Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol.
3, No. 6, Decem
ber
2013, pp. 724~
731
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
7
24
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Devel
o
p
m
ent of RFID EPC Gen
2
Tag for Multi Access Control
System
Ev
iza
l
1
, Thare
k
Abd.
Rahm
an
1
, Sh
arul K
a
m
a
l
Ab
dul Rahim
1
, Sri
Listia
Ro
sa
2
1
Wireless Communication C
e
ntr
e
, Facu
lty
of Electrical Engin
e
rrin
g
2
Soft Computing Reseacrh Gr
oup
, Facu
lty
of Computing
Universiti Tekno
logi Malay
s
ia, 8
1310, Johor, Malay
s
ia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received J
u
l
8, 2013
Rev
i
sed
Sep
30
, 20
13
Accepted Oct 15, 2013
A Radio Frequ
e
ncy
Id
entif
ication (RFID) use
radio wav
e
s to
identif
y
an
object, this technolog
y
become usef
ul for the future because of the
a
dva
nta
g
e
s
.
Ac
ce
ss sy
ste
m
using RFID card is commonl
y
used in a building
,
parking area, ho
using complex,
etc. Th
is paper
explore and d
e
v
e
lop the use
of RFID EPC
Class1 Gen2 tag fo
r m
u
lti
purpos
e acc
es
s
s
y
s
t
em
for
identif
ic
ation
an
d ac
cess contro
l, such
as pers
onal id
enti
t
y
id
entifi
c
a
tion
,
door access con
t
rol and gat
e
ent
r
y
perm
it or ac
c
e
ss control. W
i
t
h
the sam
e
tag Ident
i
t
y
(ID
) us
er can ac
ces
s
m
a
ny
ar
eas
. R
F
ID EP
C Clas
s1 Gen2 tag
working at UHF band 902-928
MHz, this ty
p
e
of tag more suitable
for multi
acc
es
s
control b
ecaus
e
of s
c
at
er
ring te
chnique
i
n
reading for
th
e tag
,
as
for
gate
access need longer distan
ce read
r
a
nge. All users ID and information
s
t
ored a
t
th
e on
e c
e
ntra
l d
a
tab
a
s
e
, ev
er
y
trans
a
ction
at
the
con
t
rolled
wer
e
recorded
in
a
co
ntrol s
y
s
t
em
.
Keyword:
RFID
EPC G
e
n2
Database
Access C
o
ntrol
Copyright ©
201
3 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Evizal
W
i
rel
e
ss C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on C
e
nt
re,
Fac
u
l
t
y
of
El
ect
ri
cal
En
g
i
nerri
ng
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
Malaysia
8
131
0, Joh
o
r
,
Malaysia
Em
a
il: ev
izal
@g
m
a
il.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
In rece
nt years autom
a
tic
id
entification, access control and
e
n
try perm
it proc
edure (a
uto
id
en
tif
icatio
n) b
e
co
m
e
p
o
pular
fo
r m
a
n
y
ar
eas,
su
ch
as serv
ices industr
ies,
p
u
r
c
h
a
sin
g
and
d
i
str
i
b
u
tion
lo
g
i
stics, indu
stry, m
a
n
u
f
acturing
co
m
p
an
ies, an
d m
a
te
rial flo
w
sy
stem
. Aut
o
m
a
ti
c identification
procedure
exi
s
t
s
t
o
p
r
o
v
i
d
e i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on ab
out
pe
opl
e
,
an
im
a
l
s, go
od
s, and
pr
odu
ct in
tr
an
sit [1
].
Radio Fre
que
ncy Ide
n
tification as a
ge
nera
l
m
ean
is use
d
radi
o
fre
que
ncy to transm
it and recei
ve
id
en
tity o
f
an
o
b
j
ect in
form
o
f
a
u
n
i
q
u
e
serial n
u
m
b
e
r id
en
tity b
y
u
s
in
g
wirelessly u
s
ing
rad
i
o
wav
e
s. RFID
ev
o
l
u
tio
n is as a m
a
j
o
r app
licatio
n
in
tech
no
log
y
en
ab
ler
su
ch
as for track
i
ng
g
ood
s an
d
assets aroun
d
t
h
e
wo
rl
d [
2
]
.
A
g
r
eat
deal
of at
t
e
nt
i
on
of R
F
I
D
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on i
s
bei
n
g pai
d
t
o
R
F
ID by
t
h
e I
T
i
n
d
u
st
ry
, m
e
di
a an
d
analysts.
R
F
ID
t
ech
nol
o
g
y
can
be
ap
pl
i
e
d m
o
st
i
n
a
n
y
a
pplications they are ca
n
be c
a
tegories as:
Access System
-
RFID access
syste
m
is a syste
m
to identify pers
on to e
n
ter
or access t
h
e area,
with R
F
ID
tag
rep
l
acing
key o
r
p
a
sswo
rd to
en
ter i
n
to
bu
ild
ing
,
ro
o
m
, area, etc.
Aut
o
m
o
t
i
v
e – Aut
o
m
o
t
i
v
e i
ndust
r
i
e
s ha
ve a
dde
d sec
u
ri
t
y
and c
o
nve
ni
en
ce i
n
t
o
an a
u
t
o
m
obi
l
e
by
us
i
n
g
R
F
ID
t
ech
nol
o
g
y
f
o
r
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
cat
i
on, t
r
acki
n
g
and
i
n
vent
ory
sy
st
em
s.
An
im
al Track
i
n
g – By tagg
in
g a tag
to th
e an
im
al to
id
en
tificatio
n
and to
k
now t
h
e
po
sitio
n. Li
v
e
sto
c
k
pr
o
duce
r
s
use
R
F
ID
t
ech
nol
o
g
y
t
o
m
eet
exp
o
rt
reg
u
l
a
t
i
o
ns
and
o
p
t
i
m
i
ze l
i
vest
oc
k
val
u
e
.
Asset Track
i
ng –
S
i
n
ce t
h
is tech
no
log
y
do
no
t need lin
e
o
f
sigh
t id
en
tificatio
n
so
b
e
come u
s
efu
l
for
asset
id
en
tificatio
n
an
d
t
r
ack
i
n
g,
for ex
am
p
l
e in
ho
sp
itals
an
d p
h
a
r
m
aci
es
R
F
ID t
e
c
h
n
o
l
ogy
ca
n a
ppl
y
fo
r
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of RFID EPC
Gen2 Tag
for M
u
lti Access C
o
ntrol
System (Evizal)
72
5
p
a
tien
t
m
o
n
itoring
and
trackin
g
,
an
ti th
eft fo
r
n
e
w
b
a
by b
o
r
n
,
ho
sp
ital eq
u
i
p
m
en
t
id
en
tificatio
n
and
tr
ack
ing
.
In
libr
a
r
y
li
m
i
t th
ef
t
an
d
k
eep
b
ooks in
cir
c
u
l
atio
n
m
o
r
e
ef
f
i
cien
t
l
y, an
d
spo
r
ts an
d
en
ter
t
ain
m
e
n
t
entre
p
re
neurs
find t
h
at "sm
a
rt tickets" are t
h
eir tic
k
e
t to
a better bo
tto
m
li
n
e
an
d h
a
pp
ier
cu
sto
m
ers.
C
ont
act
l
e
ss Pa
ym
ent
s
– In t
h
e paym
ent
or card t
r
a
n
sact
i
o
n
,
R
F
ID ca
n be
em
bedde
d i
n
t
o
t
h
e card an
d j
u
st
scan
fo
r tra
n
sa
ction.
It m
o
re t
i
m
e
efficient c
o
m
p
are for current
using m
a
gnetic
strip
fo
r tran
saction
.
Su
ppl
y
C
h
ai
n
– F
o
r t
h
e s
u
pe
rm
arket
and st
ore R
F
ID i
s
h
e
l
p
f
u
l
fo
r t
h
e i
nve
nt
o
r
i
e
s an
d
cou
n
t
e
r.
At
t
h
e
p
a
ym
en
t co
un
ter
j
u
st p
a
ss t
h
ru
t
h
e th
i
n
gs
o
r
tro
lley th
an
all th
e
item
s
will
u
p
d
a
te th
is to
red
u
ce tran
saction
ti
m
e
o
r
qu
eu
ing
at th
e coun
ter.
Figure 1.
Basic
concept UHF RFID
system
A t
y
pi
cal
R
F
ID sy
st
em
consi
s
t
s
of an ant
e
n
n
a an
d t
r
anscei
ver an
d t
r
a
n
sp
on
de
r (R
F t
a
g)
as show
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 1. T
h
e t
r
ans
p
on
de
r or
R
F
ID t
a
g i
s
an
i
n
t
e
grat
ed ci
rc
ui
t
t
h
at
cont
ai
n
s
i
n
fo
rm
at
i
on to be t
r
an
sm
it
t
e
d, an
RFID tag is mad
e
up
o
f
a chip
an
d an
ten
n
a
. Th
e an
tenn
a
allo
ws t
h
e ch
i
p
t
o
tran
sm
it t
h
e i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
th
at i
s
use
d
for identification. The re
ader se
nds elec
trom
agnetic
waves, which a
r
e received by the tag antenna. RFID
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
di
ff
ers
fr
om
bar c
o
de sy
st
em
s i
n
t
h
at
i
t
i
s
n
o
t
a l
i
ne
of
si
g
h
t
t
ech
nol
ogy
.
2.
EPC
CLAS
S1
GEN
2
T
A
G
Th
e
Electron
i
c Prod
u
c
t
Cod
e
(EPC
) is th
e
n
e
x
t
evo
l
u
tion of
p
r
od
u
c
t
iden
tificatio
n
,
u
tilizin
g
RFID
tech
no
log
y
to
id
en
tify
o
b
j
ects in
a
su
ppl
y
ch
ai
n. B
a
sed
o
n
cur
r
ent
num
beri
n
g
schem
e
s (EAN
, V
I
N et
c.
), EP
C
i
s
di
vi
ded
i
n
t
o
n
u
m
b
ers t
h
at
di
f
f
ere
n
t
i
a
t
e
t
h
e
pr
o
duct
an
d m
a
nufact
ure
r
of
a
gi
ve
n i
t
em
. The
di
f
f
e
r
enc
e
bet
w
ee
n EPC
and
p
r
evi
ous
n
u
m
b
eri
ng sy
st
e
m
s
l
i
e
s i
n
t
h
e us
ag
e of an
extra set o
f
d
i
g
its to
un
iqu
e
ly iden
tify
one
o
b
j
ect
[
3
]
.
An
EPC
n
u
m
b
er c
ont
ai
ns
as s
h
o
w
s i
n
Fi
g
u
re
2.
A
Heade
r
,
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
y
i
ng t
h
e
l
e
n
g
t
h, t
y
pe,
st
r
u
ct
ure
,
versi
o
n
an
d
gene
rat
i
o
n
of
EPC
.
Th
e Man
a
g
e
r
Nu
m
b
er, wh
ich
id
en
tifies t
h
e co
m
p
an
y or co
m
p
an
y en
tity.
Object Class, s
i
m
i
lar to a
st
oc
k keepi
n
g
u
n
i
t
or
SK
U.
Serial Num
b
er, which is
the s
p
ecific inst
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
O
b
ject
C
l
ass bei
n
g
t
a
gge
d.
The El
ect
r
o
ni
c Pr
od
uct
C
ode
pr
om
i
s
es t
o
be
com
e
t
h
e st
and
a
rd
f
o
r
gl
obal
R
F
ID
usa
g
e
.
EPC
gl
o
b
al
i
s
no
w l
eadi
ng t
h
e devel
opm
ent
of i
n
d
u
st
ry
-
d
r
i
ven st
a
nda
rd
s
fo
r t
h
e El
ect
r
o
ni
c Pr
od
uct
C
ode
(E
PC
)
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
t
o
su
p
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
R
a
di
o
F
r
eq
ue
ncy
I
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
cat
i
on
(R
F
I
D
)
i
n
t
oday
’
s
fast
-m
ovi
ng
,
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on ri
c
h
t
r
a
d
i
n
g
net
w
or
ks.
EPC
gl
o
b
al
i
s
a m
e
m
b
er-
d
ri
ven
o
r
ga
ni
zat
i
on
com
p
r
i
sed
of l
e
a
d
i
n
g
fi
rm
s
and
i
n
du
st
ri
es
foc
u
se
d
on
cre
a
t
i
ng
gl
o
b
al
st
anda
r
d
s
fo
r t
h
e
EPC
gl
o
b
al
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e E
P
C
gl
obal
Net
w
o
r
k
i
s
a set o
f
techn
o
lo
g
i
es th
at en
ab
le immed
i
ate,
au
to
m
a
tic
id
en
tificatio
n
and sh
ari
n
g
of info
rm
atio
n
on
ite
m
s
in
th
e sup
p
l
y ch
ain
.
In
th
at
way, th
e EPC g
l
ob
al Netwo
r
k
will
mak
e
o
r
ganizatio
n
s
m
o
re effectiv
e
b
y
enab
lin
g
tru
e
v
i
sib
ility of inform
atio
n
ab
ou
t item
s
in
th
e sup
p
l
y ch
ain
[3
].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, D
ecem
ber 2013
:
724 – 731
72
6
Fi
gu
re
2.
Exa
m
pl
e of EPC
C
l
ass1
Gen
2
t
a
g
ID
3.
M
U
LTI
AC
CESS CON
T
ROL SYSTEM
3.
1.
S
y
ste
m
C
o
nfi
g
ur
ati
o
n
Th
e system
h
a
s th
ree m
a
j
o
r
b
l
o
c
k
s
d
i
agram
n
a
m
e
l
y
in
p
u
t, ou
tpu
t
an
d pro
cessing
u
n
it. In
th
is m
u
lti
access cont
rol
system
input
unit is RFID rea
d
er a
nd a
n
te
nna, inform
ation from
the ta
g captured
by reader will
p
r
o
cess
b
y
p
r
ocessin
g
un
it and
sen
d
d
a
ta t
o
th
e ou
tpu
t
o
r
datab
a
se.
Because
of
m
u
lti RF
ID
read
ers are
u
s
ed
fo
r t
h
i
s
sy
st
em
, a cent
r
al
i
zed
d
a
t
a
base i
s
req
u
i
red t
o
pr
ovi
de
sam
e
user i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on.
Figure
3. Archi
t
ecture RF
ID a
ccess control s
y
ste
m
As sh
o
w
n i
n
Fi
gu
re 3,
RFID a
ccess cont
rol s
y
ste
m
architecture
dia
g
ram
,
represe
n
t f
o
r o
n
e
sy
stem
of
they are i
d
entity identif
ication, door access a
n
d gate e
n
try
perm
i
t
syste
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of RFID EPC
Gen2 Tag
for M
u
lti Access C
o
ntrol
System (Evizal)
72
7
3.
2.
Iden
tit
y
I
d
entific
a
ti
on
Th
e
u
s
e
o
f
R
F
ID techn
o
l
o
gy fo
r i
d
en
tity i
d
en
tificatio
n
is v
e
ry
u
s
efu
l
for co
m
p
an
y or
u
n
i
v
e
rsity to
v
e
r
i
f
y
th
at tag ID
is
w
e
ar
er b
y
co
rr
ect
per
s
on
. By usin
g handh
eld
t
e
r
m
in
al as sho
w
s in f
i
g
u
r
e
4 w
i
t
h
application software can do s
pot ch
ec
k at any tim
e
and any whe
r
e with
convenie
nce read ra
ng
e to
th
e tag
,
in
fo
rm
atio
n
v
e
rificatio
n
o
f
data fro
m
h
a
n
d
h
e
ld
term
in
al
can
do
b
y
wireless syste
m
t
h
at can
conn
ect to
backe
n
d dat
a
b
a
se.
Fig
u
re 4
.
Id
en
t
ity
id
en
tificatio
n
u
s
ing
HHT
3.
3.
D
o
or Acc
e
ss
Nowa
days m
o
st of doors a
r
e
attached with
access
syste
m
to get easy access
into room
or
buildi
ng
and
rec
o
rd pe
rson i
n
and
out
[4]. Curre
ntly
m
o
st of
door access
syste
m
using
s
h
ort dis
t
ance rea
d
ing range
reade
r
. Th
e t
a
g used m
a
gnet
i
c
cou
p
l
i
ng R
F
I
D
sy
st
em
, so not
be appl
i
c
a
b
l
e
t
o
appl
y
t
h
ese t
a
g for l
o
ng
ran
g
e
RFID reader, in this deve
lopment use of R
F
ID Class1 Gen2 tag
fo
r door access and can be apply for long
range
reade
r
as
re
quire
d
for
gate access syste
m
.
Figure
5. Door access system
Figure 5 shows how door access installed at
m
a
in
door
and
whe
n
tag tap to the reader the door
aut
o
m
a
t
i
c
open
an
d
reco
rd
t
h
e
pe
rso
n
base
d
on
t
a
g
I
D
.
3.3.
G
a
te
Acc
e
ss S
y
stem
R
a
di
o f
r
eq
ue
n
c
y
i
d
ent
i
f
i
cat
i
on t
ech
nol
ogy
c
a
n be a
p
pl
i
e
d alm
o
st
i
n
any
area, o
n
e
of a
ppl
i
cat
i
o
n i
s
checkpoint or gate access syste
m
, before vehicle ent
e
rs to the are
a
and
user c
a
n use RFID tag as
identification t
o
access [5].
W
i
t
h
the
a
dva
ntages this tec
h
nology that c
a
n rea
d
tag
up to a few m
e
ters for
passive type a
nd m
a
ke this syste
m
suitable
for gate acces
s syste
m
where user
do
not need t
o
take ticket a
s
access token.
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IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, D
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:
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72
8
Fi
gu
re
6.
Exa
m
pl
e gat
e
ent
r
y
sy
st
em
RFID a
n
tennas
are installed a
t
entrance
and
exit lanes
of a
r
eas
and system comm
unicate
using ra
di
o
fre
que
ncy to RFID ta
gs that m
ounted in eac
h ve
hicle. R
eader
will capture inform
ati
on in RFID tag when they
are in
read
ing
rang
e of read
er, th
en
system
will sen
d
th
e i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
to
co
m
p
u
t
er system fo
r v
e
rificatio
n
t
o
d
a
tab
a
se system
. If th
e tag
is v
a
lid
inform
at
io
n
,
g
a
te b
a
rrier will release fo
r a
v
e
h
i
cle, wh
en
t
h
e informatio
n
n
o
t
v
a
lid
or not reg
i
stered
in
d
a
tab
a
se system alert an
alarm
m
e
ssag
e
. All th
e v
a
lid
in
form
at
io
n
will reco
rd
to
dat
a
base
d
o
cu
m
e
nt
at
i
on an
d
t
r
ansact
i
o
n l
o
g
rep
o
r
t
.
Fi
gur
e
6
sh
own
how
RFI
D
l
o
ng
r
a
ng
e r
e
ad
er
and
an
tenn
a
in
stalled
at g
a
te, read
er
will read
tag
in
t
h
e
v
e
h
i
cle th
en
v
e
rify. The tag
can
b
e
pu
t at d
a
sh
bo
ard
o
r
h
a
ng
ing
at
mirror of
ve
hic
l
e.
RFID for gate
acce
ss control system
also applica
b
le fo
r
devel
opm
ent in aut
o
m
a
tic pa
rki
n
g
syste
m
, v
e
h
i
cl
e m
o
n
ito
ring
syste
m
, asset track
ing
system
a
n
d with sim
i
lar con
f
i
g
uration
4.
TESTING A
N
D
AN
ALY
S
IS
Som
e
t
e
st
i
ng wi
t
h
va
ri
o
u
s s
cenari
o
s ha
ve
been
done
, m
e
asurem
ent data was collected
and a
n
alysis.
Eq
ui
pm
ent
setup i
n
t
h
i
s
e
xpe
ri
m
e
nt
and
m
e
tho
d
o
f
dat
a
col
l
ection as shows in bel
o
w. Som
e
data analysis and
discussi
on also explained.
4.
1. Eq
uipme
n
t Se
tu
p
Fi
gu
re
7 s
h
o
w
s e
qui
pm
ent set
u
p
f
o
r m
easurem
ent
t
a
g
readi
n
g
di
st
a
n
ce, st
a
r
t
e
d
w
i
t
h
m
i
nim
u
m
t
r
ansm
i
t
s
powe
r
of rea
d
er
t
o
m
a
xim
u
m
pow
er.
Fi
gu
re
7.
Eq
ui
pm
ent
set
up
fo
r m
easurem
ent
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I
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0
8
Developme
nt
of RFID EPC
Gen2 Tag
for M
u
lti Access C
o
ntrol
System (Evizal)
72
9
4.
2. Me
asure
ment Resul
t
s and
A
n
al
ysi
s
The
o
retically reading distanc
e
of RFID syste
m
can be
m
e
asure
d
by usi
n
g Frii’s free space form
ula
[6], t
o
calculat
e
m
a
xim
u
m
re
ad
ing distance as
equation
(1).
δ
1
(1
)
whe
r
e :
λ
=
wa
ve length
Pt =
tra
n
sm
it powe
r
Gt =
rea
d
er
a
n
tenna
gain
Gr
= t
a
g a
n
t
e
nna
gai
n
Pt
h =
t
a
h t
h
res
hol
d
po
we
r
δ
=
power t
r
ansm
ission coe
fficient
Figure
8. Resul
t
handheld a
n
d
door acces
s
rea
d
ing range versus rea
d
er power
R
e
fer
o
n
e
qui
p
m
ent
set
u
p
as
Fi
gu
re
7,
som
e
t
e
st
i
ng a
n
d m
easurem
ent
wa
s co
n
duct
e
d t
o
get
readi
n
g
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce and
di
st
ance
o
f
R
F
ID t
a
g
.
M
e
asurem
ent
use
d
car
d t
y
pe
of
t
a
g, wi
t
h
pac
k
i
ng
PVC
m
a
t
e
ri
al
[7]
.
Each RFID sy
ste
m
also teste
d
to
get com
p
arison for e
v
e
r
y syste
m
such
a
s
ha
ndheld
rea
d
er, door acces
s and
fi
el
d rea
d
er
. B
y
adj
u
st
i
n
g t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
s
power
of
read
er st
art
e
d wi
t
h
m
i
nim
u
m
t
o
m
a
xim
u
m
powe
r
t
h
a
n
m
easure
readi
ng di
st
an
ce
every
i
n
c
r
e
a
si
ng po
we
r. Fi
gu
re
8 s
hown graph
of m
easurem
ent distance of RFID tag to
read
er i
n
m
e
te
r
v
e
rsu
s
tran
smits p
o
w
er
of read
er in d
B
m
.
First red lin
e is h
a
nd
h
e
l
d
read
er
fo
r id
en
tity
identification that use
d
low a
n
tenn
a
gain a
n
d sec
o
nd is
green line m
easurem
ent of door access rea
d
ing als
o
with
low
gain
an
tenn
a.
B
o
th
ab
ov
e read
er desig
n
e
d
w
ith
lo
w g
a
in
an
tenn
a
b
e
cau
s
e
for they are appli
cation
doe
s not
req
u
i
r
e
l
o
n
g
rea
d
i
n
g di
st
ance.
Measurem
ent
results for bot
h
above system give
similar response
beca
use they use sa
m
e
antenna
gain. T
h
e
res
p
ons
e
with m
a
xim
u
m
reading 3 m
e
ters is en
ough for they a
pplication,
sinc
e for door
access
only
require
a
few
centim
e
ters. R
F
ID fiel
d re
ader as
system
m
easurem
ent
,
use
d
hi
g
h
gai
n
ant
e
nna
wi
t
h
8 dB
i
t
o
get
m
a
xim
u
m
r
eadi
n
g di
st
anc
e
, si
nce t
h
i
s
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on re
qui
re l
o
n
g
rea
d
i
n
g
ran
g
e of t
a
g
[
8
]
.
M
easurem
ent
was
conducted in
two field envi
ronm
ent,
where first
m
easure
m
ent with line
of si
ght to see basic reading
perform
a
nce and sec
o
nd m
easur
em
ent place
the tag insi
de
vehicle as
actual application.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Reading
distance
(meters)
Reader
power
(dBm)
Po
w
e
r
vs
re
a
d
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
with
3
dBi
dir
e
ctional
an
t
e
nna
Handheld
Door
access
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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IJECE Vol. 3, No. 6, D
ecem
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:
724 – 731
73
0
Figu
re
9.
Resul
t
field re
ade
r
re
adi
n
g ran
g
e ve
rsus
rea
d
e
r
po
wer
Fi
gu
re
9 s
h
o
w
n g
r
a
ph
f
o
r
fi
el
d R
F
I
D
rea
d
e
r
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce, fi
rst
res
u
l
t
s
wi
t
h
bl
ue l
i
n
e i
s
o
p
en a
r
ea
or
l
i
n
e of si
ght
m
easurem
ent
and sec
o
nd i
s
red l
i
n
e m
easur
em
ent that tag placing in
vehicle. By adjusting
transm
its
power of rea
d
er, reading
distanc
e
m
easured every increasi
n
g
pow
er. Sim
i
lar fo
r ab
ove s
y
stem
readi
ng
distance
m
easured in m
e
ters and
transm
its pow
er of rea
d
e
r
i
n
dB
m
.
B
o
t
h
m
easurem
ents gi
ve
di
ffe
re
nt
res
p
o
n
se,
o
p
en
area
gi
ve
g
o
o
d
resp
ons
e wi
t
h
m
a
xim
u
m
readi
n
g
up
t
o
6 m
e
t
e
rs fo
r
30
dB
m
powe
r
,
w
h
er
e i
n
v
e
h
i
cle tag
g
i
v
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
r
ead
ing
o
n
l
y
3
m
e
ter
s
fo
r 30
d
B
m
p
o
w
e
r
.
Ho
w
e
ver
,
t
h
is r
e
sponse stil
l
acceptable
for this applications
,
norm
al
ly distance
of ga
te barrier t
o
t
h
e vehicle
lane
less
tha
n
3 meters.
Test
i
ng al
s
o
c
o
nd
uct
e
d
som
e
scenari
o
s
wi
t
h
a few
m
odel
s
o
f
ve
hi
cl
e,
readi
n
g
pe
rf
orm
a
nc
e de
pen
d
s
o
n
v
e
hi
cl
e
m
odel
s
and e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
,
en
v
i
ro
nm
ent
of ve
hi
cl
e m
ean som
e
of ve
hi
cl
e
use s
un
gl
ass t
h
at
eff
ect
ed t
o
readi
n
g
di
st
ance.
Si
nce
R
F
I
D
t
ech
n
o
l
ogy
de
fer t
o
m
e
t
a
l
and
wat
e
r
envi
ro
nm
ent
.
5.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
Devel
opm
ent
of EPC Class1 Ge
n2 tag a
pplica
tion for multi access c
o
ntrol system
was done. By
using t
h
e same tag,
use
r
ca
n access m
a
ny place and al
so as ide
n
tity. The
tag st
ore
d
ID a
n
d e
v
ery use
r
reg
i
stered
in a cen
tral
d
a
tabase, app
lication
so
ftware
u
s
ed
fo
r reg
i
stratio
n
,
ch
eck
iden
tity an
d
ch
eck
th
e
record
o
f
tran
sactio
n
.
So
m
e
d
a
ta was co
llected
with
o
p
t
i
m
u
m
readi
ng
r
a
nge
vers
us re
ader t
r
a
n
sm
i
t
s
po
we
r,
antenna gain
m
u
ch affected to r
eadi
ng
di
st
ance an
d pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce. Hi
gh
gai
n
ant
e
nna
g
i
ves opt
i
m
u
m
readi
n
g
di
st
ance
a
n
d g
o
o
d
rea
d
i
n
g pe
rf
orm
a
nce.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
Th
e au
tho
r
s
wo
u
l
d
lik
e to
ack
nowledg
e and
exp
r
ess sin
c
ere app
r
eciation
to
Un
i
v
ersiti Tekn
o
l
o
g
i
M
a
l
a
y
s
i
a
and
W
i
rel
e
ss C
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
on C
e
nt
re
fo
r
fi
na
nci
n
g
t
h
i
s
pr
o
j
ect
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
K Finkenzeller. in
RFID Handbo
ok
,
ed: John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd,
2003.
[2]
TAR Evi
zal
, S
h
arul Kam
a
l
Abd
u
l Rahim
.
“
A
cti
v
e RF
ID Te
chno
log
y
for As
s
e
t
T
r
acking
and
M
a
nagem
e
nt S
y
s
t
e
m
”.
TELKOMNIKA Indonesian Journ
a
l
of Electrical
Engineering
. 20
13; 11: 137-146.
[3]
E Global. “EPC Radio Frequ
e
ncy
Identif
y
Proto
c
ols Class-1 Gen
e
ration-2
UHF RFID”. 2008; 1.2
.
0.
[4]
P Dominique.
RFID and Conta
c
tless Smart Card
Applications
. W
e
st Sussex England:
John Wiley
and Sons. 2005.
[5]
AG F
o
ina, et a
l
. “
A
new approach for vehi
cl
e acc
es
s
contro
l us
ing activ
e RF
ID tags
”. in
Microwave an
d
Optoelectronics
Conference, 200
7. IMO
C 2007
. S
B
MO/IEEE MTT-S International
. 2007: 90-93
.
[6]
J Banks,
et
al. “
R
FID Applied”.
in
R
F
ID in
Man
u
facturing
, ed
: J
ohn Wiley
& So
ns, Inc. 2007
.
[7]
EW Schuster.
Global RFID
. C
a
mbridge, MA: Spr
i
nger. 2007.
[8]
PVNaKV
S Rao.
“
Antenna and Propagation in UHF RFID Systems
”. P
r
oc. IEEE
Internat
ional co
nferenc
e
on RF
ID.
2008; pp 277-28
8.
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Reading
distance
(meters)
Reader
power
(dBm)
Re
a
d
e
r
pow
e
r
vs
re
a
d
i
n
g
ra
n
g
e
,
ta
g
in
ve
h
i
c
l
e
and
open
ar
ea
Open
area
In
vehicle
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Developme
nt
of RFID EPC
Gen2 Tag
for M
u
lti Access C
o
ntrol
System (Evizal)
73
1
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Eviz
al
received
his M.Eng. degr
ee from
Universiti T
e
knologi M
a
la
y
s
i
a
, Mal
a
y
s
i
a
in 2008. He is
current
l
y
a P
h
D. s
t
udent at the W
i
reles
s
Communication Centre, F
acult
y of Electr
i
ca
l
Engine
ering,
Universiti
Tekno
lo
gi Mala
ysi
a
. H
e
have b
een wor
k
ed in sev
e
ra
l c
o
m
p
anies that
provide s
y
stem solution in tele
communication and radio frequency
id
entif
ic
atio
n, current
l
y
is
continuing
his
research
a
c
tiv
it
y r
e
la
ted
to
th
e wirel
e
s
s
com
m
unication
,
rad
i
o frequ
en
c
y
identif
ic
ation
an
d wireless sensor ne
twork. His research
inter
e
st is in the field of
antenn
a design,
smart s
y
stem, R
F
ID and sensor
network.
Thar
e
k
Ab
d R
a
hman
is a P
r
ofes
s
o
r at F
acult
y of Ele
c
tr
ical Engineering (FKE), Universiti
Teknologi M
a
lay
s
ia (UTM)
.
He obtain
e
d his B.Sc.
in Electrical
& Electron
ic En
gineer
ing from
University
of Strathcly
d
e, U.K
.
in 1979,
M.Sc.
in Communication Engineer
ing
from UMI
S
T
Manchester
, U.K. and PhD in Mobile Radio
C
o
mmunication Engineer
ing from University
of
Bristol, U.K. in
1988. He is currently
the Di
rector of Wireless
Comm
unication Centre (WCC),
FKE UTM. His
research
in
terests are
radio
prop
agation,
antenna and RF d
e
sign
and indoor
and
outdoor wireless
communication. HE
also conducted various short c
ourses related
to mobile and
satellite communication
to th
e telecommunicatio
n industr
y
an
d
g
overnment bod
y
since 1990
. He
has teach
ing exp
e
rien
ce in th
e ar
ea of m
obile rad
i
o, wirel
e
ss com
m
unication s
y
s
t
e
m
and satellit
e
communication. He has publish
e
d more than 120
papers related to wi
reless communication in
nation
a
l/in
tern
at
ional
journa
l
and
confer
enc
e
.
Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim
o
b
tain
ed his first
degree
in El
ectrical Engineering in
1996
from
Unive
r
sity
of Te
nne
sse
e
,
U.
S.
A
.
,
M.
Sc.
in
Eng
i
neer
ing (Communication
Eng
i
neer
ing) from
Universiti
Tekn
ologi Mal
a
y
s
i
a
(UTM) in 2001
and PhD in Wirel
e
ss Comm
un
ication S
y
st
em
from University
of Birmingham, U.
K. in 2007. Currently
, Dr
. Sharul is an Associate Professor at
F
acult
y of El
e
c
tri
cal Eng
i
ne
e
r
ing, UTM
an
d an acad
em
ic
s
t
aff m
e
m
b
er of W
i
reless
Com
m
unication Centre (W
CC). His
res
earch inter
e
s
t
is
s
m
art antenn
a on com
m
unication
s
y
stem
. He
is al
so a m
e
m
b
er of IEEE Ma
la
ysi
a
section (MIE
E
E
), m
e
m
b
er Boa
r
d of Engine
er
Mala
y
s
ia
(MBE
M), m
e
m
b
er of Institut
e
of
En
gineer
Mala
ysi
a
(MIEM) and
Eta K
a
ppa Nu
Chapter (International
Electrical
Engineering Honour Society
,
U
n
iversity
of Ten
n
essee). He has
published a number of technical
papers including
journals and
international
conferences on rain
attenuation
and s
m
art antennas
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