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y
b
y
d
iv
id
in
g
th
e
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
ea
in
to
s
u
b
-
ar
ea
s
an
d
u
s
in
g
a
GM
S
s
[
8
].
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
is
s
u
e
,
i
s
ab
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
y
o
f
th
e
d
esig
n
ed
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
s
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
c
h
o
f
th
e
m
o
b
ile
SN a
n
d
B
S,
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
w
o
t
h
in
g
s
: T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e,
is
t
h
e
w
a
y
t
h
at
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
er
e
is
s
o
m
e
s
u
b
-
ar
ea
w
i
th
h
i
g
h
d
en
s
it
y
,
w
h
ile
o
th
er
w
it
h
lo
w
-
d
en
s
it
y
.
I
n
t
h
e
h
ig
h
-
d
en
s
it
y
ar
ea
,
a
lo
t
o
f
d
ata
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
w
o
u
ld
o
cc
u
r
r
ed
f
r
eq
u
en
t
l
y
.
B
esid
es,
r
o
u
t
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
is
i
n
c
r
ea
s
ed
b
ec
au
s
e
th
er
e
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
r
o
u
te
ca
n
b
e
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
ed
am
o
n
g
a
n
y
p
air
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
W
h
ile
i
n
t
h
e
lo
w
-
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
,
d
ata
co
n
v
e
y
ed
p
r
o
ce
s
s
an
d
r
o
u
te
r
eliab
ilit
y
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
n
e
,
w
h
en
u
s
i
n
g
a
lar
g
er
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
t
h
is
w
o
u
ld
in
cr
ea
s
e
d
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
s
t
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
ized
th
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
f
o
r
ea
ch
SN
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
ai
m
e
d
to
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
a
n
e
w
ev
a
lu
ati
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
th
e
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
th
a
t
w
o
u
ld
co
v
er
th
e
th
r
ee
m
e
n
s
ti
o
n
ab
o
v
e
is
s
u
e
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
,
to
ev
alu
a
te
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
“Sec
u
r
e
Mo
b
ile
Si
n
k
No
d
e
lo
ca
tio
n
u
s
in
g
D
y
n
a
m
i
c
R
o
u
ti
n
g
P
r
o
to
co
l”
(
SMSNDR
P
)
th
at
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
u
s
in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
9
,
10
]
,
v
ia
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
co
m
p
ar
s
io
n
o
f
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
in
s
m
a
ll
a
n
d
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
ca
lled
K
-
m
ea
n
s
to
f
o
r
m
Data
Gat
h
er
ed
P
ath
(
KM
-
DGP
)
w
h
ich
is
d
escr
ib
ed
in
r
e
lated
w
o
r
k
s
s
ec
t
io
n
.
So
,
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
n
d
u
ca
d
ed
in
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
:
s
m
all
W
SN
(
w
it
h
o
n
e
m
b
ile
S
N
an
d
GM
Ss
)
a
n
d
Gr
o
u
p
o
f
W
S
Ns
w
it
h
GM
Ss
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
S
MSNDRP
i
n
s
m
all
W
SN
g
i
v
e
s
h
i
g
h
q
u
lit
y
o
f
r
o
u
ti
n
g
r
o
u
tes
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
les
s
en
er
g
y
i
n
co
m
p
ar
s
io
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
KM
-
DGP
.
W
h
ile,
i
n
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
e
KM
-
D
GP
is
co
n
s
u
m
ed
less
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
g
iv
e
s
lo
w
q
u
lit
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
r
o
u
te
s
in
co
m
p
ar
s
io
n
w
ith
t
h
e
SM
S
NDRP
.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
w
il
l
b
e
p
r
esen
ted
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
s
ec
tio
n
2
ex
p
lo
r
ed
o
f
r
elate
d
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
u
s
ed
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
n
W
SNs
w
it
h
GM
S
s
,
Sectio
n
3
d
escr
ib
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
e
v
alu
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
:
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
R
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
s
m
all
W
SN
a
n
d
ev
alu
a
tio
n
r
o
u
te
q
u
a
lit
y
f
o
r
la
r
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Sec
tio
n
4
,
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
f
i
v
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
:
th
e
f
ir
s
t
t
h
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
m
all
W
SN
th
at
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
0
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
o
n
e
o
r
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SN.
T
h
e
last
t
w
o
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
u
s
ed
in
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
th
a
t
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
2
0
0
n
o
d
es,
f
o
u
r
W
S
Ns,
f
o
u
r
o
r
s
i
x
tee
n
m
o
b
ile
SN,
f
o
u
r
o
r
s
i
x
tee
n
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
es,
s
i
x
a
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
s
i
n
g
le
B
S.
F
in
all
y
,
s
ec
ti
o
n
5
i
n
clu
d
es
s
t
u
d
y
co
n
clu
s
io
n
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
S
T
h
er
e
ar
e
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
tu
d
ie
s
th
at
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
r
o
u
te
w
i
th
t
h
e
GM
Ss
.
T
h
is
w
as
co
n
s
id
er
ed
d
u
e
th
e
GM
Ss
’
r
o
u
te
h
a
v
i
n
g
a
m
aj
o
r
b
en
ef
it,
s
in
ce
th
e
y
r
e
d
u
ce
d
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
SN
an
d
alle
v
iate
th
e
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
-
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
I
n
Far
o
o
q
et.
al
s
t
u
d
y
,
th
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tech
n
iq
u
e
ca
lled
“L
o
w
-
P
o
w
er
a
n
d
L
o
s
s
y
Net
w
o
r
k
s
”
R
P
L
[
1
1
]
.
I
n
th
is
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
th
e
y
s
o
l
v
ed
h
ig
h
d
at
a
tr
af
f
ic
j
a
m
v
ia
s
elec
ted
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
,
th
a
t
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
th
e
GM
Ss
w
i
t
h
m
in
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
,
lo
w
es
t
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
P
DR
.
T
h
e
p
ath
s
elec
tio
n
is
b
ased
o
n
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
p
ar
am
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
s
ize
o
f
r
em
ai
n
i
n
g
d
ata
o
n
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
lin
k
(
lar
g
e
s
i
ze
m
ea
n
s
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
a
v
ailab
le
o
n
t
h
e
li
n
k
)
,
th
e
w
a
itin
g
ti
m
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
p
ac
k
et
in
“
M
AC
la
y
er
q
u
e
u
e
”
[
1
1
]
b
ef
o
r
e
it
co
n
v
e
y
ed
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
d
est
in
atio
n
n
o
d
e
(
i.e
.
laten
c
y
)
,
m
a
n
ag
i
n
g
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
in
M
A
C
la
y
er
b
u
f
f
er
o
r
q
u
eu
e
o
cc
u
p
an
c
y
(
e.
g
.
p
lace
th
e
p
ac
k
ets
t
h
at
co
m
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
h
ig
h
r
ate
g
e
n
er
ated
f
ir
s
t
i
n
t
h
e
q
u
eu
e)
a
n
d
h
o
p
co
u
n
ter
.
T
h
u
s
,
t
h
e
p
at
h
t
h
at
p
r
o
v
id
ed
h
i
g
h
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
lo
w
est
d
elay
a
n
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
w
i
ll
b
e
s
ele
cted
as
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
f
o
r
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ata
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
C
h
atter
j
ee
an
d
Das
[
1
2
]
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
y
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
et
h
o
d
to
d
ep
lo
y
GM
S
s
i
n
a
lar
g
e
n
et
wo
r
k
b
ased
o
n
g
r
ap
h
ic
th
eo
r
e
m
.
T
h
is
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
in
o
r
d
er
to
o
p
tim
ize
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
s
a
n
d
clu
s
ter
co
v
er
a
g
e
r
an
g
e.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate
g
r
ap
h
ic
t
h
eo
r
em
,
let
s
a
y
g
r
ap
h
ic
G
(
N,
E
)
,
w
h
er
e
N
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es’
n
eig
h
b
o
r
an
d
E
is
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ed
g
es
t
h
at
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
it
s
’
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
in
o
n
e
cl
u
s
ter
.
T
h
e
E
u
clid
ea
n
d
is
tan
ce
is
u
s
e
d
to
ca
lcu
late
th
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
an
d
its
’
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
s
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
h
o
p
-
d
is
ta
n
ce
(
i.e
.
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
)
o
n
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
.
T
h
e
clu
s
t
er
s
ar
e
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
af
ter
th
e
GM
S
s
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
e
p
lo
y
ed
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
i
n
th
e
ar
ea
,
th
en
a
r
an
d
o
m
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
s
ee
d
n
o
d
es
is
m
ad
e,
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
clu
s
ter
s
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ased
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g
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I
n
B
ar
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A
l
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tu
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[
1
3
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,
th
e
y
in
v
est
ig
ated
t
h
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ef
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s
o
f
m
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w
o
r
k
c
ap
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a
n
d
laten
c
y
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
T
h
ey
u
s
ed
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t
S
N
p
o
s
itio
n
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
:
t
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c
o
m
m
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p
o
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itio
n
s
c
h
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m
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a
n
d
r
an
d
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m
s
ch
e
m
e.
T
h
ey
s
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ied
th
e
t
w
o
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ch
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m
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s
v
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SNs
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I
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t
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w
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r
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is
SN,
if
t
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n
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SN
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SN
l
o
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ea
ch
e
d
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A
l
s
o
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th
e
y
u
s
ed
r
ed
u
n
d
an
t
p
ac
k
ets
w
ith
SN
s
’
p
o
s
it
io
n
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
it
s
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
laten
c
y
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ar
a
m
e
ter
s
.
T
h
e
y
f
o
u
n
d
it
h
as
n
o
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
an
d
it
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
late
n
c
y
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
i
n
[
1
4
]
s
tu
d
y
,
t
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
s
u
g
g
est
a
m
e
th
o
d
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
h
o
p
-
d
is
tan
ce
t
h
at
w
a
s
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
co
n
v
e
y
d
ata
in
a
tr
ip
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
to
t
h
e
S
N.
I
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
t
h
ei
r
m
et
h
o
d
,
th
e
y
d
i
v
id
ed
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
in
to
a
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
is
o
lated
cl
u
s
ter
s
u
s
in
g
K
-
m
ea
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
th
e
y
d
ep
lo
y
ed
GM
S
s
u
s
i
n
g
“
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
”
P
SO a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
.
I
n
an
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
5
]
,
r
esear
ch
e
r
s
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
v
ia
u
s
i
n
g
GM
S
s
with
W
SN.
T
h
ey
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
tech
n
iq
u
e,
in
w
h
ic
h
t
h
e
SN
i
s
m
o
v
ed
to
w
a
r
d
h
ig
h
d
en
s
it
y
ar
ea
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
th
is
ar
ea
,
ea
ch
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
m
o
b
ile
SN t
h
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
o
n
l
y
.
So
,
th
e
f
ar
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es th
at
ar
e
n
o
t i
n
th
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
r
a
n
g
e
o
f
SN
m
a
y
b
e
co
v
er
ed
b
y
o
th
er
d
ep
lo
y
e
d
SNs
’
co
v
er
a
g
e
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
id
ea
i
s
to
m
a
k
e
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
u
s
e
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
to
co
n
v
e
y
its
’
d
ata
to
th
e
SN.
W
h
ile
Sin
g
h
et
al,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
a
v
ir
tu
al
g
r
id
ce
lls
to
p
r
o
p
ag
ate
d
ata
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
“
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es”
an
d
m
o
b
ile
SN
[
1
6
]
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate,
i
f
GM
S
s
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
i
n
ar
ea
an
d
B
S
s
en
d
a
q
u
er
y
f
o
r
d
ata
i
n
t
h
at
ar
ea
,
th
en
all
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
at
ar
ea
w
il
l
co
o
p
er
ated
to
g
eth
er
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
a
“
v
ir
t
u
al
g
r
id
ce
ll”.
T
h
e
s
ize
d
o
f
ea
ch
ce
ll
in
th
a
t
g
r
id
is
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
r
ad
iu
s
s
ize.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
is
ab
o
u
t
m
a
k
i
n
g
a
s
elec
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
at
io
n
n
o
d
e,
w
h
ich
is
th
e
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
as
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
q
u
er
y
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
to
t
h
e
SN
v
ia
u
s
i
n
g
s
h
o
r
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
SN
in
tu
r
n
ca
n
e
s
ti
m
ates
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
an
d
s
p
ec
i
f
i
ed
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
at
ar
ea
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
q
u
er
y
.
Su
b
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
b
est
p
ath
to
th
at
ar
ea
is
s
p
ec
if
ied
an
d
SN
ca
n
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
it.
W
h
ile
W
an
g
e
t
al,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
eth
o
d
t
h
at
u
s
ed
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
i
th
GM
S
s
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
y
d
iv
id
ed
th
e
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
to
s
e
v
er
al
clu
s
ter
s
v
ia
u
s
in
g
L
E
A
C
H
p
r
o
to
co
l
an
d
th
e
u
s
ed
“An
t
C
o
lo
n
y
Op
ti
m
izat
io
n
”
to
f
i
n
d
th
e
b
est
m
o
b
ilit
y
p
ath
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
C
l
u
s
ter
Hea
d
C
H
o
f
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
th
e
r
esear
c
h
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
r
o
u
p
o
f
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
w
it
h
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
in
u
n
d
er
w
a
te
r
W
SNs
to
m
ax
i
m
ize
P
DR
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
iz
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
en
er
g
y
ex
h
a
u
s
tio
n
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
to
co
l
c
o
n
s
is
t
ed
o
f
t
w
o
p
h
ases
:
la
y
er
in
g
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
la
y
er
in
g
p
h
a
s
e,
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
SN
in
(
n
)
la
y
er
s
.
T
h
e
SN is
allo
ca
ted
i
n
la
y
er
(
0
)
,
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
f
r
o
m
SN a
r
e
allo
ca
ted
in
la
y
er
(
1
)
,
w
it
h
2
-
h
o
p
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
la
y
er
(
2
)
an
d
s
o
o
n
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
re
-
d
ep
lo
y
ed
p
er
i
o
d
icall
y
,
w
h
e
n
P
DR
b
ec
o
m
e
b
elo
w
th
e
th
r
es
h
o
ld
v
al
u
e,
d
u
e
to
SN
m
o
b
ilit
y
.
I
n
co
n
s
tr
u
ctio
n
p
h
ase,
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
la
y
er
(
1
)
s
en
d
th
e
d
ata
d
ir
ec
t
to
th
e
SN,
w
h
ile
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
la
y
er
2
,
3
…,
n
w
o
u
ld
s
elec
t
ed
as
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
d
ata
to
n
ex
t
la
y
er
u
n
til
SN
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
.
A
l
th
o
u
g
h
Up
p
al
et
al,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
u
s
in
g
G
MS
s
a
n
d
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
w
it
h
W
SNs
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
av
o
id
lin
k
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ail
u
r
es a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
[
19
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
id
ea
in
th
eir
s
tu
d
y
is
ab
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
tab
le
t
h
at
is
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
ea
c
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
w
o
u
ld
co
n
ti
n
u
e
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
s
u
c
h
as
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
,
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
l
co
n
v
e
y
ed
d
ata
r
atio
an
d
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
.
So
,
ea
ch
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
es
tab
lis
h
ed
m
u
lti
-
p
ath
w
i
th
it
s
’
n
ei
g
h
b
o
u
r
v
ia
d
is
tan
ce
(
o
n
e
-
h
o
p
)
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
i
s
p
ath
th
at
h
a
s
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
,
c
o
n
s
tr
icted
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
th
at
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
ata
co
n
v
e
y
ed
r
atio
.
A
l
s
o
,
Geb
r
e
m
e
s
k
el
a
n
d
R
ao
[
2
0
]
,
u
s
ed
GM
S
s
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
b
ased
o
n
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
th
e
SNs
’
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
d
t
h
e
S
Ns
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
r
a
n
d
o
m
l
y
i
n
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
t
h
en
co
n
s
tr
ac
ted
clu
s
ter
s
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
K
-
m
ea
n
s
m
eth
o
d
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
th
e
S
Ns
w
ill
b
e
s
elec
ted
r
an
d
o
m
l
y
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
s
tep
in
t
h
i
s
m
eth
o
d
i
s
ab
o
u
t
ca
lc
u
lat
in
g
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
c
h
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
an
d
SN
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
,
e
ac
h
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
th
at
w
o
u
ld
h
av
e
less
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
S
N
will
j
o
in
its
’
cl
u
s
ter
.
Fin
all
y
,
t
h
e
SNs
ch
a
n
g
e
t
h
eir
p
o
s
itio
n
a
n
d
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
p
o
in
t
o
f
ea
c
h
cl
u
s
t
er
s
.
So
,
in
th
i
s
w
a
y
n
et
w
o
r
k
li
f
eti
m
e
is
o
p
ti
m
ized
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
SN
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e.
I
n
o
th
er
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
1
]
,
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
y
u
s
ed
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
s
p
lit
th
e
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
to
clu
s
ter
s
an
d
s
p
ec
if
ied
d
ata
g
ath
er
i
n
g
p
ath
(
DGP
)
,
th
at
u
s
e
d
to
m
o
v
e
m
o
b
ile
S
N
i
n
a
w
a
y
th
at
o
p
ti
m
ized
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
life
ti
m
e.
Sin
ce
,
ea
c
h
d
ata
g
ath
er
p
o
i
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
p
at
h
i
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
o
in
t
l
o
ca
tio
n
in
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
th
at
s
p
e
cif
ied
b
y
K
-
m
ea
n
s
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
So
,
th
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
is
s
to
p
s
o
n
it
f
o
r
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
to
co
llect
d
ata
a
n
d
t
h
en
m
o
v
e
to
w
ar
d
th
e
n
e
x
t
p
o
in
t in
t
h
e
DGP
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ab
o
v
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
u
s
ed
GM
Ss
,
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
o
lv
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
h
o
t
s
p
o
t
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
b
lem
an
d
p
r
o
lo
n
g
th
e
n
et
wo
r
k
lif
eti
m
e.
B
u
t
th
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
till
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
h
i
g
h
co
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
S
Ns
i
n
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
in
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
e
v
al
u
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
SMS
NDRP
t
h
at
u
s
ed
a
s
m
al
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
o
b
ile
SNs
i
n
s
m
all
W
SN
an
d
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S a
n
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
at
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE E
VA
L
U
AT
I
O
N
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
an
ev
alu
a
tio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
an
d
en
er
g
y
u
s
a
g
e
i
n
lar
g
e
a
n
d
s
m
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
(
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
d
ela
y
,
A
v
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ro
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ith
mu
lti
-
mo
b
ile
s
in
ks in
W
S
N
s
u
s
in
g
Qo
S
a
n
d
en
erg
y
.
..
(
N
a
d
ia
A
.
S
h
ilta
g
h
)
2883
P
DR
an
d
to
tal
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
r
o
p
p
ed
d
ata
p
ac
k
ets
)
th
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ev
alu
ate
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
a
lit
y
o
f
t
w
o
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
(
SMSNDR
P
an
d
KM
-
DGP
)
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
th
r
ee
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
am
eter
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e:
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ied
n
o
d
es
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
.
So
,
th
e
b
es
t
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
is
ac
h
iev
ed
w
h
e
n
th
er
e
i
s
l
o
w
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ied
n
o
d
es
an
d
h
i
g
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icien
t
e
n
er
g
y
d
u
r
in
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
d
ata
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
t
h
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
m
eth
o
d
is
co
n
d
au
cted
i
n
to
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
:
a.
E
v
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
R
o
u
te
s
Qu
al
it
y
f
o
r
Sm
a
ll Ne
t
w
o
r
k
(
Si
n
g
le
W
S
N)
b.
E
v
alu
a
tio
n
o
f
R
o
u
te
s
Qu
al
it
y
f
o
r
L
ar
g
e
Net
w
o
r
k
(
Fo
u
r
W
SN
s
)
3
.
1
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n
o
f
ro
ute
s
qu
a
lity
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll net
w
o
rk
(
s
i
ng
l
e
W
SN)
I
n
th
i
s
p
h
ase,
an
e
v
alu
a
tio
n
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
th
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
o
n
s
m
all
s
in
g
le
W
SN,
v
ia
u
s
in
g
t
w
o
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
ls
:
SMSND
R
P
an
d
KM
-
DGP
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
SMSND
R
P
is
ai
m
ed
to
m
o
v
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
a
w
a
y
th
at
r
ed
u
ce
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
ized
t
h
e
an
o
n
y
m
i
t
y
o
f
SNs
’
lo
ca
tio
n
ag
a
in
s
t
tr
a
f
f
ic
an
a
l
y
s
is
a
ttack
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
in
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
o
f
th
e
SMSN
DR
P
,
is
ab
o
u
t
d
iv
i
d
in
g
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
n
to
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
s
u
b
-
ar
ea
in
o
r
d
er
to
f
o
r
m
c
lu
s
ter
s
an
d
elec
t
C
Hs
u
s
i
n
g
DE
C
A
R
[
2
0
]
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
So
,
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
s
elec
ted
as
C
H,
if
it
h
a
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
r
e
m
ai
n
in
g
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
d
i
s
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
SN
i
n
co
m
p
ar
s
io
n
w
it
h
o
th
er
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
i
n
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
cl
u
s
ter
.
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
tep
,
is
ab
o
u
t
ca
lc
u
lati
n
g
t
h
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
p
o
in
ts
(
x
,
y
)
f
o
r
t
h
e
n
e
w
SNs
’
lo
ca
tio
n
v
ia
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
m
ea
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
all
elec
ted
C
Hs’
lo
ca
tio
n
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
m
o
v
e
SN
to
w
a
r
d
it
in
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
s
tep
,
is
ab
o
u
t
th
e
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
C
H
an
d
m
o
b
ile
SN,
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ea
r
r
an
g
i
n
g
C
Hs
in
a
s
ce
n
d
i
n
g
o
r
d
er
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
d
is
ta
n
ce
f
r
o
m
S
N
an
d
t
h
en
r
ea
r
r
an
g
e
th
e
m
a
g
ai
n
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
eir
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
i
n
d
escen
d
i
n
g
o
r
d
er
.
So
,
th
e
C
Hs
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
er
r
e
m
ain
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
w
i
ll
b
e
p
lace
d
in
n
ea
r
s
t
p
o
s
itio
n
to
th
e
SN
a
n
d
o
n
l
y
its
w
ill
b
e
allo
w
ed
to
s
en
d
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
to
th
e
SN.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
ath
is
r
ec
o
n
s
tr
u
ct
in
g
ag
ai
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
s
tep
s
t
h
at
m
en
t
io
n
ab
o
v
e,
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
C
H
s
’
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
is
b
elo
w
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
t
h
r
es
h
o
ld
v
alu
e.
W
h
ile
in
t
h
e
KM
-
DGP
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
is
ab
o
u
t
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
clu
s
ter
s
v
ia
r
an
d
o
m
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
I
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t
s
tep
,
t
h
e
s
ee
d
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
elec
ted
ra
n
d
o
m
l
y
an
d
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
ee
d
n
o
d
e
an
d
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
ca
lcu
l
ated
.
T
h
u
s
,
ea
ch
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
th
at
h
a
v
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
to
th
e
s
ee
d
w
il
l
b
e
ad
d
ed
to
th
e
clu
s
ter
.
T
h
e
th
i
r
d
s
tep
,
is
ab
o
u
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
n
o
d
es’
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
p
o
in
t
v
al
u
e
i
n
e
ac
h
cl
u
s
ter
.
So
,
if
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
t
h
e
cl
u
s
ter
th
e
n
s
t
o
p
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
r
ep
ea
t
f
r
o
m
s
tep
2
.
At
t
h
e
en
d
,
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
DGP
is
co
n
s
tr
u
cted
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
last
av
er
a
g
e
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
p
o
in
t
v
alu
e
in
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
.
S
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
,
t
h
e
SNs
ar
e
m
o
v
ed
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
in
g
D
GP
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es i
n
ea
ch
cl
u
s
ter
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
ev
a
lu
at
io
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
th
i
s
p
h
a
s
e
i
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
o
n
s
i
n
g
le
s
m
all
W
SN
w
il
l
b
e
a
s
f
o
llo
w
:
a.
E
v
alu
a
te
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
s
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
at
ed
b
y
SMSND
R
P
an
d
KM
-
D
GP
w
i
th
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
b
ile
s
i
n
k
n
o
d
e
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
b.
E
v
alu
a
te
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
at
h
s
th
at
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
SMSND
R
P
an
d
KM
-
DGP
w
i
th
s
in
g
le
m
o
b
il
e
SN
th
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
Qo
S p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
c.
E
v
alu
a
te
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
f
o
r
th
e
p
at
h
th
at
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
il
e
SNs
v
ia
u
s
in
g
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d.
E
v
alu
a
te
th
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
s
th
a
t
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
K
M
-
DGP
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
v
ia
u
s
i
n
g
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
3
.
2
.
E
v
a
lua
t
io
n o
f
ro
ute
s
qu
a
lity
f
o
r
la
rg
e
net
w
o
rk
(
f
o
ur
WS
Ns)
I
n
th
i
s
p
h
ase,
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
Qo
S
an
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
at
u
s
e
d
in
p
h
a
s
e
o
n
e
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
th
i
s
p
h
ase
f
o
r
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
f
o
u
r
W
SN
s
)
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
e
b
est
p
ath
q
u
al
it
y
b
et
w
ee
n
ea
c
h
S
N
an
d
B
S
,
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
v
ia
u
s
i
n
g
m
et
h
o
d
t
h
at
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
b
y
u
s
in
s
t
u
d
y
[
10
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
m
eth
o
d
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
at
h
i
s
d
esig
n
ed
b
ased
o
n
s
ix
a
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
es a
n
d
o
n
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
b
ile
SN i
n
ea
c
h
W
SN.
T
h
e
s
ix
an
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
f
o
r
m
ed
a
r
in
g
ar
o
u
n
d
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
s
p
ec
if
y
it
lo
ca
tio
n
.
W
h
ile,
t
h
e
r
e
f
er
e
n
ce
n
o
d
e
is
u
s
ed
to
g
at
h
er
t
h
e
n
e
w
SN lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
m
atio
n
i
n
ea
c
h
W
SN a
n
d
s
e
n
d
it to
th
e
a
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
es,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
tu
r
n
s
to
r
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
lo
ca
tio
n
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
i
n
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
th
at
m
ain
tain
ed
b
y
an
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
e
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
co
n
tain
ed
:
W
SN
I
D,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
,
SN
lo
ca
tio
n
,
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
an
d
p
ath
d
etails.
T
h
u
s
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
o
u
tin
g
tab
le
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
te
is
s
elec
ted
b
et
w
ee
n
m
o
b
ile
SN
an
d
B
S.
T
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
te
is
th
e
o
n
e
t
h
at
h
as
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
an
d
co
n
s
u
m
ed
les
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
.
Alth
o
u
g
h
,
it
s
q
u
alit
y
i
s
ev
alu
a
ted
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
So
,
th
e
ev
al
u
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
t
h
is
p
h
a
s
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
ed
o
n
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
ll b
e
as f
o
llo
w:
1.
E
v
alu
a
te
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
f
o
r
p
ath
s
th
at
g
en
er
ated
in
to
t
w
o
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
:
o
n
e
u
s
ed
SMSNDR
P
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
S
Ns a
n
d
t
h
e
o
th
er
o
n
e
i
s
u
s
ed
KM
-
DGP
w
i
th
s
ix
tee
n
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
S
N
a
n
d
B
S
i
n
b
o
th
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
v
ia
u
s
in
g
a
n
ch
o
r
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
e.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
2
8
8
0
-
2892
2884
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
is
co
m
p
u
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
en
er
g
y
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
th
at
u
s
ed
in
p
h
ase
o
n
e.
2.
E
v
alu
a
te
th
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
ath
s
t
h
at
g
e
n
er
ated
in
s
a
m
e
t
w
o
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
s
tep
o
n
e.
T
h
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
is
co
m
p
u
ted
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
u
s
in
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
at
u
s
ed
i
n
p
h
ase
o
n
e
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
,
w
h
ic
h
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
ev
al
u
atio
n
m
et
h
o
d
in
t
h
is
p
ap
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
I
llu
s
tr
ate
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
m
et
h
o
d
t
w
o
p
h
ase
s
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
SMSN
DR
P
h
as
b
ee
n
e
v
al
u
ated
b
ef
o
r
e
in
s
m
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
in
o
u
r
p
er
v
io
u
s
s
t
u
d
y
[
2
2
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
a
n
e
w
e
v
al
u
atio
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
m
eth
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
o
n
SMSND
R
P
to
ev
alu
ate
it
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
i
n
s
m
all
a
n
d
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
ased
o
n
Qo
S
an
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
Als
o
,
a
co
m
p
ar
s
io
n
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
v
o
l
KM
-
D
GP
h
as
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
i
n
t
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
,
in
o
r
d
er
to
an
al
y
s
is
i
ts
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
.
So
,
th
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
n
d
u
ca
d
ed
v
ia
ce
ar
tin
g
f
iv
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
u
s
i
n
g
N
S2
.
3
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
i
m
u
lat
o
r
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
th
r
ee
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
s
i
n
g
le
W
SN
t
h
at
co
n
s
i
s
te
d
o
f
5
0
n
o
d
es,
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
S
N
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
an
d
2
a
n
d
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SNs
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
.
W
h
i
le
t
h
e
last
t
w
o
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
ar
e
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
f
o
u
r
W
SNs
,
2
0
0
n
o
d
es,
s
ix
an
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
es,
f
o
u
r
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
,
s
ix
teen
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
5
,
a
n
d
o
n
e
B
S
f
o
r
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
a
n
d
5
,
s
ee
T
ab
le
1
.
So
,
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
a
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
m
et
h
o
d
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
,
2
an
d
3
,
w
h
ile
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
an
d
5
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ro
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ith
mu
lti
-
mo
b
ile
s
in
ks in
W
S
N
s
u
s
in
g
Qo
S
a
n
d
en
erg
y
.
..
(
N
a
d
ia
A
.
S
h
ilta
g
h
)
2885
T
ab
le
1
.
Sim
u
latio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
etails
P
a
r
a
me
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
u
e
s
T
i
me
o
f
si
mu
l
a
t
i
o
n
e
n
d
6
0
s
N
u
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1
1
T
r
a
f
f
i
c
M
o
d
e
l
F
T
P
4
.
1
.
S
m
a
ll
net
w
o
rk
i
m
p
le
m
e
nta
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
1
,
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
SMSNDR
P
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
ed
o
n
a
W
SN
th
at
co
n
s
is
ted
o
f
5
0
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
i
n
g
le
SN,
s
ee
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
ici
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
2
5
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
is
2
4
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es
is
1
.
Fo
r
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
ar
e:
P
DR
i
s
9
9
.
2
6
1
%,
T
o
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
is
1
0
,
Av
er
ag
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
1
3
4
.
5
5
k
b
p
s
a
n
d
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
laten
c
y
is
3
2
8
.
4
6
5
2
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
2
th
e
s
a
m
e
W
SN
s
tr
u
ctu
r
ed
t
h
at
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ce
n
ar
io
w
ill
b
e
u
s
ed
,
b
u
t
u
s
in
g
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
K
M
-
DGP
i
n
s
tead
o
f
SMSND
R
P
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
ar
e:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
i
ci
en
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
2
0
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
is
1
3
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es
is
1
7
.
Fo
r
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
:
P
DR
i
s
9
8
.
2
6
1
%,
T
o
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
is
5
4
,
A
v
er
a
g
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t is 3
0
8
.
0
2
k
b
p
s
an
d
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
laten
c
y
is
1
4
7
.
6
8
8
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Scen
ar
io
1
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
t f
r
o
m
NS2
.
3
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
war
e,
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l SMSNDRP
w
it
h
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
SN i
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
g
r
ee
n
n
o
d
e
r
ep
r
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ts
n
o
d
e
w
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h
s
u
f
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icie
n
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er
g
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o
d
e
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ep
r
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ts
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o
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e
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
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n
d
r
ed
n
o
d
e
r
ep
r
esen
t th
e
d
ie
n
o
d
es
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
3
th
e
s
a
m
e
W
S
N
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
s
ce
n
ar
io
is
u
s
ed
ag
ai
n
,
b
u
t
w
i
th
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
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,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
l
atio
n
r
esu
lt
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
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en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
et
er
s
ar
e:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
icien
t
en
er
g
y
i
s
4
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
i
th
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
4
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es
is
4
2
.
Fo
r
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt:
P
DR
is
9
7
.
6
1
1
%,
T
o
tal
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
et
is
1
0
0
,
Av
er
ag
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
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t
i
s
4
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0
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k
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p
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E
n
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d
laten
c
y
i
s
1
7
4
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6
8
8
m
i
llis
ec
o
n
d
s
.
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w
e
v
er
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
,
it
h
as
b
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
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I
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t J
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lec
&
C
o
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p
E
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g
,
Vo
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9
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No
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4
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g
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s
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-
2892
2886
d
is
co
v
er
ed
th
at
SMSN
DR
P
with
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
,
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
u
s
i
n
g
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
o
n
e
o
r
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SNs
in
s
m
all
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
a
r
is
o
n
h
as
m
ad
e
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
r
o
u
t
e
q
u
alit
y
u
s
i
n
g
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
,
it
f
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
b
est
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
th
at
i
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
SMSND
R
P
s
in
ce
i
ts
g
i
v
e
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
est
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
late
n
c
y
(
3
2
8
.
4
6
5
2
m
il
lis
ec
o
n
d
s
)
v
al
u
e
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
D
GP
w
it
h
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
(
1
4
7
.
6
8
8
m
i
llis
ec
o
n
d
s
)
v
alu
e
o
r
f
o
u
r
SN
s
(
1
7
4
.
6
8
8
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
v
al
u
e,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
B
u
t,
its
g
iv
e
t
h
e
lo
w
e
s
t
d
ata
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
(
v
alu
e=
1
0
)
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
D
GP
th
at
o
p
er
ate
w
it
h
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
(
v
al
u
e=
5
4
)
o
r
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SNs
(
v
alu
e=
1
0
0
)
,
f
o
r
P
DR
th
e
SMSNDR
P
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
alu
e
(
9
9
.
2
6
1
4
%)
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
D
GP
,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
.
So
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
t
h
at
is
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
t
h
e
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SNs
g
iv
e
s
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
th
a
n
th
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
lit
y
t
h
at
is
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
SMSND
R
P
w
it
h
o
n
e
m
o
b
il
e
SN
,
b
ec
au
s
e
its
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
late
n
c
y
a
n
d
m
ax
i
m
ized
a
v
er
ag
e
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
.
B
u
t
s
til
l
t
h
e
r
o
u
tes
t
h
at
ar
e
g
en
er
ated
b
y
SMS
NDRP
w
i
th
o
n
e
m
o
b
i
le
SN
g
i
v
es
a
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
f
o
r
P
DR
a
n
d
to
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets
i
n
co
n
tr
ast
w
it
h
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
o
n
e
o
r
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
S
ce
n
ar
io
2
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
t f
r
o
m
NS2
.
3
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
war
e
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l K
M
-
DGP
w
i
t
h
o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
S
N
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Scen
ar
io
3
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
t f
r
o
m
NS2
.
3
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
war
e
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l K
M
-
DGP
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
S
Ns
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ro
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ith
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lti
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ile
s
in
ks in
W
S
N
s
u
s
in
g
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S
a
n
d
en
erg
y
.
..
(
N
a
d
ia
A
.
S
h
ilta
g
h
)
2887
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
S
MSNDRP
g
i
v
e
n
b
etter
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
DGP
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
g
i
v
es th
e
lo
w
est
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
ith
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t e
n
er
g
y
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
K
M
-
DGP
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
th
e
lo
w
es
t
en
d
to
en
d
laten
c
y
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
w
ith
SMSND
R
P
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
e
it
g
iv
e
s
b
etter
n
et
w
o
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
t
h
an
SMS
NDRP
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
1
9
:
2
8
8
0
-
2892
2888
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
De
m
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
at
S
MSNDRP
g
i
v
e
n
th
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t P
DR
v
al
u
e
a
n
d
lo
w
e
s
t to
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
DGP
,
w
h
ich
m
a
k
e
it g
iv
e
s
b
etter
n
et
wo
r
k
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
KM
-
DGP
4
.
2
.
L
a
rg
e
net
w
o
rk
i
m
ple
m
e
nta
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
p
h
ase
o
f
e
v
al
u
ati
o
n
m
et
h
o
d
is
ap
p
lied
o
n
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
4
an
d
5
.
I
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
SMSND
R
P
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
te
d
o
n
f
o
u
r
W
SN
s
,
ea
ch
o
n
e
h
a
s
s
i
n
g
le
m
o
b
ile
S
N
an
d
co
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
5
0
n
o
d
es
an
d
o
n
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
b
ile
S
N,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
.
T
h
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
e
s
to
r
es
th
e
last
lo
ca
tio
n
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
t
h
at
SN
is
m
o
v
ed
to
w
ar
d
it.
A
l
s
o
,
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
SN
n
e
w
p
o
s
itio
n
in
ea
c
h
W
SN
to
th
e
s
i
x
a
n
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
es,
th
a
t
f
o
r
m
a
r
i
n
g
ar
o
u
n
d
o
n
e
B
S
T
h
e
a
n
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
p
ec
if
y
th
e
u
n
k
n
o
w
n
B
S
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
ath
b
et
w
ee
n
(
ea
c
h
SN
i
n
ea
ch
W
SN
an
d
t
h
e
B
S)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
tab
le
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
im
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
o
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
,
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
i
t
h
s
u
f
f
icie
n
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
1
2
8
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
3
8
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es
is
3
4
.
Fo
r
Qo
S
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt:
P
DR
is
9
8
.
2
6
1
%,
T
o
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
is
3
3
6
,
Av
er
ag
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t
is
1
9
6
6
k
b
p
s
an
d
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
laten
c
y
is
1
8
7
m
ill
is
ec
o
n
d
s
.
W
h
ile,
i
n
s
ce
n
ar
io
5
th
e
KM
-
DGP
is
u
s
ed
in
s
tead
o
f
SM
SNDR
P
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
W
SN
s
t
r
u
ctu
r
e
t
h
at
u
s
ed
in
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
b
u
t
w
it
h
s
i
x
tee
n
m
o
b
ile
SNs
,
s
ee
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lt
o
f
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
,
f
o
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es’
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
p
ar
a
m
ete
r
s
as
f
o
llo
w
s
:
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
e
w
it
h
s
u
f
f
ic
ien
t
e
n
er
g
y
is
1
6
4
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
w
it
h
lo
w
e
n
er
g
y
is
1
0
an
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ie
n
o
d
es
is
2
6
.
Fo
r
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
t
h
e
r
esu
lt:
P
DR
is
7
4
.
1
2
8
%,
T
o
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
et
is
1
9
8
8
,
A
v
er
a
g
e
T
h
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t is 7
8
1
.
7
2
k
b
p
s
an
d
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
laten
c
y
is
5
0
3
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
.
So
,
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ce
n
ar
io
4
an
d
5
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
16
m
o
b
ile
SNs
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
i
th
t
he
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
SMSNDR
P
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
S
Ns
in
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
.
Nev
er
th
eles
s
,
w
h
e
n
m
ad
e
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
as
ed
o
n
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
u
s
i
n
g
Qo
S
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
it
f
o
u
n
d
th
e
b
est
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
i
s
t
h
e
o
n
e
th
at
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
SM
SNDR
P
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
g
iv
e
s
t
h
e
lo
w
est
E
n
d
to
E
n
d
laten
c
y
(
1
8
7
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
v
al
u
e
in
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
w
i
t
h
KM
-
DGP
(
5
0
3
m
illi
s
ec
o
n
d
s
)
,
s
ee
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
1
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
,
it
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
lo
w
est
d
ata
d
r
o
p
p
e
d
p
ac
k
et
(
v
alu
e=
1
9
6
6
)
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
KM
-
DGP
(
v
al
u
e=
1
9
9
8
)
.
A
ls
o
,
f
o
r
P
DR
th
e
S
MSND
RP
g
iv
e
s
th
e
h
i
g
h
est
(
v
alu
e=
9
8
.
2
6
1
%)
in
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
w
it
h
KM
-
DGP
(
v
alu
e=
7
4
.
1
2
8
%).
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
r
o
u
te
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
SMSND
R
P
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SNs
is
b
etter
th
a
n
r
o
u
te
q
u
al
it
y
th
at
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
KM
-
DGP
w
it
h
s
i
x
tee
n
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
,
b
ec
au
s
e
it
m
i
n
i
m
ized
th
e
(
laten
c
y
a
n
d
to
tal
d
r
o
p
p
ed
p
ac
k
ets)
an
d
m
a
x
i
m
ized
(
av
er
ag
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
p
u
t a
n
d
P
DR
)
,
s
ee
Fig
u
r
e
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
E
va
lu
a
tio
n
o
f ro
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l
w
ith
mu
lti
-
mo
b
ile
s
in
ks in
W
S
N
s
u
s
in
g
Qo
S
a
n
d
en
erg
y
.
..
(
N
a
d
ia
A
.
S
h
ilta
g
h
)
2889
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Scen
ar
io
4
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
t f
r
o
m
NS2
.
3
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
war
e,
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l SMSNDRP
in
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
i
th
f
o
u
r
W
SN
s
an
d
ea
ch
h
as o
n
e
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
,
o
n
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
W
SN,
s
ix
a
n
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
e
an
d
o
n
e
B
S
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Scen
ar
io
5
s
cr
ee
n
s
h
o
t f
r
o
m
NS2
.
3
s
i
m
u
lato
r
s
o
f
t
war
e
th
at
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
th
e
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
r
o
u
tin
g
p
r
o
to
co
l K
M
-
DGP
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
it
h
f
o
u
r
W
SNs
a
n
d
ea
ch
h
a
s
f
o
u
r
m
o
b
ile
SN
s
,
f
o
u
r
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
ea
ch
W
SN,
s
ix
a
n
c
h
o
r
n
o
d
e
an
d
o
n
e
B
S
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.