In
t
er
na
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
,
p
p
.
1887
~
1
8
9
2
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
8
i
3
.
p
p
1
8
8
7
-
1892
1887
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ia
e
s
co
r
e
.
co
m/
jo
u
r
n
a
ls
/in
d
ex
.
p
h
p
/
I
JE
C
E
Dua
l Axes
Sola
r
Tra
ck
e
r
Ah
m
a
d I
m
ra
n bin
I
bra
hi
m
1
,
F
a
ra
h Diy
a
na
bin
t
i A
bd
ul
Ra
h
m
a
n
2
,
M
ua
zz
in bin
Ro
ha
iza
t
3
1,
3
De
p
a
rtem
e
n
t
o
f
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
2
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
2
0
,
2
0
1
7
R
ev
i
s
ed
Dec
5
,
2
0
1
7
A
cc
ep
ted
J
an
2
0
,
2
0
1
8
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V
)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
i
m
p
o
rtan
t
so
u
rc
e
s
o
f
r
e
n
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
in
t
h
e
w
o
rld
.
I
ts
c
u
rre
n
t
e
f
f
i
c
ien
c
y
c
o
u
ld
b
e
i
n
c
re
a
se
d
u
p
to
6
0
%
b
y
u
sin
g
d
u
a
l
a
x
e
s
so
lar
tr
a
c
k
e
r,
w
h
ich
m
a
x
i
m
is
e
P
V
e
x
p
o
su
re
to
su
n
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
im
p
o
rtan
t
c
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
i
n
d
u
a
l
a
x
e
s
so
lar
trac
k
e
r
is
se
n
sin
g
lo
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
su
n
.
F
o
u
r
l
ig
h
t
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
re
sisto
rs
(L
DR)
a
re
u
se
d
a
s
th
e
se
n
so
rs,
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
to
p
o
ten
ti
o
m
e
ters
to
i
n
c
re
a
se
th
e
ir
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
A
rd
u
in
o
UN
O
is
u
s
e
d
a
s
th
e
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
to
c
o
n
tr
o
l
tw
o
ste
p
p
e
r
m
o
to
rs.
Tw
o
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
ts
h
a
v
e
b
e
e
n
c
a
rried
o
u
t,
w
h
e
re
th
e
to
lera
n
c
e
o
f
th
e
L
DR
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
f
o
u
n
d
t
o
b
e
0
.
0
5
V
a
n
d
th
e
c
a
li
b
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
th
e
f
o
u
r
L
DRs
to
h
a
v
e
th
e
e
rro
r
o
f
0
.
0
3
V
.
B
o
th
e
x
p
e
rime
n
ts
p
ro
v
e
d
t
h
e
c
a
p
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
L
DR
f
o
r
d
u
a
l
a
x
e
s
so
lar
trac
k
e
r
a
n
d
p
o
ten
t
io
m
e
ter
to
in
c
re
a
se
th
e
ir
a
c
c
u
ra
c
y
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
:
Du
al
ax
e
s
L
i
g
h
t d
ep
en
d
en
t r
esis
to
r
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
So
lar
tr
ac
k
er
Co
p
y
rig
h
t
©
2
0
1
8
I
n
stit
u
te o
f
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
S
c
ien
c
e
.
Al
l
rig
h
ts
re
se
rv
e
d
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
Ah
m
ad
I
m
r
an
b
in
I
b
r
ah
i
m
,
Dep
ar
t
m
en
t o
f
Me
ch
atr
o
n
ics
E
n
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
,
I
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
I
s
la
m
ic
U
n
iv
er
s
it
y
Ma
la
y
s
ia
,
P
.
O.
B
o
x
1
0
,
5
0
7
2
8
Ku
ala
L
u
m
p
u
r
,
Ma
la
y
s
ia.
E
m
ail: i
m
r
an
@
i
i
u
m
.
ed
u
.
my
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
P
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
is
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
en
er
g
y
i
n
th
e
w
o
r
ld
[1
]
,
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
lar
it
y
o
f
th
e
P
V
is
d
u
e
to
its
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
f
o
r
a
s
m
al
l
s
ca
l
e
in
s
talla
tio
n
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
P
V
is
o
n
l
y
ab
o
u
t
1
1
-
1
9
%
an
d
th
e
b
est
co
m
m
er
cial
P
V
is
ab
o
u
t
2
3
%,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
b
est
r
esear
ch
ce
ll
is
u
p
to
3
0
%
[3
]
.
E
f
f
icien
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
co
u
ld
b
e
m
ax
i
m
i
s
ed
b
y
f
ac
i
n
g
th
e
P
V
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
s
u
n
li
g
h
t,
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t b
et
w
ee
n
3
0
% to
6
0
% c
o
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tatio
n
ar
y
P
V
[4
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
ed
P
V
h
as
p
o
ten
tial
in
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
w
i
th
o
u
t
s
ac
r
if
ic
in
g
it
s
f
o
o
tp
r
in
t.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
m
ec
h
an
is
ed
P
V;
s
i
n
g
le
a
x
i
s
an
d
d
u
al
ax
e
s
.
Si
n
g
le
ax
i
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
ed
P
V
n
o
r
m
a
ll
y
allo
w
s
m
o
tio
n
f
r
o
m
s
u
n
r
is
e
to
s
u
n
s
et
[
5
]
.
I
t
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
co
u
n
tr
ie
s
alo
n
g
th
e
eq
u
a
to
r
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
s
d
o
n
o
t
d
if
f
er
m
u
c
h
d
u
r
i
n
g
s
u
m
m
er
an
d
w
i
n
ter
.
T
h
e
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e
o
f
th
e
s
i
n
g
le
ax
i
s
i
s
it
o
n
l
y
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
s
i
n
g
le
ac
tu
ato
r
w
h
ic
h
i
s
ea
s
ier
to
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
h
as
le
s
s
w
e
ig
h
t.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
it
r
eq
u
ir
es
a
p
r
o
p
er
in
s
tallatio
n
t
h
at
al
lo
w
s
th
e
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
to
f
o
llo
w
s
u
n
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
ts
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
er
h
a
n
d
,
d
u
al
ax
es
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
ed
P
V
is
m
o
r
e
f
lex
i
b
le
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
f
o
llo
w
th
e
s
u
n
i
n
an
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
t
h
e
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
itial
i
n
s
tallatio
n
o
f
th
e
P
V
[
6
]
.
A
n
ex
tr
a
ac
tu
ato
r
is
th
e
o
n
l
y
tr
ad
e
-
o
f
f
f
o
r
g
ai
n
in
g
i
ts
f
le
x
ib
ilit
y
an
d
ad
ap
tab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
es
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
in
s
tall
i
n
an
y
m
o
v
i
n
g
o
b
j
ec
ts
w
it
h
o
u
t lo
s
in
g
s
u
n
li
g
h
t.
I
t is a
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
ic
ien
t
m
e
th
o
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
in
g
l
e
ax
is
[
7
]
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
Du
al
a
x
es
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
m
ai
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
m
e
ch
an
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
elec
tr
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
.
F
ig
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
m
ec
h
an
ic
al
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
m
all
p
ar
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
3
D
p
r
in
t
ed
,
w
h
ile
th
e
lar
g
e
p
ar
ts
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
P
er
s
p
ex
.
P
er
s
p
ex
i
s
t
h
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
m
ater
ial
d
u
e
to
its
li
g
h
t
w
eig
h
t
p
r
o
p
er
ty
a
n
d
ea
s
y
to
cu
t
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
teel
o
r
alu
m
i
n
i
u
m
.
T
h
e
m
ec
h
a
n
ic
al
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
r
is
es
o
f
t
w
o
s
et
o
f
g
ea
r
tr
ai
n
th
a
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
8
8
7
–
1892
1888
m
o
v
e
th
e
P
V
in
to
az
i
m
u
t
h
a
n
d
altitu
d
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
,
as
w
ell
a
s
th
e
h
o
ld
er
f
o
r
P
V
an
d
it
s
s
en
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
d
i
v
id
ed
in
to
t
h
r
ee
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
s
o
lar
s
en
s
i
n
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l,
a
n
d
ac
tu
a
to
r
.
So
lar
s
en
s
in
g
i
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
cr
itical
p
ar
t,
w
h
er
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
o
p
er
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
al
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
t
h
e
s
u
n
p
o
s
itio
n
is
tr
an
s
m
itted
to
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
to
ac
t
u
ate
th
e
P
V
to
a
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
p
o
s
itio
n
to
th
e
s
u
n
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
elec
tr
ical
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
e
ite
m
s
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
c
o
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
f
i
g
u
r
e
th
at
f
o
u
r
p
o
ten
tio
m
eter
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
L
DR
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tio
m
eter
is
to
ca
lib
r
ate
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
D
R
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Ov
er
all
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
f
d
u
al
a
x
es so
lar
tr
ac
k
er
,
o
n
th
e
le
f
t is t
h
e
as
s
e
m
b
le
d
v
ie
w
a
n
d
o
n
t
h
e
r
ig
h
t i
s
th
e
e
x
p
lo
d
e
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
Sch
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
f
o
r
elec
tr
ical
p
ar
ts
o
f
d
u
al
ax
es
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
w
h
ic
h
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
o
lar
s
en
s
i
n
g
,
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
t
w
o
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Du
a
l A
xe
s
S
o
la
r
Tr
a
ck
er
(
A
h
ma
d
I
mra
n
b
i
n
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
1889
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
f
o
u
r
li
g
h
t
d
ep
en
d
en
t
r
esis
to
r
s
(
L
DR
)
as
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
t
h
e
P
V.
L
DR
is
c
h
o
s
e
n
d
u
e
to
it
s
lo
w
co
s
t
a
n
d
ac
ce
s
s
ib
il
it
y
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
it
i
s
a
s
i
m
p
ler
s
y
s
te
m
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
t
o
s
tain
les
s
s
teel
ca
n
is
ter
d
esig
n
b
y
Ho
la
m
b
e
et.
al.
[
8
]
.
Fo
u
r
L
DR
s
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
s
id
e
b
y
s
id
e
s
u
c
h
as
ed
g
es
o
f
a
s
q
u
ar
e
o
f
ab
o
u
t
3
m
m
ap
ar
t.
T
h
is
d
esig
n
i
s
s
i
m
ilar
to
th
e
o
n
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
So
h
aq
et.
al
[
9
]
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
y
co
m
b
in
ed
th
e
L
DR
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ca
m
er
a
w
it
h
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
ac
c
u
r
ate
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
in
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
o
n
l
y
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
P
V
f
u
r
t
h
er
1
.
4
5
%
to
2
0
%
o
f
L
D
R
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
th
t
h
e
co
m
p
lex
i
t
y
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
a
n
d
e
x
tr
a
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
ed
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
n
o
as
th
e
co
n
tr
o
lle
r
as
it
h
as
e
n
o
u
g
h
p
in
s
to
co
n
n
ec
t
to
all
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
w
h
ic
h
r
eq
u
ir
e
an
alo
g
i
n
p
u
ts
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
al
s
o
h
as
en
o
u
g
h
p
u
ls
e
w
id
th
m
o
d
u
latio
n
(
P
W
M)
o
u
tp
u
t
p
in
s
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
t
w
o
elec
tr
ical
m
o
to
r
s
.
T
h
ese
t
w
o
elec
tr
ical
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
t
w
o
s
tep
s
p
r
o
ce
s
s
to
o
r
ien
t P
V
to
s
u
n
li
g
h
t d
ir
ec
tio
n
; a
zi
m
u
t
h
an
d
a
ltit
u
d
e
as
s
h
o
wn
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t t
w
o
L
DR
s
en
s
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
a
zi
m
u
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
w
h
ile
t
h
e
o
th
er
t
w
o
ar
e
th
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
ec
id
e
altitu
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
A
zi
m
u
th
a
n
d
altit
u
d
e
o
r
ien
tatio
n
t
h
at
u
s
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
[
10
]
T
h
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
ac
tu
ato
r
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ac
tu
ate
th
e
P
V
in
to
az
i
m
u
th
a
n
d
altit
u
d
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
f
o
r
th
e
ac
tu
ato
r
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
w
o
s
tep
p
er
m
o
to
r
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
a
ctu
ate
az
i
m
u
t
h
an
d
altit
u
d
e
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
P
V.
Step
p
er
m
o
to
r
is
ch
o
s
en
d
u
e
t
o
its
h
i
g
h
to
r
q
u
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
DC
m
o
to
r
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
r
esear
ch
es o
n
p
ass
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
to
o
r
ien
t P
V
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
s
u
n
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
f
o
u
n
d
in
[
8
]
,
[
11
]
.
T
h
eir
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
u
s
i
n
g
s
tai
n
l
ess
s
teel
ca
n
i
s
ter
s
f
illed
w
it
h
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
g
a
s
f
l
u
id
w
it
h
lo
w
b
o
ili
n
g
p
o
in
t
an
d
g
r
av
it
y
to
ac
t
u
ate
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
s
u
n
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
a
n
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
,
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
ac
tu
ato
r
to
o
p
er
ate.
Ho
w
e
v
e
r
,
th
is
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
v
er
y
s
e
n
s
i
ti
v
e
to
w
in
d
,
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
m
i
s
alig
n
it
s
p
o
s
itio
n
d
ee
m
in
g
it i
m
p
r
ac
ticalit
y
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
E
ac
h
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
u
al
ax
es
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
h
as
b
ee
n
test
ed
to
i
d
en
tify
t
h
e
s
u
itab
le
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
w
o
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
ts
h
av
e
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
d
eter
m
in
e
th
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
s
i
n
g
le
L
D
R
r
ea
d
in
g
an
d
th
e
an
g
le
o
f
lig
h
t,
an
d
ca
l
ib
r
atio
n
o
f
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
r
ea
d
in
g
s
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
w
i
th
r
eg
ar
d
s
to
p
er
p
en
d
i
cu
lar
lig
h
t
s
o
u
r
ce
.
3
.
1
.
L
DR
re
a
din
g
re
la
t
io
n t
o
lig
ht
s
o
urce
a
ng
le
An
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
h
a
s
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
f
o
r
L
D
R
w
it
h
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
an
g
l
e
o
f
li
g
h
t
to
w
ar
d
s
L
DR
.
T
h
e
an
g
le
o
f
li
g
h
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
L
D
R
is
ta
k
en
f
r
o
m
0
d
eg
r
ee
u
n
til
1
8
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
,
w
h
e
r
e
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
f
th
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
t
is
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
in
th
e
g
r
ap
h
t
h
at
th
e
L
D
R
g
i
v
es
a
r
ea
d
in
g
o
f
0
.
4
6
V
w
h
e
n
li
g
h
t
is
9
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
to
th
e
L
DR
w
h
ic
h
i
s
t
h
e
d
ete
r
m
in
a
tio
n
p
o
in
t
f
o
r
p
o
s
itio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
w
h
e
n
it
i
s
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
th
e
P
V.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
d
in
g
f
o
r
6
0
,
7
0
,
8
0
,
an
d
1
0
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
ar
e
all
0
.
5
2
V
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
s
0
.
0
6
V
d
if
f
er
en
ce
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
9
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
to
ler
an
ce
f
o
r
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
e
ad
in
g
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lo
w
er
th
a
n
0
.
0
5
V
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
th
e
P
V
is
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
th
e
s
u
n
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
8
8
7
–
1892
1890
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
esu
lt o
f
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
L
DR
v
s
.
a
n
g
le
o
f
lig
h
t to
w
a
r
d
s
L
DR
3
.
2
.
Ca
lib
ra
t
io
n o
f
f
o
ur
L
DR
r
ea
din
g
s
T
h
e
id
ea
l
s
itu
at
io
n
i
s
w
h
en
t
h
e
P
V
is
p
er
p
en
d
ic
u
lar
to
th
e
s
u
n
,
i
n
d
icate
d
w
h
e
n
al
l
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
ar
e
h
av
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
r
ea
lit
y
,
al
l
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
w
i
ll
h
a
v
e
s
li
g
h
tl
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
to
o
n
e
an
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
ese
d
if
f
er
en
t
r
ea
d
in
g
s
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
b
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
an
0
.
0
5
V
b
ec
au
s
e
th
a
t
is
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
li
m
it
f
o
r
th
e
L
DR
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
p
o
ten
tio
m
e
ter
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
ea
c
h
L
DR
to
m
ak
e
s
u
r
e
t
h
eir
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
h
e
n
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
li
g
h
t
is
p
er
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
th
e
P
V.
An
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
tio
m
eter
is
to
s
h
i
f
t
t
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
D
R
to
w
ar
d
s
th
e
s
u
n
li
g
h
t
r
e
g
io
n
.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ig
ital
r
ea
d
in
g
s
f
o
r
th
e
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
all
L
DR
s
g
i
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
v
alu
e
s
w
it
h
th
e
s
a
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t o
f
li
g
h
t.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
R
ea
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
b
ef
o
r
e
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
Y
-
a
x
i
s
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
o
lt
ag
e
r
ea
d
in
g
i
n
ce
n
ti
v
o
lt,
w
h
ile
X
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
ti
m
e
i
n
m
il
lis
ec
o
n
d
E
ac
h
o
f
th
e
p
o
te
n
tio
m
e
ter
is
ad
j
u
s
ted
s
o
th
at
all
t
h
e
L
D
R
r
ea
d
in
g
s
ar
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
li
g
h
t
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
in
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
lig
h
t
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
at
th
e
b
e
g
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
r
ea
d
in
g
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
o
m
e
er
r
o
r
r
ea
d
in
g
s
b
et
w
ee
n
L
D
R
s
a
f
te
r
ca
lib
r
a
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
ab
o
u
t 0
.
0
1
V
–
0
.
0
3
V.
T
h
is
er
r
o
r
is
an
ac
ce
p
tab
le
v
alu
e
b
ec
au
s
e
it
i
s
b
e
lo
w
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
v
alu
e
o
f
0
.
0
5
V.
A
p
r
o
to
t
y
p
e
o
f
d
u
al
ax
e
s
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
h
as
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
estab
lis
h
ed
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
ty
p
e
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
test
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
L
D
R
d
etec
tin
g
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t
an
d
alig
n
i
n
g
it
to
w
ar
d
th
e
s
u
n
.
I
t
co
u
ld
b
e
in
t
eg
r
ated
w
it
h
t
h
e
P
V
to
co
m
p
ar
e
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
s
i
n
g
L
D
R
,
w
it
h
an
d
w
it
h
o
u
t
p
o
ten
tio
m
eter
.
0
1
2
3
0
50
10
0
15
0
20
0
Vo
l
tage
o
u
tp
u
t
(Vo
)
A
n
g
l
e
,
Θ
(
°
)
G
r
ap
h
of
voltage
ou
tpu
t (
V
o)
vs an
gle,
Θ
(
°
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
Du
a
l A
xe
s
S
o
la
r
Tr
a
ck
er
(
A
h
ma
d
I
mra
n
b
i
n
I
b
r
a
h
im
)
1891
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
R
ea
d
in
g
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
u
r
L
D
R
s
a
f
ter
ca
lib
r
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
Y
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ea
d
in
g
in
ce
n
ti
v
o
lt,
w
h
ile
X
-
a
x
is
r
ep
r
ese
n
ts
t
h
e
ti
m
e
i
n
m
il
lis
ec
o
n
d
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
P
r
o
t
o
ty
p
e
o
f
d
u
al
a
x
es so
lar
p
an
el
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Du
al
a
x
es
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
P
V
u
p
to
6
0
%
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
s
tatic
P
V.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
u
al
ax
es
s
o
lar
P
V
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
to
ali
g
n
w
i
th
th
e
s
u
n
l
i
g
h
t.
Fro
m
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
th
a
t
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
to
tall
y
ali
g
n
ed
an
d
3
0
d
eg
r
ee
s
an
g
le
o
f
f
is
j
u
s
t
0
.
0
5
V
f
r
o
m
th
e
L
DR
r
ea
d
in
g
.
T
h
er
e
is
an
ef
f
o
r
t
u
s
i
n
g
i
m
a
g
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
to
f
u
r
t
h
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
u
al
ax
es
P
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
in
teg
r
ated
i
m
ag
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
i
s
v
er
y
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
if
co
m
p
ar
e
to
2
0
%
o
f
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
cr
ea
s
e.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
is
f
o
cu
s
in
g
o
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
b
etter
L
D
R
s
e
n
s
o
r
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
P
V
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t.
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
m
an
a
g
ed
to
d
ev
elo
p
d
u
al
ax
es
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
f
o
r
th
e
P
V
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
A
r
d
u
in
o
UNO,
L
DR
s
an
d
s
tep
p
er
m
o
to
r
s
.
P
o
ten
tio
m
eter
is
u
s
ed
i
n
s
er
ies
w
it
h
ea
c
h
L
DR
to
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
th
e
L
D
R
b
ec
au
s
e
th
e
to
ler
a
n
ce
o
f
th
e
r
ea
d
in
g
f
o
r
it to
b
e
ex
ac
tl
y
p
e
r
p
en
d
icu
lar
to
s
u
n
l
ig
h
t is 0
.
0
5
V.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ac
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
th
e
f
in
a
n
cial
as
s
is
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
h
ic
h
is
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
b
y
th
e
R
esear
ch
I
n
i
tiati
v
e
Gr
a
n
t
Sch
e
m
e
(
R
I
G
S
)
wi
th
th
e
g
r
an
t
n
u
m
b
er
R
I
G
S1
6
-
348
-
0512
an
d
I
n
ter
n
at
io
n
al
I
s
la
m
ic
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
Ma
la
y
s
ia
(
I
I
UM
)
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
201
8
:
1
8
8
7
–
1892
1892
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
Ca
rra
sc
o
,
J.M
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
-
e
le
c
tro
n
ic
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
g
rid
in
teg
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
so
u
rc
e
s:
A
su
rv
e
y
”
,
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
in
d
u
stri
a
l
e
lec
tro
n
ics
,
2
0
0
6
,
v
o
l.
5
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
2
-
1
0
1
6
.
[2
]
Kra
u
tm
a
n
n
,
J.,
&
Z
h
u
,
J,
2
0
1
2
,
“
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
taic
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s:
M
a
rk
e
t
T
re
n
d
s
in
t
h
e
Un
it
e
d
S
tate
s”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
A
p
p
li
e
d
Po
we
r E
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
AP
E)
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
2
3
-
1
2
8
.
[3
]
A
rc
h
e
r,
M
.
D.,
M.
A
.
G
re
e
n
,
“
Clea
n
e
lec
tri
c
it
y
f
ro
m
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ics
”
,
v
o
l.
4
,
2
0
1
4
,
W
o
rld
S
c
ien
ti
f
ic.
[4
]
Kh
a
n
,
M
.
T.
A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
c
o
n
str
u
c
ti
o
n
o
f
a
n
a
u
to
m
a
ti
c
so
lar t
ra
c
k
in
g
s
y
ste
m
”
,
in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
ICECE
),
2
0
1
0
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
Da
s,
S
.
,
S
a
d
h
u
,
P
.
,
P
a
l
,
N.,
&
M
u
k
h
e
rjee
,
S
,
2
0
1
4
,
“
S
in
g
le
Ax
is
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
U
sin
g
M
icro
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r”
,
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ie
n
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
pp.
8
0
2
8
-
8
0
3
2
.
[6
]
S
in
g
h
,
P
.
,
P
a
h
u
ja,
R.
,
Ka
rw
a
sra
,
M
.
,
Be
n
iw
a
l,
S
.
,
Ba
n
sa
l,
M
.
,
&
Da
d
h
ich
,
A
,
2
0
1
6
,
“
D
u
a
l
A
x
is
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l”,
Bu
l
letin
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4
,
pp.
4
0
3
-
4
1
1
.
[7
]
Zh
a
n
g
,
X
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
w
o
trac
k
in
g
c
o
n
tr
o
l
m
e
th
o
d
t
o
im
p
ro
v
e
so
la
r
c
e
ll
p
h
o
t
o
e
le
c
tri
c
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
”
,
i
n
Co
n
tro
l
a
n
d
De
c
isio
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
CCDC
),
2
0
1
6
C
h
in
e
se
.
[8
]
Ho
lam
b
e
,
P
.
R.
,
D.
T
a
lan
g
e
,
a
n
d
V
.
Bh
o
le,
“
M
o
to
r
les
s
so
lar
trac
k
i
n
g
s
y
st
e
m
”
,
in
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
2
0
1
5
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
[9
]
S
o
h
a
g
,
H.A
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
c
c
u
ra
te
a
n
d
e
ff
icie
n
t
so
lar
trac
k
in
g
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
i
m
a
g
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
a
n
d
LDR
se
n
so
r”
,
in
El
e
c
trica
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
EICT
)
,
2
0
1
5
2
n
d
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
.
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
Zh
a
n
,
T
.
-
S
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
D
u
a
l
-
a
x
is
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
”
,
in
Co
mp
u
ter
S
o
ft
w
a
r
e
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
CO
M
PS
AC),
2
0
1
3
IE
EE
3
7
t
h
A
n
n
u
a
l
,
2
0
1
3
,
IEE
E.
[1
1
]
P
a
rm
a
r,
N.
,
A
.
N.
P
a
rm
a
r,
a
n
d
V
.
S
.
G
a
u
ta
m
,
“
P
a
ss
iv
e
so
lar
trac
k
in
g
s
y
ste
m
”
,
In
t
J
Eme
rg
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
Ad
v
En
g
,
2
0
1
5
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
3
8
-
1
4
5
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Ahm
a
d
I
m
r
a
n
b
in
Ibra
h
i
m
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
P
h
D
f
ro
m
M
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
De
p
a
rtme
n
t,
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Bristo
l,
UK
in
2
0
1
6
.
He
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
i
n
ted
a
s
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
I
n
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
i
c
Un
iv
e
rsity
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIUM
).
P
rio
r
to
th
a
t
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
S
e
n
io
r
Ex
e
c
u
ti
v
e
–
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
S
im
e
Da
rb
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
Ce
n
tre,
o
v
e
rlo
o
k
re
se
a
rc
h
p
ro
jec
ts
f
o
r
S
im
e
Da
r
b
y
P
la
n
tatio
n
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
b
i
o
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
d
e
sig
n
,
o
p
ti
m
ise
d
ro
b
o
ti
c
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
b
io
i
n
sp
ire
d
ro
b
o
t
.
He
is
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
IEE
E
a
n
d
re
g
istere
d
in
B
o
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs M
a
lay
si
a
(BEM
).
Fa
r
a
h
Diy
a
n
a
A
b
d
u
l
R
a
h
m
a
n
o
b
tain
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
D
e
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
El
e
c
tro
n
ic
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Bristo
l,
UK
in
2
0
1
5
.
S
h
e
h
a
s
b
e
e
n
a
p
p
o
in
te
d
a
s
a
n
As
sista
n
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
in
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
si
a
(IIUM
).
He
r
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
im
a
g
e
a
n
d
v
id
e
o
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
g
,
v
id
e
o
q
u
a
li
t
y
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
,
m
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
tran
s
m
issi
o
n
a
n
d
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
s.
S
h
e
is
a
n
a
c
ti
v
e
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
IEE
E,
a
re
g
istere
d
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
th
e
Bo
a
rd
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
l
a
y
si
a
(BEM
)
a
n
d
In
stit
u
te
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rs
M
a
la
y
sia
(IE
M
).
M
u
a
z
z
in
R
o
h
a
iza
t
is
a
stu
d
e
n
t
f
ro
m
M
e
c
h
a
tro
n
ics
De
p
a
rtm
e
n
t,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Isla
m
ic
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(IIU
M
).
He
sta
rted
h
is
st
u
d
y
in
IIUM
in
2
0
1
3
a
n
d
w
il
l
b
e
g
ra
d
u
a
ti
n
g
in
2
0
1
8
.
His
f
in
a
l
y
e
a
r
p
ro
jec
t
c
o
n
tr
i
b
u
tes
t
o
w
a
rd
s th
is
a
rti
c
le.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.