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2
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I
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C
h
ec
k
(
L
DP
C
)
is
a
n
o
th
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
co
d
in
g
i
m
ag
e
a
n
d
clai
m
ed
to
o
f
f
er
b
etter
o
p
tim
ized
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
as
s
ee
n
i
n
t
h
e
wo
r
k
o
f
Den
g
et
al.
[
1
2
]
an
d
B
o
ch
ar
o
v
a
et
al.
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Ma
ti
n
et
al.
[
1
4
]
h
as
ap
p
lied
o
p
tical
en
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
alo
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
i
v
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
f
o
r
b
etter
o
p
tim
ized
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
al
s
o
w
i
tn
es
s
ed
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
Had
a
m
ar
d
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
o
v
er
m
ed
ical
i
m
a
g
es
as
e
v
id
en
t
i
n
w
o
r
k
o
f
Sh
e
n
a
n
d
Ya
n
[
1
5
]
.
A
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
L
DP
C
co
d
es
h
as
b
ee
n
s
ee
n
in
m
o
d
el
o
f
He
e
t
al.
[
1
6
]
w
h
er
e
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
h
a
v
e
u
s
es
a
p
p
r
o
x
im
a
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
Go
n
g
et
al.
[
1
7
-
2
0
]
h
av
e
u
s
e
d
s
i
m
ilar
Had
a
m
ar
d
co
d
es
o
v
er
m
ed
ical
i
m
ag
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
f
ac
ilit
ati
n
g
b
etter
en
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
h
g
o
o
d
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
o
v
er
d
elay
-
b
a
s
ed
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
u
s
ag
e
o
f
Had
a
m
ar
d
co
d
es
h
av
e
b
ee
n
m
ec
h
an
ized
in
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
L
i
u
a
n
d
L
u
o
[
2
1
]
w
h
er
e
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
i
m
a
g
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
w
ir
el
ess
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Vil
lav
er
d
e
et
al.
[
2
2
]
h
as
also
u
s
e
d
Had
am
ar
d
co
d
es
f
o
r
ass
i
s
ti
n
g
in
n
o
n
-
d
es
tr
u
cti
v
e
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
o
f
s
i
g
n
al.
A
d
o
p
tio
n
o
f
co
m
p
r
es
s
i
v
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
u
s
i
n
g
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
s
ee
n
i
n
w
o
r
k
o
f
So
n
g
et
a
l.
[
2
3
]
tar
g
etin
g
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
i
m
ag
e
o
v
er
w
ir
eles
s
m
ed
i
u
m
.
E
x
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
h
as
a
ls
o
u
s
ed
Ma
r
k
o
v
f
ie
ld
u
s
in
g
L
DP
C
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
o
f
en
cr
y
p
ted
i
m
a
g
e
as
s
ee
n
i
n
w
o
r
k
o
f
W
an
g
et
al.
[
2
4
]
.
Utilizatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
v
e
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
alo
n
g
w
i
th
r
at
e
d
is
to
r
tio
n
co
n
ce
p
t
h
as
b
ee
n
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
b
y
C
h
e
n
et
al.
[
2
5
]
w
h
er
e
s
cr
a
m
b
led
b
lo
ck
h
as
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
f
o
r
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
i
m
a
g
e.
Op
tical
en
co
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
an
o
th
er
f
r
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
u
s
ed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
test
ed
o
v
er
p
h
o
to
n
ic
i
m
ag
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
a
s
w
it
n
e
s
s
ed
in
w
o
r
k
o
f
C
h
en
[
2
6
]
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
t
h
er
e
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
th
er
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
e.
g
.
ad
d
r
ess
in
g
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
izatio
n
o
f
b
lo
ck
u
s
in
g
L
DP
C
[
2
7
]
,
tu
r
b
o
c
o
d
in
g
o
v
e
r
m
u
ltip
le
-
f
o
ld
s
[
2
8
]
,
L
DP
C
b
ased
c
o
m
p
r
es
s
iv
e
s
en
s
in
g
[
2
9
]
,
an
d
lo
s
s
less
en
co
d
in
g
o
v
er
co
m
p
lex
i
m
ag
e
f
o
r
m
[
3
0
]
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
u
ltip
le
v
ar
ian
t
s
o
f
en
co
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
atte
m
p
ted
o
v
er
i
m
a
g
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
i
o
n
in
ex
is
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
Ma
h
b
o
u
b
et
al.
[
3
1
]
d
em
o
n
s
tar
te
s
a
m
o
d
el
ca
lled
H
y
b
r
id
SEP
:
T
h
e
FMZ
clu
s
t
er
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
is
d
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
s
tab
le
elec
tio
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
Sh
a
n
t
h
i
[
3
2
]
h
av
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
h
e
u
r
is
tic
b
ased
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
icien
t
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
tin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
th
e
s
tab
il
y
ti
m
e
o
f
FM
Z
-
SEP
.
Hass
a
n
et
et
al
.
[
3
3
]
h
as
p
r
esen
ted
esti
m
atio
n
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
f
u
cz
z
y
l
o
g
ic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
a
n
d
K
-
m
ea
n
s
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
b
alan
ce
d
cl
u
s
ter
s
i
n
th
e
W
SNs
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t sectio
n
d
is
cu
s
s
es a
b
o
u
t r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
b
le
m
e
x
p
lo
r
ed
f
r
o
m
ex
is
ti
n
g
lite
r
atu
r
es
ar
e
a
s
f
o
llo
w
s
v
iz.
i)
m
aj
o
r
ity
o
f
ex
is
t
in
g
e
n
co
d
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
e
m
p
h
a
s
izes
ab
o
u
t
co
m
p
r
ess
i
o
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
an
d
n
o
t
ac
tu
a
ll
y
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
ig
n
a
l
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
i
m
a
g
e,
ii)
e
x
is
ti
n
g
e
n
co
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
d
o
es
n
’
t
e
m
p
h
asize
m
u
ch
o
v
er
th
e
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
ie
s
o
f
d
y
n
a
m
ic
ar
tif
ac
ts
o
v
er
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
m
ed
iu
m
,
iii)
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
o
m
u
c
h
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
elate
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
u
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
en
co
d
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
A
p
ar
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
is
,
th
er
e
is
n
o
m
u
c
h
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ich
h
a
s
d
is
c
u
s
s
e
d
ab
o
u
t
co
s
t
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
m
o
d
eli
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
a
n
o
v
el
e
n
co
d
in
g
te
ch
n
iq
u
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
r
o
b
lem
co
u
ld
b
e
s
tated
as
"
d
ev
elo
p
i
n
g
a
co
mp
r
eh
en
s
ive
en
co
d
in
g
mec
h
a
n
is
m
th
a
t
fa
cilita
tes
ima
g
e
tr
a
n
s
mis
s
io
n
o
ve
r
d
yn
a
mic
w
i
r
eles
s
n
etw
o
r
k
w
ith
u
n
c
erta
in
a
r
tifa
cts
w
ith
a
s
s
u
r
a
n
ce
o
f
o
p
tima
l
s
ig
n
a
l
q
u
a
lity o
f reco
n
s
tr
u
cted
ima
g
e
."
2.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
w
o
r
k
is
an
ex
t
en
s
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
io
r
w
o
r
k
[
3
4
]
w
h
er
e
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
i
o
n
m
eth
o
d
w
a
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
.
T
h
is
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
w
o
r
k
f
u
r
t
h
er
ex
ten
d
s
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
y
e
m
p
h
a
s
izin
g
o
n
s
tate
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el
an
d
n
o
v
el
en
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ad
o
p
ted
s
ch
e
m
e
is
s
h
o
wca
s
ed
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
f
ig
u
r
e
h
i
g
h
l
ig
h
t
s
t
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
e
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
th
e
p
r
i
m
e
e
m
p
h
asis
is
g
i
v
e
n
to
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
-
b
ased
en
co
d
in
g
s
ch
e
m
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
e
ex
i
s
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
b
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
w
ir
ele
s
s
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
a
n
d
its
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ef
f
ec
t
o
v
er
th
e
q
u
ali
t
y
o
f
an
i
m
a
g
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
also
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
a
s
er
ies
o
f
en
co
d
in
g
o
p
er
atio
n
w
h
ich
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
r
atio
a
n
d
m
a
k
e
s
u
r
e
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
i
s
n
o
s
i
g
n
if
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
its
q
u
alit
y
o
f
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
cted
i
m
a
g
e
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
a
n
y
tr
af
f
ic
c
o
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
ec
tio
n
ill
u
s
tr
ates
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
d
esi
g
n
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
im
p
le
m
en
tin
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
en
co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e.
3.
SYST
E
M
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
NT
A
T
I
O
N
T
h
e
co
m
p
lete
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
f
an
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m
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e
th
r
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an
er
r
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r
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p
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tio
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c
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el.
T
h
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p
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a
g
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d
a
o
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th
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
d
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ig
n
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to
en
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u
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e
t
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r
esp
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a
n
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ce
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ar
ti
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ac
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th
er
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s
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e
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g
h
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
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e
r
ec
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ed
i
m
ag
e.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
d
is
c
u
s
s
es
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
tr
ate
g
ie
s
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
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m
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m
w
it
h
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s
u
r
ed
q
u
ali
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f
i
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a
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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t J
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Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
n
s
id
er
ed
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
3
.
1
.
Str
a
t
eg
ies
a
do
pte
d f
o
r
im
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
n
T
h
e
cy
cle
o
f
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
n
t
h
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
co
n
s
id
e
r
atio
n
th
at
a
s
p
ec
if
ic
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
an
n
el
to
b
e
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
llo
w
e
d
b
y
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
it
ted
.
T
h
e
p
r
ima
r
y
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
i
s
t
h
at
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el
with
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
u
s
ed
en
co
d
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
to
b
e
u
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
ap
w
it
h
th
e
p
r
ac
tical
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
a
r
y
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
p
ac
k
etiza
tio
n
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
lo
ad
o
v
er
th
e
ad
o
p
te
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
e
tert
ia
r
y
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
is
to
in
co
r
p
o
r
ate
a
p
r
o
p
er
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
tr
ea
m
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
ass
i
g
n
in
g
o
n
l
y
d
em
a
n
d
ed
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
ass
is
tin
g
er
r
o
r
-
f
r
ee
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
i
m
a
g
e.
3
.
2
.
A
s
s
u
m
ptio
n
s
a
nd
depe
nd
enc
ies
As
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
tar
g
e
ts
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
o
v
er
th
e
er
r
o
r
-
p
r
o
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
an
n
el
th
er
ef
o
r
e
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
as
s
u
m
e
t
h
at
it
o
f
f
er
s
w
id
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
s
u
p
p
o
r
tab
ilit
y
to
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
an
i
m
a
g
e.
I
t
w
ill
e
v
en
tu
al
l
y
m
ea
n
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
o
f
f
er
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
it
y
in
s
ig
n
al
q
u
al
it
y
in
th
e
r
ec
eiv
er
en
d
ir
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
.
T
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
is
ass
u
m
ed
to
p
o
s
s
es
s
ar
tif
ac
ts
o
r
ig
in
ated
f
r
o
m
tr
a
f
f
i
c
lo
ad
an
d
n
o
t
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
r
ea
s
o
n
s
e.
g
.
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
r
ea
ch
.
I
t
is
also
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
th
er
e
ex
i
s
t
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
to
co
ls
ea
ch
ex
e
cu
ti
n
g
i
ts
o
w
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
o
v
e
r
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
co
r
e
d
ep
en
d
en
c
y
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
b
e
to
co
n
s
id
er
a
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
f
o
r
th
e
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ati
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
o
v
er
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al
q
u
alit
y
.
B
y
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
s
u
c
h
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
w
ill
b
e
f
ea
s
ib
le
to
o
f
f
er
t
h
e
o
u
tc
o
m
e
a
s
a
r
esu
l
t
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
u
n
d
er
l
y
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
r
o
to
co
ls
r
u
n
n
i
n
g
.
3
.
3
.
Co
re
pro
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
inv
o
lv
ed
i
n i
m
ple
m
ent
a
t
io
n
T
h
e
co
r
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
f
lo
w
s
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
as f
o
llo
w
s
:
a.
P
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
ag
e
:
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
to
ta
k
e
t
h
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
t
o
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
v
ar
io
u
s
f
o
r
m
s
an
d
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
a
n
i
m
ag
e.
U
s
u
a
ll
y
,
t
h
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
to
h
ig
h
-
d
ef
i
n
it
io
n
i
m
ag
e
s
r
esid
es
b
et
w
ee
n
2
5
6
x
2
5
6
to
1
0
2
4
x
1
0
2
4
p
ix
els.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
ir
r
esp
e
ctiv
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
an
i
m
ag
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
a
n
y
f
o
r
m
as
w
ell
a
s
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
ag
e
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
.
b.
Net
w
o
r
k
-
b
ased
e
n
co
d
in
g
s
c
h
e
m
e
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
m
ak
e
s
u
s
e
o
f
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
b
lo
ck
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
ass
is
t
s
in
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
th
e
laten
c
y
i
n
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
an
n
el
w
i
th
a
n
ar
tif
ac
t.
Fo
r
th
i
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t ser
i
es o
f
ass
o
ciate
d
o
p
er
atio
n
:
-
C
o
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
r
ati
o
:
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
c
o
n
s
id
er
m
u
lt
ip
le
r
an
g
e
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
ass
ess
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
i
t
o
v
er
th
e
s
i
g
n
a
l
q
u
ali
t
y
.
T
h
e
l
o
g
ic
o
f
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
io
n
r
atio
is
t
h
at
–
m
o
r
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
w
il
l
lead
lo
w
er
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
p
ac
k
et
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
lead
to
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
f
r
eq
u
en
t
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
g
i
v
es
an
ed
g
e
to
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
t
h
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
lo
a
d
o
v
er
th
e
i
m
ag
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
0
:
4
6
5
5
-
4662
4658
-
Dec
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at
p
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co
u
ld
f
o
r
w
ar
d
t
h
e
b
ig
g
er
p
ac
k
et
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
lar
g
e
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
v
er
a
co
n
g
ested
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
it
i
s
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
af
f
ec
tin
g
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
c
o
n
s
id
er
s
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
s
ig
n
als
w
it
h
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
ec
is
io
n
le
v
els
o
v
e
r
a
m
u
lt
ip
le
-
le
v
el
o
f
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
w
il
l
y
ield
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
w
h
er
e
a
b
ig
g
er
i
m
a
g
e
ca
n
b
e
s
p
litt
ed
i
n
to
s
m
al
ler
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
i
t
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
t
o
th
e
co
n
g
e
s
ted
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
to
o
.
T
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
co
n
g
e
s
ti
o
n
ca
n
b
e
co
n
tr
o
lled
b
y
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
v
alu
e
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
r
atio
.
Hig
h
er
t
r
af
f
ic
lo
ad
w
ill
m
ea
n
lo
w
er
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
co
m
p
r
ess
io
n
an
d
v
i
ce
-
v
er
s
a.
-
Qu
a
n
tizatio
n
:
T
h
e
p
r
io
r
s
tep
o
f
s
ig
n
al
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
w
il
l
lead
to
g
en
er
atio
n
o
f
m
u
lti
p
le
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
s
i
g
n
al
s
w
h
ich
co
u
ld
b
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
a
u
n
it
v
alu
e
o
f
q
u
an
t
u
m
w
h
ic
h
is
co
n
s
id
e
r
ed
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
o
in
t
th
at
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
r
an
g
e
s
o
f
p
ix
els
f
o
r
p
er
f
o
r
m
in
g
co
m
p
r
es
s
io
n
.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
w
ill
lead
to
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
f
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ize
o
f
t
h
e
i
m
a
g
e
to
b
e
tr
an
s
m
itted
as
a
n
e
x
tr
a
s
tep
o
f
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
.
T
h
e
q
u
an
t
iz
atio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
v
er
m
u
ltip
le
d
ec
o
m
p
o
s
ed
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
f
er
in
g
a
n
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
t
o
w
ar
d
s
o
v
er
h
ea
d
as
w
ell
as d
a
ta
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
o
v
er
p
ea
k
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
.
-
R
an
d
o
m
n
e
s
s
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
an
i
m
ag
e
:
Af
ter
th
e
q
u
an
tizatio
n
is
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
lo
s
s
les
s
e
n
co
d
in
g
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
h
as
b
ee
n
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
co
d
in
g
len
g
t
h
w
a
s
o
v
er
lo
o
k
ed
in
th
e
p
r
io
r
s
tep
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
s
tep
co
m
p
u
tes
th
e
r
an
d
o
m
n
es
s
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
a
n
i
m
a
g
e
in
o
r
d
er
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
th
e
m
ea
n
len
g
t
h
o
f
th
e
co
d
i
n
g
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
b
it
s
p
er
p
ix
e
l.
T
h
is
o
p
er
atio
n
ass
is
ts
i
n
b
etter
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
r
ea
lizatio
n
a
lo
n
g
w
it
h
ass
u
r
an
ce
o
f
ze
r
o
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
ein
g
lo
s
t
i
n
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el
w
it
h
p
ea
k
tr
a
f
f
ic
co
n
d
itio
n
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e,
t
h
e
co
m
p
l
ete
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
s
ca
le
o
f
r
an
d
o
m
n
e
s
s
o
n
th
e
b
asi
s
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licati
o
n
d
em
a
n
d
s
a
n
d
h
en
ce
it
is
q
u
ite
u
s
er
-
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
an
d
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
ag
ai
n
s
t a
n
y
f
o
r
m
o
f
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el.
c.
I
n
co
r
p
o
r
atin
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
:
As
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
d
ep
lo
y
s
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
o
v
er
th
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
n
et
wo
r
k
th
er
e
f
o
r
e
it
i
s
es
s
e
n
tial
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ela
ted
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
id
er
s
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
u
lt
ip
le
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
tr
ea
m
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
im
a
g
e
w
ill
b
e
allo
ca
ted
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
f
r
o
m
tr
an
s
m
itter
to
r
ec
ei
v
er
en
d
.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
t
h
at
t
h
er
e
ar
e
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
f
i
n
ite
s
tr
ea
m
s
(
v
al
u
e
o
f
n
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
)
.
A
n
as
s
ig
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
o
f
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
i
m
a
g
e
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
p
er
n
s
tr
ea
m
to
m
ak
e
it
m
o
r
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ab
l
e
m
ap
p
in
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
p
r
ac
tical
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
Fo
r
an
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
s
id
er
s
th
a
t
m
>
n
.
d.
Selectin
g
a
n
d
v
alid
atin
g
t
h
e
s
tr
ea
m
f
o
r
i
m
ag
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
:
Af
ter
ta
k
i
n
g
th
e
in
p
u
t
o
f
m
a
n
d
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
r
io
r
s
tep
,
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
itial
izes
t
h
e
v
al
u
e
f
o
r
ch
an
n
el
s
ta
te
p
ar
a
m
eter
C
p
,
t
r
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
ate
t
r
,
an
d
er
r
o
r
-
r
ed
u
ctio
n
co
ef
f
ici
en
t
er
co
ef
.
A
ll
th
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
s
ar
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
it
s
s
m
alle
s
t
en
t
it
y
o
f
b
its
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
n
a
llo
ca
tes
co
m
p
r
e
s
s
ed
it
s
d
ata
to
b
e
f
o
r
w
a
r
d
ed
as
p
er
th
e
v
a
lu
e
o
f
m
a
n
d
n
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
.
A
m
atr
i
x
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
w
h
ich
r
ep
o
s
its
m
a
n
d
n
in
o
r
d
er
to
cr
e
ate
an
in
d
e
x
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
ic
atio
n
lin
k
.
Af
te
r
th
e
b
it
s
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
e
ts
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
all
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
s
itio
n
o
p
er
atio
n
i
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
o
v
e
r
th
e
b
it
s
tr
ea
m
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
m
ap
p
in
g
th
e
i
m
ag
e
d
ata
o
f
a
n
y
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
in
to
t
h
e
f
ix
ed
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
al
d
ata.
T
h
is
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
f
er
s
a
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
v
er
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ir
r
esp
ec
ti
v
e
o
f
th
e
s
ize
o
f
th
e
i
m
a
g
e
as
w
ell
a
s
it
is
also
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
a
n
y
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
f
ac
to
r
to
o
.
T
h
e
in
d
ex
ed
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
b
it
s
tr
ea
m
s
ar
e
f
u
r
t
h
er
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
in
m
atr
i
x
.
e.
A
llo
ca
ti
n
g
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
f
o
r
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
:
I
t
is
es
s
en
t
ial
to
co
m
p
u
te
t
h
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
elate
d
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
p
r
io
r
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
o
f
i
m
a
g
e
to
er
r
o
r
-
p
r
o
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
c
h
a
n
n
el.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
an
u
n
iq
u
e
e
n
co
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
w
h
ic
h
e
x
tr
ac
ts
th
e
i
n
d
ex
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
o
b
tai
n
ed
f
r
o
m
p
r
io
r
s
tr
ea
m
an
d
co
n
ca
ten
ate
s
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
n
e
x
t
b
it
s
tr
ea
m
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
li
n
k
.
As
t
h
e
co
m
p
lete
r
o
u
te
co
n
s
id
er
ed
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
is
alr
ea
d
y
in
d
ex
e
d
,
th
er
ef
o
r
e,
all
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
ass
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
ch
a
n
n
el
ca
n
b
e
r
ep
o
s
ited
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
o
f
th
i
s
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
is
th
at
s
ize
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
d
ata
r
em
ai
n
s
v
e
r
y
s
m
all
as
t
h
e
in
d
ex
ed
d
ata
s
ize
is
v
er
y
s
m
a
ll
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
t
h
e
o
r
ig
in
al
d
ata
(
i.e
.
i
m
a
g
e)
w
h
ich
o
f
f
er
s
a
n
d
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
to
ea
s
il
y
f
o
r
w
ar
d
ed
to
th
e
d
esti
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
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I
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m
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.
ii)
T
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co
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co
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in
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s
c
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m
e
is
ca
r
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t
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ased
o
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ased
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.
iii)
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[1
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ter
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n
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[2
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p
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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i,
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[5
]
F.
Ja
m
e
e
l,
e
t
a
l
.,
“
A
S
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rv
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y
o
f
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v
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to
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m
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se
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len
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,”
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[6
]
X
.
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D.
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[7
]
Z.
A
k
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.
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F
a
lk
,
“
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u
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t:
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Acc
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[8
]
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.
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t
a
l
.
,
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0
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]
A
.
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in
g
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n
d
K.
G
.
K
irar,
“
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v
ie
w
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f
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m
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p
re
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tec
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2
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In
ter
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0
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1
]
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.
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h
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m
d
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t
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l
.
,
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2
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.
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l
.
,
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[1
3
]
I.
E.
B
o
c
h
a
ro
v
a
,
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t
a
l
.
,
“
BP
-
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.
[1
4
]
A
.
M
a
ti
n
,
B.
Da
i,
Y.
Hu
a
n
g
a
n
d
X
.
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a
n
g
,
“
Ultra
f
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m
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g
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2
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.
[1
5
]
C.
S
h
e
n
a
n
d
J.
Ya
n
,
“
Hig
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e
r
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a
m
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rd
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o
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r
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c
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n
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p
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re
ss
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n
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n
d
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m
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c
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d
in
g
S
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m
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s,
”
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E
T
ra
n
sa
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ti
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n
Ul
tra
so
n
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,
Fer
ro
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trics
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Fre
q
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o
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1
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p
.
2
6
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7
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2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
X
.
He
,
L
.
Zh
o
u
,
a
n
d
J.
Du
,
“
P
EG
-
L
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e
De
si
g
n
o
f
Bin
a
r
y
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-
L
DP
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n
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ti
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g
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m
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ll
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les
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”
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E
T
ra
n
sa
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ti
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o
n
Co
mm
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n
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l.
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6
,
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5
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p
p
.
1
8
4
5
-
1
8
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8
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2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
P
.
G
o
n
g
,
P
.
S
o
n
g
,
a
n
d
S
.
Ch
e
n
,
“
Ha
d
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m
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rd
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En
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g
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T
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Ultra
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ro
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trics
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[1
8
]
P
.
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n
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,
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.
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.
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