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teristics
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Un
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CC
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li
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C
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u
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n
Q
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Dep
ar
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m
en
t o
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ad
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n
g
in
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r
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L
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Q
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Do
n
T
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U
n
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2
3
6
Ho
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B
ac
T
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Dis
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Vietn
a
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m
ail: d
i
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n
q
@
m
ta.
ed
u
.
v
n
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
C
u
r
r
en
tl
y
,
n
e
x
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
m
o
b
ile
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
(
5
G)
is
d
e
v
elo
p
in
g
[
1
,
2
]
.
Fo
r
m
o
b
ile
b
ase
s
tatio
n
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
,
m
u
lti
b
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m
an
d
w
id
eb
an
d
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
ar
e
r
eq
u
ested
in
ad
d
iti
o
n
to
lo
w
s
id
elo
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
p
r
ese
n
t
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
a
n
te
n
n
a
s
[
3
,
4
]
.
I
n
a
p
r
esen
t
m
o
b
ile
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
ten
n
a,
a
n
eq
u
all
y
s
p
ac
ed
lin
ea
r
ar
r
a
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
a
tio
n
i
s
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
L
o
w
s
id
elo
b
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
ar
e
ac
h
iev
ed
b
y
g
iv
i
n
g
ad
eq
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ate
ex
citatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
(
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
p
h
ase)
to
ar
r
ay
ele
m
en
ts
[
5
-
7
]
,
an
d
/o
r
ch
an
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ad
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n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
in
th
e
ar
r
ay
[
8
,
9
]
.
I
n
ca
s
e
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
e
x
citatio
n
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
to
all
ele
m
en
t
s
,
f
ee
d
in
g
n
e
t
w
o
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k
in
cl
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d
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m
u
l
tip
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p
o
w
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d
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id
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s
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d
f
e
e
d
er
lin
es
th
at
h
a
v
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
v
al
u
es
[
10
-
12
]
.
Her
e
in
,
p
h
ase
v
al
u
es
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
b
y
f
ee
d
er
lin
e
len
g
t
h
s
,
w
h
ich
t
en
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
ar
r
ay
an
ten
n
a
’
s
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
.
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n
ad
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itio
n
,
th
e
ap
p
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r
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ce
o
f
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
es
in
ar
r
ay
f
ac
to
r
s
(
AF)
[
13
]
w
h
e
n
eq
u
all
y
s
p
ac
ed
ar
r
ay
s
(
E
S
A
)
p
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f
o
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m
i
n
g
w
it
h
in
w
id
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an
d
f
r
eq
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ci
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m
a
k
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it
m
o
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d
i
f
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icu
lt i
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m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
ac
t
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al
an
ten
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a
m
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els.
Fo
r
t
h
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p
u
r
p
o
s
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o
f
i
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cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
p
er
atio
n
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
r
an
g
e,
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
ta
p
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
)
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
[
14
,
15
]
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
w
i
ll
b
e
p
r
o
m
is
in
g
.
T
h
e
ex
citatio
n
co
ef
f
i
cien
ts
f
o
r
all
ar
r
ay
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
n
if
o
r
m
.
Her
e,
th
e
f
ee
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lin
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len
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t
h
s
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r
o
m
t
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i
n
p
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o
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k
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as
f
r
eq
u
en
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i
n
d
ep
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d
en
t
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ar
ac
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s
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.
T
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DT
A
an
te
n
n
a
w
i
ll
b
e
ex
p
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to
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lo
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i
n
a
w
i
d
e
r
an
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e
o
f
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
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.
Fo
r
p
r
ev
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u
s
r
esear
ch
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s
o
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u
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all
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o
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d
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s
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o
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d
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u
all
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p
ac
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ar
r
ay
s
w
as
p
r
o
p
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in
[
16
-
22
]
w
h
ich
ac
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iev
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s
id
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-
lo
b
es
le
v
el
(
SLL
)
lo
w
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a
n
-
25
d
B
.
I
n
[
23
,
24
]
,
th
e
p
ar
ticle
s
w
ar
m
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p
ti
m
izatio
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al
g
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it
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th
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.
T
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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w
it
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o
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a
lu
e
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.
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n
[
25
,
26
]
,
th
e
ev
o
lu
tio
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o
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it
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m
was
u
s
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T
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ly
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all
y
s
p
ac
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ar
r
ay
s
w
er
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
[
27
-
29
]
,
an
d
s
o
m
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
s
w
er
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
[
30
-
34
]
.
E
v
id
en
ce
i
n
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
d
e
s
ig
n
i
n
g
u
n
eq
u
al
s
p
ac
in
g
ar
r
a
y
s
h
as
b
ee
n
s
tated
in
[
35
]
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
r
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o
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e
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al
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f
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atter
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o
f
th
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ar
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a
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s
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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88
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I
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1366
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3.
NUM
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R
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2
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1
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2
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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&
C
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m
p
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n
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I
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N:
2
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B
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
e
f
f
ec
t
is
t
h
at
t
h
e
g
r
ati
n
g
lo
b
e
lev
els
ar
e
s
tr
etch
ed
a
n
d
th
o
s
e
p
ea
k
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
5
d
B
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
in
E
S
A
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
g
r
ati
n
g
lo
b
e
p
ea
k
s
r
e
m
ai
n
u
n
c
h
an
g
ed
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
DT
A
o
f
d
c
=
0
.
5
λ
1
,
th
e
ar
r
ay
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
F
S
L
L
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
lev
el
k
ee
p
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
Her
ein
,
th
e
FS
L
L
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
le
v
el
o
f
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
ar
e
-
1
9
.
1
d
B
an
d
-
7
.
8
d
B
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
th
at
g
r
ati
n
g
lo
b
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
is
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
lar
g
er
.
Fo
r
th
e
DT
A
o
f
d
c
=
0
.
4
λ
1
,
t
h
e
ar
r
ay
f
ac
to
r
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
T
h
e
FS
L
L
k
ee
p
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
in
g
,
r
ea
ch
in
g
-
2
5
.
4
d
B
.
I
n
co
n
tr
as
t
,
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
id
elo
b
e
lev
el
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
a
t
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
,
r
ea
ch
i
n
g
-
1
7
.
2
d
B
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
i
s
th
at
th
e
s
p
ac
in
g
a
m
o
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
s
a
t
th
e
ar
r
a
y
ed
g
e
b
ec
o
m
e
to
o
lar
g
e.
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
88
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
3
5
6
-
1366
1360
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
A
r
r
a
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
d
en
s
i
t
y
tap
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
1
)
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
,
(
c)
3
,
(
d
)
4
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
A
r
r
a
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
d
en
s
i
t
y
tap
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
2
)
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
,
(
c)
3
,
(
d
)
4
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-15.6 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Int
ensi
ty [dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Int
ensi
ty [dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Int
ensi
ty [dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Int
ensi
ty [dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-19.1 dB
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Wid
eb
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f d
en
s
ity
ta
p
ered
a
r
r
a
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
a
n
h
B
in
h
)
1361
(
a)
(
b
)
(
c)
(
d
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
A
r
r
a
y
f
ac
to
r
o
f
d
en
s
i
t
y
tap
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
3
)
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
,
(
c)
3
,
(
d
)
4
3
.
1
.
3
.
Su
mm
a
ry
T
o
s
u
m
m
ar
y
t
h
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
ar
r
ay
f
ac
to
r
s
,
th
e
FS
L
L
an
d
g
r
at
in
g
lo
b
e
lev
els
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
an
d
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
T
h
e
FS
L
L
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
a)
,
in
w
h
ich
t
h
e
F
SLL
d
escr
ea
s
es
g
r
ad
u
all
y
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
at
t
h
e
ar
r
ay
ce
n
ter
i
n
cr
ea
s
es.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
o
s
e
v
alu
e
s
r
e
m
ai
n
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
at
all
f
r
eq
u
en
cie
s
.
Fo
r
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
le
v
els,
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
le
v
el
s
o
f
g
r
ati
n
g
l
o
b
e
ar
e
lik
el
y
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
wh
en
th
e
d
en
s
i
t
y
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
a
t
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
ce
n
ter
i
n
cr
e
ases
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
at
d
c
=
0
.
4
λ
1
a
n
d
f
4
=2
.
5
f
1
t
h
e
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
p
ea
k
s
te
n
d
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
s
p
ac
i
n
g
s
b
et
w
ee
n
ele
m
e
n
t
s
at
th
e
ed
g
e
o
f
th
e
ar
r
a
y
b
ec
o
m
e
to
o
lar
g
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
FS
L
L
an
d
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
lev
el
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
s
p
ac
in
g
at
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
ce
n
t
er
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
(a)
f
1
(b
)
f
2
(c)
f
3
(d
)
f
4
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-17.2 dB
(a
)
(b)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
-32.5
-30.0
-27.5
-25.0
-22.5
-20.0
-17.5
-15.0
-12.5
ESA
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
Firs
t Sidelobe
Level [
dB]
Spacing at
center of
the
array
[
]
DTA
3
DTA
2
DTA
1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
f
2
f
3
f
4
Grating l
obe L
evel [dB]
Spacing at
center of
the
array
[
]
DTA
3
DTA
2
DTA
1
ESA
(a
)
(b)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
-32.5
-30.0
-27.5
-25.0
-22.5
-20.0
-17.5
-15.0
-12.5
ESA
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
Firs
t Sidelobe
Level [
dB]
Spacing at
center of
the
array
[
]
DTA
3
DTA
2
DTA
1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
f
2
f
3
f
4
Grating l
obe L
evel [dB]
Spacing at
center of
the
array
[
]
DTA
3
DTA
2
DTA
1
ESA
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
20
88
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
3
5
6
-
1366
1362
3
.
2
.
Dipo
le
ele
m
ent
s
T
o
co
n
s
id
er
ef
f
ec
t
s
o
f
ar
r
a
y
el
e
m
en
ts
to
its
o
v
er
all
r
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
,
d
ip
o
le
an
ten
n
as
w
it
h
th
e
le
n
g
t
h
o
f
0
.
4
8
i
an
d
th
e
d
iam
eter
o
f
1
0
-
3
i
ar
e
s
elec
ted
,
w
h
er
e
i
(
i
=1
,
2
,
3
,
4
)
a
r
e
th
e
w
av
el
e
n
g
t
h
s
o
f
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
f
r
eq
u
en
c
ies
f
1
, f
2
, f
3
an
d
f
4
.
Her
ein
,
t
y
p
ical
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
at
f
1
an
d
f
3
ar
e
s
elec
ted
.
3
.
2
.
1
.
E
qu
a
lly
s
pa
ce
d a
rr
a
y
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
E
S
A
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Ob
v
io
u
s
l
y
,
th
e
FS
L
L
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
is
k
ep
t
u
n
c
h
a
n
g
e
d
an
d
th
e
F
S
L
L
v
al
u
e
s
in
t
h
i
s
c
ase
ar
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
Sid
elo
b
es
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ai
n
lo
b
e
ten
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
r
ad
iatio
n
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
ar
r
a
y
e
le
m
e
n
t
s
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
lt,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
lev
el
o
f
g
r
atin
g
lo
b
e
is
li
k
el
y
t
o
d
ec
r
ea
s
e.
(
a)
(
b
)
F
ig
u
r
e
8
.
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
eq
u
all
y
s
p
ac
ed
ar
r
ay
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
T
h
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
o
f
ele
m
en
ts
i
n
E
S
A
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
.
C
lear
ly
,
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
r
esi
s
t
an
ce
(
R
m
)
an
d
r
ea
ctan
ce
(
X
m
)
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
ar
e
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
atel
y
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
a
m
o
n
g
ar
r
a
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
W
h
en
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
is
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
,
t
h
e
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
p
h
aso
r
o
f
ea
ch
el
e
m
e
n
t
ar
e
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
o
th
er
s
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
es
it
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t to
d
eter
m
in
e
e
x
cit
atio
n
in
ter
m
s
o
f
a
m
p
lit
u
d
e
an
d
p
h
aso
r
to
ar
r
ay
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t i
m
p
ed
an
c
es o
f
h
al
f
-
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
ele
m
en
t
s
i
n
eq
u
al
l
y
s
p
ac
ed
ar
r
a
y
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
3
.
2
.
2
.
Densi
t
y
t
a
pere
d a
rr
a
y
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
DT
A
wh
en
d
c
=
0
.
5
λ
1
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
T
h
e
FS
L
L
s
ar
e
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
o
s
e
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
I
n
p
ar
ticu
lar
,
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
f
1
,
th
e
FS
L
L
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
(
a)
in
cr
ea
s
es
5
.
1
d
B
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
at
o
f
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
.
T
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
th
is
d
is
cr
ep
an
c
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lain
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
(
a)
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
t
h
e
in
te
n
s
e
m
u
t
u
al
co
u
p
li
n
g
e
f
f
ec
ts
a
m
o
n
g
ele
m
en
ts
at
t
h
e
ar
r
a
y
(a
)
f
1
(b)
f
3
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
E
el
e
(
)
(a
)
f
1
(b)
f
3
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
-90
-60
-30
0
30
60
90
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Intens
ity [
dB]
Angle [Deg.
]
-13.2 dB
E
el
e
(
)
(a
)
f
1
(b)
f
3
-10.5
-7.0
-3.5
0.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
-20
-10
0
10
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
Input
impedance [
]
Elements location [
]
Rm
Xm
-10.5
-7.0
-3.5
0.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
-20
-10
0
10
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
Input
impedance [
]
Elements location [
]
Rm
Xm
(a
)
f
1
(b)
f
3
-10.5
-7.0
-3.5
0.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
-20
-10
0
10
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
Input
impedance [
]
Elements location [
]
Rm
Xm
-10.5
-7.0
-3.5
0.0
3.5
7.0
10.5
-20
-10
0
10
20
50
60
70
80
90
100
Input
impedance [
]
Elements location [
]
Rm
Xm
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
Wid
eb
a
n
d
c
h
a
r
a
cteris
tics
o
f d
en
s
ity
ta
p
ered
a
r
r
a
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s
(
N
g
u
ye
n
Th
a
n
h
B
in
h
)
1363
ce
n
ter
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
o
f
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
ele
m
e
n
ts
at
th
e
ar
r
ay
ce
n
ter
.
Sin
ce
th
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
ar
r
ay
ce
n
ter
e
le
m
e
n
t
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
s
,
th
e
ex
c
itatio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
at
th
e
ar
r
ay
ce
n
ter
ele
m
en
t
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es.
T
h
is
r
esu
lts
in
th
e
in
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
FS
L
L
.
Fo
r
s
id
elo
b
es
f
ar
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
ai
n
l
o
b
e,
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
le
v
el
s
o
f
t
h
o
s
e
lo
b
es
ten
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
a
d
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
o
f
ar
r
a
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
A
t
t
h
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
f
3
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
,
th
e
FS
L
L
i
s
2
.
2
d
B
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
th
a
t
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
,
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
r
e
s
u
l
ts
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
1
(
b
)
.
Her
ein
,
th
e
in
p
u
t
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
ele
m
en
ts
at
ar
r
a
y
ce
n
ter
is
lo
w
er
th
an
t
h
o
s
e
at
ar
r
a
y
ed
g
e.
T
h
is
r
esu
lt
m
ak
e
s
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
t
th
e
ar
r
a
y
ce
n
ter
h
i
g
h
er
t
h
a
n
t
h
at
at
th
e
ar
r
a
y
ed
g
e.
T
h
is
f
ea
t
u
r
e
m
ak
e
s
t
h
e
F
SLL
in
F
ig
u
r
e
1
0
(
b
)
lo
w
er
t
h
an
t
h
at
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
5
(
c)
.
Fo
r
g
r
ati
n
g
lo
b
e
lev
el
s
,
t
h
e
p
ea
k
le
v
els
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
d
u
e
to
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
o
f
ar
r
ay
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
10
.
R
ad
iatio
n
p
atter
n
o
f
d
en
s
it
y
tap
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
2
)
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
11
.
T
h
e
in
p
u
t i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
o
f
h
al
f
-
w
a
v
elen
g
t
h
ele
m
en
ts
in
d
en
s
it
y
tap
er
ed
ar
r
ay
(
DT
A
2
)
,
(
a)
1
,
(
b
)
2
3
.
2
.
3
.
Su
mm
a
ry
T
h
e
ty
p
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
DT
A
in
clu
d
i
n
g
FS
L
L
an
d
g
r
a
tin
g
lo
b
e
lev
els
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
12
.
As ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
f
r
o
m
Fi
g
u
r
e
12
(
a)
,
th
e
FS
L
L
o
f
DT
A
s
tr
u
c
t
u
r
e
is
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
to
th
at
i
n
E
S
A
at
th
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
f
1
.
T
h
is
is
b
ec
au
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Input
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Elements location [
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Rm
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Input
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Elements location [
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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I
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11
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0
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1
:
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1366
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a)
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r
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12
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(
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CO
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.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
T.
S.
Ra
p
p
a
p
o
rt,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
M
il
l
im
e
ter
w
a
v
e
m
o
b
il
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
f
o
r
5
G
c
e
ll
u
lar:
It
W
il
l
W
o
rk
!
,
”
IEE
E
Acc
e
ss
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
3
4
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[2
]
C.
X
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ce
ll
u
lar
a
rc
h
it
e
c
tu
re
a
n
d
k
e
y
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
fo
r
5
G
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,
”
IEE
E
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s M
a
g
a
zin
e
,
v
o
l.
5
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
-
1
3
0
,
2
0
1
4
.
[3
]
Y.
Ra
h
a
y
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Hig
h
g
a
in
5
G
M
IM
O
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
f
o
r
m
o
b
il
e
b
a
se
sta
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
4
6
8
-
4
7
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[4
]
W
.
Ro
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
il
li
m
e
ter
-
w
a
v
e
b
e
a
m
f
o
r
m
in
g
a
s
a
n
e
n
a
b
li
n
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r
5
G
c
e
ll
u
lar
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s:
T
h
e
o
re
ti
c
a
l
fe
a
sib
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
ro
t
o
ty
p
e
re
su
lt
s,
”
IEE
E
c
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s ma
g
a
zi
n
e
,
v
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l.
5
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
-
1
1
3
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
A
.
A
.
Am
a
ireh
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
o
p
t
ima
l
s
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
sc
a
n
n
e
d
li
n
e
a
r
a
n
t
e
n
n
a
a
rra
y
s,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
),
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
7
7
-
1
4
8
4
,
2
0
2
0
.
[6
]
C.
L
.
Do
lp
h
,
“
A
c
u
rre
n
t
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
f
o
r
b
ro
a
d
si
d
e
a
rra
y
s
w
h
ich
o
p
ti
m
iz
e
s
th
e
re
latio
n
sh
ip
b
e
tw
e
e
n
b
e
a
m
w
id
th
a
n
d
sid
e
-
lo
b
e
lev
e
l,
”
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
IRE
,
v
o
l
.
3
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
5
-
3
4
8
,
1
9
4
6
.
[7
]
S
.
A
.
S
c
h
e
lk
u
n
o
f
f
,
“
A
m
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
th
e
o
ry
o
f
li
n
e
a
r
a
rra
y
s,
”
T
h
e
Bell
S
y
ste
m
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
2
,
p
p
.
8
0
-
1
0
7
,
1
9
4
3
.
[8
]
M
.
K.
A
b
d
u
l
h
a
m
e
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
id
e
lo
b
e
re
d
u
c
ti
o
n
i
n
a
rra
y
a
n
ten
n
a
b
y
u
sin
g
n
o
v
e
l
d
e
sig
n
o
f
EBG,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
e
r E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
0
8
-
3
1
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
F
.
J.
P
o
m
p
e
i
a
n
d
S
.
C.
W
o
o
h
,
“
P
h
a
se
d
a
rra
y
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
sh
a
p
e
s
f
o
r
su
p
p
re
ss
in
g
g
ra
ti
n
g
lo
b
e
s,
”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
th
e
Aco
u
stica
l
S
o
c
iety
o
f
Ame
ric
a
,
v
o
l.
1
1
1
,
p
p
.
2
0
4
0
-
2
0
4
8
,
2
0
0
2
.
[1
0
]
W.
R.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
w
it
c
h
e
d
-
b
e
a
m
a
n
ten
n
a
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
o
d
if
ied
Bu
t
l
e
r
m
a
tri
x
w
it
h
lo
w
sid
e
lo
b
e
lev
e
l,
”
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
L
e
tt
e
rs
,
v
o
l.
4
0
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
-
2
9
2
,
2
0
0
4
.
[1
1
]
T
.
T
.
Tan
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
F
e
e
d
in
g
N
e
tw
o
rk
w
it
h
Ch
e
b
y
sh
e
v
Distrib
u
t
io
n
f
o
r
De
sig
n
in
g
L
o
w
S
id
e
-
lo
b
e
L
e
v
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3
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4
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.
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5
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R.
E.
C
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F
.
J.
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r,
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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8
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9
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l.
,
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EE
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0
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S
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d
B.
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ra
it
,
“
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s,
”
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T
ra
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sa
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p
.
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[2
1
]
K.
K.
Ya
n
a
n
d
Y.
L
u
,
“
S
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e
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d
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th
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lg
o
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h
m
,
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[2
2
]
B.
Q.
Yo
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
H
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rid
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p
p
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S
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sis
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f
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t
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n
n
a
s
W
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h
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id
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lo
b
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s
Re
d
u
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ti
o
n
,
”
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E
An
ten
n
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s a
n
d
W
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.
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[2
3
]
N.
Jin
a
n
d
Y.
Ra
h
m
a
t
-
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a
m
ii
,
“
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v
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in
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a
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sig
n
s:
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r,
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p
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”
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p
.
5
5
6
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5
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7
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2
0
0
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.
[2
4
]
M
.
M
.
K
h
o
d
ier
a
n
d
C
.
G
.
Ch
risto
d
o
u
l
o
u
,
“
L
in
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a
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a
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y
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e
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m
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tr
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s
y
n
th
e
sis
w
it
h
m
in
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sw
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ti
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n
,
”
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EE
T
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n
s
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n
,
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p
.
2
6
7
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-
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9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
5
]
D.
G
.
Ku
ru
p
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
u
n
if
o
rm
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n
e
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u
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s
u
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g
th
e
d
i
f
f
e
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n
ti
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ti
o
n
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lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
IEE
E
T
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n
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ti
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A
n
ten
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s a
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d
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2
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7
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.
[2
6
]
C.
L
in
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
y
n
th
e
sis
o
f
Un
e
q
u
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ll
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S
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A
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ten
n
a
A
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ra
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b
y
Us
in
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Di
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n
ti
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l
Ev
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ti
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n
,
”
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E
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n
sa
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ti
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n
s
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An
ten
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2
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5
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1
,
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0
1
0
.
[2
7
]
D.
Kin
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Un
e
q
u
a
ll
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-
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a
c
e
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,
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ro
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b
a
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d
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n
ten
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a
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s,
”
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RE
T
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n
sa
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ti
o
n
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An
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n
d
Pro
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g
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t
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n
,
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l.
8
,
p
p
.
3
8
0
-
3
8
4
,
1
9
6
0
.
[2
8
]
H.
Un
z
,
“
L
in
e
a
r
A
rra
y
s
w
it
h
a
rb
it
ra
ril
y
d
istri
b
u
te
d
e
lem
e
n
ts,
”
I
RE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
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n
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o
n
A
n
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pr
o
p
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g
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ti
o
n
,
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o
l.
8
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
-
2
2
3
,
1
9
6
0
.
[2
9
]
H.
Un
z
,
“
No
n
u
n
if
o
rm
a
rra
y
s
with
sp
a
c
in
g
larg
e
r
th
a
n
o
n
e
w
a
v
e
len
g
th
,
”
IRE
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
An
ten
n
a
s
a
n
d
Pro
p
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g
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ti
o
n
,
v
o
l
.
A
P
-
1
0
,
p
p
.
6
4
7
-
6
4
8
,
1
9
6
2
.
[3
0
]
N.
T
.
Bin
h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
d
e
n
sity
tap
e
re
d
a
rra
y
f
o
r
a
rb
it
ra
ry
d
e
n
sit
y
d
istri
b
u
ti
o
n
,
”
in
2
0
1
6
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
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n
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e
o
n
Ad
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a
n
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e
d
T
e
c
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e
s f
o
r Co
mm
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o
n
s
(
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,
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n
o
i,
V
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m
,
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0
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6
,
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p
.
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7
5
-
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.
[3
1
]
B.
P
.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
G
.
Bra
n
n
e
r,
“
De
si
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o
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u
n
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ll
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m
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ro
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m
e
n
t,
”
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E
T
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n
sa
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ti
o
n
s
o
n
An
ten
n
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s a
n
d
Pr
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ti
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n
,
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l
.
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7
,
p
p
.
5
1
1
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5
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3
,
1
9
9
9
.
[3
2
]
C.
S
o
n
g
a
n
d
Q.
W
u
,
“
A
w
i
de
-
b
a
n
d
p
h
a
se
d
a
rra
y
a
n
ten
n
a
s
w
it
h
u
n
e
q
u
a
l
sp
a
c
e
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
i
n
g
s
o
f
2
0
1
2
5
th
Gl
o
b
a
l
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m o
n
M
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ter
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e
s
,
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0
1
2
,
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3
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teristics
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o
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El
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0
.
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(2
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.
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