
v
id
en
ce
s
th
at
n
o
t
revealin
g
ex
actly
wh
o
h
as
co
n
s
u
m
e
d
wh
at
p
rop
o
rtion
o
f
a
reso
u
rce
m
a
y
resu
lt
in
in
crea
sed
f
e
ar
o
r
gu
ilt and
lead to
r
ed
u
ced co
n
su
m
p
tio
n
ov
erall
th
rou
g
h
co
m
p
en
satin
g
beh
av
i
o
u
r
[
2
0
]
,
[
5
]
.
Ho
wev
er,
th
e
i
m
p
act
o
f
th
is
was
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
m
in
o
r,
an
d
d
elib
erate
atte
m
p
ts
to
in
stil
u
n
certa
in
ty
m
a
y
cl
ash
with
m
o
re
traditio
n
al org
an
isatio
n
al valu
es o
f
tea
m
wo
r
k.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ad
ding Psyc
ho
log
ic
al
Fact
or
in the M
odel
of Elect
ric
it
y
…
(
Meredit
a S
usa
nty
)
4491
3.
E
X
PERI
MEN
TATION
3
.
1
.
Experim
en
ta
l
Design
Althou
gh
offic
e
is
cl
os
e
d
ov
e
rn
i
gh
t,
there
ar
e
so
m
e
el
ect
rical
app
li
a
nces
t
hat
sti
ll
con
s
um
e
energy.
Fo
r
e
xam
ple,
wh
e
n
us
e
rs
le
ave
t
he
c
om
pu
te
r
on
when
they
le
ave
th
e
office.
S
o,
t
his
m
od
el
is
a
no
n
-
te
rm
inati
ng
si
m
ula
ti
on
a
nd
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
non
-
te
rm
inati
ng
syst
e
m
of
te
n
reach
a
ste
a
dy
sta
te
.
T
he
sim
ulati
on
ou
t
pu
t i
s
stoc
ha
sti
c b
ecaus
e it
d
e
pends
on us
er
beh
a
viour
which is
d
et
erm
ined
b
y a
ny
rando
m
ev
ent.
3.1.1.
War
m u
p Perio
de
The
m
od
el
com
par
es
m
on
thly
ener
gy
co
n
s
um
ption
.
H
owever,
at
the
st
art
of
the
sim
ulati
on
r
un
it
m
igh
t
no
t
the
be
ginnin
g
of
the
m
on
th.
It
m
igh
t
le
ad
to
m
uch
lowe
r
ene
r
gy
con
s
um
ption
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
re
al
ist
ic
.
The
incl
us
io
n
of
su
c
h
data
would
bias
t
he
res
ults
obt
ai
ned
from
the
si
m
ulati
on
.
Gr
a
phic
al
m
eth
od
th
at
visu
al
ly
insp
ec
ts
tim
e
-
series
ou
t
pu
t
data
wa
s
us
ed
to
i
den
t
ify
init
ia
l
iz
at
ion
bias
an
d
det
erm
ine
the
war
m
-
up
per
i
od.
Be
cau
se
data
can
be
ver
y
noisy
and
m
ake
it
diff
ic
ult
to
spot
init
ia
li
zation
bias,
at
le
ast
five
rep
li
cat
ions
shou
l
d
be
pe
rform
e
d
[6]
.
Me
an
aver
ag
es
of
th
os
e
re
plica
ti
ons
fo
r
eac
h
m
on
th
is
pr
esente
d
in
the
Figure
3
a
nd
war
m
-
up
pe
rio
d
is
the
point
at
wh
ic
h
t
he
outp
ut
ap
pear
s
t
o
set
tl
e
into
a
ste
ady
sta
te
.
Fr
om
the
gr
a
ph in
Fig
ure
3
, w
a
rm
-
up
perio
d
f
or
this e
xp
e
rim
ent is 4
, w
hich
m
ea
ns
total
en
er
gy consu
m
ption
in
t
he
first
m
on
th unti
l t
he
fourth m
on
th
will
b
e
om
itted in
the
an
al
ysi
s
.
3.1.2.
Nu
m
ber
of Repl
ic
at
i
on
To
obta
in
s
uff
ic
ie
nt
outp
ut
da
ta
,
the
res
ult
from
a
sing
le
rep
li
cat
ion
is
no
t
reli
able.
A
grap
hical
m
et
ho
d
a
nd
c
onfi
den
ce
i
nter
va
l
m
et
ho
d
were
us
e
d
to
dete
r
m
ine
the
num
ber
of
rep
li
cat
io
n.
Gr
a
phic
al
m
et
hod
was
perf
or
m
ed
by
plo
tt
in
g
c
um
ula
ti
ve
m
ean
of
the
outp
ut
data
f
ro
m
a
se
ries
of
rep
li
cat
ion
s
.
T
he
nu
m
ber
of
rep
li
cat
ions re
qu
i
red was
d
e
f
ined by the
poi
nt at w
hich
the
li
ne
bec
om
es fl
at
.
Confide
nce
int
erv
al
is
use
d
t
o
s
how
how
ac
cur
at
el
y
the
m
ean
ave
ra
ge
of
a
value
is
being
e
stim
at
ed
by
us
in
g
a
sta
ti
sti
cal
m
ean.
The
na
rrow
e
r
the
interval
th
e
m
or
e
accura
te
the
est
i
m
ate
it
dee
m
ed
t
o
be.
Confide
nce
in
te
rv
al
95%
w
it
h
sign
ific
a
nc
e
l
evel
5%
w
as
ch
os
en
f
or
this
m
od
el
.
It
m
eans
that
95%
pro
bab
il
it
y
that
the
val
ue
of
t
he
tr
ue
m
ean
(
ob
ta
ine
d
i
f
the
m
od
el
is
run
f
or
a
n
i
nf
i
nite
pe
rio
d)
li
es
with
in
th
e
confide
nce i
nterv
al
.
Th
e
esti
m
at
ed
num
ber
of r
e
plica
ti
on
for
this m
od
el
is 5.
Figure
3
.
W
a
r
m
U
p
Peri
od Grap
h
Table
5
. E
xper
i
m
entat
ion
Res
ult
Rep
licatio
n
Av
erage M
o
n
th
ly
Energy Co
n
su
m
p
ti
o
n
No
App
o
rtion
m
en
t
Ind
iv
id
u
al App
o
rti
o
n
m
en
t
Grou
p
App
o
rtionm
e
n
t
1
1
,01
3
,363.8
0
9
1
7
,511.8
1
(
-
9
.46%)
8
2
5
,872.7
8
(
-
1
8
.50%)
2
9
4
7
,377.3
8
9
3
8
,763.4
3
(
-
0
.91%)
8
8
7
,671.2
8
(
-
6
.30%)
3
1
,03
6
,726.8
7
9
3
7
,589.3
5
(
-
9
.56%)
8
6
6
,805.6
2
(
-
1
6
.39%)
4
1
,10
8
,863.0
1
9
6
8
,278.0
2
(12
.6
8
%)
9
1
5
,456.8
7
(
-
1
7
.44%)
5
1
,09
7
,287.4
2
9
3
8
,288.9
9
(
-
1
4
.49%)
9
0
2
,786.7
3
(
-
1
7
.73%)
3.1.3
.
Run Le
ng
t
h
Be
cause non
-
te
rm
inati
ng
si
m
u
la
ti
on
d
oe
s n
ot
h
ave a
natu
ral end
po
i
nt,
the leng
t
h
of
a sim
ulati
on
ru
n
needs
to
be
de
te
rm
ined
by
the
m
od
el
us
er
.
Run
-
le
ngth
was
cal
culat
ed
by
plo
tt
ing
c
um
ulati
ve
m
ea
ns
an
d
conve
rg
e
nce
ba
sed
in
five
re
plic
at
ion
s.
Althou
gh
t
he
cal
c
ulati
on
i
nd
ic
at
e
that
the
m
ini
m
u
m
ru
n
-
le
ngt
h
is
6,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4486
-
4495
4492
the
r
un
-
le
ngth
for
this
sim
ulati
on
is
12
m
onths.
It
is
beca
use
the
sim
ulatio
n
res
ult
is
go
ing
t
o
be
com
par
e
d
with a
n
e
nergy
conser
vatio
n r
esearch
r
es
ult f
ro
m
Cornell
Unive
rsity
[7]
.
3.2.
E
xp
eri
ment
at
i
on
3.2.1.
E
xp
eri
ment
al Vali
dation
The
sim
ulati
on
re
-
im
ple
m
ente
d
an
d
sim
plified
Zh
an
g’
s
m
odel
[3]
.
It
only
s
i
m
ulate
d
com
bin
e
ene
rg
y
m
anag
em
ent
st
rategy
w
her
e
use
r
can
m
anu
al
ly
switc
h
off
the
li
gh
t
bu
t
in
case
us
e
r
do
not
switc
h
it
off
,
li
ght
will
autom
at
icall
y
switc
h
off
after
t
he
off
ic
e
is
e
m
pty
fo
r
20
m
inu
te
s.
W
it
hout
im
ple
m
entat
ion
of
any
interve
nt
io
n
st
rategy
a
nd
us
ing
sam
e
input
val
ue
(sam
e
work
i
ng
ti
m
e,
us
e
r
e
nergy
a
war
e
ness
le
vel
,
total
nu
m
ber
of
us
e
r
that
occu
py
of
fice
bu
il
di
ng
al
so
sam
e
total
nu
m
ber
of
li
gh
t
s
and
com
pu
te
r
that
is
instal
l
ed
in
the buil
ding
),
hourl
y ene
rg
y c
on
s
um
ption
be
tween
[3
]
an
d
t
his m
od
el
is rel
at
ively
the sam
e.
The
e
xperim
e
nt
re
su
lt
from
in
div
id
ual
a
pport
io
nm
ent
was
c
om
par
ed
with
the
ave
rag
e
ene
r
gy
reducti
on
f
ro
m
[7]
a
bout
usi
ng
c
om
par
at
ive
feedbac
k
to
i
nfl
uen
ce
w
orkp
l
ace
energy
c
onserv
at
io
n
with
case
stud
y i
n
Co
r
ne
ll
U
niv
e
rsity
[7]
to ch
ec
k
t
he vali
dity
o
f
the
exp
e
rim
ent r
esult.
The
ex
pe
rim
en
ta
ti
on
res
ult
,
sh
ow
n
in
Table
5
,
gi
ves
hi
gher
reducti
on
per
c
entage
c
om
par
ed
to
[
7]
,
i
n
the
range
of
0.
91%
to
18.
50%
and
c
onsta
nt
ly
red
ucin
g
th
e
energy
consu
m
pt
ion
.
T
hese
diff
e
re
nces
m
i
gh
t
be
cause
d
of
t
he
si
m
plific
at
ion
of
real
world
i
n
Table
1
.
Firs
t,
in
the
real
w
or
l
d
reduci
ng
energy
co
ns
um
pt
ion
m
on
th
-
on
-
m
onth
m
igh
t
not
a
lway
s
f
easi
ble.
The
best
in
div
id
ual
or
gro
up
m
igh
t
not
be
able
t
o
re
duc
e
their
consum
ption
a
nym
or
e.
Seco
nd,
each
per
s
on
has
dif
fer
e
nt
m
otive
an
d
goal
.
Peop
le
with
a
chievem
ent
or
ie
nted
will
be
m
or
e
m
ot
ivate
d
wh
e
n
com
par
at
ive
feed
ba
ck
on
e
nergy
us
a
ge
is
pr
ese
nted
t
o
them
,
since
the
y
care
about
pe
rfor
m
ance
an
d
pe
rsonal
loss
/
gain
,
r
at
her
tha
n
pe
ople
with
al
truis
ti
c
value.
Altru
ist
ic
al
so
m
or
e
li
kel
y
to
be
dem
otivate
d
by
sa
nctio
n
or
fr
ee
-
ri
ding.
Last
,
this
sim
ulati
on
only
focuses
on
li
gh
t
and
com
pu
te
r
(
in
the
real
-
w
orl
d
H
V
AC
co
nsum
e
m
os
t
of
energy
in
non
-
resi
dent
ia
l
bu
il
din
g
[
21]
)
w
hile
[7]
c
on
si
ders
al
l
el
ect
rici
ty
consum
ption
i
n
the
bu
il
di
ng.
Furthe
rm
or
e,
the
si
m
ulati
on
sho
ws
that
without
any
i
nter
ven
ti
on
th
e
total
energy
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
is
co
nsi
der
a
bly
sta
ble
wh
il
e
[
7]
s
ho
ws
that
the
re
a
re
tw
o
buil
dings
that
sli
ghtl
y
reduce
their
e
nergy
c
onsu
m
ption
eve
n
t
hough
they
wer
e
not
par
ti
c
ipati
ng
in
t
he
c
a
m
paign
.
It
m
i
gh
t
be
beca
us
e
ther
e
are
higher n
umber
of staf
f
t
hat h
a
ve
al
tr
uisti
c v
al
ue
i
n
th
os
e
bu
il
di
ng which
is not re
flect
e
d
in
this sim
ulati
on
.
3.2.2.
Sensiti
vity A
n
alysi
s
The
pr
ese
nce
of
est
im
at
ed
data
in
a
si
m
ulati
on
le
aves
s
om
e
un
certai
nt
y
about
the
va
li
dity
of
the
m
od
el
and
w
ould
no
doubt
r
edu
ce
it
s
cre
di
bili
ty
.
On
e
wa
y
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
this
issue
is
pe
rfor
m
ing
sen
s
it
ivit
y
an
al
ysi
s to get
insig
ht abo
ut the su
bj
ect
of in
te
rest.
First,
the
m
oti
vation
le
vel
as
an
input
is
var
i
ed
for
both
sce
nar
i
o.
O
ne
that
si
m
ulate
a
ll
s
t
aff
has
ver
y
low
m
otivati
on
le
vel
(0)
an
d
a
no
t
her
one
sim
ulate
s
al
l
sta
ff
has
ve
ry
hi
gh
m
ot
ivati
on
le
ve
l
(98)
. Th
e
e
ffec
t
on
the
total
ener
gy
con
s
um
ption
in
a
ye
ar
,
Figure
4
(a
)
,
s
hows
a
ste
ep
gr
a
dien
t
wh
ic
h
m
eans
there
is
a
sign
i
ficant
sh
ift i
n t
he res
pons
e
. I
t ca
n b
e co
nclu
ded th
at
the r
es
ponse
is sens
it
ive
to t
he
cha
nge i
n
t
he
in
put.
In
a
pport
ion
m
ent
strat
egy
t
o
gro
up
le
ve
l,
sa
nction
a
nd
abil
it
y
to
identify
ind
ivi
du
al
c
onsu
m
ption
in
gro
up
al
s
o
give
i
m
pact
to
m
otivati
on
le
vel.
Sens
it
ivit
y
an
al
ysi
s
resu
lt
f
or
sa
nction
an
d
an
on
ym
ity
factor
i
n
Figure
4
(
b) s
hows
that
both
f
act
or
s
do
no
t
ha
ve
a
sig
nifica
nt im
pact tow
a
rd total
en
e
r
gy
consum
ption
.
3.2.3.
Scen
ario
The
m
od
el
c
onsist
s
of
4
offic
e
room
s,
1
c
orr
idor,
a
nd
1
pu
bl
ic
area
,
27
li
ghts
instal
le
d,
a
nd
occ
upie
d
by
24
pe
ople
who
hav
e
t
heir
own
c
om
pu
te
r
in
their
ow
n
office.
5
re
plica
ti
on
s
were
execu
te
d
f
or
eac
h
scenari
o.
Each
us
e
r
will
be
as
sig
ned
a
work
ti
m
e
ste
r
eoty
pe
a
nd
ene
rg
y
sa
ving
a
w
aren
es
s
ste
re
ot
ype
us
i
ng
a
rand
om
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
.
Their
energy
savi
ng
awar
e
ness
st
ereo
ty
pe
dete
r
m
ines
the
m
otivati
on
le
ve
l
an
d
m
ot
ivati
on
le
ve
l
determ
ines
us
er
be
ha
viour
in
us
i
ng
un
ne
cessary
el
ect
rical
app
li
ance
s.
If
t
heir
m
otivati
on
le
vel
is
hi
gh
e
r
than
t
hr
es
hold
value,
m
or
e
li
ke
ly
us
er
will
switc
h
off
a
pp
li
ances
when
t
he
y
are
no
l
onge
r
use
it
.
Oth
e
rw
ise
,
t
he
a
pp
li
a
nces
will
ei
ther
a
uto
m
atical
ly
swi
tc
h
off
or
e
nte
r
sta
nd
by
sta
te
after
a
certai
n
pe
rio
d
to conse
rv
e
ene
rg
y.
In
orde
r
t
o
c
om
par
e
the
im
p
act
betwee
n
i
ndivid
ual
a
nd g
r
oup
a
pport
io
nm
ent,
two diffe
ren
t
sce
na
rios
will
b
e
run d
uri
ng
e
xperim
enta
l st
age;
a.
Scena
rio
1:
A
pport
ion
e
d
t
o
Indivi
du
al
le
ve
l,
A
nonym
ou
s,
I
nfo
rm
ative
Feed
bac
k
a
va
il
able,
sancti
on
i
m
ple
m
ented
b.
Scena
rio 2:
Apporti
oned
to G
rou
p,
Ano
nym
ou
s
, In
form
at
i
ve
Fee
dback
a
vaila
ble, sa
nction i
m
ple
m
ente
d
Total
energy
c
on
s
um
ption
of
the
w
ho
le
office
that
is
produ
ced
m
on
thly
w
il
l
be
analy
sed
to
see
how
diff
e
re
nt appro
aches is a
ff
ect
the outcom
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ad
ding Psyc
ho
log
ic
al
Fact
or
in the M
odel
of Elect
ric
it
y
…
(
Meredit
a S
usa
nty
)
4493
Figure
4
.
(
a
)
M
otivati
on Le
vel (b) Sancti
on a
nd An
on
im
ity in
Group
im
pact tow
a
rd To
ta
l
Energy
Con
s
um
ption
3.2.4.
Oup
ut
Co
m
pa
ri
s
on f
rom
Scen
arios
The
e
xp
e
rim
e
nt
res
ult
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
5
sho
ws
th
at
without
int
erv
e
ntio
n
the
total
energy
consum
ption
i
s
relat
ively
sta
ble
f
or
al
ong
the
ye
ar
w
hile
pr
ese
ntin
g
e
ne
rg
y
us
a
ge
fee
dback
to
sta
ff
i
n
th
e
bu
il
di
ng
r
ed
uc
e
the
total
ener
gy
co
nsum
ption
.
The
total
ener
gy
con
s
um
ption
red
ucti
on
be
twe
e
n
appo
rtion
m
ent
strat
egy
to
in
div
id
ual
le
vel
an
d
gro
up
le
vel
s
hows
a
sim
i
la
r
patte
rn
.
H
ow
e
ver,
the
total
energy
consum
ption
of
gr
oup
ap
portio
nm
ent
s
li
gh
tl
y
red
uce
s
m
or
e
energy
con
s
um
ption
tha
n
in
div
id
ual
appo
rtion
m
ent.
Be
cause
visu
al
com
par
iso
n
betwee
n
in
div
id
ual
an
d
gro
up
co
nsum
ption
on
ly
sho
w
s
insig
nificant
di
ff
e
ren
ce
,
f
ur
t
he
r
analy
sis
us
i
ng
sta
ti
sti
c
m
et
hod
nee
d
to
be
perform
ed
to
ob
se
r
ve
w
het
her
t
he
diff
e
re
nce is st
at
ist
ic
ally si
gn
ific
ant.
As
ex
plained
in
[5]
,
al
thou
gh
under
ly
in
g
gr
ou
p
goal
s
on
c
ollec
ti
ve
consum
ption
pro
vid
es
the
opport
un
it
y
for
ind
i
viduals
to
free
ride
,
ag
gr
e
gate
am
ou
nt
pr
ese
nted
in
group
a
ppor
ti
on
m
ent
wh
ic
h
giv
e
higher
or
m
or
e
sign
ific
a
nt
sa
ving
is
hi
gh
ly
m
ot
ivati
ng
c
om
par
ed
to
sm
a
ll
saving
on
in
div
id
ual
act
io
n
wh
ic
h
m
ay
d
ishearte
n i
nd
i
viduals
giv
en
that th
ey
s
ee thei
r
act
io
ns o
nly ha
ving a
relat
ively
m
ino
r
im
pact
[8]
.
Nonetheless
,
it
m
us
t
no
te
that
in
Sect
ion
2.1
it
is
assu
m
ed
that
the
po
te
ntial
fr
ee
-
rider
is
const
antly
10%
o
f
the
tot
al
gr
ou
p
m
e
mb
er
w
hile
in
th
e
real
wo
rl
d
ve
ry
la
rg
e
gro
ups
m
a
y
enco
ur
age
m
or
e
fr
ee
-
riding
because
an
in
di
vid
ual
m
ay
belie
ve
that
it
is
easi
er
to
hid
e.
More
ov
e
r,
in
t
he
co
ntext
of
energy
m
on
it
or
ing
the
op
ti
m
u
m
g
rou
p
siz
e is y
et
unknown
.
3.2.5.
E
ner
gy
Co
m
pa
ri
s
on b
as
ed
on user
’s
a
w
are
ness
Total
ene
rg
y
consum
ption
per
e
ne
rg
y
a
war
e
ness
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
6
sho
ws
th
at
the
ene
rg
y
consum
ed
by
Bi
g
User
a
nd
Gen
e
ral
User
is
alm
os
t
the
sa
m
e
wh
il
e
Energy
Save
r
and
E
nv
i
ron
m
ental
Cham
pio
n on
l
y consum
e al
m
os
t
half
of Bi
g and Ge
ne
ral U
ser
c
onsu
m
ption
.
Since
the
re
is
on
ly
sli
ght
di
ff
ere
nce
of
e
nergy
co
nsum
ption
betwee
n
Energy
Sa
ve
r
an
d
E
nv
i
ron
m
ental
Cham
pio
n
ste
r
eoty
pe,
it
is
no
t
necessary
to
change
sta
f
f
be
hav
i
our
to
be
com
e
an
Env
i
r
on
m
ental
Cham
pio
n.
They
are
ex
pe
c
te
d
to
m
ai
nta
in
their
le
vel
of
co
nsum
ption
.
Cha
ng
i
ng
use
r
be
hav
i
our
from
Bi
g
User
or
Gen
e
ral
User to E
nergy Sa
ve
r
ca
n
sa
ve
the
orga
nisati
on
a
lot o
f
m
on
ey
.
3.2.6.
Nu
m
ber
of Sta
ff per
S
tereo
type per
month
Com
par
at
ive
feedbac
k
on
energy
us
age
infl
uen
ce
use
r
’s
m
otivati
on
le
vel.
Sinc
e
us
e
rs
a
re
cat
egorized
to
a
certai
n
ste
re
otype
base
d
on
m
otivati
on
l
evel,
t
he
c
hanges
of
m
otivati
on
le
vel
will
chang
e
us
er
’s
ste
reo
ty
pe.
Fig
ur
e
7
shows
that
us
in
g
gro
up
ap
portio
nm
ent
strat
egy
the
c
ha
ng
es
in
the
total
num
ber
of
sta
ff
pe
r
ste
reo
ty
pe
is
faster
.
Staff
sta
rts
to
sh
ift
to
a
be
tt
er
ste
reo
ty
pe
aro
un
d
the
th
ird
m
on
th.
Th
e
sh
ift
sign
ific
a
ntly
occ
ur
s
ar
ound t
he
ei
ghth
m
on
th.
4.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
Be
side co
m
par
e the g
ra
ph
vis
ually
, d
eepe
r
analy
sis using pai
red
-
t c
onfide
nt interv
al
co
m
par
is
on
was
perform
ed.
Thi
s
m
et
ho
d
i
den
t
ifie
s
the
sta
ti
stical
sign
ific
a
nc
e
of
a
dif
fer
e
nc
e
in
the
res
ult
from
two
scen
arios.
It
looks
at
the
m
ean
value
of
eac
h
case,
st
and
a
r
d
dev
ia
ti
on
an
d
num
ber
of
rep
li
cat
io
n.
Paire
d
-
t
c
onfide
nce
interval c
om
par
iso
n
is cal
c
ulate
d
usi
ng fo
rm
ula d
e
fine
d
i
n
[
6]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
4486
-
4495
4494
Figure
5
.
En
e
r
gy Co
nsum
ption
for
Eac
h
App
or
ti
onm
ent
Figure
6
.
To
ta
l
Ene
rg
y C
onsum
pt
ion
per
Stereoty
pe
Five
rep
li
cat
io
ns
wer
e
pe
rform
ed
f
or
eac
h
s
cenari
o,
t
hen
the
a
ver
a
ge
m
on
thly
ene
r
gy
c
on
s
um
ption
within
a
ye
ar
is
us
ed
for
thi
s
analy
sis.
Th
e
cal
culat
ion
r
esult
is
show
n
in
Table
6
.
S
ince
the
co
nfi
denc
e
interval is a
to
the r
i
gh
t
of zer
o,
it
ca
n be con
cl
ud
e
d wit
h
s
pe
ci
fied
le
vel
of co
nf
id
ence
(
95%)
that the
r
e
su
lt
of
Scena
rio
1
is
gr
eat
er
tha
n
the
resu
lt
of
Scenar
i
o
2.
Howe
ver,
bec
ause
the
ai
m
is
to
red
uce
energy
consum
ption
,
Scena
rio 2 is t
o be
pr
e
ferred
.
Figure
7
.
Th
e
Chan
ges
i
n
the
total
num
ber
of staf
f per
stere
otype
Table
6
. Pai
re
d
-
t C
onfi
den
ce
Inter
val Com
par
iso
n
Ca
lc
ulati
on
Sig
n
if
ican
ce L
ev
el
5
.0%
Co
n
f
i
d
en
ce I
n
terval
Rep
lica
-
tio
n
Scen
ario 1
Res
u
lt
Scen
ario 2
Res
u
lt
Dif
f
erence
Cu
m
.
Mean
Dif
f
erence
Stan
d
ard
Dev
iatio
n
Lower
Interval
Up
p
er
Interval
Co
n
clu
sion
1
9
1
7
,511.8
1
8
2
5
,872.7
8
9
1
,63
9
.0
2
9
1
,63
9
.0
2
n
/a
n
/a
n
/a
n
/a
2
9
3
8
,763.4
3
8
8
7
,671.2
8
5
1
,09
2
.1
6
7
1
,36
5
.5
9
2
8
,67
0
.9
6
-
1
8
6
,23
2
.7
8
3
2
8
,963.9
6
No
Dif
f
erence
3
9
3
7
,589.3
5
8
6
6
,805.6
2
7
0
,78
3
.7
4
7
1
,17
1
.6
4
2
0
,27
6
.2
1
2
0
,80
2
.7
3
1
2
1
,540.5
5
S1
>S2
4
9
6
8
,278.0
2
9
1
5
,456.8
7
5
2
,82
1
.1
5
6
6
,58
4
.0
2
1
8
,92
7
.9
8
3
6
,46
5
.3
8
9
6
,70
2
.6
5
S1
>S2
5
9
3
8
,288.9
9
9
0
2
,786.7
3
3
5
,50
2
.2
6
6
0
,36
7
.6
6
2
1
,49
2
.2
4
3
3
,68
1
.5
2
8
7
,05
3
.8
1
S1
>
S2
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Since
colle
ct
ing
fine
-
grai
ne
d
energy
data
in
wo
r
kpla
ce
is
increasin
gly
possible
an
d
ch
ang
i
ng
use
r
beh
a
viou
r
us
in
g
com
par
at
ive
feed
ba
ck
stra
te
gy
pr
ovi
des
a
po
te
ntial
to
reduce
ene
rg
y
con
s
um
ption
,
this
researc
h
is
ai
m
ed
to
un
der
sta
nd
the
im
pact
of
ap
plyi
ng
di
f
fer
e
nt
ap
proac
hes
of
ene
r
gy
data
ap
portio
nm
ent
to
change
sta
f
f
be
hav
i
our
to
ward
ene
rg
y
c
on
s
um
ption
reduc
ti
on
by
re
-
im
ple
m
ent
ing
an
d
exten
d
ing
the
form
er
m
od
el
,
add se
ve
ral p
syc
ho
l
og
i
cal
f
act
ors
int
o t
he
m
od
el
.
The
ne
w
al
gori
thm
ref
le
ct
s
ps
yc
ho
lo
gical
fa
ct
or
w
he
n
com
par
at
ive
feedb
ack
cam
paign
is
us
ed
a
s
an
interve
ntio
n
st
rategy
to
cha
nge
e
nergy
behavio
ur
in
w
orkp
la
ce.
F
ro
m
the
e
xp
e
rim
ent
at
ion
res
ult
it
can
be
con
cl
ud
e
d
that
m
otivati
on
pl
ay
s
an
i
m
po
rta
nt
ro
le
in
c
hangin
g
us
e
r
be
ha
viour
wh
il
e
sa
nction
a
nd
abili
ty
to
identify
in
div
i
du
al
c
on
s
um
ption
in
gro
up
do
es
not
.
Bi
g
a
nd
Ge
ner
al
Us
er
are
the
ta
r
ge
t
of
be
ha
viour
change
strat
egy
be
cau
se
cha
ngin
g
th
ei
r
be
ha
viour
has
si
gn
i
ficant
i
m
pact
in
lo
w
erin
g
whole
e
ne
rg
y
u
sa
ge
th
us
hel
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Ad
ding Psyc
ho
log
ic
al
Fact
or
in the M
odel
of Elect
ric
it
y
…
(
Meredit
a S
usa
nty
)
4495
the
orga
ni
s
at
io
n
saves
m
on
ey
.
More
ov
e
r,
a
pport
io
nm
ent
st
rategy
to
gro
up
le
vel
giv
e
hig
he
r
res
ult
in
energy
consum
ption
r
edu
ct
io
n f
or
t
he
who
le
buil
di
ng ev
e
n
t
houg
h
it
pr
ov
i
des o
pport
unit
y for i
nd
i
vidual t
o f
r
eeride.
The
c
oncl
us
io
n
on
ly
acc
ur
at
el
y
ref
le
ct
s
li
ghts
an
d
c
om
pute
r
co
nsum
ption
.
In
the
m
od
e
l
scope
the
re
a
re
s
om
e
it
e
m
s
that
wer
e
identifie
d
to
ha
ve
sig
nifica
nt
i
m
pact
toward
energy
c
on
s
umpti
on
an
d
e
nergy
co
ns
e
rv
at
io
n
but
do
e
s
no
t i
nclu
de
d
in
this
resea
rch.
REFERE
NCE
S
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oti
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orm
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orm
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c
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efu
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eor
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