Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4438
~
4447
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
4438
-
44
47
4438
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
A Novel
Intellig
en
ce
-
b
ased
e
-
P
rocu
re
m
ent System
to offe
r
Maximu
m Fai
rness Inde
x in On
going
Aucti
on P
rocess
N.
M
ad
h
usud
an
1
, L
. Ma
nj
u
na
t
ha R
a
o
2
1
Depa
rtment of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
,
Cit
y
Col
le
ge
,
India
2
Depa
rtment of
Master
of
Com
pute
r
Appl
ic
a
ti
on
s,
Dr.
Am
bedka
r
Instit
ut
e
of
T
echnolog
y
,
Ind
ia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
23
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
l
19
,
201
8
Accepte
d
Aug
4
, 2
01
8
A
per
fec
t
au
ct
io
n
poli
c
y
is
one
of
the
m
ost
strat
egi
c
elem
ent
s
that
cont
ribu
t
e
to
succ
ess
fa
ct
o
r
for
an
y
e
-
Proc
ure
m
ent
s
y
st
em.
An
auc
t
ion
pol
icy
c
an
be
onl
y
te
rm
as
an
eff
ective
if
it
r
eall
y
offe
r
win
-
wi
n
situa
t
ion
to
bo
t
h
the
b
idde
r
as
well
as
to
th
e m
erc
hant
.
Aft
er revi
ewing exi
sti
ng
studie
s
on
e
-
Procure
m
ent
s
y
stem,
it
is
found
tha
t
th
ere
isn
o
eff
ective
r
ese
a
rch
work
foc
using
on
thi
s
point
and
m
axi
m
um
rese
arc
h
c
ontri
buti
on
has
li
m
it
ed
it
s
scop
e
to
ce
rt
ai
n
appl
i
ca
t
ion
or
c
a
se
studis.
Henc
e
,
the
proposed
s
y
stem
in
troduc
e
s
a
novel
e
-
Procure
m
ent
s
y
stem
which
is
equi
pped
b
y
an
i
te
l
li
gen
ce
-
bui
ldi
ng
proc
ess
for
per
form
ing
pre
dic
ti
v
e
anal
y
sis
o
f
ongoing
auc
ti
o
n
proc
ess.
A
m
at
hematica
l
m
odel
li
ng
is
implemente
d
wher
e
a
ll
te
h
v
ariabl
es
have
bee
n
fo
rm
ed
using
pra
ctical
imple
m
ent
at
ion
of
au
ct
ion
s
y
st
em
an
d
foll
owed
b
y
opti
m
iz
ation
proc
ess
using
reg
ression
-
base
d
appr
oac
h
.
The
stud
y
outc
om
e
show
s
tha
t
proposed
s
y
st
em
offe
rs
b
et
t
er
r
e
spons
e
ti
m
e
and
highe
r
pre
d
ic
t
iv
e
a
cc
ur
a
c
y
in
con
tra
st
to exi
sting
appr
o
ac
h
es.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Au
ct
io
n
Bi
dd
in
g
e
-
Proc
ur
em
ent
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
Sale
s
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
N.
Ma
dhusu
da
n
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce.
Ci
ty
Colle
ge,
Ba
ng
al
or
e,
In
di
a
.
Em
a
il
:
n
m
adh
usuda
nresea
rc
h@gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
it
h
rap
i
dly
grow
i
ng
of
w
eb
te
ch
nolo
gie
s
an
d
i
nfor
m
at
ion
a
nd
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
te
chn
i
no
l
og
ie
s
(I
CT
),
the
re
s
earche
rs
f
ound
a
easy
pr
oc
urem
ent
pr
oces
s
for
both
within
a
nd
am
ong
the
or
gan
iz
a
ti
on
s,
sever
al
public
insti
tuti
on
s
a
nd
c
orp
or
at
io
ns
hav
e
r
eco
gn
iz
ed
su
it
able
opport
un
it
ie
d
for
their
ben
e
f
it
s
and
m
axi
m
iz
es
in
eff
ic
ie
ncy
owi
ning
to
tra
ding
web
sit
es
[
1].
Howe
ver,
Ele
ct
ornic
-
P
ro
c
ur
e
m
ent
(e
-
pr
ocur
e
m
ent)
is
m
os
t
eff
ic
ie
nt
te
chnolo
gy
wh
ic
h
pro
vid
e
s
a
good
s
a
nd
serv
ic
es
th
oru
gh
the
i
ntern
et
[2
]
,
[
3].
It
is
li
ke
a
su
pply
c
hain
proces
s
w
he
re
s
uppliers
ca
n
e
xch
a
nge
the
se
rv
ic
es
via
i
nter
net
an
d
al
s
o
as
oth
e
r
i
nfor
m
antion
and n
et
wor
king tech
niques
.
Like e.
g.
elec
tr
on
ic
data inter
change a
nd
e
nt
erprise res
ourc
e p
la
nnin
g.
F
or
erun
ner
s
of
e
-
proc
ur
em
ent
hav
e
b
ee
n
seen
in
the
early
1980’sm
with
the
advancem
ent
of
plan
ning
of
m
at
erial
req
ui
rem
ent
syste
m
in
resou
rce
plan
ni
ng
m
echan
ism
and
la
te
r
into
enter
pr
ise
s
resou
rce
plan
ni
ng
syst
em
(E
RP)
by
the
m
i
dd
le
of
1990’s
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
e
-
data
intercha
nge
ca
n
al
so
be
re
f
e
red
a
s
a
ty
pe
of
e
-
proc
ur
em
ent
[
4].
T
he
pro
duct
purc
hasin
g
operati
on
an
d
it
s
realt
ed
proc
ure
m
ent
process
in
the
ora
gani
zat
ios
ha
ve
c
onve
ntion
al
ly
been
a
sign
ific
a
nt
pro
cess
w
hich
a
ffec
ts
on
perf
orm
ance
on
busi
ness.
I
n
seve
ra
l
organ
iz
at
io
ns,
the
total
ex
pe
nd
it
ure
dep
e
nds
upon
proc
ur
em
ent
costs
al
so.
New
tren
ds
/t
ech
no
l
og
ie
s
i
n
the
or
gan
iz
at
io
nal
e
nv
i
ronm
ent
sugg
e
ns
t
that
a
sign
ifi
cance
of
pro
cur
em
ent
is
bein
g
rein
forc
ed
via
the
em
erg
ence
of
un
iv
e
rsal
busines
s
su
pply
c
hains [
5].
W
it
h
th
e
a
dv
a
ncem
ent
of
i
ntern
et
te
c
hnologies
in
the
org
anizat
ion
w
or
l
d,
proc
ur
e
rs
re
qu
i
re
the
tim
e
durati
on
to
m
ake
us
a
ge
of
com
petat
ive
pr
oc
ur
em
ent
poli
ci
es
fo
r
per
ti
cular
pro
duct
s.
Pr
oc
ur
e
rs/cus
tom
ers
seek
lo
west
c
os
ts
of
good
and
ser
vices,
fast
buyi
ng
c
yc
le
,
sh
ort
ti
m
e
or
de
r
proc
es
sing
an
d
m
i
m
inu
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
In
te
ll
igence
-
ba
se
d
e
-
Proc
ur
e
men
t
Sy
ste
m
to
o
ff
er
Maxim
um
.
..
(
N. Mad
husud
an
)
4439
adm
inist
rati
ve
pr
ic
es
[
6]
,
[
7].
Conver
sel
y,
th
e
pro
duct
sup
pl
ie
rs
desire
ad
va
nce
distrib
ution
strat
egies
,
a
la
rg
e
proc
ur
e
r
base
,
and
trie
s
t
o
m
axim
iz
e
the
sal
es,
m
ini
m
iz
es
the
excess
in
ve
ntory
as
well
as
cost
of
the
goods
so
ld
.
More
ove
r,
b
oth
sup
pliers
an
d
c
us
to
r
m
ers
seek
m
i
nim
u
m
transa
ct
ion
al
costs
[
8].
The
us
a
ge
of
e
-
proc
ur
em
et
n
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
is
hope
d
to
pro
vid
e
al
l
these
be
nef
it
s
f
or
bo
t
h
par
ti
es
(i.e.
s
upplier
s
an
d
proc
ur
e
rs)
[
9].
In
unive
rsal
firm
,
the
dece
ntrali
zed,
fact
or
e
d
proc
ur
i
ng
o
pe
rati
ons
hav
e
certai
n
way
to
un
i
form
,
the
centrali
zed
pro
cur
i
ng
process
es,
with
globa
l
pr
oc
uri
ng
de
ci
sion
s
bein
g
handled
by
a
sing
le
centrali
zed
org
anizat
ion [
10
]
.
These
va
riat
io
ns
m
ay
,
in
par
t,
be
at
trib
uted
to
purc
hasin
g
proces
s
wh
i
ch
can
be
dec
om
po
sed
by
hierar
c
hical
or
der
a
nd the
f
ir
s
t l
ay
er d
ecom
posit
ion
res
ults
four d
isi
ct
s lev
el
s su
c
h
as i)
s
earchi
ng and a
naly
sis
of
s
uppliers
,
ii
)
pla
nn
i
ng
an
d
m
anag
em
ent
of
pro
duct
supp
ly
c
hain,
ii
i)
sup
plier
sect
ion
process
a
nd
i
v)
el
ect
ro
nic
t
ransac
ti
on
al
proce
ss
.
Se
ve
ral
asp
ect
s
of
pu
rch
a
ngin
g,
i
n
ou
t
of
four
le
vels,
ha
ve
prof
it
ed
f
r
om
ICT
app
li
cat
io
n
a
nd
decisi
on
te
c
hnologies
[
11
]
,
[
12]
.
Howe
ve
r,
ne
go
ti
at
io
n
is
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
a
nt
pa
rt
of
th
e
bu
si
ness
a
ct
ivit
ie
s
in
both
ph
ysi
cal
and
el
ec
tro
nic
m
ark
et
.
Com
par
e
t
o
a
ut
om
a
te
d
ne
go
ti
at
ion
a
hum
an
base
d
negotia
ti
on
is
relat
ively
slowe
r
w
hich
does
no
t
pro
vid
e
t
he
faste
r
se
ve
rv
ic
es.
So
as
to
sup
port
ad
van
ce
bu
si
ness
pract
ic
es
over
int
ern
et
,
e
-
c
omm
erce
syst
e
m
re
qu
i
re
the
capa
bili
ty
to
ne
go
ti
at
e.
Adva
nce
intero
per
a
bili
ty
te
chn
iq
ues
li
ke
“o
pen
tra
ding
protoc
o”
help
s
to
de
ve
lop
a
ne
goti
at
ion
process
durin
g
el
ect
ro
nic
tran
sact
ion
in
le
ss
or
m
or
e
so
phist
ic
at
ed
m
ann
er
an
d
dem
on
strat
e
the
sig
nificance
of
the
e
-
com
m
erce.
Nev
e
rtheless
,
with
ra
pid
gowth
in
t
he
inf
or
m
at
ion
te
ch
no
l
o
gies
i.e
.
a
dv
a
nce
web
t
echnolo
gies,
po
s
sibil
it
ie
s
exists
to
a
utom
at
e
neg
otiat
ion
s
w
hich
oc
cur
duri
ng
t
he
supp
li
er
sel
ect
ion
process
.
Th
e
dev
el
op
m
ent
of
s
uc
h
a
utom
at
ed
negotia
ti
on
s
needs
O
R
(i.e.
op
e
rati
on
resea
rch)
and
com
pu
te
r
syst
e
m
per
s
pecti
ve
to
feed
b
ac
k
in
to
the
negotia
ti
on
m
od
el
s
an
d
the
entire
pr
oc
ess
is
dev
ise
d
into
so
ci
al
sci
entist
s
and eco
nom
ists [13
]
.
The
i
nterd
isc
i
plinary
resear
ch
st
ud
y
has
co
ntribute
d
into
t
hr
ee
m
ain
a
ppr
oach
es
to
desig
n
a
autom
at
ed
negotia
ti
on
syst
em
s
su
ch
ap
pro
aches
are
i)
de
sign
i
ng
of
negotia
ti
on
base
d
syst
e
m
s
i
i)
so
f
tware
-
agen
ts
f
or
ne
goti
at
ion
a
nd
ii
i)
de
vel
op
a
au
ct
in
base
d
m
od
el
an
d
onli
ne
aucti
on
platfo
rm
s.
Each
ap
proac
h
represe
nts
the
nee
ds
of
a
va
riet
y
of
ne
goti
at
in
syst
e
m
s.
In
this
stu
dy,
ha
ve
m
ai
nly
fo
c
us
es
on
usa
g
e
of
autom
at
ed
negotia
ti
on
f
or
e
-
proc
ur
em
ent.
The
sect
io
n
1.2
brei
fly
disc
usse
s
ab
out
rela
te
d
w
ork
a
nd
def
i
nes
the
resea
rch
pro
blem
s
in
the
sect
ion
1.3.
The
fun
dam
e
ntal
co
ncep
t
a
bout
e
-
proc
ur
e
m
ent
is
discusse
s
i
n
sect
ion
-
2
f
ollo
wed
by
sig
nificant
resea
rc
h
ga
p
fro
the
pri
or
stu
dy
in
sect
i
on
-
3.
I
n
the
la
st
sect
ion
,
ha
ve
bri
efly
discusse
s a
bout
f
inal c
on
cl
us
t
ion
on the
pr
opos
e
d
stu
dy
1.1.
B
ackgr
ound
This
sect
io
n
discuss
es
ab
out
the
e
xisti
ng
li
te
ratur
e
s
to
ward
s
e
-
procurem
e
nt
syst
em
as
a
n
e
xtensi
on
of
our
p
ri
or
wo
rk
[
14]
.
T
he
w
ork
car
ried
out
by
Cha
ndras
he
kar
et
a
l
.
discu
ssed
a fou
nd
at
i
on
of
e
-
Procu
r
e
m
ent
syst
e
m
with
resp
ect
to
ne
ogotiat
ion
sc
he
m
e
fr
om
t
he
eng
i
neer
i
ng
a
ppr
oach
wh
ic
h
pe
rm
i
ts
pr
agm
atic
acce
ptance
of
econom
ic
and
so
ci
al
sci
ences
view
points
ov
er
ne
goti
at
ed
c
ho
ic
es
f
or
t
he
reason
of
s
us
ta
inin
g
and
un
der
ta
kin
g
el
ect
ronic
discuss
i
ons
[15]
.
Di
ff
e
ren
t
t
heories
that
c
ause
on
-
go
i
ng
stu
dies
of
el
ect
r
onic
discuss
i
ons
ar
e
recog
nized
i
n
this
stu
dy
al
ong
with
a
f
oundat
io
n
f
or
i
ncor
porati
on
of
va
rio
us
the
ori
es
an
d
appr
oach
es
for t
he precise
rea
so
n o
f
t
he desi
gn of e
ff
ic
ie
nt
el
ect
ro
nic
disc
us
sio
ns
.
Sund
a
rr
a
j
et
al
.
hav
e
dem
on
sta
retd
the
ch
aracte
risti
cs
of
var
io
us
kinds
of
e
-
proc
ur
e
sal
es
an
d
discuss
i
ons
[
16]
.
They
ha
ve
al
so
exten
de
d
the
co
nversati
on
to
gr
oupings
and
hybri
ds
of
sal
es
and
discu
ssions
and
t
heir
probable
posit
ion
s
into
the
e
-
c
om
m
erce.
Study
con
sid
erin
g
gove
rn
m
ental
insti
tuti
on
of
Un
it
e
d
Kingdom
is
con
side
red
i
n
the
stud
y
of
Mc
C
onnell
et
al
.
[
17]
.
To
get
bette
r
the
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
ta
sk
i
n
the
sal
e
process
,
they
hav
e
buil
t
an
analy
ti
cal
pr
ogram
m
ing
m
od
el
to
c
hoos
e
con
t
ract
awa
r
ds
op
ti
m
ally
a
m
on
g
var
i
ou
s
al
lo
wa
nce
owne
rs.
T
he
m
od
el
total
ly
change
d
t
he
nat
ur
e
of
the
proce
dure
i
n
t
hr
ee
cr
ucial
fe
at
ur
es.
In
ti
al
ly
,
it
provi
des
intel
li
gib
il
it
y
and
obj
ect
i
vity
to
the
f
ull
proce
dure,
pro
du
ci
ng
com
petit
ion
am
on
gs
t
f
irm
s.
Seco
nd,
it
perm
itted
the
org
anisat
ion
s
t
o
c
on
st
ru
ct
flexib
le
def
e
ns
ive
bi
ds
to
i
nclu
de
t
heir
le
vel
ec
onom
ie
s,
le
ading to c
apa
ble r
es
ource
all
ow
a
nce.
Sund
a
rr
a
j
et
al
.
hav
e
stu
die
d
the
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pr
i
nciple
ass
ociat
ed
with
e
-
Pr
oc
urem
ent
s
yst
e
m
[18]
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
hey
ha
ve
sho
wn
t
hat
an
optim
iz
at
ion
pr
i
nc
iple
appr
ox
i
m
at
es
fine
the
norm
al
beh
av
io
r
of
adv
e
rtise
rs
in
huge
m
ark
et
places.
Their
se
cond
m
ajo
r
co
ntributi
on
is
t
o
util
ise
this
structu
re
to
gi
ve
sh
ar
p
instru
ct
io
ns
f
or
key
s
al
e
desi
gn
ch
oices
tha
t
publishe
rs
fa
cade
in
these
m
ark
et
places,
su
c
h
as
t
he
pr
eserve
cost,
the
al
lo
wan
ce
of
im
itati
on
s
to
t
he
exch
a
nge
ve
rs
us
an
al
te
r
native
cha
nnel
,
a
nd
t
he
discl
osure
of
aud
ie
nces
in
form
ation
.
Es
pe
ci
al
ly
,
they
es
ta
blish
that
sui
ta
ble
al
te
rati
on
of
the
r
eser
ve
cost
is
key
in
(
1)
Buil
ding
be
ne
fit
ta
ble
f
or
t
he
publishe
r
t
o
try
sel
li
ng
w
ho
le
im
it
a
ti
on
s
in
the
e
xc
ha
ng
e
be
fore
us
i
ng
the
su
bst
it
ute ch
a
nnel
; an
d
(
2) Re
com
pen
sin
g
f
or the t
hinner
m
ark
et
s
pro
du
c
e
d by great
er
re
velat
ion
of au
di
ences
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
The
w
ork
do
ne
by
Kali
ana
n
et
al.
ha
ve
pres
ented
discuss
i
on
a
bout
e
-
pro
cur
em
ent
syst
e
m
in
Ma
la
ysi
a
wh
ere
it
was
de
m
on
strat
ed
th
at
the
incom
e
equ
ivale
nce
ru
le
(that
pr
e
dicta
ble
inco
m
es
are
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4438
-
4447
4440
ind
e
pende
nt
of
the
sal
e
fo
rm
a
t)
ho
l
ds
if
the
po
sit
io
n
of
acce
ptable
secu
riti
es
is
or
der
e
d
and
c
onve
x
(s
uch
a
s
equ
it
y)
[19]
.
Or
el
se
,
it
requires
not
hold.
For
an
exam
ple,
wh
e
n
bidders
gi
ve
ty
pical
deb
t
sec
uri
ti
es,
a
seco
nd
-
co
st
sal
e
is
bette
r.
O
ther
way,
if
bid
de
rs
c
om
plete
ov
e
r
the
exc
hange
pro
portion
of
exc
ha
ngeab
l
e
li
abili
ty
,
an
init
ia
l
-
cost
sal
e
de
fer
s
m
axi
m
um
incom
es.
Last
ll
y,
they
have
pro
po
se
d
a
bout
how
var
i
ous
f
or
m
s
o
f
m
or
al
ch
an
c
e colli
sion t
hei
r ou
tc
om
es.
The
st
ud
y
pr
es
ented
by
Haz
ra
et
al.
hav
e
pre
sented
a
n
e
-
P
r
ocurem
ent
strat
egy
that
is
str
at
egy
-
pro
of
with
est
eem
to
rese
rv
at
io
n
co
st,
wea
kly
budget
-
balance
d
a
nd
in
de
pende
nt
ly
no
rm
al
[20
]
.
Their
dev
ic
e
al
so
proce
dure
s
vendors
un
li
kely
t
o
un
der
-
re
port
the
sup
ply
qu
a
ntit
y
to
dr
ive
up
the
m
ark
et
cost.
I
n
c
ountin
g,
by
le
aping
t
heir
m
ark
et
’s
ef
fect
iveness
l
os
s,
t
hey
offe
r
reas
onably
un
restric
ti
ve
su
f
fici
ent
ci
rcu
m
sta
nces
for
the
eff
ect
ive
ness
of
their
dev
ic
e
t
o
m
eet
in
a
s
trong
intel
le
ct
w
hen
(a)
t
he
no.
of
a
gen
ts
w
ho
su
ccess
fu
ll
y
de
al
is
huge,
or
(
b)
t
he
no.
of
a
ge
nts,
deali
ng
a
nd
not,
are
huge
.
T
he
w
ork
of
H
ua
ng
et
al.
discu
ssed
the
co
ndit
ion
of
inf
or
m
at
ion
abo
ut
inten
d
of
com
bin
at
or
ia
l
sal
es
[21]
.
Ne
xt
,
it
utilises
thi
s
top
ic
as
a
veh
ic
le
to
expres
s
the
featur
e
s
of
num
eral
pr
ogram
m
ing
that
are
app
li
cable
f
or
the
desig
n
of
s
uch
sal
es
an
d
com
bin
at
or
ia
l
m
ark
et
s
in the u
niv
e
rsa
l.
The
w
ork
intr
oduce
d
by
sam
e
author
Na
nang
et
al.
discusse
d
ab
ou
t
com
bin
at
or
ia
l
sal
es
and
br
in
gs
o
ut
si
gn
i
ficant
pro
blesm
in
the
desi
gn
of
com
bin
at
or
ia
l
sal
es
in
e
-
Pro
cur
em
ent
in
a
sso
ci
at
ion
wit
h
ris
k
factor
[
22
]
.
T
hey
ha
ve
al
s
o
highli
ghte
d
s
ign
ific
a
nt
co
nt
rib
ution
s
in
present
rese
arc
h
stud
y
i
n
this
fiel
d.
El
m
agh
ra
by
et
al
(2
003)
ha
ve
dem
on
sta
retd
a
rev
ie
w
stu
dy
of
the
li
te
ratur
e
an
d
pres
ent
perform
ance
in
dynam
ic
costing.
Give
n
it
s
app
li
cabil
it
y
in
m
os
t
m
ark
e
ts
and
it
s
gro
wing
acce
ptan
ce
in
pr
act
ic
e,
their
dem
on
sta
rtat
io
n
is
on acti
ve (
intert
em
po
ral)
costin
g
in
the
oc
currence
of
re
cord
deliber
at
ion
s
.
The
w
ork
dem
on
st
rated
by
by
sa
m
e
author
Nan
a
ng
et
al.
discusse
d
ab
ou
t
anti
-
corrupti
on
facto
r
of
the
var
i
ous
sel
ect
ion
crit
eria,
the
dif
fer
e
nt
issues
of
s
up
plier’s
sel
ect
io
nand
the
ob
ta
i
nab
le
te
ch
niqu
es
to
reso
l
ve
the
iss
ue
[
23
]
.
A
nu
m
erical
exa
m
ple
is
rep
rese
nt
ed
to
1
-
pr
ese
nt
the
var
io
us
s
el
ect
ion
crit
eri
a
and
te
chn
iq
ues
a
nd
2
-
to
com
par
e
the
adv
a
ntage
s
as
well
as
di
sad
van
ta
ge
of
the
sel
ect
ion
te
chn
i
qu
e
s.
The
stud
y
il
lustrate
d
by
Dai
and
Pa
rac
ha
util
ise
co
m
plica
te
d
rou
nding
an
d
local
dev
el
op
m
ent
heu
risti
cs
to
achiev
e
qu
al
it
y res
ults in e
-
P
r
ocurem
e
nt syst
em
o
f
A
fgha
nisthan
[
24]
. T
hey h
a
ve a
lso r
e
pr
e
sente
d
a test
data pr
oduce
r
that creat
es se
nsi
ble issues
and
pem
i
ts con
t
r
ol on
t
he diffic
ulty
p
ha
se
of
t
he
iss
ues byusi
ng lim
it
ation
s.
Ca
br
al
et
al.
hav
e
pro
po
se
d
a
re
ver
se
a
uction
syst
em
con
si
der
i
ng
c
ase
stud
y
of
Po
r
ugal
that
pro
du
ces
sim
ultaneous
m
anu
factur
e
a
nd
tra
ns
po
rtat
ion
ch
oices
so
that
the
f
ull
su
pply
chain
pri
ce
is
red
uc
e
d
and
m
akes
tru
thtel
li
ng
from
the
trade
r’
s
[25]
.
A
n
arit
hme
ti
cal
stud
y
dem
on
sta
rtes
that
su
bs
ta
ntial
s
upply
chain
pr
ic
e
sa
vings
m
ay
be
at
ta
ined
if
pro
du
ct
io
n
a
nd
shi
pp
in
g
pr
ic
es
a
re
co
ns
ide
re
d
con
c
urre
ntly
.
But,
th
e
custom
er’
s
pay
m
ents
in
su
ch
sal
es
m
ay
be
hig
h.
A
fter
that exp
a
nd
a
novel
Vickr
ey
ki
nd
sale
wh
ic
h
inte
gr
at
es
the
custom
er’
s
r
eser
vation
c
ost
pu
r
pose
into
qu
a
ntit
y
distribu
ti
on
an
d
pa
ym
ent
decisi
on
.
As
outc
om
e
s,
the
custom
er
has
s
ever
al
c
on
t
ro
ls
on
his
paym
e
nts
at
the
c
os
t
of
e
sta
blishin
g
uncertai
nty
in
the
am
ou
nt
obta
ine
d
in the sa
le
.
The
st
ud
y
done
by
X
u
et
al.
has
int
rod
uced
an
a
dap
ta
ti
on
of
Vick
rey,
Cl
ark
e
,
G
roves
(
VCG
)
-
base
d
dev
ic
es
in
w
hich
the
m
anag
ers
a
re
gi
ve
n
an
opport
un
it
y
to
de
ve
lop
the
ou
t
put
of
the
f
undam
ental
al
gorithm
[26]
.
Wh
e
n
the
m
a
nag
e
rs
be
ha
ve
honestly
,
the
be
nef
it
at
ta
ined
by
the
dev
ic
e
is
a
t
le
ast
as
go
od
a
s
the
one
at
ta
ined
by
the
al
gor
it
h
m
’s
ou
t
pu
t.
They
ha
ve
al
so
prese
nted
a
strong
f
ounda
ti
on
f
or
tr
uth
-
te
ll
in
g
perform
ance. Thei
r
te
c
hniq
ue
sati
sfies in
di
vidual rati
onal
it
y al
so
.
This
pa
pe
r
stu
died
by
Par
k
et
al
a
novel
cl
e
arin
g
al
gorith
m
f
or
m
ulti
-
unit
sing
le
-
it
em
a
nd
m
ulti
-
un
it
com
bin
at
or
ia
l
sal
es
with
piec
ewise
li
near
de
m
and
/su
pply
pur
poses
[
27]
.
T
hey
ha
ve
al
so
stud
ie
s
the
dif
f
ic
ulty
of
their
al
gorit
hm
s
and
est
abl
ish
that
they
a
r
e
guara
nteed
t
o
disco
ve
r
the
op
ti
m
al
distribu
ti
on.
Also
Gi
es
ecke
hav
e
dem
on
st
aretd
a
n
a
ppr
oxim
a
te
ly
-
eff
ic
ie
nt
as
well
as
ap
pro
xim
a
te
l
y
appr
oach
pr
oof
sal
e
de
vice
f
or
a
sing
le
-
good m
ulti
-
unit
all
ow
a
nce iss
ue
[28]
.
The
te
nder
la
ngua
ge
in
t
heir
sal
es
per
m
it
s
m
arg
inal
-
decr
e
asi
ng
p
ie
cewis
e
const
ant
arcs
.
Mull
er
et
al
.
represe
nted
a
bi
dd
in
g
-
sug
gest
ion
to
ol
base
d
ov
e
r
a
My
op
ic
Be
st
-
Re
sp
ons
e
(MBR
)
est
i
m
at
ion
w
hich
re
so
lves
a
connecte
d
op
tim
iz
at
ion
issu
e
[29]
.
Ass
umi
ng
li
nea
r
cost
es
for
the
s
uppl
ie
rs,
they
ha
ve
pr
ese
nted
wi
thin
a
gam
e
-
theor
et
ic
structu
re
the
s
eries
of
bi
ds
ha
pp
e
ning
i
n
thi
s
sm
art
bazar.
Unde
r
a
wea
k
beh
a
vioral
sta
tem
en
t
and
se
ver
al
sym
m
e
try
needs,
an
ope
n
uppe
r
bound
f
or
th
e
winni
ng
bi
ds
is
rec
ogni
ze
d.
The
n
t
hey
ha
ve
al
s
o
form
ulate
d
a
com
plete
beh
av
ioral
m
od
el
an
d
s
olu
ti
on
m
eth
od
base
d
on
the
MB
R
f
ound
at
ion
a
nd
dem
on
sta
rt
e
that
the
li
m
i
t
s
de
rive
d
pr
e
vious
c
onti
nue
to
hold.
T
hey
al
so
lo
gical
ly
der
ive
s
ever
al
struct
ural
a
nd
conve
rg
e
nce
a
ssets
of
the
M
BR
dynam
ic
s
in
the
easi
est
nontri
vial
m
ark
et
su
r
r
oundin
gs
,
w
hich
s
ug
gested
furthe
r
possibl
e
desig
n
de
vel
op
m
ents,
an
d
exam
ine
bid
di
ng
dynam
ic
s
a
nd
i
ncen
ti
ve
c
om
patibil
ity
is
su
es
via
arit
hm
etical
m
od
el
s
[19
]
.
The
stu
dy
by
Li
et
al.
has
c
onside
rati
on
an
d
f
or
m
al
iz
es
of
so
m
e
bid
ding
process
a
nd
ev
al
uates
thei
r
stren
gth
s
[30]
.
Chan
g
et
al.
hav
e
pro
posed
a
secur
e
a
nd
un
i
ver
sal
la
ngua
ge
wh
e
re
t
end
e
rs
a
re
gi
ve
n
by
pro
po
sit
io
nal
m
et
ho
ds
whos
e
su
bf
or
m
ulae
m
ay
be
exp
la
ined
with
c
os
ts
[31]
.
This
la
ngua
ge
per
m
it
s
bidde
r
util
it
ie
s
to
be
inv
e
nted
m
or
e
natu
rall
y
and
qu
ic
kly
than
obta
inable
la
nguag
e
s.
Also,
th
ey
ou
tl
ine
a
un
ivers
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
In
te
ll
igence
-
ba
se
d
e
-
Proc
ur
e
men
t
Sy
ste
m
to
o
ff
er
Maxim
um
.
..
(
N. Mad
husud
an
)
4441
al
gorithm
ic
m
e
thod
f
or
winne
r
determ
inati
on
f
or
sal
es
t
hat
util
ise
this
biddin
g
la
ngua
ge.
The
w
ork
of
F
asu
ga
et
al.
ha
ve
de
velo
ped
m
ultiatt
ribu
te
e
-
Pro
cur
em
ent
m
eth
ods
with
co
nfi
gura
ble
offers
an
d
de
vise
t
he
bid
assessm
ent p
r
oble
m
as a linear in
te
ger
m
ulti
ple crite
ria
opti
m
iz
at
ion
issue
[32]
.
Config
ur
a
ble
bid
s
per
m
it
m
ulti
ple
sta
nd
a
r
ds
f
or
ev
ery
qual
it
y
and
for
ever
y
cost
the
bid
de
r
m
ay
identify
c
os
t
a
s
a
piecewise
li
near
ta
sk
of
t
he
am
ou
nt.
T
he
work
of
Ye
n
et
al
.
hav
e
di
scusse
d
a
tra
nsa
ct
ion
process
of
co
m
bin
at
or
ia
l
sale
wh
ic
h
is
bes
t
fo
r
a
sensibl
e
agen
t
biddin
g
plan
,
this
case
m
yopic
very
best
-
respo
ns
e
biddi
ng
[
33]
.
It
is
op
tim
al
ity
est
ab
li
sh
ed
with
a
ne
w
li
nk
to
pri
m
al
-
du
al
opti
m
iz
at
ion
theory
.
Hen
ce
,
there
are
var
i
ou
s
st
ud
ie
s
to
wards
e
-
proc
urem
ent
syst
e
m.
The
ne
xt
se
ct
ion
disc
us
se
s
about
the
id
entifi
ed
researc
h pro
blem
.
1.2.
Th
e Pr
ob
l
em
The
si
gn
i
ficant
r
esea
rch p
robl
e
m
s ar
e as
fo
ll
ow
s:
a.
Ma
j
ort
y
of
e
xi
sti
ng
stu
dies
has
disc
us
se
d
about
e
-
proc
ur
em
ent
syst
em
wh
ic
h
is
ei
ther
ap
plica
ti
on
sp
eci
fic
or cas
e stu
dy sp
eci
fic an
d
the
refo
re
ther
e
is no
sta
nd
a
r
d
m
od
el
/fr
a
m
ewo
r
k.
b.
Ther
e
is
le
ss
num
ber
of
st
ud
i
es
e
m
ph
asi
zi
ng
on
pr
e
dicti
ve
m
od
el
ing
on
biddin
g
pr
o
ces
s
wh
ic
h
is
m
or
e
dem
and
ed f
or
any stake
holde
rs.
c.
Existi
ng
te
ch
ni
qu
e
s
do
e
sn’t
di
scuss
ab
ou
t
e
-
Pr
oc
urem
ent
a
s
whole
bu
t
it
j
ust
address
on
ly
dev
el
op
i
ng
certai
n
c
om
po
nen
t i
n
e
-
proc
urem
ent syst
e
m
and h
e
nce less
app
li
ed
on real
-
tim
e.
d.
Ma
j
ori
ty
of
t
he
existi
ng
t
ech
niq
ue
s
are h
ig
hly
featu
re
an
d
a
ppli
cat
ion
s
peci
fic
with
i
nvolvem
ent
of
m
or
e
nu
m
ber
of d
e
pe
nd
e
ncies t
ow
a
rd
s
ex
te
rn
al
a
ge
nts.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
prob
le
m
sta
teme
nt
of
the
pro
posed
st
ud
y
can
be
sta
te
d
as
“
Develop
i
ng
a
novel
ma
t
hemati
cal
model
for
e
-
P
ro
c
ur
eme
nt
sy
ste
m
to
offer
accurate
res
ponse
be
nefit
ti
ng
both
bidder
and
merc
hancet is
comp
uta
ti
onal
y ch
allengi
ng t
as
k
”
1.3.
Th
e Pr
oposed
So
lu
tio
n
The
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
aim
s
to
de
velo
p
a
fr
am
ewo
r
k
of
bi
dd
i
ng
syst
e
m
that
offer
s
com
petit
ive
adv
a
ntage
to
the
c
onsu
m
ers
in
the
e
-
P
r
ocurem
ent
app
li
cat
ion
.
By
c
ons
um
er,
it
will
ta
rg
et
for
bidde
r
an
d
m
erch
ants.
As
the
decisi
on
m
ade
by
bi
dde
rs
as
well
as
m
erch
ants
a
re
the
r
ole
play
er
s
in
a
ny
e
-
pro
ce
m
ent
syst
e
m
,
the
pr
opos
e
d
syst
em
reali
zes
this
i
m
po
rtance
an
d
incorp
or
at
es
a
ll
the
essenti
al
bid
di
ng
at
trib
utes
in
it
s p
r
opos
e
d de
sign
i
n order
to
m
ake p
red
ic
ti
ve
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
of
t
he bid
ding
process
.
T
he im
ple
m
ented
schem
a
of the
pro
pose
d
syst
em
is as foll
ows
in
Fig
ure 1.
Figure
1
.
Im
ple
m
ented
sc
he
m
a o
f pro
pose
d
syst
em
Fig
ure
1
high
li
gh
ts
the
des
ign
pri
nci
ple
of
propose
d
e
-
Proc
ur
em
ent
syst
e
m
in
t
he
f
or
m
of
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
ing
.
T
he
input
to
the
m
od
el
is
basical
ly
the
abstract
i
nfor
m
at
ion
of
t
he
bi
dd
i
ng
at
tr
ibu
te
s
e.g
.
ti
m
e
of
bid
di
ng,
value
of
biddin
g,
cert
ai
n
con
sta
nts
f
or
m
o
del
fine
-
tun
in
g
et
c.
Th
e
first
con
tri
buti
on
of
the
pro
posed
m
od
el
is
that
i
t
of
fe
rs
a
f
ram
ewor
k
that
is
capab
le
of
ide
nt
ify
ing
the
bidd
ing
value
us
in
g
five
sign
ific
a
nt
at
tr
ibu
te
s
e.
g.
m
i
nim
u
m
and
m
axim
u
m
value
of
biddin
g,
m
axim
u
m
t
i
m
e,
rate
of
co
nces
sion
i
n
biddin
g proces
s,
a
nd constant
asso
ci
at
ed
w
it
h
init
ia
l bi
dd
i
ng
value.
The
ne
xt
pa
rt
of
the
m
od
el
use
s
sta
ti
sti
cal
reg
res
sio
n
as
w
el
l
as
non
-
li
ne
ar
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pri
nciple
in
order
t
o
buil
d
an
intel
li
gen
ce
-
buil
ding
pr
oc
ess.
A
s
uitable
obj
ect
ive
f
unc
ti
on
is
desig
n
f
or
this
rea
son
wh
e
re
the
intel
li
gen
c
e
will
m
ean
al
l
so
rts
of
bidd
ing
i
nfor
m
at
ion
that
co
uld
offe
r
sig
nifica
nt
insig
hts
t
o
th
e
e
nd
resu
lt
of
the
bi
dd
i
ng
i.e
.
obta
inin
g
in
form
ati
on
a
bout
deal
-
value
of
ongoi
ng
bid
process
.
The
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
al
so
off
ers
a
bl
ock
f
or
respo
nse
ta
ct
ic
wh
ic
h
is
basical
ly
resp
onsi
ble
to
pe
rfor
m
the
pr
ed
ic
ti
ve
cal
culat
i
on
of
the
final
deal
-
value
us
in
g
ti
m
e
-
series
anal
ysi
s.
Finall
y,
the
stu
dy
outc
om
e
is
assessed
us
in
g
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
tim
e
and
predi
ct
ive
accura
cy
.
The
m
od
el
de
si
gn
is
c
onstr
uc
te
d
in
s
uch
a
way
that
it
bea
rs
hi
gh
e
r
sim
ilarit
y
E
-
P
r
o
c
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
S
y
s
t
e
m
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
B
i
d
d
i
n
g
V
a
l
u
e
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
-
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
P
r
o
c
e
s
s
R
e
g
r
e
s
s
i
o
n
N
o
n
-
L
i
n
e
a
r
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
-
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
T
a
c
t
i
c
A
n
a
l
y
z
e
O
u
t
c
o
m
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4438
-
4447
4442
and
offer
s
hi
gher
reli
abili
ty
wh
e
n
integ
rate
d
with
real
-
ti
m
e
interface
of
e
-
Proc
ur
em
ent
syst
e
m
.
The
nex
t
sect
ion
offers
descr
i
ption i
nf
or
m
at
ion
abo
utit
s i
m
ple
m
enta
ti
on
strate
gy.
2.
IMPLEME
N
TATI
ON
This
sect
ion
discusse
s
ab
out
the
i
m
ple
m
entat
ion
te
ch
ni
qu
e
that
ens
ures
to
ev
olv
e
up
with
a
n
eff
ect
ive
outc
om
e in the
f
orm
o
f
d
eci
si
on
m
akin
g
in
e
-
P
r
oc
ur
em
ent syst
em
. Th
e d
evel
opm
ent o
f
the
pr
opos
e
d
m
od
el
is
carrie
d
ou
t
c
onside
ring
the
dif
fer
e
nc
e
scal
es
of
bi
dd
i
ng
val
ues
a
gainst
a
set
of
pro
du
ct
or
ser
vices
.
The
c
om
plete
process
is
anti
ci
pated
to
cl
ose
dow
n
within
a
sp
eci
fic
pe
riod
of
ti
m
e
wh
ere
a
s
pecific
bidde
r
will
be
ide
ntifi
ed
with
best
pr
ic
e
for
the
m
er
chan
ts
.
He
nce
,
the
m
at
he
m
ati
cal
desig
n
of
the
p
r
opos
e
d
m
od
el
is
carried
ou
t
on
the
basis
of
int
eracti
on
betwe
en
bidde
r
an
d
the
m
erch
ant.
It
was
fou
nd
t
hat
there
are
va
rio
us
sign
ific
a
nt
at
tri
bu
te
s
that
aff
ec
t
the
bid
ding
proces
s;
however,
the
sign
i
ficant
on
e
are
i)
s
ta
rt
bid
ding
val
ue,
ii
)
reserve
biddi
ng
value, an
d
ii
i
)
li
feti
m
e o
f
th
e
biddin
g
a
s s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
2.
Figure
2
.
I
den
t
ifie
d
at
trib
utes
aff
ect
in
g bid
di
ng pr
ocess
The
pro
posed
m
od
el
i
m
plem
ents
this
c
oncept
i
n
orde
r
to
f
or
m
ulate
al
gorithm
fo
r
pro
blem
identific
at
ion
i
n
e
-
P
r
ocurem
e
nt
syst
e
m
.
The
al
gorithm
ta
k
es
the
in
pu
t
of
δ
(
offer
e
d
ne
go
ti
at
ing
val
ue
)
that
after
processi
ng yi
el
ds
f
(ob
j
e
ct
ive fun
ct
io
n).
Th
e
steps
of
t
he
al
go
rithm
s ar
e as
sho
wn bel
ow
:
Algori
th
m
for
Probl
em Ide
n
tifica
tion i
n E
-
Proc
uremen
t
Inpu
t:
δ
Out
p
ut:
f
St
ar
t
1.
For i=
1: n
2.
δ
ar
g
m
in
(δ
)+cΔδ
3.
δ
ar
g
m
in
(δ
)+(1
-
c)Δδ
4.
En
d
5.
f
(x)
a
r
gm
i
n[δ
-
δ
1
]
2
End
The
al
gorithm
consi
ders
a
va
riable
n
that
r
e
pr
ese
nts
total
nu
m
ber
of
bi
dders
a
nd
m
erc
han
ts
,
w
hich
will
ind
ic
at
e
t
hat
the
ab
ov
e
m
entioned
al
gorithm
will
be
app
li
cable
f
or
al
l
of
them
(Line
-
1)
.
M
or
e
ov
er,
the
it
erati
on
of
the
com
plete
al
gorithm
is
antic
ipate
d
to
be
eq
ui
valent
to
the
f
r
equ
e
ncy
o
f
bi
ddin
g
offer
s
w
he
re
it
s
range
is
a
s
0
a
nd
T
m
ax
.
The
va
riable
δ
will
r
epr
ese
nt
a
n
in
di
vid
ual
biddi
ng
value
offe
re
d
at
tim
e
instance
of
t
seco
nd
(Li
ne
-
2).
The
first
com
po
ne
nt
of
the
ex
pr
essi
on
will
m
ean
that
the
al
go
rithm
sel
ect
s
the
m
i
nim
u
m
biddin
g
offer
f
or
a
giv
e
n
inst
ance
of
tim
e
t
.
It
can
be
seen
that
the
seco
nd
com
po
ne
nt
of
expressi
on
in
Line
-
2
is a p
rod
uct of
const
ant
c
a
nd
Δδ (
Li
ne
-
2). B
asi
cal
ly
, th
e co
ns
ta
nt c
is em
pirical
ly
ex
pr
es
s
ed
as
,
)
(
.
m
g
H
a
e
c
(1)
The
f
orm
ulati
o
n
of
co
n
sta
nt
c
is
carried
out
as
the
pro
pose
d
al
gorithm
is
us
in
g
ti
m
e
-
seri
es
analy
si
s
process
in
the
process
to
fi
nd
ou
t
best
offe
r
fo
r
a
gi
ven
in
sta
nce
of
up
c
om
ing
tim
e.
The
syst
e
m
al
so
us
es
a
log
a
rithm
ic
functi
on
g
(
x)
c
onside
rin
g
the
input
ar
gu
m
ent
of
m
that
re
presents
init
ia
l
bid
ding
val
ue.
Hen
ce
,
the po
wer fact
or H
is
furhe
r
e
xpresse
d by,
H=1
-
pr
ob (
t)
(2)
The
sec
ond
va
riable
re
pr
ese
nt
s
a
pr
oba
bili
ty
of
ti
m
e
that
is
cal
culat
ed
as
tim
e
instance
t
div
ide
d
by
m
axi
m
u
m
tim
e
T
m
ax
.
The
po
wer
an
in
e
xpr
essio
n
(
1)
repr
esents
the
ra
nge
of
H.
It
s
houl
d
be
unde
rstood
t
hat
P
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
B
i
d
d
i
n
g
V
a
l
u
e
S
t
a
r
t
B
i
d
d
i
n
g
V
a
l
u
e
R
e
s
e
r
v
e
B
i
d
d
i
n
g
V
a
l
u
e
L
i
f
e
-
T
i
m
e
o
f
B
i
d
d
i
n
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
In
te
ll
igence
-
ba
se
d
e
-
Proc
ur
e
men
t
Sy
ste
m
to
o
ff
er
Maxim
um
.
..
(
N. Mad
husud
an
)
4443
the
pro
posed
a
lgorit
hm
us
es
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
expressi
on
s
ho
wn
i
n
Line
-
2
a
nd
Li
ne
-
3
f
or
represe
nting
bi
dd
i
ng
value of bid
der and
m
erch
a
nt r
especti
ve f
or
a sp
eci
fic insta
nce of
ti
m
e
t
. I
n
this al
gorit
hm
,
the r
ole
of
var
ia
bl
e
a
de
pe
nd
s
on
sp
eci
fic
rate
of
co
ncessi
on
t
hat
is
fou
nd
for
the
bi
ddin
g
pr
ic
e
to
t
he
re
serv
at
io
n
pr
ic
e
by
the
bidder
.
He
nce,
the
converge
nc
e
of
the
al
gor
it
h
m
is
dep
endent
on
it
.
The
r
efore,
Line
-
1
to
Line
-
4
re
pre
sents
a
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
fo
r
m
a
nag
i
ng
offe
rs
gen
e
rated
du
ring
bi
dd
i
ng
pr
ocess
i
n
e
-
pro
cur
em
ent
syst
em
.
The
nex
t
pa
rt
of
th
e
i
m
ple
m
entati
on
is
to
induce
non
-
li
nea
r
re
gressi
on
ap
proa
ch
on
the
biddi
ng
at
trib
utes
in
or
de
r
to
inc
orp
or
at
e
intel
li
gen
ce
sy
stem
to
the
e
-
P
ro
c
ur
em
ent
s
yst
e
m
.
Fo
r
t
his
pur
pose,
a
n
offs
et
var
ia
ble
ρ
is
us
e
d
that i
s m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
ly
r
epr
ese
nted
a
s,
ρ=
{ar
g
m
in
(δ
),
arg
m
ax
(δ
)
, a
, m}
(3)
A
cl
ose
r
lo
ok
into
e
xpres
sio
n
(3)
s
hows
that
ρ
re
pr
ese
nts
bi
dd
i
ng
at
trib
utes
an
d
t
her
e
fore
the
est
im
at
ed
valu
e
of the
biddin
g at
tribu
te
s ca
n b
e m
a
them
a
ti
cally
r
epr
e
sente
d as,
ρ
1
=
{ar
g
m
in
(δ
1
)
, arg
m
ax
(δ
1
), a
1
,
m
1
}
(4)
The
a
bove
e
xpressio
n
assist
s
in
form
ulati
ng
the
offere
d
pri
ce
of
bi
ddin
g
in
e
-
procurem
ent
syst
e
m
wh
e
re
update
d
biddin
g
pr
ic
e
and
it
s
res
pecti
ve
value
ca
n
be
re
pr
ese
nted
a
s
δ=
g[
ρ
]
T
an
d
δ
1
=g[
ρ
1
]
T
.
T
he
refor
e
,
the
syst
e
m
com
pu
te
s
the
fa
ct
or
that
a
ff
ec
ts
bu
il
di
ng
t
he
intel
li
gen
ce
s
yst
e
m
in
the
fo
rm
of
an
obje
ct
ive
functi
on
ex
pr
e
ssed
in
Li
ne
-
5.
This
m
at
he
m
at
ic
al
exp
ressi
on
s
hows
t
hat
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
app
li
es
sta
tisti
cal
appr
oach
of
re
gr
essi
on
analy
sis
us
in
g
no
n
-
l
inear
op
ti
m
iz
a
t
ion
pr
i
nciple
f
or
e
nsuring
tha
t
there
is
no
ov
erh
ea
d
in
obta
inin
g
diff
e
ren
ce
i
n
pri
or
a
nd
up
dated
biddin
g
pri
ce
th
at
directl
y
con
t
rib
utes
to
r
edu
ce
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
com
plexity
and
re
su
lt
s
in
fas
te
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
of
outc
om
e.
H
ence,
a
le
ast
squares
are
c
om
pu
te
s
f
or
δ
an
d
δ
1
as
a
par
t
of r
e
gr
e
ssion analy
sis
with a
n objecti
ve
functi
on to
m
i
nim
iz
e su
ch
er
rors.
The
opti
m
iz
at
i
on
of
the
propose
d
al
gorithm
fo
ll
ows:
-
A
fter
ob
ta
i
ning
the
true
biddin
g
value,
it
is
consi
der
e
d
a
s
i
niti
al
po
i
nt
w
hi
ch
is
tha
n
sub
j
ect
ed
to
a
pro
cess
of
m
ini
m
i
zi
ng
t
he
s
quar
ed
values
obta
ined.
Fo
r
t
his
pur
po
se,
a
Tay
lor
s
eries
is
ap
plied
ove
r
the
ini
ti
al
po
in
t.
De
pendin
g
upon
the
li
near
it
y
of
t
he
distrib
ution
of
po
i
nts (
re
pr
e
se
nting
diff
e
re
nt b
id
ding v
al
ue
s
),
the pro
ce
ss of upd
at
in
g
is carried ou
t o
n
bi
dd
in
g
at
tribu
te
ρ
.
Fin
al
ly
pr
ocess
of
approxim
ation
is
fu
rthe
r
im
p
rove
d
us
in
g
ρ
1
i
.e.
new
up
dat
ed
value
of
biddin
g.
The
nex
t
proce
ss
of
optim
iz
ation
is
car
ried
out
us
i
ng
i
ntell
i
gen
ce
-
bu
il
di
ng
m
echan
ism
by
us
ing
a
c
oe
ffi
ci
ent
com
pu
te
d
by
pro
duct
of
a
c
onsta
nt
and
i
den
t
it
y
m
at
rix.
The
fine
-
t
un
i
ng
of
the
co
ns
ta
nt
is
carried
out
in
order
to
f
ur
t
her m
ini
m
iz
e the er
r
ors
in
the
outc
ome
.
Af
te
r
the
a
bove
m
entioned
process
of
ide
ntific
at
ion
of
the
pro
blem
associ
at
ed
with
bi
dd
i
ng
at
tribu
t
e
is
over,
the
ne
xt
ste
p
is
to
off
er
re
spo
ns
e
a
ga
inst
the
ongoi
ng
or
c
om
pleted
biddin
g
proc
ess
in
orde
r
to
exh
i
bit
the
inf
or
m
at
ion
ab
out
the
e
-
proc
ur
em
ent
syst
e
m
.
The
dev
el
opm
ent
of
the
res
pons
e
ta
ct
ic
s
is
carried
ou
t
on
the
basis
of
i)
identific
at
io
n
of
sp
eci
fic
ra
ng
e,
2)
pr
act
ic
al
it
y
assess
m
ent,
and
3)
finetu
ni
ng
biddin
g
at
tr
ibu
te
s
as sho
wn in Fi
gure
3.
Figure
3
.
Co
nst
ru
ct
in
g
re
spo
nse
tact
ic
s in
e
-
proce
ur
em
ent syst
e
m
This
ca
n
be
rea
li
zed
if
it
is
ass
um
ed
that
the
r
e
is
a
deali
ng
point
fou
nd
at
M
-
point
durin
g
t
he
biddin
g
syst
e
m
in
e
-
Procu
rem
ent.
In
the
init
ia
l
s
ta
t
e
of
identific
at
ion
of
sp
eci
fic
ran
ge
,
th
e
em
ph
a
sis
is
m
a
inly
to
check
if
the
re
i
s
any
feasi
bili
ty
to
obta
in
e
nhanced
pe
rfor
m
ance
f
or
the g
i
ven
sta
te
of
bi
dd
i
ng
at
tribu
te
s.
O
nce
the
s
pecific
ra
ng
e
is
i
den
ti
fie
d
a
nd
c
ho
s
en
,
the
c
on
sec
utiv
e
proce
ss
will
be
t
o
e
valuate
the
re
duced
bid
di
ng
pr
ic
e
that
co
uld
be
hi
gh
ly
pr
act
ic
al
.
The
stud
y
co
ns
i
der
s
that
a
strong
bi
dd
in
g
pri
ce
can
be
pract
ic
al
if
it
i
s
fou
nd
m
ini
m
a
l
than
any
bi
dding
rese
r
ve
pri
ce
as
well
as
it
sh
ould
be
al
so
m
or
e
than
ongoin
g
bi
dd
i
ng
pri
ce
.
i
d
e
n
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
r
a
n
g
e
p
r
a
c
t
i
c
a
l
i
t
y
a
s
s
e
s
s
m
e
n
t
f
i
n
e
t
u
n
i
n
g
b
i
d
d
i
n
g
a
t
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
s
S
t
a
g
e
-
I
S
t
a
g
e
-
I
I
S
t
a
g
e
-
I
I
I
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4438
-
4447
4444
Anothe
r
c
on
st
raint
to
be
sat
isfie
d
will
be
that
nu
m
ber
of
bi
dd
i
ng
t
urn
sh
oul
d
be
m
i
nim
a
l
than
bi
dd
i
ng
m
axi
m
u
m
tim
e
T
m
ax
in o
r
der to s
how his
reli
abili
ty
sco
re i
n p
ro
ces
s
of
biddin
g.
Ultim
at
ely,
in
la
st
sta
ge,
th
e
rate
of
co
nc
ession
is
finet
un
e
d
i
n
orde
r
to
obta
in
a
be
tt
er
scor
e
of
biddin
g
pri
ce.
A
cl
o
se
r
lo
ok
into
t
he
pr
opose
d
al
gorith
m
design
s
ho
ws
that
the
de
sign
pr
i
nciple
retai
ns
com
plete
real
-
world
pro
blem
associat
ed
with
the
e
-
Proc
ure
m
ent
syst
e
m
so
that
pri
ces
offe
red
durin
g
bi
dd
in
g
syst
e
m
is
rep
re
sented
a
s
fai
r
s
cor
e
f
or
both
t
he
bidder
a
nd
t
he
m
erch
ant.
T
her
e
fore,
the
pro
posed
al
gorit
hm
i
s
antic
ipate
d
to
be
exec
ute
d
on
any
e
-
proce
m
ent
syst
e
m
b
y
direct
co
nn
e
ct
ion
with
t
he
histor
ic
al
database
a
s
well
as
by
cap
turing
the
dy
nam
ic
info
rm
at
i
on
durin
g
the
ongoin
g
biddi
ng
process
.
A
no
t
her
c
on
t
rib
ution
of
the
pro
posed
s
yst
e
m
is
that
it
al
so
offe
r
a
sign
i
ficant
f
or
m
of
c
os
t
ef
fecti
ve
so
luti
on
in
te
rm
s
of
intel
li
gen
ce
bu
il
di
ng tact
ic
s w
it
hout a
ny
form
o
f
de
pe
nd
e
ncies
on ex
e
rnal
so
ft
war
e
or
hard
war
e ele
m
ents.
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
This
sect
io
n
discusse
s
a
bout
th
e
outc
ome
s
obta
ine
d
f
r
om
the
pro
posed
st
ud
y.
Th
e
com
plete
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
discusse
d
in
pr
i
or
sec
ti
on
has
been
scripted
us
i
ng
MATLAB
.
I
n
the
entire
proc
ess
of
resu
lt
analy
sis,
e
m
ph
asi
ze
wa
s
of
fe
re
d
on
evaluati
ng
the
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
tim
e
as
well
as
accuracy
asso
ci
at
ed
with
the
biddin
g
process
in
e
-
Pr
oc
urem
ent
s
yst
e
m
.
Fo
r
an
enh
a
nce
f
or
m
of
res
ult
analy
sis,
the
ou
tc
om
es
have
been
c
om
par
ed
with
s
om
e
o
f
the
existi
ng
appr
oach
es
of
e
-
Proc
ur
em
ent
syst
e
m
e.g
.
Dai
et
al
.
[2
4],
Fu
et
al
.
[34],
Idress et
al
. [35
]
. T
he
outc
om
es o
f
c
om
par
at
ive an
al
ysi
s ar
e as
sho
wn in Fi
gure
4.
Figure
4
.
Com
par
at
ive
an
al
ys
is of com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
ti
m
e
Fig
ure
.
4
hi
gh
li
gh
ts
that
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
of
fe
rs
i
m
pr
ove
m
ent
of
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
tim
e
by
74.89%
,
46.82%
,
34.
28%
com
par
ed
t
o
Dai
et
al.
[24],
Fu
et
al
.
[
34]
,
I
dr
ess
et
al
.
[35]
res
pecti
ve
ly
.
The
pri
m
e
reason
beh
i
nd
this
is
none
of
these
existi
ng
syst
em
s
wer
e
fou
nd
to
a
dopt
t
he
tim
e
-
based
op
tim
iz
at
ion
pro
cess
f
or
wh
ic
h
reas
on
t
her
e
is
a
n
in
vo
lvem
ent
of
sig
nificant
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
tim
e.
More
o
ve
r,
e
xis
ti
ng
syst
em
is
m
or
e
app
li
cat
io
n
s
pe
ci
fic
wh
ic
h
ha
s
it
s
own
de
pe
nd
e
ncies
on
ex
te
rn
al
a
gen
ts,
wh
e
reas
no
s
uc
h
thi
ng
s
ha
ve
bee
n
consi
der
e
d
in
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
.
Hen
ce,
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
of
fe
rs
faste
r
respo
ns
e
ti
m
e
for
cat
erin
g
up
faster
biddin
g dem
an
ds
on e
-
proc
ure
m
ent syst
e
m
.
Fig
ure
5
hi
gh
li
gh
ts
that
accu
r
acy
of
com
pu
ti
ng
the b
id
ding
at
tribu
te
for
pr
opos
e
d
syst
em
is
bette
r
by
15.55%
,
19.52
%,
and
8.08
%
in
com
par
ison
to
Dai
et
al.
[2
4],
F
u
et
al
.
[34],
Idress
e
t
al
.
[3
5].
T
he
pr
im
e
reason
be
hind
this
i
s
pro
pos
ed
syst
em
com
pu
te
s
well
-
de
fine
d
un
ce
rta
inti
es
us
in
g
non
-
li
near
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
m
echan
ism
us
i
ng
regressio
n.
This
m
echan
ism
con
sist
ently
com
pu
te
s
the
le
ast
sq
uar
e
e
r
rors
an
d
pe
rfo
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m
ing
m
ini
m
iz
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accor
ding
t
o
t
he
goal
of
de
f
ined
ob
j
ect
ive
f
un
ct
io
n.
He
nc
e,
ir
resp
ect
of
a
ny
c
onditi
on,
t
he
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
of
fer
s
well
def
i
ned
a
naly
sis
of
ongoin
g
biddin
g
syst
em
that
of
fer
s
c
om
petit
ive
ben
efit
s
for
bo
t
h bid
der
s
as
w
el
l as m
ercha
nt in
e
-
P
ro
c
ur
e
m
ent syst
e
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
In
te
ll
igence
-
ba
se
d
e
-
Proc
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men
t
Sy
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m
to
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Maxim
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(
N. Mad
husud
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)
4445
Figure
5
.
Com
par
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ive
an
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ys
is of bi
dd
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ng
a
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4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Au
ct
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n
is
on
e
of
the
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backbones
of
a
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-
Pro
cur
em
ent
ap
plica
ti
on
ir
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pro
du
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ser
vices.
U
su
al
ly
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e
rati
ons
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su
c
h
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le
ft
on
to
m
ercy
of
ei
the
r
us
e
r’
s
s
kill
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sm
ar
t
so
ft
war
e
progr
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m
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Un
ti
ll
now
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usa
ge
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cal
le
d
s
m
art
s
of
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war
e
progra
m
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d
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li
te
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m
ph
asi
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e
n
t
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dev
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op
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ent
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ci
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le
m
.
Howe
ve
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im
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tri
bu
ti
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d
stu
dy
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t
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e
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zed
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Pr
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od
el
that
can
be
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d
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pr
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and
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nce
it
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hig
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t
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ect
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ve
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m
it
s
design
vi
ewpoint.
T
he
seco
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t
rib
ution i
s
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li
gen
ce
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m
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it
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o
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om
pu
te
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e
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ram
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rs
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ce,
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es
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or
e
m
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or
e
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rd
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REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
F
.
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,
p
p
.
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,
2014
[2]
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.
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.
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p
.
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,
2011
[4]
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.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4438
-
4447
4446
F
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
A Novel
In
te
ll
igence
-
ba
se
d
e
-
Proc
ur
e
men
t
Sy
ste
m
to
o
ff
er
Maxim
um
.
..
(
N. Mad
husud
an
)
4447
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Mr.
N.
Madhusu
dan
has
don
e
M
aste
r
of
Com
put
er
Appli
ca
t
ion
fr
om
My
sor
e
Uni
ver
sit
y
,
Indi
a
in
1995.
He
has
worked
in
var
ious
rep
ute
d
Educat
iona
l
Insti
tut
ion
s.
He
has
tot
a
l
of
17
y
ea
rs
of
strong
expe
rie
n
ce
in
Edu
ca
t
ion
al
field.
Curre
n
tly
h
e
is
pursuing
his
Ph.D
fr
om
Bhara
thi
a
r
Univer
sit
y
,
Coi
m
bat
ore
,
India.
Dr.
L.
Manjun
a
tha
Rao
is
wor
king
as
Profess
or
and
Hea
d
,
Depa
rtment
of
MCA
,
Dr.AIT,
Banga
lor
e.
He
h
as
got
25
y
ears
of
te
a
chi
ng
exp
eri
en
ce.
He
did
his
Bac
he
lor
of
Scie
nc
e
from
Banga
lor
e
Univ
ersity
in
th
e
y
e
ar
1990.
He
St
udie
d
Master
s
of
Com
pute
r
Applicati
on
from
Madhura
i
Kam
ara
j
Univer
sit
y
a
nd
was
awa
rde
d
in
the
y
e
ar
1999.
In
2002
d
id
Master
of
Philosoph
y
from
Mononm
ani
um
Sundara
nar
Univer
sit
y
.
He
has
awa
rde
d
Ph.D
from
Vinay
aka
Miss
ion
Univer
sit
y
,
Ta
m
il
Na
du.
H
e
has
publi
shed
rese
a
rch
pape
rs
in
bot
h
nat
ional
and
int
ern
at
ion
al
Jou
rna
ls a
nd
has
authored
2
te
x
tbook
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.