Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
3460
~
34
67
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp3460
-
34
67
3460
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn o
f smart wir
eless chang
eo
ver for
contin
uous elec
tric
current
feedin
g from p
owe
r sourc
es of v
ari
able c
apac
iti
es
Ha
ider
A.
H.
Alobaid
y
1
, Hi
kmat
N.
Abdu
ll
ah
2
, Ta
ri
q
M. S
alma
n
3
1
Depa
rt
m
ent
of Electrical, El
ec
tr
onic
and
S
y
s
te
m
s E
ngineeri
ng
,
F
ac
ul
t
y
of
Engi
n
e
eri
ng
and
Bu
il
t
Envi
ronm
ent
,
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Mal
a
y
s
ia,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
2
Coll
ege of
Infor
m
at
ion
Eng
ine
e
r
ing,
Al
-
Nah
rai
n
Univer
sit
y
,
Ira
q
3
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Eng
in
ee
ring
Depa
r
tment,
Fa
cul
t
y
of En
gine
er
ing, Al
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
a
Univ
ersity
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
r 22,
2019
Re
vised Jan
14
, 2020
Accepte
d
Fe
b 1, 2
020
El
e
ct
ri
c
power
has
bec
om
e
a
vit
al
el
ement
f
or
li
fe
today
.
Despite
thi
s
importanc
e
,
el
e
c
tri
c
power
consum
ers
in
Ira
q
suffer
from
th
e
proble
m
of
noncont
inuit
y
an
d
dai
l
y
e
le
c
tric
power
suppl
y
interrupti
on
.
Th
is
p
roble
m
le
d
to
the
use
of
var
ious
source
s
of
el
e
c
tri
c
po
wer
as
an
al
t
e
rna
ti
v
e
to
compensat
e
for
t
he
shortage
of
e
l
ec
tr
ic
power
p
ro
vide
d
b
y
th
e
Ir
a
qi
national
grid.
In
thi
s
wo
rk,
a
sm
art
wir
el
ess
cha
ngeov
e
r
devi
ce
is
desi
gned
using
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
work
s
te
ch
no
log
y
ai
m
ing
to
solve
proble
m
ca
used
b
y
th
e
m
ult
ipl
i
cit
y
of
power
sou
rce
s
recei
ved
a
t
hom
e
and
gover
nm
ent
al
buil
dings
in
Ira
q
b
y
cont
rol
li
ng
oper
ation
of
so
m
e
el
ec
tr
ic
a
l
de
vic
es
(whic
h
consum
e
high
cur
ren
t)
in
the
hom
e
or
wor
kpla
c
e
aut
om
ati
ca
l
l
y
wh
en
cha
nging
sourc
e
of
el
e
ct
r
ic
i
t
y
fr
om
one
to
anot
h
er.
Th
is
soluti
on
will
he
lp
to
ensure
the
continuity
of
elec
tr
i
c
cur
r
ent
f
ee
di
ng
from
power
sourc
es
of
var
ia
b
le
c
apaci
ties,
al
so,
to
r
at
io
nal
i
ze
power
co
nsum
pti
on
by
assigning
a
n
oper
ation
prior
ity
to
e
lectr
i
c
dev
ic
es.
Furthermore,
a
sta
ti
sti
ca
l
m
ea
surem
e
n
t
as
a
ca
se
stud
y
was
per
form
ed
in
a
buil
ding
wi
t
h
a
total
power
consum
pti
on
of
160.
8
KW
/h.
The
result
show
ed
tha
t
the
dev
ice
func
ti
ons
eff
e
c
ti
vely
and
i
t
is
ca
pable
of
a
c
hie
ving
an
ave
r
age
saving
in
p
ower
of
about
5
0%
to
86%
depe
nding
on
th
e
app
li
ed
prio
r
it
i
es
and ca
se
stud
y
s
ce
nar
io
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Au
t
om
ation
IEEE 8
02.15.4
Mon
it
ori
ng
Sm
art wireless cha
ng
e
over
W
i
reless se
nso
r netw
ork (
WSN)
ZigBee
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Haide
r A.
H. A
lob
ai
dy,
Dep
a
rt
m
ent o
f El
ect
rical
, Elect
ronic an
d
Syst
e
m
s En
gi
neer
i
ng,
Faculty
of E
ngineerin
g
a
nd B
uilt
Environm
ent,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Ke
ba
ngsaan
Mal
ay
sia
,
UK
M B
a
ngi, S
el
angor 4
3600,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
:
p9
2976
@siswa
.ukm
.ed
u.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
rece
nt
ye
ars
,
the
fiel
d
of
w
irel
ess
sens
or
netw
orks
ha
s
evo
l
ved
rap
i
dly
and
sig
naled
a
prom
is
ing
tur
naroun
d
in
people
li
fe
and
business
as
there
are
m
any
app
li
cat
ion
s
in
this
f
ie
ld,
par
ti
cula
rly
fo
r
app
li
cat
io
ns
and
syst
em
s
to
m
on
it
or
power
con
s
um
ption
,
an
d
f
or
m
edic
al
and
m
i
li
ta
r
y
app
li
cat
ion
s
[1
-
6
]
.
Nowa
days,
el
e
ct
ric
power
is
on
e
of
the
esse
ntial
el
e
m
ents
of
li
fe.
Des
pite
the
avail
abili
ty
of
m
ulti
ple
so
urces
of
powe
r
generati
on,
it
s
av
ai
la
bili
ty
has
beco
m
e
exp
e
nsi
ve
in
the
w
or
l
d
in
gen
e
r
al
and
i
n
I
ra
q
in
par
ti
cula
r
[
7
-
10
]
.
For
this
re
aso
n,
ene
r
gy
r
esearch
fo
c
us
e
s
on
fin
ding
s
olu
ti
ons
to
rat
ion
al
iz
e
an
d
s
us
ta
in
powe
r
consum
ption
[
11
-
14
]
.
Ther
e
are
se
ver
al
at
tem
pts
to
e
m
plo
y
wireless
sens
or
netw
orks
to
c
on
s
er
ve
el
ect
rici
ty
[1
,
11,
15
-
23
]
.
T
he
se
at
tem
pts
va
ry
in
their
ob
j
ect
ives.
So
m
e
us
e
d
these
ne
tworks
t
o
m
onit
or
,
visu
al
iz
e
pow
er
co
ns
um
ptio
n,
an
d
to
w
ar
n
co
nsum
ers
wh
e
n
usa
ge
e
xceeds
co
ns
um
er'
s
pr
edef
in
ed
lim
it
.
Othe
rs
us
e
d
th
e
te
ch
no
l
og
y
f
or
switc
hi
ng
el
ect
rical
de
vices
on
a
nd
off
by
sen
ding
c
omm
and
s
wirel
es
sly
via
a
m
ob
il
e
phon
e
ap
plica
ti
on
prede
fine
d
li
m
i
t
of
the
co
nsum
er.
A
no
t
her
at
t
e
m
pts
em
plo
yed
the
te
ch
nolog
y
t
o
m
anu
al
ly
tur
n
off
el
ect
ric
de
vices
a
nd
m
onit
or
the
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
by
sen
ding
c
omm
ands
wirelessl
y
th
rou
gh
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of s
ma
r
t w
ire
le
ss ch
an
geo
ve
r for
cont
inuous el
ect
ric
…
(
Ha
ider
A.
H.
Alo
ba
i
dy
)
3461
a
m
ob
il
e p
ho
ne
ap
plica
ti
on. Ho
we
ver,
th
ose
co
nt
rib
utions
d
id
no
t s
olv
e t
he
cr
ux of the pr
oble
m
caused
due to
the
cha
nge
of
el
ect
ric
power
su
ppli
ed
t
o
a
hom
e
or
w
ork
pl
ace
to
a
no
t
her
powe
r
s
ource
with
li
m
it
ed
powe
r
capaci
ty
.
The
current
w
ork
addresses
this
pro
blem
as
i
t
al
lows
the
co
nsum
er
to
c
on
tr
ol
the
op
e
rati
on
of
the d
e
vices acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
ty
pe of
the elect
r
ic
p
owe
r
s
ourc
e b
ei
ng
sup
plied.
Con
s
um
ers
of
el
ect
ric
po
we
r
in
Ir
a
q
suffe
r
con
ti
nu
ously
durin
g
the
whole
day
fr
om
the
pro
blem
of
non
-
co
ntin
uity
and
inter
r
up
ti
on
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
[10,
24
,
2
5
]
.
This
pro
bl
e
m
le
d
to
the
us
e
of
seve
ral
el
ect
ric
powe
r
sources
as
an
al
te
rn
at
ive
source
to
com
pen
sat
e
for
the
la
ck
of
e
le
ct
ric
po
we
r
pro
vid
e
d
by
th
e
Ir
a
qi
national
gr
i
d.
Howe
ver,
thes
e
sources
a
re
l
i
m
i
te
d
acco
rd
i
ng
t
o
c
on
s
um
er
nee
ds
a
nd
fi
na
ncial
a
bili
ty
.
Du
e
t
o
the
m
ulti
plici
t
y
of
power
s
ources
recei
ve
d
at
ho
m
e,
go
ve
r
nm
ent
dep
artm
ents
and
factor
ie
s
in
I
raq
an
d
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
el
ect
rici
t
y
con
su
m
ed
from
each
of
the
se
so
urces
,
it
is
necessary
to
co
ntr
ol
the
op
e
ra
ti
on
of
so
m
e
dev
ic
es
in
the
hous
e
a
nd
th
e
wor
kp
la
c
e
autom
at
ic
all
y
wh
e
n
the
s
ource
of
powe
r
changes
from
on
e
t
o
ano
t
her.
F
or
e
xam
ple,
wh
e
n
it
chan
ge
s
fro
m
the
national
netw
ork
po
we
r
source
t
o
the
pr
ivate
sect
or
power
gen
e
rato
r
or
vi
ce
ve
rsa.
So
m
e
high
-
cu
rr
e
nt device
s
s
uch
as air
co
ndit
ion
e
r
s
an
d
heaters
c
annot b
e o
pe
ra
te
d
on
low
powe
r
s
ources
an
d
sm
al
l
gen
er
at
ors,
wh
ic
h
m
us
t
be
switc
he
d
off
m
anu
al
ly
.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
the
r
e
are
us
ua
ll
y
m
ajo
r
el
ect
rical
pr
obl
e
m
s
that
cause
dam
age
to
th
e
de
vices
or
powe
r
ca
bles.
T
his
is
beca
us
e
wh
e
n
these
de
vices
a
re
ke
pt
on
w
hile
cha
ng
i
ng
t
he
powe
r
s
ource
to
the
pr
i
vate
ge
ner
at
or
a
nd
th
e
supp
li
ed
po
w
er
is
rep
eat
e
dly i
nterrup
te
d by the
powe
r br
ea
ker
wh
e
n
e
xcee
ding the
brea
ker
c
urren
t l
im
it
.
In
this
work,
a
propose
d
de
vi
ce
is
design
e
d
aim
ing
to
wire
le
ssly
con
trol
t
he
oper
at
io
n
of
el
ect
rica
l
dev
ic
es
,
acco
r
ding
to
the
use
r’
s
needs,
by
us
ing
a
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r
with
a
wirele
ss
sens
or
network.
The
propose
d
s
m
art
wireless
change
ov
e
r
devi
ce
is
design
e
d
to
so
lve previ
ou
sly
m
entione
d
pro
blem
s
and
th
us
avo
i
d
m
anu
al
ly
turn
i
ng
off
or
on
dev
ic
es
w
hen
switc
hi
ng
so
urces
of
el
ect
rical
power.
T
his
feat
ur
e
helps
t
o
ens
ur
e
t
he
c
onti
nu
it
y
of
el
ect
ric
curre
nt
fe
edin
g
from
power
sou
rces
of
var
ia
ble
cap
aci
ti
es
to
hom
es
a
nd
workst
at
ion
s
a
s
well
as
sav
ing
the
costs
of
re
-
as
sig
nm
ent
of
pow
er
li
nes
i
n
buil
dings
acc
ordin
g
t
o
the
s
upplied
s
ource.
F
ur
th
er
m
or
e,
the
pro
po
s
ed
de
vice
al
so
helps
in
r
at
ion
al
iz
ing
powe
r
c
onsu
m
ption
by
assigni
ng
an
operati
on
pri
or
i
ty
to
el
ect
ric
dev
ic
es
.
T
he
c
or
e
com
ponen
t
s
of
t
his
w
ork
inclu
de
a
n
A
r
du
i
no
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r,
a
n
XB
ee
Zi
gBee
wireless
transceive
r,
a
Current
T
ran
s
f
or
m
er
CT,
an
d
a
low
or
high
-
pow
er
protect
ion de
vi
ce.
The
rest
of
th
is
pap
e
r
is
organ
iz
e
d
as
fo
l
lows
.
T
he
ne
xt
sect
ion
descri
bes
the
pro
posed
dev
i
c
e
com
po
ne
nts
a
nd
ove
rall
str
uctu
re.
Sect
io
n
3
desc
ribes
the
pr
opose
d
de
vice
f
unct
ion
al
it
y
an
d
operati
on
m
echan
ism
.
Sect
ion
4,
disc
us
s
t
he
perform
ance
and
te
sti
ng
res
ults.
Finall
y,
s
ome
co
nclusi
ons
an
d
su
ggest
io
ns are
draw
n
i
n
sect
ion 5
and
6
.
2.
THE
PROPO
SED
DEVICE
D
ES
CRIPT
I
ON
The
pro
posed
dev
ic
e
co
ns
ist
s
of
two
m
ai
n
par
ts:
the
centr
al
con
tr
ol
un
it
or
Ba
se
Stat
i
on
(B
S)
a
nd
the term
inal con
tr
ol u
nit or
E
nd
Node
(E
N).
Th
e BS is resp
on
si
ble f
or the sen
sit
ivit
y of
the inco
m
ing
cu
r
ren
ts
to
the
hom
e
or
workplace
and
t
he
sourc
e
of
these
c
urre
nts.
T
his
unit
con
sist
s
of
an
Ard
uino
Me
ga
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
wh
ic
h
is
res
pons
i
ble
f
or
c
ontr
olli
ng
t
he
s
yst
e
m
by
program
m
ing
it
accor
ding
t
o
us
e
r
need
s
.
The
unit
al
so
con
ta
ins
th
re
e
cur
re
nt
sens
or
s
(CT)
to
de
te
rm
ine
the
so
ur
ce
of
el
ect
ric
current
ent
erin
g
the
hom
e
or
workplace
,
i.e
.
,
the
s
ource
of
the
natio
nal
netw
ork,
pri
va
te
sect
or
generator
,
or
house
hold
gen
e
rato
r.
Fig
ure
1
sho
ws
the
com
po
ne
nts
of
the
BS.
The
sign
al
is
tr
ans
ferred
t
o
a
nd
fro
m
the
central
c
on
t
ro
l
un
it
us
in
g
the
transcei
ver
XB
ee
ZigBee
.
As
for
the
EN,
it
receives
the
sig
n
al
from
the
B
S.
Acc
ordin
g
to
the
us
er'
s
ch
oice,
wh
ic
h
is
deter
m
ined
by
the
sel
ect
or
in
this
un
it
.
T
he
A
rdu
ino
Mi
ni
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller
det
erm
ines
the
op
e
rati
on
of
the
el
ect
rical
dev
ic
e
conn
ect
ed
to
the
EN.
F
or
exam
ple,
work
i
ng
on
the
national
ne
twor
k
el
ect
ric
current
sour
ce
only
. Fi
gure
2
s
hows
the c
om
po
ne
nts
of the
EN.
Figure
1
.
B
ase
sta
ti
on
(
B
S)
i
nfrastr
uctu
re
Figure
2
.
End
n
ode
(E
N) infr
ast
ru
ct
ure
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IS
S
N
:
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3460
-
3467
3462
3.
THE
SYNTH
ESIS O
F TH
E SM
AR
T
CHA
NGEO
VE
R
Figures
3
-
5
il
l
us
trat
e
the
sta
ge
s
of
bu
il
di
ng
the
prototype
of
the
propose
d
dev
ic
e
f
or
both
the
BS
a
nd
the
EN
as
well
as
sho
wing
th
e
syst
e
m
fu
nct
ion
al
it
y.
The
de
sign
e
d
syst
e
m
wo
r
ks
i
n
th
e
fo
ll
owin
g
se
qu
e
nce
and as s
how
n
i
n
Fi
gure
6
a
nd
Figure
7:
a.
The
m
ic
ro
co
nt
ro
ll
er
i
n
t
he
BS
m
on
it
or
s
or
sen
ses
the
volt
age
on
t
he
th
ree
m
ai
n
cu
rr
e
nt
se
ns
ors
connecte
d
t
o
the
BS
(CT1
,
CT2,
an
d
CT
3).
If
the
se
nse
d
el
ect
ric
current
is
fed
f
r
om
the
national
netw
ork
(fo
r
exam
ple),
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
will
tur
n
on
LED
1
r
efer
rin
g
to
the
current
of
the
national
net
work
and
sen
ds
a
uniqu
e
c
ode
via
the
Zi
gBee
to
t
he
oth
e
r
E
Ns
i
n
the
syst
em
to
m
ake
the
ap
propriat
e
decisi
on
accor
ding t
o
th
e ch
oice of t
he EN
us
e
r.
b.
At
the
E
N,
the
us
er
sel
ect
s
on
w
hich
c
urre
nt
so
urce
the
el
e
ct
rical
dev
ic
e
c
onnected
t
o
thi
s
un
it
need
s
t
o
op
e
rate
thr
ough
a
sel
ect
or
,
i.
e.,
w
heth
e
r
it
needs
to
be
operati
ng
on
th
e
national
netw
ork
on
ly
,
or
on
the
pri
vate
sec
tor
gen
e
rato
r
only
,
or
on
t
he
hous
e
hold
generator
only
,
or
on
the
nationa
l
netw
ork
an
d
the
pri
vate
se
ct
or
ge
ner
at
or
to
gethe
r,
et
c.
N
ot
e
that
the
us
e
r
sel
ect
s
the
el
e
ct
ric
curr
e
nt
s
ource
to
operate
the E
N on it
on
ly
o
nce a
nd
for
each EN
d
e
vic
e in the
syst
em
n
et
w
ork
.
c.
The
n,
the
E
N
m
ic
ro
co
ntro
ll
e
r
wait
s
for
a
sign
al
f
ro
m
the
BS.
Once
the
sign
al
is
receiv
ed
by
ZigBee
of
the EN
, t
he
m
i
cro
c
ontrolle
r (
Ardu
i
no Mi
cro) sends
a sig
na
l t
o
the r
el
ay
co
nnect
ed
t
o
the
m
ic
ro
con
t
ro
ll
e
r
and
th
us
the
s
urge
protect
ion
dev
ic
e
is
supp
l
ie
d
with
el
ect
ric
power.
Finall
y,
the
su
r
ge
pr
otect
ion
dev
ic
e
will
su
pply
the
connecte
d
devi
ce
(the
load
)
with
el
ect
ric
current
if
the
s
upplied
el
ect
ric
powe
r
is
sta
ble,
oth
e
rw
ise
(
w
he
n
there
the
c
urre
nt
is
fluctua
te
d
to
higher
or
lowe
r
than
th
e
rated
volt
age
)
it
will
cutoff
the s
upply an
d wait
unti
l reac
hing the
stabil
iz
at
ion
stat
e.
Figure
3
.
I
m
ple
m
entat
ion
sta
ges of E
N.
(a
)
m
ic
ro
co
ntr
oller,
t
ra
ns
cei
ve
r,
relay
, and E
N
s
witc
h, w
hic
h rep
rese
nts th
e c
ontr
ol unit
, dat
a recei
ving
and
transm
it
ti
ng
, a
nd m
an
aging E
N
f
unct
io
ns
, (
b)
A
ssem
bly of
E
N parts
, (
c
)
E
N
a
fter assem
bly
Figure
4
.
Th
e
s
ta
g
es
of
buil
di
ng the ce
ntral
un
it
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of s
ma
r
t w
ire
le
ss ch
an
geo
ve
r for
cont
inuous el
ect
ric
…
(
Ha
ider
A.
H.
Alo
ba
i
dy
)
3463
Figure
1
.
Cl
arifica
ti
on
of the
EN
a
nd BS
f
unct
ion
, (a)
T
he B
S is con
n
ect
ed
to
the
powe
r supply
li
nes,
(b)
T
he
BS
is a
ct
ive and t
he g
reen l
igh
t i
s
il
lum
inate
d
wh
ic
h
in
dicat
es se
nsi
ti
vity
to
the c
u
r
ren
t
of the
n
a
ti
on
al
gr
i
d.
(c)
The
C
T senso
rs
a
re c
onnected
to
t
he
pow
e
r
s
upply
li
nes.
(d
)
T
he EN is act
ive
a
nd s
upplyi
ng ele
ct
ric
curr
ent t
o
th
e a
ir con
diti
on
e
r
Figure
6. O
perat
ion
m
echan
is
m
o
f
the BS
Figure
7
.
Oper
at
ion
m
echan
is
m
o
f
the E
N
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3460
-
3467
3464
4.
TE
STING RE
SU
LT
S
T
h
e
d
e
v
i
c
e
i
s
m
a
i
n
l
y
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
t
o
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
t
h
e
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
s
om
e
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
p
p
l
i
a
n
c
e
s
(
w
h
i
c
h
c
o
n
s
um
e
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
)
i
n
t
h
e
h
om
e
or
w
o
r
k
p
l
a
c
e
a
u
t
om
a
t
i
c
a
l
l
y
w
h
e
n
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
t
o
e
n
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
i
n
u
i
t
y
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
f
e
e
di
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
ou
r
c
e
.
T
h
i
s
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
c
a
n
a
l
s
o
h
e
l
p
t
o
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
i
z
e
p
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
s
u
m
pt
i
o
n
b
y
a
s
s
i
g
n
i
n
g
a
n
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
t
o
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
.
T
o
d
e
m
o
n
s
t
r
a
t
e
t
h
e
p
o
w
e
r
s
a
v
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
e
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
,
a
s
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
m
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
s
a
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
w
a
s
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
e
d
a
t
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
D
e
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
/
C
ol
l
e
g
e
o
f
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
/
A
l
M
u
s
t
a
n
s
i
r
i
y
a
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
l
o
c
a
t
e
d
i
n
B
a
g
h
d
a
d
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
e
d
a
n
um
b
e
r
o
f
a
i
r
c
o
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
n
g
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
i
n
e
a
c
h
r
o
o
m
o
f
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
.
E
a
c
h
d
e
v
i
c
e
w
a
s
a
s
s
i
gn
e
d
t
o
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
(
1
,
2
,
o
r
3
)
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
r
o
o
m
a
c
c
o
r
d
i
n
g
t
o
t
h
e
n
e
c
e
s
s
i
t
y
o
f
t
h
a
t
d
e
v
i
c
e
a
nd
h
o
w
i
t
m
a
y
o
p
e
r
a
t
e
.
T
h
i
s
a
s
s
um
pt
i
on
s
h
o
w
e
d
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
r
e
w
o
u
l
d
b
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
s
a
v
i
n
g
c
a
p
a
b
i
l
i
t
i
e
s
d
e
p
e
n
d
i
n
g
o
n
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
n
d
e
d
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
n
g
s
c
e
na
r
i
o
t
h
a
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
d
e
v
i
c
e
.
T
a
b
l
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
n
um
b
e
r
o
f
h
i
g
h
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
l
o
a
d
s
,
t
h
e
i
r
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
c
o
n
s
um
p
t
i
o
n
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
a
s
s
i
g
n
e
d
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
l
e
c
t
u
r
e
r
s
’
r
o
o
m
s
,
c
l
a
s
s
r
o
om
s
,
o
f
f
i
c
e
s
,
a
n
d
l
a
b
o
r
a
t
o
r
i
e
s
.
I
t
c
a
n
b
e
s
e
e
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
t
a
b
l
e
t
h
a
t
t
h
e
t
ot
a
l
c
o
n
s
um
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
i
n
t
h
e
b
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
i
s
1
6
0
.
8
K
W
/
h
.
Ma
ny
scena
ri
os
wer
e
co
ns
i
der
e
d
de
pendi
ng
on
t
he
ye
arly
operati
on
of
the
el
ect
ric
loads
in
the buil
ding
. T
hese s
ce
na
rios are:
1.
Norm
al
w
orkin
g days sce
nar
i
o.
2.
Exam
scenar
io
.
3.
Su
m
m
er an
d
s
pr
i
ng holi
day’s
scena
rio.
4.
W
i
nter
workin
g days
sce
nar
i
o.
5.
Seco
nd
a
ry sc
hools
f
inal e
xa
m
scenar
io.
In
nor
m
al
wo
r
king d
ay
s
scen
ario,
al
l
loa
ds
i
n
the buil
ding ar
e
usual
ly
tur
ned
on,
a
nd
the
re
will
be
no
savin
g
in
pow
er
as
ca
n
be
s
een
in
Fig
ur
e
8.
Howe
ver,
by
us
in
g
the
propose
d
dev
ic
e
the
savi
ng
in
pow
e
r
va
ries
dep
e
nding
on
t
he
sel
ect
ed
pr
i
or
it
y
of
operati
on
w
hich
ca
n
be
s
een
cl
early
in
the
fig
ur
e.
In
Exam
scenari
o,
s
om
e
of
the
de
vices
are
us
ually
tu
r
ned
on
s
o
in
th
is
case
there
w
il
l
be
a
usual
s
avin
g
of
a
bout
67%.
Applyi
ng
pr
i
ori
ti
es
us
ing
the
pro
po
se
d
dev
i
c
e
will
help
in
r
edu
ci
ng
t
he
co
ns
um
ption
further
as
ca
n
be
s
een
i
n
Figure
9.
A
pply
ing
the
sam
e
crit
eria
for
ot
he
r
scena
rios
w
il
l
pr
ovide
different
power
sa
ving
capa
bili
ti
es,
as
can
be
seen
i
n
Figures
10
-
12,
for
the
S
um
m
er
and
S
pri
ng
holi
days
sce
nar
i
o,
W
i
nt
er
work
i
ng
days
scenari
o,
and
s
ec
ondar
y
sch
oo
ls
final e
xam
s
scenario
resp
ect
ively
.
The
de
vice
ha
s
been
te
ste
d
pr
act
ic
al
ly
and
pr
ove
d
to
be
su
ccess
fu
l
in
con
t
ro
ll
in
g
the
op
e
rati
on
of
el
ect
rical
dev
i
ces
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
need
s
of
the
us
er
.
Fig
ur
e
5
(a
)
s
how
s
t
he
BS
at
ta
ched
t
o
the
el
e
ct
rical
powe
r
s
upply
l
ines.
Fig
ur
e
5
(b
)
sho
ws
t
he
B
S
act
ive
a
nd
t
he
green
li
ght
is
il
lum
inati
ng
i
nd
ic
at
in
g
t
hat
t
he
BS
has
sense
d
the
pr
ese
nce
of
the
national
gr
i
d
el
ect
ric
cur
re
nt
.
A
ccordin
g
to
it
s
pr
ogram
m
ing
,
the
BS
will
sen
d
in
structio
ns
to
the
ENs
to
op
e
rate
the
connecte
d
dev
i
ces
if
the
us
er
had
c
hosen
to
op
erate
th
e
m
on
the
natio
nal
ne
twork
only
(fo
r
exam
ple)
w
hi
ch
can
be
see
n
in
Fi
gure
5
(
d
)
.
The
sp
eci
fi
c
case
in
this
f
igure
sh
ows
the
EN
op
e
rati
ng a
nd s
upplyi
ng elec
tr
ic
cu
r
ren
t t
o
a
n ai
r
c
onditi
on
e
r
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
sec
ti
on
4
the
pow
er
savi
ng
ca
pa
bili
ty
of
the
de
vice
i
s
stud
ie
d
and
pro
ved
to
be
ver
y
ef
fe
ct
ive.
Acc
ordi
ng
t
o
the
st
ud
y
,
there
has
bee
n
an
a
ve
rag
e
s
avin
g
in
powe
r
of
a
bout
50
%
to
86%
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
ap
plied
pri
ori
ti
es
and
case
stud
y
scen
ario
.
This
can
be
s
een
cl
early
in
Figure
13
w
he
re
the
m
ini
m
u
m
, av
er
age,
a
nd m
axim
u
m
p
ow
er
sa
ving ca
pab
il
it
y f
or
all
case
stu
dies
are
g
i
ven
.
Table
1
. T
he
num
ber
of
high
current elec
tric
loads, t
heir
a
ve
rag
e
cons
um
ption
,
and the a
ssig
ne
d pr
i
or
it
y f
or
e
ach lo
a
d
i
n
t
he bu
il
di
ng
Ro
o
m
No
.
No
.
o
f
L
o
ad
s
Priority
A
m
p
/h
Ro
o
m
No
.
No
.
o
f
L
o
ad
s
Priority
A
m
p
/h
1
2
1
40
19
2
3
20
2
2
1
20
20
2
1
20
3
1
2
10
21
1
3
10
4
2
3
20
22
1
3
10
5
3
2
30
23
1
3
10
6
3
2
30
24
1
3
10
7
3
2
30
25
1
3
10
8
3
2
30
26
1
3
10
9
3
2
30
27
1
3
10
10
3
2
30
28
1
3
10
11
3
2
30
29
1
3
10
12
4
2
40
30
1
3
10
13
2
2
20
31
1
3
10
14
2
2
20
32
1
3
10
15
2
3
20
33
1
10
3
16
3
1
30
34
1
10
3
17
2
1
30
35
1
10
3
18
2
1
20
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
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20
88
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8708
Desig
n of s
ma
r
t w
ire
le
ss ch
an
geo
ve
r for
cont
inuous el
ect
ric
…
(
Ha
ider
A.
H.
Alo
ba
i
dy
)
3465
Figure
2
.
P
ow
e
r
sa
ving
for dif
fer
e
nt prio
riti
es in
n
orm
al
wo
r
king
days sce
nar
i
o
Figure
3
.
P
ow
e
r
sa
ving
for dif
fer
e
nt prio
riti
es in
exam
scenar
io
Figure
4
.
P
ow
e
r
sa
ving
for dif
fer
e
nt prio
riti
es in
su
m
m
er an
d
s
pri
ng
ho
li
day’
s
scenari
o
Figure
5
.
P
ow
e
r
sa
ving
for dif
fer
e
nt prio
riti
es in
winter
w
orkin
g days sce
na
rio
Figure
6
.
P
ow
e
r
sa
ving
for dif
fer
e
nt prio
riti
es in sec
onda
ry
sch
oo
ls
final e
xam
scenar
io
Figure
7
.
Maxi
m
u
m
, av
erag
e,
and m
ini
m
u
m
powe
r
sa
ving c
apab
il
it
y of t
he
d
e
vice afte
r
a
pply
ing
operati
ng
pr
i
or
it
ie
s for d
evices i
n t
he b
uildin
g
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3460
-
3467
3466
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
w
ork,
a
sm
art
wirel
ess
cha
ng
e
ove
r
de
vice
is
de
sign
e
d
us
in
g
wireless
se
nso
r
net
w
orks
te
chnolo
gy
ai
m
ing
to
so
lve
the
pro
blem
c
ause
d
by
the
m
ul
ti
plici
t
y
of
power
s
ource
s
su
pply
ing
hom
e
s
an
d
gove
rn
m
ental
bu
il
di
ngs
in
Iraq
by
co
ntr
olli
ng
the
op
e
rati
on
of
s
om
e
el
ec
tric
al
dev
ic
es
(
wh
ic
h
co
nsum
e
hig
h
current
)
autom
at
ic
al
ly
wh
en
changin
g
the
s
ource
of
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
fr
om
on
e
to
ano
t
her
.
A
ccordin
g
to
de
vice
perform
ance ev
al
uatio
n
res
ults it is co
ncluded
that t
he
devi
ce
helps
to ensur
e the c
on
ti
nuit
y of
elec
tric
cu
r
rent
feed
i
ng
from
po
we
r
s
ources
of
va
riable
ca
pa
ci
ti
es
as
well
as
savi
ng
pow
er.
Hen
c
e
,
the
resu
lt
s
al
s
o
s
howe
d
that
the
de
vice
functi
on
ef
fec
ti
vely
and
is
c
apab
le
of
ac
hi
evin
g
an
ave
ra
ge
sa
ving
in
powe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
of
about
50
%
to
86%
dep
e
ndin
g
on
the
a
ppli
ed
pr
i
or
it
ie
s
an
d
c
ase
stu
dy
scen
ario
(in
a
buil
di
ng
with
t
otal
powe
r
consum
ption
o
f 160.
8 K
W
/
h).
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
de
vice
has
m
ul
ti
ple
feature
s
wh
ic
h
m
ake
s
it
diff
ere
nt
and
un
i
qu
e
.
Th
ese
featur
e
s
can
be
s
umm
a
rized
as
f
ollo
ws:
it
pro
vi
des
the
e
ffor
ts
an
d
c
os
ts
require
d
to
re
-
organ
iz
e
the
el
ect
ric
powe
r
li
nes
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
powe
r
s
ource,
it
e
nab
l
es
m
on
it
or
in
g
the
op
e
rati
on
of
el
ect
rical
dev
i
ces
an
d
the
am
ount
of
c
on
s
um
ption
of
el
ect
ric
powe
r
wireles
sly
,
it
is
easy
in
m
ov
in
g
a
nd
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
inside
the
bu
il
din
gs
(P
ort
able
),
a
nd
it
can be
de
velop
e
d
ea
sil
y t
o enable m
ulti
ple tasks a
nd a
ddit
i
on
al
fun
ct
io
ns
.
6.
FUTU
RE W
O
RK
Con
si
der
i
ng
t
he
de
vice
fea
tures
an
d
ach
ie
ved
res
ults,
m
any
enh
an
ce
m
ents
can
be
done
to
the
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ure
of
t
he
pro
posed
de
vice
to
e
nab
l
e
ad
diti
onal
functi
ons.
A
ll
that
bein
g
sa
id,
fu
t
ur
e
w
ork
can
involve
so
m
e
of
the
f
ollo
wing
s
uggestio
ns:
(a)
Dev
el
op
i
ng
the
dev
ic
e
to
perform
m
u
lt
iple
ta
sk
s
su
ch
as
tur
ning
off
a
nd
on
t
he
E
N
el
e
ct
ric
dev
ic
es
t
hro
ugh
a
m
ob
il
e
phon
e
a
pp
li
cat
ion
w
hich
a
ll
ow
s
th
e
m
on
it
or
in
g
of
t
he
act
ivit
y
of
t
hese
dev
ic
e
s
in
the
wor
kp
l
ace
as
well
as
t
he
abili
ty
to
co
ntr
ol
them
fr
om
anywh
e
re
th
rou
gh
the
I
nter
net.
(
b)
A
ddin
g
ot
her
sens
or
s
su
c
h
a
s
m
otion
an
d
he
at
sens
or
s
.
T
he
ad
diti
on
of
s
uch
sen
sors
he
lps
to
rati
on
al
iz
e
c
onsu
m
ptio
n
by
m
on
it
ori
ng
t
he
m
ov
e
m
ent
in
a
place
a
nd
th
us
co
ntr
ol
the
op
erati
on
of
li
ght
ing
i
n
these
places
f
or
a
certai
n
tim
e
accor
ding
to
m
ov
e
m
ent.
Heat
senso
r
s
al
so
help
to
dete
rm
i
ne
the
w
orkin
g
tim
es
of
ai
r
c
onditi
on
e
rs
acc
ordin
g
to
the
r
oom
tem
per
at
ur
e
set
by
the
use
r.
(c
)
Creat
in
g
a
PC
an
d
m
ob
il
e
app
li
cat
io
n
to
con
t
ro
l
the
de
vices
withi
n
the
pr
opos
e
d
de
vice
net
work
as
well
as
vi
ewin
g
an
d
rec
ei
ving
no
ti
ficat
io
ns
a
bout the
cons
um
pt
ion
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
uthors
w
ou
l
d
li
ke
to
t
ha
nk
t
he
Ele
ct
r
ic
al
Eng
inee
ri
ng
De
par
tm
ent,
Faculty
of
E
ng
i
neer
i
ng,
Al
-
Musta
ns
iriy
ah
U
ni
ver
sit
y,
Ir
a
q
f
or
pr
ov
i
di
ng
t
he
re
quire
d
sta
ti
sti
cal
detai
ls
to
accom
plish
the
w
ork.
Also
,
we
a
re
gr
at
e
ful
for
t
he
feedback
recei
ved
on
a
n
ea
rly
ver
si
on
of
t
his
w
ork
from
the
I
ndus
tria
l
Prop
e
rty
Dep
a
rtm
ent,
Ce
ntral
Orga
nizat
ion
for
Stan
dardizat
ion
&
Qu
al
it
y
Co
ntr
ol
(C
OSQC),
Mi
nistry
of
Pl
ann
i
ng,
Ir
a
q wh
ic
h res
ulted in
acce
pting t
he w
ork
as
a p
at
ent i
n Ir
a
q n
um
ber
ed 5
261
a
nd d
at
e
d 26
/
2/2018
.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1
]
Haide
r
A.
H.
Al
obai
d
y
,
“
Robust
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Network
for
Energ
y
Monitor
ing,”
M.Sc.
Th
esis,
AL
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
a
Univer
sit
y
,
2015
.
[2]
J.
H.
Klei
nschm
idt
,
“
Anal
y
z
ing
and
improving
the
ene
rg
y
ef
fici
ency
of
IEEE
8
02.
15.
4
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
works
using r
et
r
ansm
issions
and
custo
m
codi
ng,
”
Tel
e
commun.
Syst
.
,
v
ol.
53
,
no
.
2
,
pp
.
239
–
245,
Jun.
2
013.
[3]
V.
Nith
y
a,
B.
Ramacha
ndra
n
,
and
V.
Bhaskar
,
“
Ene
rg
y
Eff
i
c
ie
nt
Coded
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
for
IEE
E
802.
15
.
4
Com
pli
ant
W
irel
ess Sensor Ne
tworks,”
Wir
el
.
P
e
rs
.
Comm
un.
,
vo
l.
77
,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
6
75
–
690,
Jul.
201
4.
[4]
B.
Rashid
and
M.
H.
Rehmani,
“
Applic
at
ions
of
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
works
for
urba
n
are
as:
A
surve
y
,
”
J.
Ne
t
w.
Comput.
App
l.
,
v
ol.
60
,
pp
.
192
–
2
19,
Jan
.
2016
.
[5]
N.
A.
A.
Rahm
an
and
A.
B.
J
ambek,
“
Biom
edi
cal
hea
l
th
m
oni
tori
ng
s
y
st
em
design
and
ana
l
y
sis,
”
Indone
sia
n
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Computer
Sci
en
ce
(
IJE
ECS
)
,
vol.
13
,
no
.
3
,
pp.
1056
–
1064
,
2019.
[6]
J.
Zha
ng
,
“
Applic
a
ti
on
of
remot
e
m
onit
oring
an
d
m
ana
gement
o
f
high
-
spee
d
rail
tra
nsport
at
ion
b
ase
d
on
Z
igBee
sensor ne
twork,”
EURA
SI
P J. Wir
el
.
Comm
un.
N
et
w.
,
vo
l. 40, no. 2019, 2019.
[7]
A.
R.
Jordehi,
“
Optimis
at
ion
of
demand
response
in
el
e
ct
r
ic
po
wer
s
y
stems
,
a
rev
ie
w,
”
Re
n
ew.
Sustain.
Ene
rg
y
Re
v
.
,
vol
.
103
,
p
p.
308
–
319
,
Apr.
2019.
[8]
I.
Topc
u
,
F.
Üle
ng
in,
Ö.
Kaba
k
,
M.
Isik,
B.
Unver,
and
S.
Ons
el
Ekici
,
“
The
e
val
ua
ti
on
of
ele
ct
ri
ci
t
y
g
ene
ra
tion
resourc
es: The c
ase
of
Turkey
,
”
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
167
,
pp
.
417
–
427
,
J
an.
2019
.
[9]
N.
A.
Moham
me
d,
“
Modelling
of
unsuppress
ed
el
e
ct
ri
cal
dema
nd
fore
c
asti
ng
i
n
Ira
q
fo
r
long
te
rm
,
”
Ene
rgy
,
vol.
162
,
pp
.
354
–
363,
Nov.
2018
.
[10]
H.
M.
Alm
ukhta
r,
et
a
l
.
,
“
Feasib
il
ity
stud
y
of
achie
ving
r
el
i
abl
e
el
e
ct
ri
ci
t
y
suppl
y
using
h
y
brid
p
ower
s
y
stem
fo
r
rura
l
pr
imar
y
sc
hools
in
Ir
aq:
A
ca
se
stud
y
with
Um
m
Qasr
primar
y
schoo
l,”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
E
lectric
a
l
and
Computer
E
ngine
ering
(
IJECE)
,
vol. 9, no.
4,
pp
.
2822
–
283
0,
2019
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n of s
ma
r
t w
ire
le
ss ch
an
geo
ve
r for
cont
inuous el
ect
ric
…
(
Ha
ider
A.
H.
Alo
ba
i
dy
)
3467
[11]
H.
N.
Abdulla
h,
T.
M.
Salman,
and
H.
A.
H.
Al
obai
d
y
,
“
Design
of
a
Zi
gBee
base
d
W
SN
with
cha
nnel
coding
for
ene
rg
y
and
te
m
per
at
ur
e
m
onit
or
ing,
”
in
201
6
Al
-
Sadeq
Inte
rnat
i
onal
Confe
ren
ce
on
Mult
idi
sc
iplinar
y
in
IT
and
Comm
unic
ati
on
Sci
en
ce and
App
li
cations (
AIC
-
MITCSA)
,
pp.
1
–
5
,
2016.
[12]
C.
Cañi
z
a
res,
J.
Nathwa
ni,
a
nd
D.
Kam
m
en,
“
E
le
c
tri
c
ity
for
All
:
Iss
ues,
Chal
lenges,
and
Soluti
ons
for
Ene
rg
y
-
Disadva
nta
g
ed Com
m
unit
ie
s,”
Proc.
I
EEE
,
vol. 107, no. 9, pp. 1
775
–
1779,
2019
.
[13]
P
.
B
e
r
t
h
e
a
u
,
“
A
s
s
e
s
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
a
c
t
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
e
n
e
r
g
y
o
n
l
o
c
a
l
d
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
t
h
e
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
m
e
n
t
G
o
a
l
s
:
I
n
s
i
g
h
t
s
f
r
o
m
a
s
m
a
l
l
P
h
i
l
i
p
p
i
n
e
i
s
l
a
n
d
,
”
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
.
F
o
r
e
c
a
s
t
.
S
o
c
.
C
h
a
n
g
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
3
,
n
o
.
A
p
r
i
l
2
0
2
0
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
9
1
9
,
2
0
2
0
.
[14]
R.
N.
Dar
-
Mous
a
and
Z.
Makh
a
m
reh
,
“
Anal
y
sis
of
the
patter
n
of
ene
rg
y
consu
m
pti
ons
and
it
s
impact
on
urba
n
envi
ronm
ent
a
l
s
ustai
nability
in
Jordan:
Am
m
an Cit
y
as
a
ca
se
st
ud
y
,
”
Ene
rgy
.
S
ustain.
So
c.
,
vo
l. 9, no. 15, 2019.
[15]
A.
Gonzá
lez
-
Bri
ones,
J.
Priet
o,
F.
De
La
Priet
a
,
E.
Herre
r
a
-
Vie
dm
a,
and
J.
M.
Corcha
do,
“
Energ
y
opti
m
i
za
t
ion
using a
ca
se
-
b
ase
d
re
asoning
str
a
te
g
y
,
”
S
ensors
(Swit
zerland)
,
vo
l.
18
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
1
–
27,
2018
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[16]
H.
A.
H.
Aloba
i
d
y
,
H.
N.
Abdul
la
h,
and
T
.
M.
S
al
m
an,
“
Im
ple
m
ent
a
ti
on
and
Per
form
anc
e
Ev
al
u
at
ion
of
W
SN
for
Ene
rg
y
Moni
toring Appli
c
at
ion
,
”
Eng.
&
Tech.
Jo
urnal
,
vol
.
33
,
n
o.
7
,
pp
.
1555
–
1
568,
2015
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[17]
T.
Noz
awa
and
M.
Inoue
,
“
Sm
a
rt
Outlet
for
r
ealiz
ing
s
ec
ur
e
an
d
gre
en
li
ving
,
”
in
2011
IE
EE
1
5th
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Symposium on
C
onsum
er
El
ectronics
(
ISCE)
,
pp.
432
–
437,
2011
.
[18]
S
.
C
.
P
e
n
g
,
L
.
S
.
D
a
i
,
T
.
H
.
S
u
,
“
T
h
e
d
e
s
i
g
n
o
f
s
m
a
r
t
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
o
u
t
l
e
t
f
o
r
S
m
a
r
t
H
o
m
e
b
a
s
e
o
n
p
o
w
e
r
l
i
n
e
c
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
,
”
i
n
2
0
1
4
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
t
G
r
e
e
n
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
a
n
d
S
m
a
r
t
G
r
i
d
(
I
G
B
S
G
)
,
p
p
.
1
–
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[19]
A.
A.
Val
enz
u
el
a
,
“
Multi
sens
or
s
y
stem
for
ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on
aw
are
nes
s
in
la
rg
e
bu
ildings
,
”
in
201
2
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Smar
t
Gr
id
Technol
o
gy,
Ec
onomi
cs
a
n
d
Policies (
SG
-
TEP)
,
pp.
1
–
4
,
2
012.
[20]
M.
Chinc
oli,
A. A
.
S
y
ed,
G. Exa
rch
akos,
and
A. Liot
t
a,
“
Pow
er
Control
in
W
ire
l
ess Sensor Ne
twor
ks wit
h
Vari
abl
e
Inte
rfe
r
ence,”
M
ob.
Inf
.
S
yst.
,
vo
l
.
2016
,
pp
.
1
–
10
,
2016.
[21]
Ó.
Bla
nco
-
Novo
a,
T
.
Ferná
nde
z
-
Cara
m
és,
P.
Fraga
-
L
amas,
and
L.
Caste
do
,
“
An
El
ectri
ci
t
y
Pri
ce
-
Aw
are
Open
-
Source
Sm
art
So
cke
t
for the
Inte
r
net
of
En
erg
y
,
”
Sensors
,
vol. 17, no. 3,
p
p.
643,
Mar.
2017
.
[22]
L.
Angrisan
i,
F.
Bonavol
ontà,
A
.
Licc
ard
o
,
R
.
S.
Lo
Morie
ll
o,
an
d
F.
Serino
,
“
Sm
art
Pow
er
Me
t
ers
in
Augm
ente
d
Rea
lit
y
Envi
ron
m
ent
for Electric
ity
Consum
pti
on
Aw
are
ness,”
En
ergie
s
,
vo
l. 11, n
o.
9
,
p
p
.
2303
,
2
018.
[23]
I.
M.
Na
yy
e
f
a
nd
A.
A.
Hus
sien,
“
Inte
lligent
power
m
onit
or
ing
and
cont
rol
with
wire
le
ss
sensor
net
work
te
chn
ique
s,”
In
donesian
Jour
nal
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
nee
ring
a
nd
Computer
Sci
en
ce
(
IJE
ECS
)
,
vol.
18,
no.
2,
pp.
1113
–
1122
,
2020.
[24]
J.
A.
Mohammed,
et
al.
,
“
Voltage
disturba
nc
e
m
it
iga
ti
on
in
Ira
q’s
low
volt
age
distri
buti
on
s
y
s
t
em,”
Indone
sian
Journal
of
Elec
t
rical
Engi
ne
erin
g
and
Computer
Sci
en
ce
(
IJE
ECS
)
,
vol.
17
,
no
.
1
,
pp.
47
–
60
,
2020
.
[25]
F.
A.
La
t
ti
eff
,
M.
A.
Ati
y
a,
an
d
A.
A.
Al
-
hemiri,
“
Te
st
of
solar
adsorpti
on
ai
r
-
c
ondit
ioni
ng
pow
ere
d
b
y
ev
ac
ua
t
ed
tube
col
l
ectors u
nder
th
e cl
imat
ic c
ondi
ti
ons of
Ir
aq,
”
R
ene
w
.
En
e
rgy
,
vol
.
1
42
,
pp
.
20
–
29
,
2019
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Hai
der
A.
H.
Alobai
d
y
was
born
in
Ira
q
in
1
991.
He
recei
v
e
d
the
M.Sc.
d
eg
ree
in
E
lectr
i
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng/
E
l
ec
tron
ic
&
Com
m
unic
at
ion
from
the
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
Al
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
ah
Univer
sit
y
,
Ira
q
in
2016
.
He
i
s
cur
ren
t
l
y
a
Ph.D.
studen
t
in
the
Depa
rtmen
t
of
El
e
ct
ri
cal,
El
e
ct
roni
c
&
S
y
stems
Engi
nee
ri
ng
,
Facul
t
y
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
and
Buil
t
Envi
ronm
ent
,
Univer
si
ti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
(UK
M).
His
rese
ar
ch
inter
est
includes
wir
el
ess
sensor
netw
orks,
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
at
ion,
IoT,
and cha
nn
el propa
ga
ti
on
m
odel
ing
and
esti
m
at
ion
.
Hi
kmat.
N.
Ab
du
ll
ah
was
born
in
Baghd
ad,
Ir
a
q
in
1974.
He
o
bta
in
ed
his
B.
Sc
.
in
El
e
ct
ri
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
1995,
M.Sc
.
i
n
Com
m
unic
at
i
on
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
1998
at
Al
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
ah
Univer
sit
y
,
Ir
aq
and
Ph.D.
in
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing
in
200
4
at
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Te
chnol
og
y
,
Ira
q.
From
1998
to
2015
he
wor
ked
as
a
le
c
turer
in
the
Elec
tr
ical
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Depa
rtment,
a
t
Al
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
a
h
Univ
ersity
.
,
Ir
aq.
Sinc
e
th
e
b
egi
nning
of
201
5
,
he
works
as
a
profe
ss
or
in
the
C
ollege
of
I
nform
at
ion
Enginee
ring
a
t
Al
-
Na
hra
in
U
nive
rsit
y
,
Ira
q.
From
2011
–
2013
he
got
a
rese
arc
h
awa
rd
from
Inte
rn
a
ti
onal
Insti
tut
e
of
Educat
ion
(I
IE/
US
A)
at
Bo
nn
-
Rhei
n
-
Sieg
U
nive
rsit
y
of
A
ppli
ed
S
ci
en
ce
s,
Germ
an
y
.
He
is
a
senior
m
embe
r
of
the
IEE
E
as
socia
ti
on
sinc
e
2014.
He
is
i
nte
rest
ed
in
th
e
subject
of
m
odula
ti
on
and
codi
ng
sche
m
es
for
wire
le
ss
comm
unic
at
ion
s
y
stems
.
Tari
q
M.
Salm
an
was
born
in
Baghda
d,
Ira
q
in
1972.
He
obta
in
ed
his
B.
Sc.
in
El
ectri
ca
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
i
n
1995,
M.Sc
.
in
Com
m
unic
ation
Engi
n
ee
ri
n
g
in
2003
a
t
Univer
sit
y
o
f
Te
chno
log
y
,
Ira
q
and
Ph.D.
in
Te
l
ec
om
m
unic
ation
and
Network
devi
ce
s
in
201
2
at
Bel
aru
ss
ia
n
Stat
e
Univer
sit
y
of
Inform
at
ic
s
and
Radi
o
El
e
ct
ro
nic
s,
Belarus.
From
2006
to
201
2
he
worked
as
a
le
c
ture
r
in
the
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
Engi
n
ee
ring
Fa
cul
t
y
,
at
Al
-
Mus
ta
nsiri
y
ah
Univ
ersity
,
Ira
q.
Sinc
e
the
begi
nning
of
20
18,
he
works
as
an
assistant
profe
ss
or
in
the
sam
e
Facul
t
y
.
He
is
a
consult
ant
m
ember
of
the
Ir
aqi
Eng
ine
er
ing
union
since
201
3.
He
is
in
te
rest
e
d
in
the
subj
ect
of
wire
le
ss
and
net
work de
v
ices,
vide
o
and
imag
e
proc
essing
s
y
s
t
ems
.
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