Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
Vol
.
5
,
No
. 5, Oct
o
ber
2
0
1
5
,
pp
. 87
9~
88
6
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
8
79
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
A Review of Solar PV-Grid En
ergy Cost Parity in Akure,
South-West Nigeria
Melodi A.
O.,
Fam
a
kin S.
R
Department o
f
Electrical and
Electr
onics Engin
e
ering, Fed
e
ral Un
iversi
ty
of Tech
nolog
y
,
Akur
e, Nigeria
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Feb 13, 2015
Rev
i
sed
Jun
9
,
2
015
Accepted
Jun 24, 2015
The abund
ance of solar en
er
g
y
in
A
kure, South-West
Nigeria and
its
feas
ibi
lit
y as
an
alt
e
rnat
ive en
erg
y
s
ource has
be
e
n
proven. However, ch
eap,
Government subsidized
but unr
eliable gr
id e
l
e
c
tr
icit
y
and
high
c
o
st of solar
equipm
ent
ar
e cons
idered the m
a
jor
hindrances to deplo
y
ment of solar
energ
y
for improved power supply
and
en
viro
nmental sustain
a
bility
. An
earl
i
er work po
i
n
ted out
re
alisti
c
pricing
of e
l
e
c
t
r
icit
y,
r
e
duc
ed c
o
st of solar
equipment and
reduction in solar cell de
gr
adat
ion factor
as
m
a
jor fa
ctors
capab
le of
speed
ing up parity
hence, mo
tivating solar
en
erg
y
con
s
umption.
It
showed that par
i
t
y
is atta
inabl
e
w
ithin 14
y
ear
s. Documented significant
im
provem
e
nts
in thes
e factors
i
n
recent tim
es
a
r
e the m
o
tivatio
ns
for this
review. This r
e
view cost-
c
omparative
ly
re
-a
sse
sse
s both sourc
e
s of e
n
e
r
gy
under the prevailing Nation
a
l electricit
y
poli
c
y and m
a
rket realiti
es using
simple mathematical and graphical mode
ling te
ch
niques. This is with a view
to determining
a new timing for parity
of solar energ
y
with
grid supply
.
Res
u
lts
s
howed t
h
at s
o
lar P
V
-gri
d energ
y
cost
pa
rit
y
is now at
tain
able wi
thin
6
y
ears
in th
e stud
y
r
e
gion
. I
t
w
a
s also observ
e
d
that sustain
e
d improvement
in grid
en
erg
y
unit
cost and
r
e
duction in
cos
t
of solar
equipment and
acc
es
s
o
ries
m
a
y
acc
ele
r
at
e s
o
l
a
r-
grid en
erg
y
p
a
rit
y
to
les
s
th
an thr
ee
ye
ars
.
Keyword:
Electricity p
o
licy
Gri
d
p
a
rity
PV-grid
So
lar cell d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n
Solar ene
r
gy
Copyright ©
201
5 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
M
e
lodi, A.
O.
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
El
ect
ri
cal
and
El
ect
roni
cs
E
n
gi
nee
r
i
n
g,
Fede
ral
U
n
i
v
e
r
si
t
y
of Tec
h
nol
ogy
,
PMB
70
4, A
kur
e, N
i
g
e
r
i
a.
e-
m
a
i
l: m
e
lo
d
i
ad
egok
e@yaho
o.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
Ina
d
e
quat
e
an
d u
n
rel
i
a
bl
e p
o
we
r su
p
p
l
y
has been a ve
ry
si
gni
fi
cant
c
o
nst
r
ai
nt
t
o
s
o
c
i
o-ec
on
om
i
c
devel
opm
ent
i
n
Ni
ge
ri
a.
Gen
e
ro
us
g
ove
r
n
m
e
nt
s
ubsi
d
y
o
n
t
h
e i
n
ade
q
uat
e
avai
l
a
bl
e
p
o
w
er
has
bee
n
one
o
f
t
h
e m
a
jor p
r
o
b
l
em
s
m
i
l
i
t
a
t
i
ng agai
nst
t
h
e
de
vel
o
pm
ent
and
depl
oy
m
e
nt
of u
n
co
n
v
ent
i
on
al
ener
gy
reso
urces
su
ch
as so
lar
en
erg
y
. Thou
gh so
lar
en
er
g
y
is ab
un
dan
tly av
ailab
l
e in
Aku
r
e (+7
o
15
’ N
,
+5
o
1
1
’2
4’
’
E)
and
m
a
y
be easi
l
y
de
pl
oy
e
d
t
o
m
eet
dai
l
y
si
m
p
l
e
energy
needs in areas
suc
h
a
s
tr
an
sp
ortatio
n, recreatio
n
,
dom
estic and
industrial light
ing a
n
d
heating, m
obile cha
r
ging etc [1],
t
h
e e
qui
pm
ent
and access
o
rie
s
for
harnessi
ng it a
r
e quite expe
ns
ive. T
h
e rece
nt
pri
v
atizati
on o
f
t
h
e Ni
ge
ri
an po
we
r
sect
or
has led to
system
atic
increase in the
unit cost
of electricity, which was a
m
a
jor incentive to
earl
y
solar PV-Grid ene
r
gy cost
parity.
Th
e con
c
ep
t o
f
p
a
rity is a
m
a
j
o
r sellin
g-po
i
n
t for ren
e
wable en
erg
y
so
urces su
ch
as so
l
a
r wh
o
s
e i
n
itial co
sts
o
f
pro
c
u
r
em
en
t are often proh
ib
itiv
ec
o
m
p
a
red
to trad
itio
nal en
erg
y
so
urces, thou
gh
con
s
id
ered ch
eaper on
the long run on account of little or no
operational cost. As cheap ene
r
gy is
naturally att
r
active to consum
ers,
it is i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
assess th
e
prog
ress m
a
d
e
b
y
so
lar en
er
g
y
i
n
app
r
oa
chi
ng
pari
t
y
wi
t
h
gri
d
su
p
p
l
i
e
d e
n
er
gy
sin
ce [2
]; th
is i
s
th
e
ob
j
ectiv
e
o
f
th
is
rev
i
ew.
Th
e aim o
f
th
is work
is to
assess th
e p
r
og
ress
m
a
de t
o
war
d
s g
r
i
d
p
a
ri
t
y
bet
w
ee
n 2
0
11
and
20
1
4
.
I
n
an
earlier assessm
en
t b
y
[2
], th
e ti
m
i
n
g
o
f
p
a
rity for an
i
n
stallatio
n
carried
ou
t in
th
at
year was fou
n
d
to
b
e
14.3yea
r
s or 57% of the
useful life of a s
o
l
a
r m
odule.
T
h
is revie
w
bec
o
m
e
s necessary
in view
of the
rapi
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
879
–
8
86
88
0
ch
ang
e
s i
n
th
e
fo
llowing
ind
i
ces earlier id
entified
in
[2
]
as
key
t
o
achi
e
vi
ng ea
rl
y
so
lar-g
ri
d
electricity
p
a
rity
in
th
e
stud
y lo
catio
n
:
(i)
Rapidly falling price/watt of s
o
lar m
o
dules, i
nve
rters
and
ot
her access
o
ries
(ii)
Upward re
view of electri
city
tariff in
Nig
e
ri
a
(iii)
New inform
at
i
o
n and
d
a
ta
o
n
so
lar cell
d
e
g
r
ad
atio
n in
literat
u
re
B
e
t
w
een
2
0
1
1
an
d
2
0
1
4
t
h
e
ave
r
age
pri
c
e
o
f
s
o
l
a
r
m
odul
es
has
re
duc
ed
fr
om
$4.
1
8
t
o
$
0
.
6
6
pe
r
watt [3
] [4
],
th
e Mu
lti-Year (electricity)
Tariff
Ord
e
r (MYTO) in
trod
u
c
ed
b
y
th
e Nig
e
rian
Electricity
R
e
gul
at
i
o
n C
o
m
m
i
ssi
on (
N
E
R
C
)
, i
n
2
0
0
8
,
whi
c
h was
des
i
gne
d t
o
est
a
bl
i
s
h a cost
-
r
efl
e
ct
i
v
e el
ect
ri
c ener
gy
pri
c
i
n
g
wi
t
h
i
n
fi
ve y
ear
s;
i
.
e.
2
0
0
8
-
2
0
1
2
ha
s ex
peri
e
n
ced
t
w
o
re
vi
ews
gi
vi
n
g
bi
rt
h
t
o
t
h
e M
Y
TO
2
(
2
0
1
2
-
20
1
8
) a
nd M
Y
TO 2
.
1 (
2
01
5
-
20
1
8
) re
spect
i
v
el
y
[5]
[6]
[
7
]
.
Each ve
rsi
o
n
of t
h
e
pol
i
c
y
p
o
rt
ray
e
d va
ry
i
ng
but
p
r
og
ressi
v
e
upward
rev
i
ew
o
f
th
e electri
city
tariffs acro
ss al
l secto
r
s of Ni
g
e
ria’s so
ci
o
-
eco
n
o
m
y. In
add
itio
n,
[8] had
propos
e
d
0.71%
annual sola
r cell degra
d
ati
on
for crystalline silicon m
odules. Howe
ver, em
ergi
ng
resul
t
s
fr
om
fiel
d t
e
st
s o
n
s
o
l
a
r m
odul
es s
p
anni
ng
o
v
er
f
o
rt
y
y
ears car
ri
ed
out
by
t
h
e
Nat
i
onal
R
e
ne
wabl
e
Ener
gy
Lab
o
ra
t
o
ry
(NR
E
L) a
nd c
ove
ri
n
g
a wi
de ra
n
g
e of
m
odul
e t
echno
l
ogi
es has
put
t
h
e fi
g
u
re a
v
era
g
el
y
at
0
.
8
%
p
e
r
annum an
d
ar
e now av
ailab
l
e in
lit
er
atu
r
e
[
9
]. C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
t
up
on th
e f
o
r
e
go
ing
,
it is o
p
i
n
e
d
that th
e
abo
v
e c
o
m
b
i
n
at
i
on
of
fact
o
r
s
wo
ul
d
ha
ve si
gni
fi
cant
l
y
af
fected
earlier
resu
lts ob
tain
ed
.
Hen
c
e, th
ere is n
eed
to
inv
e
stig
ate t
h
e
n
e
w so
lar PV-g
ri
d
en
erg
y
co
st
p
a
rity scen
ari
o
.
2.
RESEARCH METHO
D
OL
OGY
2.
1
E
n
erg
y
and
P
o
w
er
De
mand Estimation
Adopting a typical three room apar
tm
ent in the study area, a dem
a
nd
esti
m
a
te
is car
ried
ou
t fro
m
fi
rst
p
r
i
n
ci
pl
es base
d o
n
c
o
m
m
on and
reg
u
l
a
r h
o
m
e
appl
i
a
nces.
The
p
o
w
e
r rat
i
n
gs
of e
ach we
re
det
e
r
m
i
n
e
d
fr
om
t
h
e rat
i
ngs of si
m
i
l
a
r com
m
onl
y
avai
l
a
bl
e ap
pl
i
a
n
ces
in the open m
a
rket. Ta
ble 1 s
h
ows the
details of
com
p
i
l
e
d an
d a
ppl
i
e
d
dem
a
nd
assessm
ent
da
t
a
.
Ex
pect
ed
dai
l
y
ho
use
h
ol
d e
n
ergy
c
ons
um
pt
i
on
(
) is ob
tained
wit
h
con
s
ideratio
n
fo
r
d
i
versity as
i
n
E
quat
i
o
n
1:
;
(1
)
w
h
er
e
,
,
,
represen
t
en
erg
y
co
nsu
m
p
tio
n
,
u
n
i
t
app
lian
c
e ratin
g, qu
an
tity,
and d
a
ily
hou
rs
of
use
f
o
r
appl
iance res
p
ectively.
Ho
use
hol
d
pea
k
l
o
ad
(
.
) is obtain
e
d with con
s
id
eratio
n
for d
i
v
e
si
t
y
as
i
n
E
quat
i
o
n
2
,
a
ssum
i
ng
po
we
r
f
acto
r
of
un
ity:
.
.
;
.
;
(2
)
w
h
er
e
is lo
ad d
i
v
e
rsi
f
icatio
n fact
o
r
of
ap
plian
ce [14
,
15
], an
d
.
isto
tal
ho
u
s
eho
l
d co
nnected
lo
ad
.
Fro
m
tab
l
e 1 ob
tain
ed
.
i
s
ap
pr
oxi
m
a
t
e
l
y
3,33
5
W.
Ho
we
ver
,
a
v
er
age ho
use
h
ol
d l
o
ad:
.
24
314
.84
(3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
A Revi
ew
of
S
o
l
ar PV
-G
ri
d E
n
er
gy C
o
st
Pa
r
i
t
y
i
n
Akur
e,
S
out
h-We
st
N
i
g
e
ri
a
(Melodi A.O)
88
1
Tabl
e
1. C
o
m
p
i
l
e
d Dem
a
nd
A
ssessm
ent
Dat
a
an
d Est
i
m
at
i
o
n
fo
r a t
y
pi
cal
Ho
use
hol
d i
n
R
e
gi
o
n
A
,
,
,
,
.
,
,
1 CFL
la
m
p
s
15
14
210
12
2,
520
0.
66
139
2 T
e
levision
100
1
100
5
500
0.
4
40
3
Cable T
V
decoder
10
1
10
3
30
0.
4
4
4 DVD
pla
y
er
10
1
10
2 20
0.4
4
5 Co
m
puter
80
2
160
3
480
0.
4
64
6 Fan
80
3
240
5
1,
200
0.
4
96
7 Freeze
r
160
1
160
12
1,920
0.4
64
8 Blender
250
1
250
0.
1
25
0.
4
100
9 W
a
sh
Machine
300
1
300
0.
71
213
0.
4
120
10
Pr
essing
I
r
on
1000
1
1000
0.
24
240
0.
4
400
11
W
a
ter
Pu
m
p
750
1
750
0.
32
240
0.
4
300
12
Hair
clipper
10
1
10
0.
03
0.
3
0.
4
4
13
M
obile
Phones
0.
15
4
0.
6
2 1.
2
0.
4
0
14
Electri
c
kettle
2000
1
2000
0.083
166.67
1
2,000
3,
200.
6
7556.
1
7
314.
84
0.
46
3,
334.
84
2.2
Estimation
of Deep Cycl
e B
a
ttery Capaci
ty Needed
At
su
n
-
u
p
,
t
h
e
l
o
ad i
s
ser
v
e
d
f
r
om
t
h
e sol
a
r
m
odul
es vi
a t
h
e i
nve
rt
er.
I
f
i
n
vert
er
o
u
t
p
ut
t
e
rm
i
n
al
vol
t
a
ge
.
.
i
s
re
gu
l
a
t
e
d t
o
22
0
V
,
t
h
en,
ave
r
a
g
e
AC
d
r
a
w
n
by
l
o
ad
i
n
a
day
i
s
gi
ve
n
by
:
.
.
.
.
1
.43
(4
)
At
su
n-
d
o
w
n
o
r
d
u
ri
ng
hea
v
y
cl
ou
d c
ove
ri
n
g
, t
h
e
bat
t
e
ry
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
s
.
1
.43
t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
DC
-
AC co
nv
erter.
If b
a
ttery termin
al vo
ltag
e
.
is selected t
o
be
24V, t
h
erelations
hi
p
betwee
n t
h
e
AC/DC
q
u
a
n
tities m
a
y b
e
stated as:
.
.
.
.
.
(5
)
C
onse
q
uent
l
y
,
avera
g
e
bat
t
e
ry
cu
rre
nt
d
r
a
w
n
by
l
o
a
d
i
n
a
da
y
:
.
.
.
.
.
.
13.11
(6
)
I
f
sun
-
up
h
our
s
= 5.21
ho
ur
s
[1
], th
en
sun
-
dow
n hou
r
s
i
s
gi
ven
by
:
2
4
Min
i
m
u
m
b
a
ttery cap
acity
.
n
eeded
t
o
c
o
ver
t
h
i
s
pe
ri
o
d
i
s
g
i
ven
by
:
,
.
.
.
289.
99
(7
)
whe
r
e
.
is
batte
ry efficiency.
.
is val
u
ed at
85% (For
dee
p
c
y
cle batteries,
avera
g
e
.
vari
es
f
r
om
80
-
90%
).
A stan
d
a
rd ov
erall b
a
ttery capacity o
f
3
00AH is ad
eq
u
a
te
fo
r th
is ap
p
licat
io
n
.
2.
3
E
s
ti
ma
ti
on
o
f
Sol
a
r
Arr
a
y
C
a
p
a
ci
t
y
W
i
t
h
in
t
h
e sun-
up
ho
ur
s
o
f
5.2
1ho
ur
s, it is req
u
i
r
e
d th
at the b
a
tter
y
b
e
char
g
e
d
up
.
For
t
h
e
b
a
tter
y
to
charge
up in chargi
ng tim
e
o
f
5
hou
r
s
,
th
en
, ch
a
r
g
i
ng
cu
rr
en
t
.
i
s
gi
ve
n by
:
.
.
60
A
(8
)
Ap
pl
y
i
nga
nal
o
gy
i
n
Eq
uat
i
o
n 5,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
879
–
8
86
88
2
.
.
.
6
.
5
5
(9
)
Ov
erall equ
i
v
a
len
t
ac cu
rren
t
d
r
awn
fro
m
th
e so
lar array is:
.
.
.
7
.
9
8
(1
0)
Hen
c
e, to
tal
power drawn
b
y
b
a
ttery and
l
o
ad
thro
ugh
inv
e
rter is:
.
.
.
1
,755
.60
(1
1)
Ave
r
a
g
e ef
fi
ci
ency
o
f
d
o
m
e
sti
c
i
nve
rt
ers i
s
9
5
%
[1
0]
;
he
nce
,
P
o
we
r
del
i
v
er
ed
by
s
o
l
a
r a
r
r
a
y
i
s
gi
ve
n
by
:
1
,
848
(1
2)
A syste
m
of
8
250
solar m
odules
a
m
ounting to
2000W s
o
lar
a
rray c
a
pacity m
a
y be a
d
opt
e
d
for the
ap
p
lication
.
2.4 Inver
t
er
Capacity
Es
timation
For
a
n
y
sol
a
r-e
l
ect
ri
c po
we
r a
ppl
i
cat
i
o
n
desi
gne
d t
o
po
we
r
ap
pl
i
a
nces,
i
f
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
a
ppl
i
a
nce
p
o
wer rating
is
(KW), to
tal co
nn
ected lo
ad
i
s
d
e
no
ted
b
y
.
, (
K
W),
.
.
is in
v
e
rter rating
(KW),
then t
h
e ca
paci
ty of i
nve
rter
needed for
an
y ap
p
lication
sh
ould
satisfy th
e co
nd
itio
n
:
.
.
.
.
(1
3)
Fr
o
m
Equ
a
tio
n 13
, con
s
id
er
ing
p
eak lo
ad
and
star
ting
cur
r
e
n
t
eff
ect of
m
o
to
r
i
zed app
liances,
3
500W
inv
e
r
t
er
capacity is selected,
whic
h c
o
uld
ha
ve
a
p
e
ak
cap
acity o
f
up
to 400
0
W
.
2
.
5
Utility Grid
per Uni
t
Energy
Co
st
En
erg
y
b
illin
g h
i
story fo
r resid
e
n
tial lo
ad
categ
ory (R
2
)
fro
m
2
0
00-2007
,
w
e
re ob
tained
fro
m
th
e
syste
m
's
en
ergy
an
d
b
illin
g
records, Aku
r
e,
Nigeria.Al
so
, the stip
u
l
at
io
n
s
o
f
en
ergy co
st fo
r t
h
e sam
e
co
nsu
m
er
categ
or
y, sp
ann
i
ng ten
year
s (
200
8-2
018
)
,
were extracted from th
e NERC’s MYTO
doc
uments.
W
i
t
h
t
h
ese t
w
o set
s
of
dat
a
,
an ei
ght
ee
n y
ear ene
r
gy
co
s
t
t
r
end s
p
an
ni
ng
20
0
0
t
o
20
18
was o
b
t
a
i
n
ed. T
h
i
s
cost
vari
abl
e
i
s
de
not
e
d
,
bei
n
g y
ear
i
n
dex
.
2
.
6
S
o
la
r PV
En
er
g
y
Co
st
P
e
r
U
n
it
(i)
Equipment Costin
g
Tabl
e
2 s
h
o
w
s
,
t
h
e c
u
r
r
ent
cos
t
of
sol
a
r
po
we
r e
qui
pm
ent
as obt
ai
ne
d
fr
om
ebay
o
n
-
l
i
n
e st
ore
as
of
Januar2015. T
h
is has been
us
ed
as
th
e
b
a
sis
for th
e costin
g
in
Tab
l
e 3. To
t
a
l co
st
o
f
so
lar
PV system
(anno
tated
as
)
is ev
alu
a
ted
as
in
Eq
u
a
tion
14
.
.
.
.
(1
4)
whe
r
e
,
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, and
.
are c
o
st
s
of
sol
a
r
pa
nel
s
,
c
o
st
of i
nve
rt
er,
cost
of
b
a
ttery, co
st
o
f
sup
portin
g steel stru
ct
ure, cost of cabling
and
term
in
atio
n
s
, and
co
st
o
f
labo
ur
resp
ectiv
ely.
Obt
a
i
n
e
d
val
u
e
s
f
o
r t
h
ese c
o
st
com
pone
nt
s a
n
d
ent
i
r
e
sy
st
em
are as sh
ow
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 3
.
Tabl
e 2. Sol
a
r Eq
ui
pm
ent
Pri
ce
I
nde
x –
Ja
n
u
ary
2
0
1
5
[1
7]
SN Equip
m
ent
Average Price/u
n
i
t (U
SD)
Sa
m
p
led
Manufa
c
turers.
1 250W
Solar
M
odule m
odules
230/M
odule
Unisolar
,
Sunwar
e,
Sany
osolar
, Sharp Cor
por
ation,
Sun
t
ech Power
2.
3000W
I
nver
t
er
800/Unit
Solar
i
x,
Soltek,
Po
wer
s
in
e,
Shar
p,
Electr
onics,
Power
p
ro
3. Deep
Cycl
e
Battery
1.
88/Am
p-
hour
Var
t
a
AG, E
x
ide,
Optim
a
, Dy
no,
T
r
o
j
an Battery
,
Deka
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
A Revi
ew
of
S
o
l
ar PV
-G
ri
d E
n
er
gy C
o
st
Pa
r
i
t
y
i
n
Akur
e,
S
out
h-We
st
N
i
g
e
ri
a
(Melodi A.O)
88
3
Tab
l
e
3
.
Bill of Esti
m
a
te fo
r th
e
In
stallatio
n
o
f
2.0KW So
lar PV System
S/No
Solar PV Syste
m
units
Unit
Qua
n
ti
ty
/
Ca
pa
city
Ra
te
($
)
Costs
No
ta
tio
n
s Co
st
($
)
1
250W
, 12/24V Cry
s
talline Sili
con S
o
lar
m
odule
No
8
230
1,
840.
00
2 I
nver
t
er
capacity
W
3500
0.
26
.
910.
00
3
Deep Cy
cle Battery
AH
300
1.
88
564.
00
4
Solar
m
odules’
su
ppor
ting steel str
u
ctur
e
L
o
t
1
100
.
100.
00
5
Cabling and term
inations
L
o
t
1
150
150.
00
6 L
a
bour
L
o
t
1
150
.
150.
00
TO
TAL
$3,
714
At
NG
N168/1.
0USD exchange rat
e
N623,
952
Source of E
xchang
e R
a
te: [
1
8
]
(ii)
E
s
ti
ma
ti
on
o
f
Ann
u
al
E
n
er
g
y
pr
od
ucti
on
A
nnu
al en
erg
y
pr
odu
ced b
y
t
h
e sy
st
em
i
s
gi
ven
by
:
365
3
,803
.30
(1
4)
Th
is
represen
ts orig
in
al
o
r
nomin
al En
erg
y
Gen
e
ration
Cap
acity (EGC
)
of th
e so
lar m
o
du
le in
t
h
e i
n
stallatio
n
year.
2.
7
Ma
them
a
t
ical
M
o
del
for
the
Cum
u
la
tive
Energ
y Pr
odu
ced in
the I
n
st
allati
on’
s
n
th
Year
Due t
o
t
h
e p
h
en
om
enon
of
cel
l
degra
d
at
i
on, t
h
e effi
ci
ency
of s
o
l
a
r
m
odul
es
dr
o
p
s wi
t
h
a
g
e
.
Accord
ing
to
[9
], th
e m
ean
d
e
g
r
ad
ation
rate o
f
so
lar m
o
d
u
les is 0
·
8
%
p
e
r year. Fo
r an
in
stallatio
n
effected
in
2015, if the overall electrical
energy
pr
o
duc
ed t
h
at
y
ear i
s
den
o
t
e
d
by
1
n
E
(kWh),
whe
r
e n
indicates year,
t
h
en e
n
er
gy
p
r
od
uce
d
i
n
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
y
ear
m
a
y
be den
o
t
e
d by
n
E
(kWh). There
f
ore, on account
of
cel
l
d
e
gr
ad
atio
n, EG
C of
so
lar mo
du
les at an
y y
ear
can
be m
odel
e
d a
s
:
1
0.008
0.992
;⟹
0
.
992
,
1,2
,
3
…
(1
5)
If
20
15
is th
e
base year
o
f
in
st
allatio
n
,
th
en
,
1,2
,
3,
.
.
≡
2016
,
2017
,
2018
,
.
.
Let Cu
m
u
lativ
e en
erg
y
p
r
od
uced
b
y
th
e
th
n
y
e
a
r
, be de
not
e
d
b
y
(kW
h
),
h
e
n
c
e,
⋯
1
0.992
0
.992
⋯
0
.
9
9
2
(1
6)
Let
t
h
e c
onst
a
n
t
0.
99
2
be
de
n
o
t
e
d
by
k
he
nce,
1
⋯
1
(1
7)
whe
r
e
is so
lar
cell d
e
grad
ation
facto
r
[1
] and
,.
2.
8
Estima
tion
o
f
the Unit
Cos
t
of Sol
a
r Electricity
Maintenance
of s
o
lar installa
tion a
n
d the a
ccom
p
an
ying
accessories are
ne
gligible.
Hence, if unit
cost
of
ene
r
gy
pr
o
duce
d
by
a PV
i
n
year is
represe
n
ted
by
(N
/
k
Wh
) and to
tal co
st
of equ
i
p
m
en
t b
y
(N
),
the
n
,
fr
o
m
first princi
ples
(1
8)
Co
st p
e
r
un
it of en
erg
y
in
t
h
e
first year
of in
stallatio
n
(
0
.992
) y
i
elds:
165
.38
/KWh
3.
RESULTS
A
N
D
DI
SC
US
S
I
ON
The re
sul
t
o
f
i
m
pl
em
ent
i
ng
Eq
uat
i
on
(1
8
)
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Ta
bl
e 4
fol
l
o
we
d
by
a gra
p
hi
cal
com
p
ari
s
on
of the t
w
o scenarios, prese
n
ted in Figure
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 5
,
N
o
. 5
,
O
c
tob
e
r
20
15
:
879
–
8
86
88
4
Tabl
e
4. C
o
m
p
ari
s
o
n
of
S
o
l
a
r
PV-
G
ri
d E
n
e
r
g
y
C
o
st
Pe
r
Uni
t
, N
, k
W
h
, k
W
h
, k
W
h
, N
, N
/kWh
1 2000
-
15
2.
60
2 2001
-
14
2.
60
3 2002
-
13
4.
00
4 2003
-
12
4.
00
5 2004
-
11
4.
00
6 2005
-
10
4.
00
7 2006
-
9
4.
00
8 2007
-
8
4.
00
9 2008
-
7
4.
00
10
2009
-
6
4.
40
11
2010
-
5
5.
90
12
2011
-
4
7.
30
13
2012
-
3
11.
69
14
2013
-
2
11.
37
15
2014
-
1
14.
82
16
2015
0
23.
80
3,
514.
25
3514.
2
5
3514.
2
5
6451
20
183.
57
17
2016
1
20.
38
3486.
1
4
7000.
3
9
92.
15
18
2017
2
20.
67
3458.
2
5
1045
8.
63
61.
68
19
2018
3
16.
77
3430.
5
8
1388
9.
21
46.
45
20
2019
4
3403.
1
4
1729
2.
35
37.
31
21
2020
5
3375.
9
1
2066
8.
26
31.
21
22
2021
6
3348.
9
0
2401
7.
17
26.
86
23
2022
7
3322.
1
1
2733
9.
28
23.
60
24
2023
8
3295.
5
4
3063
4.
81
21.
06
25
2024
9
3269.
1
7
3390
3.
99
19.
03
26
2025
10
3243.
0
2
3714
7.
00
17.
37
Figure
1. Comparative
cost
a
n
alysis
of s
o
lar PV system
and
Gri
d
s
u
pply
Fro
m
Fig
u
re
1
,
it is o
b
s
erv
e
d
th
at in
itial co
st o
f
en
erg
y
from
a so
lar PV syste
m
is v
e
ry hig
h
bu
t fall
s
ex
pon
en
tially
with
th
e years sin
ce op
eration an
d
m
a
in
ten
a
n
ce co
st is n
e
glig
ib
le. Trend
lin
e an
alysis o
f
th
ese
gra
p
hs
usi
n
g
M
i
cros
oft
E
x
c
e
l
chart
wi
zar
d
sh
ow
s t
h
at
t
h
e
g
r
ap
hs m
a
y
be desc
ri
be
d
by
:
3083
.
5
.
(1
9)
1
.9627
.
(2
0)
whe
r
e
and
are unit
c
o
st of sol
a
r
electricity
an
d grid supp
lied
electricity in
year.
At th
e
po
in
t
o
f
co
nv
erg
e
n
ce
(parity) of th
e two
cu
rv
es:
30.
75
;
6
(2
1)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
Energy cost
(N/kWhr)
Year
Solar
PV-Grid
Energy Cost Comparison
C_g(
n)
C_PV(n)
E
xpon.
(
C
_g(
n)
)
E
xpon.
(
C
_PV(
n)
)
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8-8
7
0
8
A Revi
ew
of
S
o
l
ar PV
-G
ri
d E
n
er
gy C
o
st
Pa
r
i
t
y
i
n
Akur
e,
S
out
h-We
st
N
i
g
e
ri
a
(Melodi A.O)
88
5
Reckoning
from
year 2015 inclusi
v
e, t
h
e
6
year co
m
e
s to
th
e year 202
1.
Th
is im
p
lies th
at a so
lar
PV system
installed in
2015
will be a
b
le to
attain gri
d
pari
ty and s
u
bse
q
uently, profitabi
lity
above grid supply
with
in
6
years
after its in
stall
a
tio
n
.
Th
is is ab
ou
t
2
4
%
of t
h
e way int
o
the
25 years a
v
e
r
a
g
e
useful life
of the
in
stallatio
n
As s
u
ggest
e
d
i
n
[2]
,
t
h
e
fol
l
o
wi
n
g
c
o
m
b
i
n
at
i
on
o
f
fact
ors
i
s
nee
d
e
d
t
o
spe
e
d
up
pa
ri
t
y
:
(a)
Fall in
th
e price of so
lar m
o
du
les an
d inv
e
rt
ers an
d re
du
ctio
n in
t
h
e
v
a
lu
e of so
lar cell
deg
r
ad
ation
factor
are
fact
o
r
s
wh
i
c
h
will
sp
eed
up
g
r
i
d
p
a
rity.
(b
)
An en
erg
y
prod
u
c
tion
co
st
reflectiv
e tariff fo
r u
tility g
r
id su
pp
ly
Tabl
e 5 re
fl
ec
t
s
t
h
e t
r
end
o
f
t
h
e ab
o
v
e i
ndi
ces
bet
w
ee
n 2
0
11 a
nd e
ndi
ng
of
2
0
1
4
. A
s
m
a
y
b
e
ob
serv
ed
, the sugg
ested aids to
early p
a
rity h
a
v
e
p
l
ayed
o
u
t
resu
ltin
g in th
e con
d
ition
b
eco
m
i
n
g
ach
i
ev
ab
le
i
n
t
h
e m
e
di
um
t
e
rm
as defi
ne
d i
n
[
2
]
.
R
e
sea
r
ch a
n
d
dev
e
l
o
pm
ent
effo
rt
s
on
sol
a
r m
odul
es t
o
c
o
m
b
at
m
odul
e
defect
s t
h
at
re
sul
t
s
i
n
cel
l
degra
d
at
i
o
n suc
h
as m
odul
e
sol
d
e
r
j
o
i
n
t
[
1
2]
,
l
o
sses [
1
3]
, co
rr
osi
o
n
an
d
interconnect breakage
[14] etc are i
n
progress
.
Tabl
e
5.
Sum
m
a
ry
o
f
C
h
an
ges
i
n
S
o
l
a
r
PV-Grid electricity Indices
since
2011
S/No Indices
2011
2014
%
Change
1 Utility
energy
Cost/Unit
(NG
N
) 7.3
14.82
+103.01
2
Solar
M
odule Pr
ice/W
a
tt (
$
)
4.
2
0.
66
-
84.
29
3
I
nver
t
er
Pr
ice per
watt (
$
)
0.
715
0.
27
-
62.
80
4
Deep cycle batter
y
Pr
ice/watt-
hour
(
$
)
0.
207
0.
09
-
56.
39
5 Degr
adation
Facto
r
0.
9929
0.
992
+0.
09
6
T
i
m
e
of Par
i
ty
(Year
s
)
14.
3
6
-
58.
04
7
T
i
m
e
of Par
i
ty
as p
e
r
centage of Sy
stem
’s
aver
age useful life of 25y
ear
s
57.
2
24
-
57.
90
As m
o
re su
ccess is record
ed
in
research
and
d
e
v
e
lop
m
en
t activ
ities resultin
g
in
efficien
t and
less
degra
d
able m
odules
, m
o
re
power pe
r m
o
dule square m
e
te
r will be
m
a
de available a
n
d
useful life
s
pa
n
will be
elo
n
g
a
ted
.
Also
, with
in
creased
in
terest in so
lar en
erg
y
d
e
p
l
o
y
m
e
n
t
, c
o
m
p
etitio
n
a
m
o
n
g
m
a
n
u
f
acturers
o
f
m
odules, inve
rters,
batteries
and
othe
r a
ccessories will be engende
r
ed res
u
lting i
n
consi
d
era
b
leprice
redu
ction
.
The o
n
-
g
oi
n
g
dere
g
u
l
a
t
i
on o
f
t
h
e Ni
ge
ri
an
po
wer sect
o
r
i
s
expect
ed t
o
resul
t
i
n
im
prove
d p
o
w
e
r
gene
ratio
n a
n
d
cost
re
flective tariff
s
ove
r
tim
e
. These c
o
m
b
in
atio
n
s
of facto
r
s,
wh
en
fu
lly in p
l
ace, are
expecte
d
t
o
aid earlier ac
hieve
m
ent of pa
rity.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
From
the above analyses, it can be
obse
rve
d
that
th
e fo
llowin
g
f
actor
s have
signi
ficantly affected the
ap
pro
ach of solar en
erg
y
t
o
g
r
id
p
a
rity in
term
s o
f
un
it co
st
in
th
e stud
y locatio
n
:
(i)
Rapidly falling price/watt of s
o
lar m
o
dules, i
nve
rters
and
ot
her access
o
ries
(ii)
Upward re
view of electri
city
tariff in
Nig
e
ri
a
The re
vi
ew sh
owe
d
t
h
at
pa
ri
t
y
can now
be
achi
e
ve
d
in
t
h
e m
e
d
i
u
m
term (5
-6
years) in
typ
i
cal
Ni
ge
ri
an
resi
d
e
nces i
n
st
ea
d
of t
h
e l
o
ng t
e
r
m
earl
i
e
r pre
d
i
c
t
e
d by
[
2
]
d
u
e
m
a
jorl
y
t
o
i
m
provem
e
nt
in ene
r
gy
tariff and drop in costs of solar powe
r accessories.
Sustaine
d im
p
r
ove
d
pricing of ene
r
gy from
the
Distribu
tio
n
Serv
ice Prov
id
ers (DSP) will furth
e
r h
a
sten
p
a
rity. Also
, fu
rt
h
e
r
b
r
eak
t
hro
ugh
in
research
and
devel
opm
ent efforts in the area of sola
r m
o
dule ene
r
gy
co
nve
rsi
o
n ef
fi
ciency, weathe
r
resistance and
non-
deg
r
a
d
abl
e
sol
a
r
cel
l
pr
od
uc
t
s
are ot
her f
act
ors nee
d
ed to
ach
iev
e
early p
a
rity. Fin
a
lly, with
in
creased
i
m
p
r
ov
em
en
t an
d co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess i
n
th
e inverter an
d d
e
ep
cycle b
a
ttery mark
et,
p
a
rity
may ev
en
b
e
ach
i
ev
ed
wi
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
next
t
h
ree
y
ears.
T
h
e i
m
pl
i
cat
i
on of t
h
i
s
sce
n
ari
o
i
s
t
h
at
de
pl
o
y
m
e
nt
of s
o
l
a
r
ene
r
gy
as
o
n
-
g
ri
d
o
r
stand-alone Distribute
d
Ge
ne
ration
will bec
o
m
e
econom
ically
m
o
re f
easible [19].
This
will im
prove powe
r
av
ailab
ility fo
r do
m
e
stic, co
mmercial an
d
i
n
d
u
s
t
r
ial app
licatio
n
s
.
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BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
M
e
lodi,
Adegok
e Olad
ipo
is
an
As
s
o
ciate P
r
ofes
s
o
r of El
ec
tric
al
Engin
eering
in
the Dep
a
rtm
e
nt
of
Electrical
and Electronics Engineer
ing, Feder
a
l
University
of
Technolog
y
,
Akure, Nigeria. He
obtain
e
d a Ph.D
. degr
ee in
Moscow in 2005
. H
e
has attended
and
published
p
a
pers
at local and
intern
ation
a
l en
gineer
ing conferences and
als
o
published in
peer-rev
i
ewed
journals. He
has
s
u
cces
s
f
ull
y
s
u
p
e
rvis
ed m
a
n
y
s
t
udents
’
thes
es
at
M
a
s
t
er degr
ee
l
e
vel
in power an
d renewabl
e en
e
r
g
y
s
y
stems
engin
e
ering, and curren
t
ly
tr
ain
i
ng some studen
t
s toward
s obtain
i
ng th
e Ph.D. degree
in
power s
y
stems engineer
ing.
F
a
m
a
kin S
o
la Richards
is
a l
e
c
t
urer in th
e Depa
rt
m
e
nt of El
ectr
i
cal
and El
ectron
i
cs Engineering
of
the F
e
der
a
l univ
e
rs
it
y of T
echn
o
log
y
, Akure
,
Nigeri
a. He ob
tai
n
ed a M
a
s
t
ers
Degree in
El
ect
ric
a
l
Engineering in
2011 from the Federal University
of
Technolog
y, Akure, Ni
ger
i
a. He has publish
e
d
papers in
peer-reviewed
j
ournals
and is
curren
t
ly
working on his
Ph.D. d
e
gree.
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