Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
June
2021
,
pp.
2443
~
2456
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
3
.
pp
2443
-
24
56
2443
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
Block
chain for a
utomoti
ve:
A
n
insight t
owards the
IPFS
b
lockcha
in
-
based
auto ins
urance s
ec
t
or
Nisha
r
a Niz
am
uddin
1
,
Ahe
d Abu
gabah
2
1
Co
ll
ege of
Tech
nologi
c
al
Innov
a
ti
on,
Zay
e
d
Univ
ersity
,
Dubai
,
U
nit
ed
Arab Em
ira
te
s
2
Co
ll
ege of
Tech
nologi
c
al
Innov
a
ti
on,
Zay
e
d
Univ
ersity
,
Abu Dha
bi,
Uni
te
d
Arab Em
ira
te
s
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
1
9
, 20
20
Re
vised
D
ec
30
,
20
20
Accepte
d
J
a
n
1
2
,
2021
The
adva
n
ci
ng
technolog
y
a
nd
industrial
r
evol
uti
on
hav
e
ta
k
en
th
e
aut
om
oti
ve
indu
str
y
b
y
storm
in
recent
ti
m
es.
T
he
au
to
se
ct
or’s
consta
n
t
l
y
growing
demand
has
pave
d
th
e
wa
y
for
the
au
tomobile
sec
tor
to
embrac
e
new
te
chno
logies
and
disrupt
i
ve
innovations.
The
m
ult
i
-
trill
ion
dollar,
complex
aut
o
in
suranc
e
sec
tor
i
s
stil
l
stuck
in
the
reg
ulations
of
the
past
.
Mos
t
of
the
customers
stil
l
cont
a
ct
the
insur
anc
e
compan
y
b
y
ph
one
to
b
u
y
new
policie
s
an
d
proc
ess
ex
isti
n
g
insurance
cl
a
i
m
s.
Th
e
customers
stil
l
fa
ce
the
risk
of
fra
u
dule
nt
onl
ine
b
roke
rs,
as
poli
c
ie
s
are
m
ostl
y
signed
and
proc
essed
on
pape
rs
which
ofte
n
req
uire
hum
an
supervision,
with
a
risk
of
err
or.
The
insu
ran
ce
se
ct
or
f
a
ce
s
a
thr
eat
of
fai
lur
e
due
to
losing
and
m
isconc
ept
ion
o
f
poli
ci
es
and
in
form
at
ion.
W
e
pre
sent
a
decent
r
al
i
ze
d
IPF
S
and
bloc
k
cha
in
-
base
d
fra
m
ework
for
the
aut
o
in
suranc
e
sec
tor
t
hat
reg
u
la
t
es
the
ac
t
ivi
t
ie
s
in
te
rm
s
of
insur
anc
e
c
la
ims
for
aut
om
obil
es
and
aut
om
at
e
s
pa
y
m
en
ts.
Thi
s
art
i
cl
e
a
lso
discusses
how
bloc
kcha
in
technolog
y
’s
fea
tu
res
ca
n
b
e
usefu
l
for
the
de
ce
ntr
al
i
zed a
utonomous
v
ehi
c
le
’s
ec
os
y
s
tem
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Bl
ock
c
hain
Decent
rali
zed
auto
-
ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or
Decent
rali
zed
a
utono
m
ou
s
v
ehicl
e
Ethere
um
In
te
r
planeta
ry
f
il
e
s
yst
e
m
Peer
-
to
-
peer ne
tworks
Sm
art con
tract
s
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nish
a
ra
Nizam
uddin
Coll
ege
of
Tec
hnologica
l I
nn
ov
at
io
n
Zay
ed Un
i
ver
s
it
y
Dubai
Acad
em
ic
Ci
ty
, D
ubai
, Unite
d A
ra
b
E
m
irat
es
Em
a
il
: nishar
a.
nizam
@g
m
ai
l.
com
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or
is
a
con
s
er
vative,
hi
gh
ly
centrali
ze
d,
m
ulti
-
bill
io
n
doll
ar
busin
ess
that
has
sp
a
nn
e
d
acr
os
s
sever
al
indust
ries
includi
ng
r
eal
est
at
e,
auto
m
ob
il
e
ind
ust
r
y
and
healt
hca
re
.
The
c
onve
nt
ion
al
m
od
el
o
f
the
a
uto
i
ns
ura
nce s
ect
or
has bee
n on
e
of the
su
cc
essfu
l a
nd re
li
able inf
rastr
uctu
res
since
the ti
m
e o
f
it
s
init
ia
ti
on
.
Howe
ver,
in
re
cent
tim
es,
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
auto
-
ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or
ha
s
sta
rted
t
o
e
xp
e
rie
nce
the
change
that
m
od
e
r
n
te
chnol
og
ie
s
hav
e
broug
ht
into
the
insu
ra
nce
sec
tor,
c
on
ce
r
ning
ser
vice
an
d
pro
du
ct
delivery
[
1]
.
W
it
h
te
c
hnology
in
flue
ncin
g
eve
ry
in
dustr
y,
there
is
a
n
increasi
ng
th
reat
of
cy
ber
s
ecur
it
y
at
ta
cks,
de
nial
of
ser
vice
at
ta
cks,
a
nd
ot
he
r
IT
secu
rity
br
eac
hes
t
hat
aff
ect
th
e
di
gital
iz
ed
auto
m
ob
ile
insurance
in
dustry
le
adin
g
to
de
trim
ental
fina
ncial
i
m
pacts
[
1
-
3
]
.
Re
s
earche
rs
a
nd
industry
e
xpert
s
ar
e
const
antly
lookin
g
to
ide
ntify
ne
w
a
nd
t
o
im
pr
ove
e
xisti
ng
s
olu
ti
ons
to
revoluti
on
iz
e
the
c
onve
ntion
a
l
autom
otive
se
ct
or
by
inc
orp
or
at
in
g
i
nnova
ti
ve
te
ch
no
l
og
i
es
to
im
pr
ove
data
c
ollec
ti
on
,
data
m
anage
m
ent,
integrity
,
sec
uri
ty
,
and
ov
e
rall
infr
a
struc
ture
of
t
he
aut
om
otive
ins
ur
a
nce
s
ect
or
[
3
]
.
New
gen
e
rati
on
sys
tem
s
are
bein
g
de
sign
e
d
that
are
com
bin
ed
with
data
processi
ng
a
nd
a
s
ub
st
antia
l
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
m
anage
m
ent
capab
il
it
ie
s
to
com
m
un
ic
at
e
with
hum
ans
with
the
m
inim
al
interven
ti
on
[
4
]
.
A
n
est
im
at
ed
a
m
ou
nt
of
$169
bill
ion
is
plan
ne
d
t
o
be
al
loca
te
d
for
im
ple
m
enting
ne
w
te
chnolo
gies
to
i
m
pr
ov
ise
the
a
uto
m
otive
sect
or
[
5
].
The
ins
urance
industry
has
a
sta
ble
posit
ion
an
d
is
de
penda
ble
in
industrial
iz
ed
a
nd
m
at
ur
e
so
c
ie
ti
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
24
43
-
2456
2444
Howe
ver,
in
de
velo
ping
ec
onom
ie
s
this
se
ct
or
faces
se
ri
ou
s
pr
ob
l
em
s
du
e
to
ec
onom
ic
,
so
ci
al
,
a
nd
po
li
ti
cal
syst
e
m
s
existin
g
i
n
th
os
e
c
ount
ries.
S
om
e
of
t
he
bi
gg
e
st
chall
enges
fac
ed
by
t
he
ins
urance
i
ndus
try
-
la
ck
of
trust,
m
is
m
anag
em
ent
of
insu
ra
nce
rec
ords,
pri
ci
ng
pr
ob
le
m
,
com
pe
ti
ti
on
and
re
gula
ti
on
s
,
co
nf
l
ic
ts
of
int
erest,
set
tl
em
ent
disputes,
and
la
c
k
of
trans
par
e
ncy
[
6
-
10
]
.
The
a
ut
o
ins
ur
a
nce
s
ect
or
is
one
of
the
i
m
po
rtant
sect
or
s
t
hat
play
a
m
ajo
r
ro
le
i
n
the
aut
om
otive
industry,
as
it
is
vital
in
pro
vi
ding
fi
nan
ci
al
ai
d
in
case
of
a
n
acci
den
t
or
dam
age
cause
d
due
t
o
a
n
acci
den
t,
theft,
fire,
nat
ural
disaste
r,
or
va
nd
al
ism
[
11
,
12
]
.
But
in
case
of
an
e
xisti
ng
conve
ntion
al
i
ns
ura
nce
set
tl
e
m
ent
process
,
w
hen
e
ve
r
th
e
cl
ie
nts
su
bm
it
an
insurance
cl
ai
m
,
they
exp
ec
t
the
ins
uranc
e
com
pan
y
to
pay
a
nd
set
tl
e
their
cl
aim
s
at
the
e
arli
es
t.
T
he
insurance
c
ompany
gen
e
rall
y
fo
ll
ows
a
patte
rn
with
pr
e
de
fine
d
prot
oco
l
s
an
d
re
gu
la
ti
on
s
,
by
c
oor
din
at
in
g
with
the
pa
rtn
ered
gar
a
ges,
to
set
tl
e
the
i
ns
ura
nce
c
la
im
s
raised
by
the
insure
d
[
13
-
1
5
]
.
Acko
ge
ner
al
insurance
li
m
i
t
ed
[1
5
]
,
a
nd
e
xi
sti
ng
li
te
ratur
e
fo
r
ca
r
an
d
bi
ke
ins
ur
a
nce,
i
den
ti
fies
fi
ve
m
ajo
r
iss
ues
fa
ced
by
the au
t
o
-
i
ns
ura
nce sect
or
w
he
n
set
tl
ing cl
ai
m
s.
The
com
m
on ch
al
le
nges
are ide
ntifie
d t
o be:
Ab
se
nce
of
fi
rst
inf
or
m
at
ion
re
port
at
tim
es
of
acci
de
nt,
theft,
or
va
nd
al
ism
wh
ic
h
can
be
us
e
d
fo
r
ver
ify
in
g
t
he
c
red
i
bili
ty
o
f
th
e cla
i
m
su
bm
itted [1
5
].
Ab
se
nce
of in
s
ur
a
nce
docum
ents that s
how
s
that t
he vali
dity
o
f
ins
ur
a
nce
po
li
cy
[1
5
, 1
6
]
.
Po
stp
one
d
cl
ai
m
-
insu
red n
ot
act
ing
im
m
edi
at
el
y t
o
ap
ply f
or cla
i
m
s [
15
, 1
6
].
Lack
o
f
c
l
e
a
r
u
n
d
e
r
s
t
a
n
d
i
n
g
o
f
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
c
o
m
p
a
n
y
’
s
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
y
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
u
m
e
r
s
[
1
5
,
17
,
18
].
Con
s
um
er’
s la
ck of
kn
ow
le
dge
on inclu
sio
ns an
d
e
xclusi
ons
of aut
o
-
i
ns
urance
cover
age
[1
5
, 1
6
].
Id
e
ntit
y t
hef
t, i
den
ti
ty
f
ra
ud,
frau
dule
nt tra
nsa
ct
ion
s,
or se
ns
it
ive co
nsum
er d
at
a
br
eac
h
iss
ues [1
5
,
1
9
-
21
].
Fu
rt
her,
seve
ra
l
research
ques
ti
on
s
nee
d
to
be
addresse
d
on
the
evo
l
ving
auto
no
m
ou
s
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
syst
e
m
s,
it
s
i
m
pact
on
the
so
ci
et
y,
and
it
s
infr
ast
r
uctu
re
[
17,
22
]
.
T
her
e
is
a
nee
d
for
a
trust
worthy,
decen
t
rali
zed,
and
tra
ns
pa
re
nt
fr
am
ewo
r
k
t
o
em
ph
asi
ze
the
insura
nce
po
li
ci
es
to
the
poli
cy
ho
lde
rs,
to
i
m
po
se
the
re
gula
ti
on
s
of
the
ins
ur
a
nce
po
li
cy
,
t
o
regulat
e
the
tr
ansacti
ons,
an
d
m
anag
e
t
he
entit
y
account
abili
ty
.
Bl
ock
c
hain
te
chnolo
gy
ha
s
gaine
d
im
m
e
ns
e
pop
ularit
y
in
rece
nt
ti
m
es
du
e
to
i
ts
abili
ty
to
m
anag
e
transacti
ons
in
a
tam
per
-
pro
of,
im
m
u
ta
ble,
and
tra
nspare
nt
m
ann
er
an
d
has
bee
n
inc
orporated
int
o
va
rio
us
industries
i
nclud
i
ng
sm
art
bu
il
di
ngs,
a
gri
culture
,
healt
hc
are,
e
ne
rg
y
sect
or
,
bankin
g
a
nd
fi
na
nce
,
th
e
insurance
in
dustry,
e
-
govern
m
ent
serv
ic
es
[23
-
27]
.
The
a
uto
m
otive
insurance
i
ndus
try
is
enterin
g
in
to
th
e
new
e
ra
of
in
f
or
m
at
ion
m
ana
gem
ent
and
di
giti
zat
ion
,
w
hi
ch
w
he
n
com
bin
ed
with
bl
oc
kch
ai
n
te
ch
no
l
og
y
ca
n
sign
ific
a
ntly
i
m
pr
ov
e
how
th
e
po
li
ci
es
are
de
sign
e
d
an
d
in
su
ra
nce
cl
aim
s
are
ver
ifie
d.
Bl
ock
c
hain
is
power
e
d
by
s
m
art
con
tr
act
s
in
wh
ic
h
poli
ci
es,
te
r
m
s
a
nd
c
onditi
ons,
and
ins
urance
a
m
ou
nt
to
be
pa
id
by
the
com
pan
y
cou
l
d
be
finali
zed
an
d
ve
rifie
d.
H
ence
,
w
he
nev
e
r
a
cl
aim
i
s
m
ade
by
the
po
li
cy
own
e
r,
t
he
data
sto
re
d
on
t
he
blo
c
kch
ai
n
ca
n
i
m
m
ediat
e
ly
be
acce
ssed
an
d
a
decisi
on
ca
n
be
m
ade
by
t
he
ins
urance
c
om
pan
y
to
inst
antly
appr
ov
e
or
reject
any
cl
aim
s
m
ade
by
the
po
li
cy
owne
r.
But
blo
c
kc
hain
m
ay
no
t
be
eff
ic
ie
nt
en
ou
gh
i
n
storing larg
e r
e
cords
or
data. In su
c
h
cases w
her
e a n
ee
d
arises to stor
e large
file
s,
the d
e
centrali
zed I
P
F
S w
il
l
help
i
n
st
or
i
ng
the
file
s
an
d
t
he
has
h
of
t
he
file
store
d
i
n
t
he
IP
F
S
ca
n
be
store
d
ef
fici
ently
within
the
sm
art
con
t
ract.
All
th
e
par
ti
es
of
the
networ
k
will
be
not
ifie
d
in
case
of
a
ny
ch
ang
e
i
n
the
do
cum
ent
and
th
e
IP
FS
has
h
rem
ai
ns
un
i
qu
e
f
or
a
docum
ent.
I
f
t
he
file
gets
co
rrup
te
d,
or
m
od
ifie
d
t
he
has
h
c
hanges
an
d
t
he
sm
art
con
t
ract
sen
ds
a
no
ti
ficat
ion
t
o
al
l
par
ti
es,
and
cal
ls
off
th
e
transacti
on,
there
by
safe
gu
a
rd
i
ng
the
le
giti
m
at
e
con
te
nt
of
the
do
c
um
ent.
In
case,
if
a
false
cl
aim
is
m
ade
by
the
insuran
ce
po
li
cy
ho
l
de
r,
or
if
the
insu
ra
nc
e
com
pan
y
disa
gr
ees
to
pay
t
he
cl
ai
m
based
on
the
co
ntr
act
ual
te
rm
s,
the
sm
art
co
ntr
act
will
i
m
m
e
diate
ly
no
ti
fy
al
l
the
e
ntit
ie
s
of
the
network
an
d
so
l
ves
the
dispute
by
payi
ng
the
pay
m
ents
to
t
he
poli
cy
ho
lde
r
thus
enh
a
ncin
g
t
ru
s
t
on
the
syst
e
m
and
assu
rin
g
tra
nspare
ncy
in
tra
ns
act
io
ns.
T
his
resea
rc
h
pap
e
r’
s
co
nt
rib
u
ti
on
can
be
s
umm
e
d up as
:
To
pro
vid
e
a
n
insig
ht
into
va
r
iou
s
f
unc
ti
on
al
areas
of
veh
ic
ular
ecosyst
em
that
can
harne
ss
the
featur
e
s
of
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnology.
To
ca
rr
y
out
a
stu
dy
to
i
de
ntify
pote
ntial
oppo
rtu
niti
es
for
tra
nsfo
rm
i
ng
the
co
nven
ti
on
al
a
uto
m
otive
insurance
secto
r by de
plo
yi
ng
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnology.
To
pro
pose
an
IP
FS
blo
c
kc
ha
in
-
based
fr
am
ework
for
the
ve
hicle
insuranc
e
sect
or
,
powe
red
by
Ethere
um
sm
art con
tract
s
to
ca
rr
y
ou
t t
he
ins
ur
a
nce cla
i
m
s p
ro
ce
ss in
a trans
pa
ren
t a
nd tam
per
-
pro
of m
ann
er.
The
rem
ai
nd
er
of
the
paper
i
s
com
po
sed
as
:
Sect
ion
2
dis
cusses
a
br
ie
f
backg
rou
nd
on
blo
c
kch
ai
n
and
t
he
chall
eng
e
s
face
d
by
the
co
nv
e
ntion
al
a
uto
m
otive
in
du
st
ry.
The
pro
pose
d
fram
ewo
rk
of
th
e
decen
t
rali
zed
auto
in
s
ur
a
nce
sect
or
is
pr
ese
nted
in
s
ect
ion
3.
Chall
eng
e
s
faced
in
i
m
ple
m
enting
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
chnolo
gy for
the au
t
om
o
bile ec
os
yst
em
is p
resen
te
d
in
s
ec
ti
on
4.
Sect
io
n 5 c
on
cl
ud
e
s th
e p
a
per.
2.
BACKG
ROU
ND
In
this secti
on, w
e fo
c
us
on pr
ov
i
ding a b
rief
o
verview
of
e
xisti
ng
tech
nolog
ie
s for
veh
ic
le
insu
ra
nce
m
anag
em
ent,
a
n
over
view
of
the
overall
ve
hicular
ecosyst
e
m
,
and
an
insi
gh
t
into
how
bl
ock
c
hain
te
ch
nolo
gy
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain f
or a
utomoti
ve:
an insi
ght t
owar
ds
t
he
I
PFS
bl
ockc
hai
n
-
ba
se
d
.
...
(
Ni
sh
ara
Ni
za
m
uddin
)
2445
can
tra
nsfo
rm
t
he
a
uto
m
otive
insurance
m
anag
em
ent
proce
ss.
We
al
so
dis
cuss
s
om
e
of
t
he
e
xisti
ng
li
te
ratur
e
work
t
hat
hig
hlig
hts
dif
fere
nt
te
chnolo
gi
es
us
ed
in
t
he
autom
otive
sect
or
to
im
pr
ov
e
secu
r
e
data
m
anag
em
ent,
el
evate
secur
it
y,
and
im
pr
ov
e
con
s
um
er
sat
isfact
ion
.
T
he
autom
otive
sect
or
is
a
m
ult
i
-
bill
ion
do
ll
ar
busi
ness
that
co
m
pr
ise
s
var
io
us
di
vision
s
inclu
ding
design,
de
velop
m
ent,
m
anufacturi
ng,
sal
es
an
d
m
ark
et
ing,
m
a
i
ntena
nce,
an
d
m
ana
ging
ins
urance
of
ve
hicle
s
[
5
,
16
]
.
The
auto
-
i
ns
ura
nc
e
sect
or
,
on
th
e
oth
er
hand,
is
a
m
ult
iparty
,
m
ult
i
-
bill
ion
do
ll
ar
business
that
sup
ports
the
ve
hicle
ow
ne
r
w
hen
the
autom
ob
il
e
gets
dam
aged
due
to
an
acci
de
nt
or
natu
ral
cal
a
m
ity,
stolen,
or
gets
dam
age
d
due
t
o
t
h
e
c
o
l
l
i
s
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
o
t
h
e
r
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
[
11
,
13
,
28
]
,
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
,
r
u
l
e
s
,
a
n
d
r
e
g
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
s
d
i
f
f
e
r
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
r
e
g
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
l
i
c
i
e
s
[
28
,
29
]
.
W
it
h
the
rece
nt
enh
anc
em
ent
in
te
chnolo
gy
and
in
novati
on
in
the
auto
sec
tor
with
the
boom
ing
up
of
el
ec
tric
veh
ic
le
s,
sel
f
-
dr
i
ving
car
s,
and
sm
art
veh
ic
le
s,
a
uto
m
ob
il
e
industries
are
l
ooking
forw
a
r
d
to
e
m
erg
i
ng
te
chnolo
gies
f
or
e
ff
ect
ive
a
nd
safe d
at
a
m
a
nag
em
ent
[
30
]
.
AIG
[
31
]
,
a
business cons
ulti
ng
f
irm
,
identifie
s
the
fact
that
the
in
su
ra
nce
i
ndus
t
ry’s
e
n
vironme
nt
is
c
on
sta
ntly
changin
g
du
e
to
the
intr
od
uction
of
a
utono
m
ous
functi
ons
an
d
highli
gh
ts
th
e
chall
enges
in
volve
d
in
the
a
bili
ty
of
the
industry
’s
ad
op
ti
on
to
wards
r
apidly
changin
g
data
m
od
el
s.
H
ow
ever,
the
re
po
rt
does
no
t
s
pe
ci
fy
any
par
ti
cular
te
c
h
nol
ogy
but
desc
rib
es
the
adoptio
n
of
ne
w
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
in
a
gen
e
rali
zed
fas
hion
[
31
]
.
Pw
C,
USA
e
m
ph
asi
zes
th
e
bu
si
ness
m
od
el
in
wh
ic
h
orga
nizat
ion
s
a
re
ready
in
ad
opti
ng
new
te
ch
no
l
ogie
s
an
d
is
fo
c
usi
ng
m
or
e
on
c
on
s
um
er
sat
isf
act
ion
;
and
ha
s
ide
ntif
ie
d
the
m
ajor
f
act
or
t
hat,
sm
al
l
inv
est
m
ents
m
ade
in
c
omm
ercial
insura
nc
e
la
rg
el
y
in
flu
ence
the s
uccess
of
any ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or
[
32
].
Dem
ir
et
al
.
[
30
]
pro
po
se
a
blo
c
kc
hain
-
ba
sed
ve
hicle
insura
nce
m
anag
em
ent
syst
e
m
,
in
wh
ic
h
veh
ic
le
in
sura
nce
distrib
uted
le
dg
e
r
has
be
en
im
ple
m
ente
d
to
exc
ha
ng
e
detai
ls
of
ins
urance
po
li
ci
es
a
m
on
g
sta
keholde
rs
in
the
netw
ork.
The
aut
hors
[
30
]
pr
ese
nt
the
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
is
transp
a
re
nt
and
is
ta
m
per
-
pro
of
con
ce
r
ning
-
“
pro
of
-
of
-
ins
ur
a
nc
e”,
to
al
l
par
ti
ci
pating
act
ive
nodes.
T
he
fe
der
al
go
vernm
ent
of
U
AE
an
d
th
e
ro
a
d
tra
nsport
auth
or
it
y
(RT
A
of
D
ub
ai
)
ha
s
la
un
c
he
d
a
pro
j
ect
nam
ed
Dubai
ve
hic
le
chain
[
33
]
,
wh
ic
h
util
iz
es
blo
c
kc
hain
te
c
hnol
ogy
for
veh
ic
le
li
fecyc
le
m
anag
e
m
ent.
This
syst
e
m
was
buil
t aim
ing
to b
e
a
p
art o
f
the
Em
irat
es
blo
ckc
hain
strat
egy
2021
a
nd
Dubai
bl
ock
c
ha
in
strat
egy
w
hich
is
pr
opose
d
to
be
com
plete
d
by
the
ye
ar
2020
t
o
handle
veh
ic
le
reg
ist
rati
on,
insurance
m
anag
em
ent,
and
owne
rsh
i
p
of
ve
hicle
s.
On
the
oth
e
r
hand,
Be
lgi
um’s
KBC
ba
nk
[
34
]
create
d
a
di
gital
ecosyst
em
to
c
on
nect
to
al
l
entit
ie
s
w
hile
purch
asi
ng
a
car
with
the
in
flue
nce
of
bl
ock
c
ha
in
te
ch
no
l
ogy,
to
c
reate
a
ta
m
per
-
pro
of
a
nd
tr
us
tw
ort
hy
fr
am
ewo
r
k,
th
ereb
y
reducin
g
hassl
es
w
hile
purc
ha
sing
a
n
a
utom
ob
il
e.
This
will
gu
a
ran
te
e
the
aut
hen
ti
ci
ty
of
doc
um
ents
[
34
].
Var
i
ou
s
us
e
c
ases
of
decent
rali
zed
blo
c
kc
hain
te
ch
nolo
gy
in
the
aut
om
ob
il
e
ind
ust
ry
are
pr
ese
nt
ed
in
F
igure
1.
I
PFS
[
35
]
,
a
dece
ntrali
zed
file
syst
e
m
cou
ld
be
use
d
to
hold
the
reco
r
ds
of
ins
ur
a
nce
com
pani
es
in
an
accu
rate
w
ay
,
wh
ic
h
i
nclud
e
s
m
a
intenance,
pe
rfo
rm
a
nce,
an
d
assis
ti
ng
dri
ve
rs.
Coordi
nating
var
i
ous
act
ivit
ie
s
including
docum
ent
m
anag
e
m
ent,
pr
op
riet
y
to
acce
ss
cl
aim
s,
ver
ific
at
ion
of
do
c
um
ents
can
be
eff
ect
ively
perf
or
m
ed
with
b
l
oc
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnol
og
y
[
33
,
34
].
Th
om
so
n
Re
ut
ers
[
36
]
re
port
s
the
fact
that
the
ins
ur
a
nce
i
ndus
try
is
ove
rwhelm
ed
with
the
f
raud
pro
blem
s
wh
ic
h
is
costin
g
th
e
in
du
st
ry
ab
out
$40
bill
ion
per
an
num
.
Va
rio
us
form
s
of
auto
ins
ur
a
nce
frau
ds
hav
e
bee
n
i
dent
ifie
d
by
t
he
F
BI
co
nce
rn
i
ng
insurance
f
rauds,
su
c
h
as
orc
hestrated
acci
de
nt
s,
m
isrepr
es
ente
d
cl
aim
s
by
the
poli
cy
ho
lde
rs
,
falsi
ficat
io
n
of
i
den
ti
ficat
ion
rec
ords
for
cl
aim
s,
and
m
any
m
or
e
[
37
-
3
9
].
Bl
ock
c
hain
ai
m
s
to
so
lve
t
he
issue
of
i
dent
it
y
theft
an
d
f
raud
[
23
]
,
a
nd
seve
ral
ta
m
per
-
pro
of
m
od
el
s
we
re
dev
el
op
e
d
t
o
im
pr
ov
e
the
ov
e
rall
arch
it
ect
ural
secu
rity
fo
r
bette
r
data
m
anag
em
ent,
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
within
the
netw
ork,
cred
i
bili
ty
of
data
sh
are
d
a
m
on
g
the
pee
rs,
an
d
dece
nt
rali
zed
paym
ent
m
od
el
s
for
the
autom
otive
sec
tor
[
2
3,
2
4,
30
,
40
-
43
]
.
A
perm
issi
on
ed
bl
oc
kch
ai
n
-
base
d
s
yst
e
m
fo
r
aut
o
-
insurance
cl
ai
m
s
fo
r
traversi
ng
data
an
d
e
ntit
y
interact
ion
was
de
sign
e
d
[
44
]
,
th
at
sh
owe
d
inc
r
eased
reli
abili
ty
,
base
d
on
pr
oof
-
of
-
work
e
xec
uted
and
is
ver
ifie
d
by
act
ively
par
ti
ci
patin
g
e
ntit
ie
s
within
the
net
work.
T
he
stu
dy
pro
ve
d
to
be
eff
ect
ive
i
n
re
du
ci
ng
the
processin
g
ti
m
e
for
the
t
ran
sac
ti
on
s
with
m
i
nim
u
m
ov
erh
e
ad
ti
m
e,
as
it
is
th
e
com
m
on
ly
f
aced iss
ue wh
e
n a distrib
ute
d
le
dg
e
r
is em
plo
ye
d.
Ri
desh
a
rin
g,
r
ental
cars,
a
nd
carpoo
li
ng
ha
ve
bec
om
e
a
new
way
of
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
as
pr
ese
nted
by
Pw
C
a
nd
with
in
the
ne
xt
ye
ars,
a
r
ound
40%
of
ve
hicle
s
acro
s
s
E
uro
pe
and
A
sia
are
predict
ed
to
ada
pt
t
o
resou
rce
sh
a
rin
g
-
base
d
an
d
c
ost
-
eff
ic
ie
nt
a
ut
o
ser
vice
in
du
s
try
[4
5
]
.
As
th
e
con
ce
pt
of
pa
y
-
as
-
you
-
go
m
od
el
s
are
a
dv
a
ncin
g
with
the
inc
rea
sing
dem
and
f
ro
m
the
co
nsu
m
ers,
the
re
inc
reased
a
need
to
de
velo
p
a
s
ecur
e
,
trans
par
e
nt
sy
stem
to
sup
port
dri
ve
rs
duri
ng
the
paym
e
nt
of
i
nsura
nc
e
prem
iu
m
s
that
us
e
re
ntal
cars.
A
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
bas
ed
s
olu
ti
on
for
m
anag
e
m
ent
and
analy
sis
of
data
an
d
m
icr
o
-
ins
ur
a
nce
re
cords
was
pre
s
ented
by
V
o
et
al.
[4
6
]
that reg
ulate
s
the p
ay
-
as
-
you
-
go
ins
urance
prem
iu
m
m
od
el
s
an
d
m
akes th
e
tra
ns
act
io
ns
ve
ry
trans
par
e
nt
a
nd
no
ti
fies
al
l
the
pa
rtie
s
(i
nc
lud
in
g
t
he
i
nsura
nce
c
om
pan
y,
dr
i
ver
s
,
associat
ed
fin
ancial
orga
nizat
ion)
about
var
io
us
even
ts
within
the
net
work.
This
m
od
el
wi
ll
equ
al
ly
be
ne
fici
al
for
al
l
par
ti
es
involve
d
c
once
rn
i
ng
data
m
anag
em
ent,
data
secur
it
y,
i
ntra
-
netw
ork
c
omm
un
ic
at
io
n,
an
d
insurance
pr
e
m
iu
m
handlin
g.
On
the
ot
her
ha
nd,
Chek
riy
et
al
.
[4
7
]
reit
erate
t
ha
t
the
de
plo
ym
ent
of
bl
ock
c
ha
in
te
ch
no
l
og
y
in
the
auto
in
suran
ce
sect
or
woul
d
reduce
the
occ
urren
ce
of
the
error
i
n
a
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
a
m
a
g
e
o
f
v
e
h
i
c
l
e
s
,
p
r
e
m
i
u
m
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
l
a
i
m
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
e
b
y
r
e
s
u
l
t
s
i
n
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
c
o
s
t
s
for
the
ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or.
Ch
ekr
i
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
24
43
-
2456
2446
et
al
.
[47]
al
so
e
m
ph
asi
ze
that
the
IBM
W
at
s
on
IoT
platf
orm
cou
ld
be
int
egr
at
e
d
with
bl
ock
c
hain
t
o
im
pro
ve
the
eng
a
gem
ent
of
entit
ie
s
wit
hin
the
net
wor
k
that
aim
s
to
r
esult
in
bette
r
est
i
m
ation
of
dam
age
in
case
of
a
n
acci
den
t,
and
be
nef
ic
ia
l set
tl
em
ent f
or the
in
su
re
d ve
hicle
.
Figure
1. Bl
oc
kch
ai
n use cas
es
f
or aut
om
oti
ve
[23, 4
0, 44,
4
8
]
2.1
.
Bl
ockchain us
e cases
for
vehi
cular eco
sy
s
t
em
In
this
sect
io
n,
we
li
st
ou
t
vari
ou
s
blo
c
kch
ai
n
-
base
d
us
e
ca
ses
for
the
veh
i
cl
e
ecosyst
e
m
.
We
gi
ve
a
n
insig
ht
into
s
ever
al
pract
ic
al
us
e
cases
rangin
g
f
ro
m
finan
ci
ng
a
nd
ins
ur
a
nce
a
pp
li
cat
io
ns
,
ve
rifyi
ng
owne
rsh
i
p,
m
a
nufactu
rin
g
an
d
sup
ply
chain
m
anag
em
ent,
new
owne
rsh
i
p
m
od
el
s,
an
d
auto
m
anu
fact
ur
i
ng.
Table
1
pr
es
en
ts
the
m
os
t
pr
e
do
m
inant
sect
or
s
i
n
the
a
uto
sect
or
wh
e
re
blo
c
kch
ai
n
can
pla
y
a
m
ajo
r
r
ole
in
trans
form
ing
the c
onve
ntio
na
l auto se
ct
or.
Table
1.
Bl
oc
kc
hain
-
base
d us
e cases
for
the
a
uto
sect
or
Blo
ck
ch
ain
Use ca
ses
f
o
r
th
e Auto
secto
r
Ref
erence in Exis
ti
n
g
L
iterature/
Ind
u
stry
Veh
icle
regis
t
ration
Dig
ital UA
E
[
33
];
Vo
et al
.
[
4
6
];
Eur
o
p
ean Start
-
u
p
Pr
i
ze fo
r
m
o
b
ility
[
49
]
Rid
esh
aring
and
n
ew own
ersh
ip
m
o
d
els
De
m
i
r
et al
.
[
30
];
Vierec
k
l
e
t al
.
[
4
5
];
Vo
et al
.
[
4
6
];
Ch
ek
riy
et
al
.
[
4
7
];
E
u
rop
ean Start
-
u
p
Pr
ize fo
r
Mob
il
ity
[
49
]
Interaction
with ex
ternal agen
ts f
o
r
au
to
m
o
b
ile
m
ain
te
n
an
ce a
n
d
service
De
m
i
r
et al
.
[
30
];
E
&
T
[
50
];
W
ee
ra
sin
g
h
e
et al
.
[
5
1
];
Euro
p
ean Start
-
u
p
Prize
f
o
r
m
o
b
ilit
y
[
49
]
Techn
o
lo
g
y
I
n
n
o
v
atio
n
s f
o
r
au
to
-
secto
r
Dig
ital UA
E
[
33
];
Daley [
19
];
Li
et
al
.
[
42
];
Gao
et al
.
[
43
];
Yan
g
et al
.
[
41
];
E
&
T
[
50
];
W
ee
rasin
g
h
e
et al
.
[
5
1
];
So
n
g
et al
.
[
5
2
];
Stan
ciu
[
53
];
Jen
sen
et al
.
[
54
]
Verificatio
n
and
tr
an
sf
er
o
f
own
ersh
i
p
Fraga
-
L
a
m
as
et al
.
[
4
8
]
;
E
&
T
[
50
];
Gattesch
i
et
al
[
5
5
];
Euro
p
ean Start
-
u
p
Pr
ize fo
r
Mob
ility
[
49
]
Au
to
m
o
b
ile f
in
an
cin
g
an
d
ins
u
rance
Dig
ital UA
E
[
33
];
Ro
y
[
34
];
Gao
et a
l
.
[
43
];
Oh
a
m
et al
.
[
44
];
Vo
et al
.
[
4
6
];
Ch
ek
riy
et al
.
[
4
7
];
Swan
[
10
]
Blo
ck
ch
ain
and
so
f
tware
-
d
ef
in
ed
ap
p
roach
f
o
r
v
eh
ic
u
lar
co
m
m
u
n
iti
es
Yan
g
et al
.
[
41
];
G
ao
et al
.
[
43
];
Yah
i
aten
e
et al
.
[
5
6
];
S
u
et al
.
[
57
];
A
g
g
arwa
l
et
al
.
[
58
];
Au
jla
et al
.
[
59
]
Au
to
m
an
u
f
actu
ring
and
su
p
p
ly
chain
m
a
n
ag
e
m
en
t
IBM
[
60
];
Mon
tec
ch
i
et al
.
[
61
];
Ban
erjee
[
62
];
Ajao
[
63
];
Ch
en
et
al
.
[
1
3
];
Ab
ey
ratne
et al
.
[
64
]
; Son
g
et al
.
[
52
];
Rei
m
e
rs
et al
.
[
6
5
]
Co
n
n
ected v
eh
icle security
Balas
u
b
ra
m
an
ia
m
et al
.
[
66
];
Ceb
e
et
a
l
.
[
6
7
];
Stan
ciu
[
53
]
; T
u
rato et
al
.
[
68
]
Decentraliz
ed
v
eh
icle ins
u
rance
Do
rr
i
et
al
.
[
40
];
O
h
a
m
et al
.
[
44
];
Da
ley
[
1
9
];
De
m
ir
et
a
l
.
[
30
];
Vo
et al
.
[
4
6
];
Ch
ek
riy
,
et al
.
[
4
7
]
Fu
tu
re
d
e
m
an
d
f
o
reca
sts
Sh
ar
m
a
et
al
.
[
69
];
W
est
[
70
]
Tr
an
sactio
n
m
an
ag
e
m
en
t
Bro
u
s
m
ich
e
et al
.
[
71
];
Ebrahi
m
i
et al
.
[
7
2
];
Swan
[
10
]
Co
st
-
ef
f
ectiv
en
ess
m
e
asu
res du
ring
a
p
rod
u
ct r
ecall
Rei
m
ers
et al
.
[
65
];
IBM
[
60
];
Mon
tecchi
et al
.
[
61
];
Ba
n
erjee
[
62
];
Ajao
[
63
];
Ch
en
et al
.
[
2
3
];
Ab
ey
ratne
et
a
l
.
[
64
];
So
n
g
et al
.
[
52
];
Swan
[
10
]
Proble
m st
ate
men
t
:
Th
e
c
on
ve
ntio
na
l
au
t
o
-
i
ns
ur
an
ce
sect
or
has
be
en
f
acin
g
sever
al
ch
al
le
ng
es
incl
uding
veri
fi
ed
insu
r
ance
doc
um
e
nts,
manipulati
on
of
ins
uranc
e
poli
ci
es,
and
co
nsumer
’s
lack
of
kn
ow
le
dg
e
ab
ou
t
th
e
au
to
-
insu
r
ance
re
gu
lati
on
s
,
ide
ntit
y
m
anagem
ent,
and
ins
ura
nce
fra
ud
due
to
da
t
a
br
e
ach.
T
here
is
a
ne
ed
for
a
trustw
or
thy
,
ta
mp
er
-
pr
oof,
i
mpartial
re
gulatory
fr
amew
ork
to
e
nsure
t
he
monitori
ng
of
all
transa
ct
ions
tran
s
pare
ntly.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain f
or a
utomoti
ve:
an insi
ght t
owar
ds
t
he
I
PFS
bl
ockc
hai
n
-
ba
se
d
.
...
(
Ni
sh
ara
Ni
za
m
uddin
)
2447
A
blo
c
kc
hain
-
I
PFS
base
d
so
l
ution
is
pro
pos
ed
in
the
ne
xt
sect
ion
to
ens
ure
secur
e
,
trans
p
are
nt,
an
d
tam
per
-
pr
oof
veh
ic
le
ins
ur
a
nce
trans
act
io
ns
.
F
ur
t
her,
this
fr
am
ewo
r
k
aim
s
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
qual
it
y
and
pro
du
ct
ivit
y
vi
a
autom
at
ion
,
sec
ur
it
y,
c
ontr
ol,
a
nd
tra
ceabil
it
y
of
i
ns
ura
nce
do
c
um
ents;
I
m
prov
e
d
trans
par
e
ncy
am
on
g
sta
kehol
der
s
giv
es
a
co
m
pr
ehen
s
ive
vi
ew
of
data
a
nd
transacti
on;
Re
inv
e
nting
se
rv
ic
es
thr
ough
decen
t
rali
zed
dig
it
al
iden
ti
ti
es.
3.
PROP
OSE
D
SY
STE
M
–
I
PFS
BL
OCKCH
AI
N
-
B
A
SED
S
OLU
TION
F
OR
THE
VEH
ICLE
INSUR
A
NC
E
SECTO
R
In
this
sect
io
n,
we
pro
pose
a
blo
ckc
hai
n
-
powe
red
s
olu
t
ion
that
hel
ps
in
regulat
ing
the
veh
ic
le
insurance
sect
or’s
f
unct
ion
i
ng,
cl
ai
m
s
m
an
agem
ent,
and
paym
ent
reg
ul
at
ion
a
nd
cl
ai
m
app
r
oval
s.
Figure
2
sh
ows
the
propose
d
bl
ock
c
hain
-
base
d
m
od
el
f
or
i
m
prov
i
ng
t
he
exi
sti
ng
ve
hicle
insurance
sect
or
a
nd
autom
at
ic
ally
channeli
zi
ng
ve
hi
cl
e
insuranc
e
cl
aim
s.
As
s
how
n
in
F
ig
ure
2,
the
act
ors/
entit
ie
s
in
the
syst
e
m
are
po
li
cy
hold
er
(c
us
t
om
er)
,
veh
ic
le
i
ns
ura
nc
e com
pan
y
,
ga
rag
e
re
pr
ese
nt
at
ive, and Poli
ce de
par
tm
ent.
Figure
2. Bl
oc
kch
ai
n
-
p
ow
e
re
d veh
ic
le
i
ns
ur
ance sect
or
Ther
e
is
a
n
Ethere
um
po
we
r
ed
sm
art
con
tr
act
wh
ic
h
c
on
t
ro
ls
a
nd
regula
te
s
al
l
the
entities
inv
ol
ved
in
the
i
nsura
nc
e
cl
aim
pr
oce
s
s.
I
niti
al
ly
,
upon
a
n
acci
de
nt
or
the
ft,
the
c
us
tom
er
repor
ts
t
he
inci
den
t
an
d
file
s
the
FI
R
.
T
his
is
logge
d
as
a
n
even
t
i
n
the
s
m
art
con
tra
ct
.
Fo
ll
owin
g
wh
i
ch
the
poli
ce
de
par
tm
ent
inv
e
sti
gates
and
en
dorses
the
F
IR
re
giste
red
by
the
co
nsum
er
or
i
nsur
ed
in
this
case
.
As
the
ne
xt
s
te
p,
it
is
cl
ear
from
F
igure
2
that
t
he
c
us
tom
er
com
plete
d
and
su
bm
it
s
the
cl
aim
fo
rm
.
The
sm
art
con
tract
sen
ds
ou
t
a
n
e
ven
t
t
o
no
ti
fy all
the
a
ct
ive p
a
rtic
ipants a
bout e
ver
y
fun
ct
io
n
e
xec
uted wit
hin t
he
contract
.
The
cust
om
er
t
hen
sto
res
the
cl
aim
fo
rm
in
t
he
interpla
neta
ry
file
syst
e
m
s
(I
PFS
),
the
de
centrali
ze
d
file
syst
e
m
that
su
pport
s
the
s
m
art
con
tract
f
or
file
st
or
a
ge
pur
po
ses
.
A
s
m
art
con
tract
is
no
t
e
ff
ic
ie
nt
enou
gh
to
store
la
r
ge
docum
ents;
hence
the
repor
ts
or
do
c
um
ents
are
store
d
on
the
IP
F
S
file
syst
e
m
and
IPF
Shash
of
the
docum
ent
or
cl
ai
m
s
fo
rm
in
this
case
is
store
d
on
the
sm
art
con
tract
.
In
case
,
if
the
repor
t/
doc
ume
nt
is
m
od
ifie
d
or
c
orrupted
by
a
m
al
ic
iou
s
us
er
,
the
has
h
c
ha
ng
e
s
sho
wing
that
the
file
w
as
cha
ng
e
d
a
nd
the
transacti
on
get
s
aborted.
T
he
insu
ra
nce
c
om
pan
y
app
oin
t
s
a
gar
age
s
urveyo
r
to
insp
e
ct
the
veh
ic
le
and
t
o
validat
e
the
cl
aim
su
bm
itted
by
t
he
c
us
to
m
er.
O
nce
t
he
ga
rag
e
s
urveyor
validat
es
th
e
cl
aim
s,
the
pa
ym
ent
process
is
carr
ie
d
ou
t
an
d
is
paid
to
inc
ur
t
he
ex
penses
cause
d
due
to
th
e
acci
den
t.
If
t
he
ga
rag
e
per
s
onnel
den
y
t
he
am
ount
of
cl
ai
m
su
bm
i
tt
ed,
then
the
c
on
tra
ct
de
nies
paym
ent
f
or
t
he
cl
ai
m
a
nd
sen
ds
out
a
n
e
ven
t
no
ti
fyi
ng t
he
c
on
ce
r
ned cust
om
er.
Figure
3
sho
ws
the
se
que
nce
dia
gr
am
exp
la
ini
ng
va
r
iou
s
functi
ons
and
e
ve
nts
betwee
n
the
par
ti
c
ipati
ng
e
ntit
ie
s.
Using
blo
c
kch
ai
n
a
nd
sm
art
con
tr
act
s
regulat
es
and
a
uto
m
at
es
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
betwee
n
m
ultip
le
par
ti
es
in
a
netw
ork
,
a
nd
el
i
m
inate
s
the
need
f
or
m
idd
lem
en
to
s
et
tl
e
disputes
i
n
ins
ur
a
nc
e
cl
aim
s.
Up
on
raisi
ng
t
he
ser
vice
request,
t
he
sm
ar
t
con
tr
act
execu
te
d
will
gu
ara
ntee
the
enfor
cem
ent
of
pr
e
def
i
ned
r
ules
su
c
h
that
a
ll
the
auth
or
iz
ed
sta
ke
holde
r
s
can
c
hec
k
the
ou
tc
om
e
of
a
tra
ns
act
io
n.
Th
e
pro
po
se
d
m
od
el
aim
s
to
op
ti
m
iz
e
the
per
f
orm
ance
of
the
auto
-
ins
ur
a
nce
ind
us
t
ry,
m
ak
ing
the
tran
sac
t
ion
s
trans
par
e
nt a
nd ta
m
per
-
pro
of
,
and ef
fecti
ve
i
n
te
rm
s o
f
d
is
pute
sett
lem
ent a
m
on
g pa
rtie
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
24
43
-
2456
2448
Figure
3. Se
quence
diag
ram
sh
owin
g
a
d
ece
nt
rali
zed i
nsur
ance clai
m
p
rocess
3.1
.
Implem
ent
ati
on
In
t
his
sect
ion,
we
have
pro
vid
e
d
s
om
e
of
the
im
po
rtant
cod
e
sn
i
pp
et
s
,
an
d
al
gorith
m
s
of
ou
r
pro
po
se
d
so
l
ution
,
e
xp
la
ini
ng
the
w
orkin
g
pr
i
nciple
of
ou
r
sm
art
co
ntra
ct
.
Al
gorithm
s
1
an
d
2
ex
pla
in
th
e
insurance
cl
ai
m
wo
r
king
pri
nciple
on
a
bloc
kch
ai
n
platf
or
m
po
we
re
d
by
Ethere
um
s
m
ar
t
con
tract
s
with
IPFS
decen
t
rali
zed
f
il
e stor
age
f
aci
li
ty
.
Algori
th
m
1
:
I
ns
ura
nce C
ompany a
ppoi
nt s
urveyo
r
to
ins
pe
ct
the dam
age cau
se
d
Input
EthereumAddress(EA)of the Customer
EthereumAddress(EA)of the Garagemember, Service
-
TokenNumber
1.
If
Service
-
Token Number provided to Garage member
Then
2.
Execute the inspectVehiche() function
3.
Broadcast Event
InspectionCompletedAndReported
4.
No
ti
fy
wi
th
“
inspection
Successfully
completed
message
and
damage
report
stored
in
IPFS”
5.
I
ncre
ment the
ServiceCount
6.
End
7.
Else
8.
Revert contact state and throw an error.
9.
end
Algori
th
m
2
:
I
ns
ura
nce clai
m
v
al
idati
on
by Insure
r
Input
:
EthereumAddress(EA) of the Insurer,
EthereumAddress(EA) of the Customer
1.
Check if the claim
submitted by Customer is <
= AuthorizedInsuranceAmount
2.
If
AuthorizedInsuranceAmount is valid
then
3.
Execute the
validateClaim()
function
4.
Broadcast Event
ClaimValidationSuccessful
5.
Notify with “Claim successful” message
6.
Increment the
SuccessfulClaims
7.
End
8.
Else
9.
Execute the
denyClaim()
function
10.
Broadcast Event
ClaimValidationDenied
11.
Notify with “Claim failed” message
12.
End
13.
Else
14.
Revert contract state and throw an error.
15.
end
Algorithm
1
sh
ows
the
sm
art
cod
e
ps
e
udo
-
c
ode
f
or
th
e
insp
ect
io
n
c
arr
ie
d
out
by
the
gar
a
ge
su
r
veyo
r,
i
n
w
hich
t
he
Et
he
r
eum
add
ress
es
of
the
c
us
tom
er,
gar
a
ge
m
em
ber
,
an
d
ser
vice
to
ken
nu
m
ber
is
ta
ken
as i
nput, a
s p
r
ovide
d
by
the I
nsu
rance
co
m
pan
y. U
pon
recei
ving the
assign
e
d
se
rv
i
ce tok
e
n
num
ber
, the
gar
a
ge
m
e
m
ber
ins
pects
the
veh
ic
le
a
nd
re
ports
t
he
dam
a
ge,
w
hich
is
st
or
e
d
on
IP
F
S
and
no
ti
fies
wi
th
the
even
t
“
Inspe
ctionCompletedAndReported
”
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain f
or a
utomoti
ve:
an insi
ght t
owar
ds
t
he
I
PFS
bl
ockc
hai
n
-
ba
se
d
.
...
(
Ni
sh
ara
Ni
za
m
uddin
)
2449
The
IPFShas
h
is
stored
on
the
sm
art
c
on
t
ract
and
t
he
servicecount
is
increm
ented
by
1.
Fo
ll
owin
g
the
insp
ect
io
n,
t
he
veh
ic
le
ins
urer
execu
te
s
t
he
v
alidateClaim
()
functi
on.
If
the
cl
aim
m
a
tc
hes
the
pre
-
a
gr
ee
d
a
m
ou
nt
of
in
su
ra
nce,
t
he
c
on
t
ract
noti
fies
the
eve
nt
ClaimValidationSuccessful
an
d
increm
ents
the
su
ccess
fu
l
cl
aim
s
by
1,
el
se
denyClaim
()
functi
on
a
re
execu
te
d
an
d
al
l
par
ti
ci
pan
ts
are
no
ti
fie
d
with
the
m
essa
ge
ClaimValidationDenied
.
All
the
trans
act
ion
s
are
re
corde
d
in
the
s
m
art
con
t
ract an
d
a
r
e ta
m
per
-
proof
, prev
e
ntin
g
a
ny
f
ra
udulent tr
ansacti
on or
fa
ke
ins
urance cl
aim
s.
On
ce t
he
clai
m
is
validat
ed
by
the
insu
re
r
suc
cessf
ully
,
the
approvePayment
()
functi
on
is
execu
te
d
and
the
sm
art
c
on
t
r
act
sen
ds
a
n
e
ven
t
noti
ficat
ion
-
P
aymentApproved
to
al
l
the
act
ive
entit
ie
s
sta
ti
ng
that
t
he
paym
ent
is
app
r
ove
d
wh
ic
h
is
pr
e
se
nted
i
n
al
go
rith
m
3
.
Algori
th
m
3:
Paym
ent ap
pr
oval
Input
:
EthereumAddress(EA) of the Insurer,
EthereumAddress(EA) of the Customer
1.
Check if the claim submitted by customer is
successful
2.
If
ClaimSuccess
then
3.
Execute the
approvePayment()
function
4.
Broadcast Event
PaymentApproved
5.
End
6.
Else
7.
Revert contact state and throw an error message.
8.
end
The
s
m
art
con
tract
was
im
plem
ented
on
the
Re
m
ix
IDE
-
Ethe
reu
m
platfor
m
and
w
as
co
ded
i
n
So
li
dity
program
m
ing
la
ng
ua
ge.
The
f
ully
fu
ncti
on
al
co
de
is
avai
la
ble
at
https:
//
git
hub.
c
om
/N
ish
araNi
z
amu
dd
i
n/Au
t
o_I
nsurance
_B
C
.
Fig
ur
e
4
s
hows
t
he
c
onstructo
r
of
th
e
auto
insuran
ce
sm
art
con
t
ract.
As
sh
ow
n
i
n
F
i
gure
4,
t
he
c
us
to
m
er
create
s
th
e
sm
art
con
tra
ct
with
t
he
init
ia
l
sta
te
of
the
s
m
art
con
tra
ct
being
NotReady
and
the
I
PFShash
of
the
r
e
port
is
“
QmXgm5QVTy8pRtKrTPmoWPGXNesehCpP4jjFMTpvGamc1p
”,
wh
ic
h
rem
ai
ns
to
be
a
pro
of
f
or
t
he
FI
R
re
gistere
d
for
the
dam
age
ca
us
ed
.
Other
pa
ram
et
er
s
su
c
h
as
nu
mbe
rOf
Req
ues
tsB
yCu
sto
mer
,
numberOfApprovalsByAutoInsurer
,
numberOfValidationByGa
ragemember
are
al
so
declare
d
an
d
init
ia
li
sed
in
the
s
m
art
con
tra
ct
’s
const
ru
ct
or.
The
in
suranc
e
a
m
ou
nt
is
pre
-
determ
ined,
agr
ee
d,
and is sto
re
d
in
the c
on
t
ract be
tween t
he parti
es.
Figure
4. The
c
on
st
ru
ct
or of t
he
sm
art con
t
r
act
Autocontract()
1
The
c
od
e
s
nippet
of
the
m
a
pp
i
ng
t
o
rec
ord
the
li
st
of
appr
ov
al
s
a
nd
validat
ion
by
the
ga
ra
ge
su
pe
r
visor
an
d
insu
ra
nce
co
m
pan
y
are
pr
esented
.
Figure
5
sh
ows
m
app
in
g
w
her
e
ev
ery
Ethere
um
addres
s
po
i
nts
to
the
a
ddress
of
t
he
a
ppr
ov
e
d
li
st
of
custom
ers
by
the
ins
u
re
rs
an
d
the
gar
a
ge
s
up
e
r
visor’s
a
ppr
oval
for pay
m
ent p
r
ocessin
g.
Figure
5. Ma
ppin
g of cust
ome
rs
cl
ai
m
s ap
prov
e
d by
gar
a
ge
supervis
or
a
nd
ins
ur
a
nce c
ompany
1
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
24
43
-
2456
2450
The
Et
her
e
um
add
resses
of
va
rio
us
entit
ie
s
us
ed
for
te
sti
ng
of
c
on
tract
are:
pol
ic
ed
e
pt,
insur
anc
e_
compan
y
,
custome
r,
gar
ag
e_supe
rvisor
:
0x14723A09ACff6D2A60DcdF7aA4AFf308FDDC160C,
0x4B0897b0513fdC7C541B6d9D7E929C4e5364D2dB
,
0xCA35b7d915458EF540aDe6068dFe2F44E8fa733c,
0x583031D1113aD414F02576BD6afaBfb302140225
R
espe
ct
ively
,
On
ce
the
cust
om
er
c
reates
the
co
nt
ract
and
re
ports
the
eve
nt
to
the
poli
ce
de
par
tm
e
nt,
the
poli
ce
pe
rson
nel
ins
pe
ct
and
a
ppr
ove
FI
R.
Ne
xt,
F
i
gure
6
il
lustrate
s
the
submitClaim
()
functi
on,
w
hich
is
exec
ute
d
by
the
c
us
t
om
er
to
a
pprov
e
the
cl
ai
m
s
fr
om
the
veh
ic
le
ins
urer
.
At
this
sta
ge,
the
sta
te
of
t
he
sm
art
con
tract
is
Inspected
.
The
sta
te
of
t
he
c
on
tract
c
ha
ng
e
s
to
WaitingForClaimsApproval
,
and
t
he
insure
r’
s
st
at
e
chan
ge
s
to
SubmittedForApproval
.
The
even
t
ClaimS
ubmitted
is
trigg
e
red.
T
he
custom
er
wait
s
for
ap
pr
oval
f
ro
m
the
insure
r
w
ho
al
l
ocates
the
dam
age
insp
ec
ti
on
ta
sk
to
a
gar
a
ge
s
urveyor.
The
numbe
rOfRequestsByCustomer
i
s
increm
ented
by
1
ever
y
ti
m
e
the
custom
er
sub
m
it
s
an
insura
nce
cl
ai
m
req
ue
st.
Fig
ur
es
6
and
7
s
how
s
the
ou
t
pu
t
lo
gs
for
th
e
functi
on
subm
i
tClaim
()
and eve
nt
Clai
mSubmitted
broa
dcasted t
o t
he
act
ive e
ntit
ie
s in
the
contr
act
.
Figure
6. Cust
om
ers
subm
i
tt
i
ng claim
1
Figure
7.
E
ve
nt
ClaimSubmitted
1
Nex
t,
t
he
Re
m
ix
ID
E
c
ons
ole
outp
ut
f
or
the
ap
pointm
ent
of
t
he
garage
s
urveyo
r
is
sh
ow
n
in
F
igure
8.
T
he
functi
on
a
ppointSurveyor
()
is
e
xe
cuted
by
the
insura
nce
co
m
pan
y.
A
m
od
i
fier
OnlyVehicleInsurer
is
us
ed
to
restrict
the
acce
ss
for
the
auth
or
iz
e
d
entit
y
al
on
e,
thereb
y
preve
nting
a
ny
m
al
ic
iou
s
trans
act
ion
.
Furth
e
r,
the
f
unct
ion
ta
kes
the
a
ddre
ss
of
the
cust
om
er
cl
aim
ing
insura
nce
as
a
n
input
var
ia
ble
a
nd
s
ends
a
noti
fica
ti
on
i
n
the
f
or
m
of
an
eve
nt
SurveyorAppointed
br
oa
dcasti
ng
the
m
essage
“Gar
a
ge
s
urve
yor
a
ppoi
nted
t
o
in
sp
ect
dam
a
ge”
as
sho
wn in
F
i
gure
8.
Figure
8. Lo
gs
sh
owin
g
appo
intSurveyor
()
1
fu
nctio
n
Finall
y,
we
pr
esent
the
ou
t
put
co
nsole
for
the
inspectVehicle
()
f
unct
ion
e
xec
ute
d
by
gar
a
ge
su
pe
r
visor
in
F
ig
ur
e
9.
T
he
or
iginal
has
h
of
the
repor
t
store
d
on
I
PFS
is
QmXgm5QVTy8pRtKrTPmoWPGXNesehCpP4jjF
MTpvGamc1p
.
The
c
urren
t
sta
te
of
the
con
t
rac
t
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Blockch
ain f
or a
utomoti
ve:
an insi
ght t
owar
ds
t
he
I
PFS
bl
ockc
hai
n
-
ba
se
d
.
...
(
Ni
sh
ara
Ni
za
m
uddin
)
2451
SurveyorAppointed
,
an
d
if
the
IPFSha
sh
of
the
in
sur
ance
c
on
t
ract
m
at
ches
with
t
he
cl
ai
m
su
bmi
tt
ed
by
the
co
ns
um
er,
and
Insu
re
r
sta
te
changes
to
Ins
pectionCompleted_ClaimSuccess
and
the
numberOfValidationByGaragemember
is
increa
sed
by
1
a
nd
t
he
c
ontract
broa
dcasts
t
he
eve
nt
ClaimValidatedAndApproved
as
dem
on
strat
ed
i
n
F
ig
ur
e
9.
In
ca
se
of
a
fail
ed
vali
dation,
the
c
ontract
thr
ow
s
an er
ror
sayi
ng that the
cl
aim
den
ie
d.
Finall
y,
the
lo
gs
s
ho
wing
pa
ym
ent
app
r
ova
l
fo
ll
owed
by
a
su
ccess
fu
l
in
sp
ect
io
n
of
the
Veh
ic
le
is
pr
ese
nted
in
F
igure
10
.
V
ehicl
e
ins
ur
e
r
exec
utes
ap
provePayment()
w
her
e
t
he
c
on
t
ract
s
ta
te
is
GarageInspectionCompletedSuccess
.
U
po
n
s
uccess
f
ul
exe
cutio
n
of
f
unct
ion
ap
provePayment
()
,
the
co
ntract
st
at
e
changes
to
ProcessPayment,
an
d
th
e
eve
nt
Paym
entApproved
is
noti
fied
w
it
h
the
m
essage
“
insur
ance
am
ou
nt
pa
id
to
custom
er
”.
The
sm
art
con
t
ract
ens
ur
es
autom
at
ic
paym
ents,
set
tl
e
m
ent
of
insurance
clai
m
s,
and
tra
nsp
aren
t
dispute s
et
tl
e
m
ents if an
y.
Figure
9
.
Logs
sh
owin
g
insp
ectVehicle()
1
functi
on
Figure
10. L
og
s sho
wing
app
rovePayment()
1
functi
on
This
pro
pose
d
fr
am
ewo
r
k
an
d
al
go
rithm
s
will
pr
ove
to
be
eff
ect
ive
in
te
r
m
s
of
autom
at
i
c
insuran
c
e
cl
aim
han
dlin
g
and
dis
pu
te
s
et
tl
e
m
ent
between
var
i
ous
sta
keholde
rs
wit
hin
the
cl
aim
dep
a
rtm
ent
as
ever
y
transacti
on
is
r
ecorde
d
a
nd
is
tam
per
-
pro
of
.
A
ny
kind
of
f
al
se
am
end
m
e
nt
m
ade
to
the
survey
or’s
re
port
or
the
init
ia
l
agr
ee
m
ent
will
m
o
dify
the
IPFShash
wh
ic
h
w
il
l
in
turn
no
ti
f
y
al
l
the
m
e
mb
ers
that
a
fr
a
udulen
t
transacti
on
ha
s
occurre
d
a
nd
the
sm
art
con
tr
act
rev
erts
t
o
it
s
pr
e
vious
sta
te
.
All
transacti
on
s
a
re
rec
ord
ed
in
the
bl
ock
c
hain
on
ly
wh
e
n
al
l
the
pa
rtic
ipati
ng
m
iner
node
s
agr
e
e
with
t
he
outc
om
e
of
it
.
This
f
ram
e
wor
k
aim
s
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
t
he
co
nv
entional
a
uto
-
insurance
sect
or’s
f
unct
ion
i
ng
by
im
pr
ovin
g
the
sec
uri
ty
of
transacti
ons,
s
afeguar
ding
th
e
ide
ntit
y
of
s
ta
keholde
rs,
m
ai
ntainin
g
c
omplet
e
tran
sp
a
re
ncy,
a
nd
facil
i
ta
ti
ng
autom
at
ic
insu
ran
ce
claim
/paym
ent sett
lemen
ts.
4.
DISCU
SSI
ON
The
pr
im
ary
pu
r
pose
of
this
stud
y
was
to
exam
ine
how
blo
c
kc
hain
te
chnolo
gy
a
nd
IP
FS
,
w
he
n
i
m
ple
m
ented,
can
ben
e
fit
the
auto
-
ins
ur
a
nc
e
sect
or.
Ea
rlie
r
resea
rc
h
s
ugge
sts
[
48
,
50
,
5
5
]
that
blo
c
kch
a
in
ca
n
play
a
m
ajo
r
r
ole
in
a
uto
-
ins
ur
a
nce
do
c
ume
nt
ve
rificat
io
n,
docum
en
t
and
i
de
ntit
y
m
a
nag
em
ent,
an
d
trans
fe
r
of
ve
hicle
ow
ner
s
hip.
F
urt
he
r,
oth
e
r
resea
rch
stu
dies
cl
e
arly
sta
te
the
i
m
po
rtance
a
nd
ro
le
of
decen
t
rali
zed
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnology
[
17,
21,
73
]
.
O
ur
re
s
ults
re
vealed
t
hat
bl
ock
c
hai
n
com
bin
ed
with
the
IPFS
fr
a
m
ewo
r
k
e
nh
a
nces
th
e
consum
ers’
tr
us
t
in
the
a
ut
o
-
ins
urance
s
ect
or
,
im
pr
ov
es
the
trans
pa
ren
cy
of
ins
ur
a
nce
transacti
ons,
a
nd
ef
fecti
ve
da
ta
and
ide
ntit
y
m
anag
e
m
ent
of
the
i
ns
ura
nc
e
industry
a
s
a
w
ho
le
.
It
is
e
vid
e
nt
that
by
us
in
g
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnology
a
nd
I
PFS
fr
am
ewor
k
al
l
the
doc
um
ents
an
d
tra
ns
act
io
ns
a
re
t
a
m
per
-
pro
of
,
ve
rifiab
le
,
and
w
orks
on
c
onsen
su
s
protoc
ol.
I
n
the
longe
r
r
un,
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
chnolo
gy
can
be
com
bin
ed
wit
h
em
erg
ing
te
chnolo
gies
li
ke
arti
fici
al
intel
li
gen
ce,
e
dge
com
p
uting,
and
m
achine
l
earn
i
ng
.
Stanciu
[
53
]
c
a
m
e
up
with
a
“
blo
ck
ch
ain
-
ba
s
ed
distri
bu
te
d
co
ntr
ol
sy
ste
ms
fo
r
e
dge
co
mputin
g
”
wh
ic
h
sh
ows
t
hat
bloc
kch
ai
n
j
uxta
pose
d
with
oth
e
r
em
erg
ing
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
s
an
d
te
chnolo
gies
has
a
prom
isi
ng
f
uture.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
24
43
-
2456
2452
The
ou
tc
om
e
of
our
resea
rch
sh
ows
t
hat
any
m
al
iciou
s
at
te
m
pt
to
change
the
rec
ords
will
resu
lt
in
a
ch
ange
in
the
IPFS
ha
s
h
w
hich
will
no
ti
fy
al
l
the
m
i
ner
s
a
bout
the
m
al
ic
iou
s
act
ivit
y.
If
the
m
iners
do
n’
t
ap
pro
ve
the
act
ivit
y, then
t
he
tra
ns
act
io
n gets a
borted
a
nd the
b
l
ock is
not ad
de
d
to
the
b
loc
kc
hain
.
Bl
ock
c
hain
se
e
m
s
to
be
a
disruptive
a
nd
i
nnovat
ive
te
c
hnol
og
y
t
hat
ha
s
gai
ned
im
po
rtance
ac
r
os
s
m
any
platfor
m
s
and
m
any
in
du
st
ries
inclu
di
ng
healt
hca
re,
finan
ce,
rob
otics,
food
en
gi
neer
i
ng
ha
ve
s
ta
rted
desig
ning
platf
or
m
s
and
m
od
ules
for
util
iz
ing
the
b
e
nef
it
s
of
this
dece
nt
rali
zed
te
chnol
og
y.
It
is
certai
n
to
do
m
inate
the
auto
ins
ur
a
nce
s
ect
or
with
it
s
di
sruptive
pro
pe
rtie
s.
Howe
ver,
there
are
se
ve
ral
i
m
ple
m
enta
ti
on
chall
enges
to
be
exam
ined
be
fore
a
la
r
ge
sc
al
e
industry
a
doptio
n
is
m
ade
possible.
Va
rio
us
chall
e
ng
es
to
be
ta
ckled
in
im
p
lem
enting
bloc
kch
ai
n
f
or
th
e
auto
sect
or
and
s
ocial
-
aut
onom
ou
s
ve
hi
cl
es
in
real
-
ti
m
e
are
pr
ese
nted
in
t
hi
s secti
on
.
I
t i
s
certai
n
to
dom
i
nate the
aut
o
in
su
ra
nce
sect
or
with it
s
disrupt
ive pr
op
e
rtie
s.
4.1.
L
im
itat
io
ns
Howe
ver,
the
r
e
are
se
ver
al
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
chall
en
ges
to
be
e
xam
ined
be
fore
a
la
r
ge
-
s
cal
e
industry
adoptio
n
is
m
ade
po
s
sible
[
74
]
.
P
otentia
l
c
on
ce
r
ns
ass
oci
at
ed
with
im
pl
e
m
enting
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
ch
nol
og
y
for
the
aut
o
-
i
ndus
t
ry
sect
or
are
presente
d
in
F
ig
ur
e
11
.
Va
rio
us
oth
e
r
c
halle
nges
to
be
ta
ckl
ed
in
im
ple
m
e
ntin
g
blo
c
kch
ai
n
for t
he
aut
o
sect
or
and s
ocial
-
aut
onom
ou
s
v
e
hicle
s in real
-
ti
m
e
are
pr
ese
nted
in
this
secti
on.
Scal
abili
ty
:
B
l
ock
c
hain
s
uffe
rs
from
scal
abili
t
y
issues;
with
the
increasi
ng
nu
m
ber
of
transa
ct
io
ns
th
e
syst
e
m
s
slow
dow
n
an
d
eve
ntu
al
ly
beco
m
e
un
s
us
ta
ina
bl
e
[
73
,
7
5
]
.
A
t
ran
s
port
eco
syst
e
m
inv
olv
es
a
la
rg
e
num
ber
of e
ntit
ie
s an
d t
r
ansacti
ons,
a
nd
scala
bili
ty
r
em
ai
ns
a m
ajo
r i
ssu
e.
Lack
of
gove
r
nm
ent
sta
nd
ar
ds
:
Gove
rn
m
ent
agen
ci
es
are
sti
ll
analy
zi
ng
the
po
te
ntial
im
pl
ic
at
ion
s
an
d
ben
e
fits o
f blo
ckch
ai
n
te
c
hnol
og
y.
Re
gu
la
ti
ons
:
B
lockc
hain
is
st
il
l
an
em
erg
ing
te
ch
nolo
gy
t
hat
m
akes
it
chall
eng
i
ng
to
e
sta
blish
def
i
nite
regulat
ion
s
a
nd
la
ws.
In
a
bl
ock
c
hain
network,
the
re
ar
e
m
u
l
t
i
p
l
e
p
a
r
t
i
e
s
i
n
v
o
l
v
e
d
,
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
a
c
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
l
d
,
a
n
d
e
v
e
r
y
c
o
u
n
t
r
y
a
n
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
g
o
t
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
r
u
l
e
s
f
o
r
v
a
r
i
o
u
s
c
a
t
e
g
o
r
i
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
-
i
nd
i
vidua
l
pr
i
vacy,
le
gal p
r
oce
dures,
li
a
bili
ti
es,
le
gal
titl
es,
and
own
e
r
sh
ips [
7
5
-
77
]
. Block
c
hain,
on
the
ot
her
h
a
nd,
consum
es
a
c
o
ns
ide
rab
le
am
ount
of
e
nergy,
as
the
m
iners
us
e
the
com
p
uting
power
w
hen
a
dd
i
ng
ne
w
blo
c
ks
of
trans
act
ion
data
to
the
blo
c
kch
ai
n.
New
re
gula
ti
on
s
hav
e
been
pr
op
os
e
d
by
world
natio
ns
to
check o
n
t
he
c
arbo
n
em
issi
on
and e
nergy c
onsu
m
ption w
hi
ch
im
pacts the
e
nv
i
ronm
ent [
78
, 7
9
]
.
U
sabili
ty
issue
s
:
Bl
ock
chai
n
te
chnolo
gy
is
in
it
s
init
ia
l
dev
el
opm
ent
stag
es,
a
nd
m
os
t
of
t
he
platf
orm
s
face
ass
ociat
ed
with
blo
c
kc
ha
in
face
i
nfrastr
uctu
ral
issues
[
7
3
]
.
The
cu
rr
e
nt
to
ols
use
d
f
or
de
velo
pm
ent,
te
sti
ng
,
an
d
e
valuati
ng
the
perform
ance
of
m
e
tho
ds
ha
ve
de
pe
nd
e
nci
es
on
t
hird
-
pa
rty
too
ls
an
d
te
chnolo
gies
w
hich rai
ses
que
sti
on
s
on the
dec
entrali
zed
fe
at
ur
es
[
73
,
7
4
].
Secu
rity
con
ce
rn
s
:
Sm
art
con
tract
s
it
sel
f
su
f
fer
f
r
om
on
e
of
the
m
ajo
r
at
ta
cks
-
the
D
AO
at
ta
ck
[
80
]
wh
ic
h
f
orced
t
he
de
vel
op
e
rs
and
f
ounders
of
Ethe
reu
m
an
d
the
Bi
tc
oi
n
industry
t
o
res
ha
pe
the
secu
rity
and r
obus
t
ness
of sm
art con
tr
act
s.
We
ha
ve
prese
nted
a
dece
ntr
al
iz
ed
blo
c
kchai
n
-
I
PFS
base
d
fram
ewo
rk
i
n
this
pa
per.
We
ai
m
ed
to
pr
ese
nt
an
el
em
entary
f
ram
e
work
that
can
be
us
e
d
as
a
use
case
fo
r
the
a
uto
ins
ur
a
nce
s
ect
or
us
i
ng
em
erg
i
ng
blo
c
kch
ai
n
te
c
hnology.
A
si
m
il
ar
m
od
el
can
be
dep
l
oyed
f
or
dev
el
op
i
ng
a
tra
nspare
nt,
sec
ur
e
,
a
nd
tam
per
-
pro
of
m
od
el
f
or
ha
nd
li
ng
t
r
ansacti
ons
in
m
ul
ti
par
ty
envi
ronm
ents
li
ke
the
la
nd
reg
i
stry,
sup
ply
chain,
log
ist
ic
s, heal
thcare
, a
nd edu
cat
ion
, t
o nam
e
a f
e
w.
Figure
11. Pote
ntial
ch
al
le
nge
s ide
ntifie
d
i
n
i
m
ple
m
enting b
lockc
hain
te
c
hnol
og
y
f
or
t
he a
uto
-
ins
ur
a
nce
sect
or
[
2
3
,
7
3
-
80
, 8
1
]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.