Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
9
, No
.
3
,
J
un
e
201
9
, pp.
1757~1
764
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v9
i
3
.
pp
1757
-
17
64
1757
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
CMOS
rin
g osc
ill
ator dela
y cell p
erf
or
m
ance
:
a comp
arativ
e st
ud
y
D.
A. H
ad
i
1
, A
.
Z
. J
idi
n
2
, N.
Ab
Waha
b
3
, Ma
diha
Z
.
4
, Nurli
ya
n
a Ab
d
Mutalib
5
, Si
ti
Ha
lm
a Johari
6
,
Suz
iana
Ah
m
ad
7
, M
.
N
uz
aimah
8
1,2,5,6,7
Depa
rtmen
t
of El
ec
tron
ic
s
a
nd
Com
pute
r
En
gine
er
ing
T
ec
hn
olog
y
,
Univ
ersit
i
Te
kn
ika
l
Mal
a
ysia
Mel
aka,
Ma
l
a
y
si
a
4,8
Depa
rtment
of
Manufa
c
turi
ng
Engi
ne
eri
ng
Tec
hnolog
y
,
Univ
er
siti
T
ekni
k
al Ma
lay
s
ia Mel
ak
a,
Malay
s
ia
3
Depa
rtment of
El
e
ct
ri
ca
l
E
ng
in
ee
ring
T
ec
hnolo
g
y
,
Univer
si
ti T
e
knika
l
Malay
si
a M
el
aka,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
A
ug
11
, 201
8
Re
vised N
ov 20, 2
01
8
Accepte
d Dec
11, 201
8
A
comm
on
vol
ta
ge
-
cont
rol
le
d
oscil
lator
(VCO
)
arc
hitec
ture
u
sed
in
the
phase
lo
cke
d
loo
p
(PLL)
is
th
e
ri
ng
oscillat
or
(R
O).
RO
consist
o
f
num
ber
of
inve
rt
ers
ca
sca
d
ed
toge
th
er
as
t
he
input
of
the
first
stage
conn
ec
t
ed
to
the
output
of
the
la
st
stage.
It
is
impo
rta
nt
to
d
esign
th
e
RO
to
b
e
work
at
d
esire
d
fre
quency
dep
en
d
on
appl
ic
a
t
ion
with
low
powe
r
consum
pti
on.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
a
rev
i
ew
the
per
for
m
anc
e
eva
lu
at
i
on
of
diffe
ren
t
del
a
y
cell
topol
ogie
s
the
i
m
ple
m
ent
ed
in
the
r
ing
osci
ll
a
t
or.
Th
e
v
ari
ous
topol
ogi
es
ana
l
y
z
ed
includ
es
cur
r
ent
st
arv
ed
de
lay
cell
,
diffe
ren
ti
a
l
d
el
a
y
cell
and
cur
ren
t
fo
ll
ower
ce
l
l.
Perform
a
nce
ev
al
u
at
ion
inc
lud
es
fre
que
nc
y
ran
g
e
,
fre
quency
st
abi
l
i
t
y
,
phase
nois
e
and
power
consum
pti
on
had
be
en
rev
i
ewe
d
and
compari
son of
diffe
r
ent
topo
logi
es
has
b
ee
n
discussed.
It
is
observe
d
th
a
t
starve
d
cur
ren
t
d
el
a
y
cell
h
ave
lo
wer
power
cons
um
pti
on
and
th
e
diffe
ren
t
of
the
fr
eque
n
c
y
r
a
nge
is sm
al
l
as
c
om
par
ed
to
other t
y
pe
of
d
ela
y
c
el
l
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Current sta
rv
e
d
Ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
Vol
ta
ge
contr
ol
le
d
os
ci
ll
at
or
Copyright
©
201
9
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
D.
A. Ha
di,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
ro
nics
and C
om
pu
te
r
E
nginee
rin
g
Tec
hnol
og
y,
Un
i
ver
sit
y Tec
hn
ic
al
Mal
ay
sia
Mel
aka,
1,
J
al
an
T
U 4
3, Tam
an
Tasi
k Utam
a 7
5450
Ayer
Kero
h,
M
el
aka,
Ma
la
ysi
a
.
Em
a
il
:
dayanasari@u
te
m
.ed
u.
m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
o
sci
ll
at
or
is
a
f
re
quency
t
ran
sla
ti
on
that
tra
ns
la
te
inf
or
m
at
ion
sign
al
with
ti
m
e
ref
e
re
nce
.
Ther
e
is
va
riat
ion
of
os
ci
ll
at
or
with
dif
fe
ren
t
pri
nciple
op
erati
on,
frequ
e
ncy
os
ci
ll
at
ion
an
d
it
s
no
is
e
perform
ance.
Fo
r
instant,
vo
lt
age
-
co
ntr
olled
osc
il
la
tor
(
V
C
O)
is
on
e
ty
pe
of
os
ci
ll
at
or
that
ou
t
put
os
c
il
la
ti
on
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
can
be
va
ried
by
va
ryi
ng
the
am
plit
ud
e
of
it
s
i
nput
sig
nal.
T
her
e
are
tw
o
a
rch
it
ect
ures
of
VC
O
nam
ely; t
he
rin
g oscil
la
tor
a
nd the
LC
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
Ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
widely
use
d
in
the
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ion
syst
e
m
de
sign
especial
ly
in
the
wireless
s
syst
e
m
[1
]
–
[
5]
and
FP
GA
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
[6
]
,
[
7]
becau
s
e
of
it
s
wide
t
u
ni
ng
ra
nge,
m
aking
them
m
or
e
rob
us
t
ov
e
r
process
and
te
m
per
at
ure
va
riat
ion
s
.
It
al
so
us
e
us
e
d
to
st
ud
y
the
de
gradati
on
of
lo
gic
CM
OS
ci
rcu
it
[8
]
,
[
9]
.
M
any
trade
-
of
fs
in
te
rm
s
o
f
s
peed,
powe
r,
a
rea
an
d
app
li
ca
ti
on
dom
ai
n
need
to
be
co
ns
id
ered
in
desi
gn
i
ng
a
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
Th
us
,
it
is
im
po
rtant
to
de
te
rm
ine
accura
te
fr
eq
ue
ncy
osc
il
la
ti
on
of
t
he
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
s
o
t
ha
t
the d
e
sig
ner
able
to m
ake info
rm
ed
decisi
ons
reg
a
r
ding th
ese
trade
-
offs.
This
pa
pe
r
is
orga
nized
as
f
ollows.
Sect
io
n
2
disc
us
s
th
e
basic
co
nce
pt
of
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
a
nd
t
he
equ
at
io
ns
relat
ed
to
osc
il
la
ti
on
f
re
qu
e
ncy
th
at
hav
e
bee
n
de
rive
d
in
previ
ou
s
w
orks
.
In
Sect
ion
3
i
nv
e
sti
gates
the
avail
able
delay
topolo
gi
es
us
ed
rin
g
osc
il
la
tor.
Sect
ion
4
c
om
par
e
s
the
perform
ance
a
nd
disc
us
s
th
e
adv
a
ntage
a
nd
disad
va
ntages of
each
to
po
l
ogy. Sect
io
n 5 p
resen
ts
our co
nc
lusio
ns
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
175
7
-
1764
1758
2.
BASI
C CO
N
CEPT OF
RI
NG OS
CILLATOR
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
ring
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
c
om
pr
ise
d
of
a
n
odd
num
ber
of
NO
T
gates
w
hose
ou
t
put
os
ci
ll
at
es
betwee
n
t
wo
volt
age
le
vels,
r
epr
ese
ntin
g
‘
1’
an
d
‘
0’
.
T
he
NO
T
gate
is
c
ascade
i
n
c
hai
n
wh
e
re
t
he
ou
tpu
t
of
the
la
st
sta
ge
f
ed
back
t
o
the
input
of
the
fi
rst.
T
he
os
ci
ll
at
ion
ca
n
be
ac
hieve
d
wh
e
n
c
ircuit
pro
vid
e
ph
a
se
sh
ift
of
2
a
nd
unit
y
vo
lt
age
gain
at
t
he
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
que
nc
y.
Each
delay
sta
ge
m
us
t
pr
ov
i
de
a
phase
sh
ift
of
/N, w
he
re
N
i
s
the
num
ber
of
delay
sta
ges
[
10
]
.
T
he
rem
ain
in
g
The
m
os
t
basic
ring
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
s
im
ply
a
chain
of
sin
gl
e
end
e
d
di
gital
inv
erte
rs
beca
us
e
they
ha
ve
bette
r
therm
al
no
ise
perform
ance
t
han
thei
r
dif
fe
ren
ti
al
CM
OS
counter
par
ts
and
ca
n
achie
ve
bette
r
phas
e
-
noise
perform
ance f
or a
giv
e
n p
ow
e
r dissi
patio
n
[11
]
,
[
12]
.
Figure
1
s
how
s
a
blo
c
k
diag
r
a
m
of
5
sta
ge
r
ing
os
ci
ll
at
or
that
co
ns
tr
ucte
d
by
5
in
ve
rters.
I
n
this
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
each
inv
erter
is
use
d
as
input
f
or
the
ne
xt
one
an
d
the
la
st
ou
tp
ut
is
fed
bac
k
to
the
input
of
t
he
fi
rst
inv
e
rter.
R
ing
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
com
m
on
ly
us
e
d
in
the
process
te
ch
nolo
gy
de
velo
pm
e
nt
to
char
act
e
rize
th
e
process
pe
rfor
m
ance
[6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
13
]
,
[
14]
.
It
al
so
widel
y
us
es
as
cl
oc
k
ge
ne
rato
r,
volt
age
con
t
ro
ll
ed
o
s
ci
ll
at
or
[
15
]
–
[
18]
and phase l
oc
ked lo
op
[19
]
,
[
20]
.
First
,
le
t
the
outpu
t
of
t
he
fir
st
inv
e
rter
is
a
l
ow
in
dicat
e
by
‘
0’
a
nd
it
s
trans
fer
t
he
sig
nal
to
the
i
nput
of
the
s
eco
nd
inv
e
rter.
W
e
know
t
hat
a
n
in
ver
te
r
will
in
ve
rt
the
i
nput
s
ign
al
t
hat
pas
s
thr
ough
it
.
So,
th
e
seco
nd
i
nv
e
rt
e
r’
s
outp
ut
m
us
t
switc
h
to
a
hig
h
c
onditi
on
i
nd
ic
at
es
as
‘1’.
This
is
ho
w
the
osc
il
la
tor
osc
il
la
te
it
s
sign
al
th
rou
gh
the
N
nu
m
ber
of
sta
ges
im
pl
ie
s
in
the
c
ircuit
.
T
he
ou
t
pu
t
of
la
st
inve
rter
will
trans
fer
it
s
sign
al
to
the
i
nput
of
the
firs
t
inv
erte
r.
T
his
process
will
rep
eat
ind
e
finite
ly
,
resu
lt
in
g
in
the
volt
age
at
each
node oscil
la
ti
ng
.
On
e
of
the
im
portant
pa
ram
e
te
r
of
the
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
it
s
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
(
f
osc
)
th
at
dep
en
ds
on
the
nu
m
be
r
of
sta
ges
(
n)
an
d
the
dela
y
tim
e
(
t
d
)
of
each
sta
ge
as
expresse
d
in
(1)
[
10
]
,
[
18
]
,
[
21]
.
The
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
de
pe
nds
on
the
de
la
y
tim
e
of
each
sta
ge
c
onsi
der
t
he
pro
pa
ga
ti
on
delay
f
or
bo
t
h
transiti
on
lo
w
-
to
-
high
(
t
pLH
)
a
nd
hi
gh
-
to
-
lo
w
(
t
pHL
).
T
he
delay
occurs
du
e
to
the
ti
m
e
ta
ken
by
the
tra
nsi
stor
gate
capaci
ta
nc
e
to
char
ge
be
fore
curre
nt
can
flo
w
from
so
urce
to
dr
a
in.
Th
us
,
the
ou
t
pu
t
of
eve
r
y
un
it
changes
a
fter
a
certai
n
am
ou
nt
of
tim
e
after
t
he
in
pu
t
ha
s
ch
ang
e
d.
As
the
nu
m
ber
of
sta
ge
s
increase
the
total
delay
increase
s
and
hen
ce
t
he
outp
ut
fr
e
quency
de
creas
es.
Wh
en
al
l
the
ind
i
vidual
un
it
s
are
m
ade
up
of
identic
al
ci
rc
uits,
the
delay
due
to
on
e
unit
can
be
cal
cul
at
ed
by
di
vid
i
ng
the
total
de
la
y
with
the
num
ber
of stages
.
=
1
2
(1)
Figu
re
1
.
Th
e
blo
c
k diag
ram
of f
ive
stage
r
i
ng o
s
ci
ll
at
or
[1
7], [2
2]
3.
TYPE OF
D
E
LAY CEL
L I
N RING O
SCIL
LATOR
3.1
.
Cu
rren
t
s
t
arved dela
y
cel
l b
as
ed
volt
ag
e
c
on
t
rolle
d rin
g oscil
lat
or
In
real
ti
m
e,
t
he
s
upply
vo
lt
age,
V
DD
of
a
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
ci
rcu
it
var
ie
s
an
d
th
e
vo
lt
age
var
ia
ti
on
pro
du
ce
an
ou
tpu
t
fr
e
quency
va
riat
ion
.
T
hus,
cu
rr
e
nt
is
need
e
d
to
be
s
upply
at
eac
h
inv
e
rter
t
o
e
nsure
the
ou
t
pu
t
fr
e
quen
cy
is
sta
ble.
T
his
can
be
done
by
u
si
ng
cu
rrent
sta
r
ved
i
nverter
as
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
2
,
w
her
e
by
it
con
tr
ols
the
a
m
ou
nt
of
c
urr
ent
to
cha
rg
e
a
nd
discha
r
ge
the
capaci
ti
ve
l
oad
eac
h
sta
ge
.
M1
an
d
M2
opera
te
s
as
curre
nt
sour
ce
that
lim
i
ts
t
he
cu
rr
e
nt
th
rough
M3
an
d
M4.
M3
a
nd
M4
is
an
in
ve
r
te
r
an
d
no
w
it
is
sai
d
sta
rv
e
d
for
c
urren
t.
The
in
pu
t
co
ntr
ol
volt
ag
e
co
ntr
ols
the
current
of
M5
and
M6
an
d
t
he
value
s
are
m
i
rror
e
d
in each
in
ver
te
r or
c
urre
nt s
ource
vo
l
ta
ge
.
Figure
3
sho
w
s
a
c
urren
t
sta
rv
e
d
delay
cel
l
im
ple
m
ented
in
the
volt
age
-
con
t
ro
ll
ed
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or.
It
co
ns
ist
s
of
f
ive
sta
ges
of
r
ing
os
ci
ll
at
or
wh
e
re
by
NM
OS
tra
ns
ist
or
work
a
s
cu
rr
e
nt
source
s
an
d
the
two
PMOS
tra
ns
ist
or
us
e
d
in
t
he
delay
cel
l.
A
c
urren
t
li
m
i
te
r
ci
rcu
it
de
no
te
s
by
M1
a
nd
M
13
is
re
qu
ire
d
in
this
ty
pe
of
struct
ure
su
c
h
that
it
can
lim
i
t
the
c
urren
t
thr
ough
PMOS
in
ver
te
r.
The
tu
ning
r
ang
e
of
the
ci
r
cuit
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
CMOS
rin
g os
ci
ll
ato
r d
el
ay
c
el
l perfor
manc
e:
a
c
omp
ar
ati
ve stu
dy
(
D. A.
Had
i
)
1759
i
m
pr
oved
,
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
li
near
it
y
is
increas
es
and
the
po
w
er
consum
ption
is
reduced
w
hen
im
ple
m
ent
ing
this
delay
cell
[22]
.
B
esi
des,
Niko
and
A
dr
i
j
a
n
ha
d
im
ple
m
ente
d
c
u
r
ren
t
sta
rved
delay
five
sta
ge
c
urren
t
s
ta
rv
e
d
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
[
23]
as
show
n
in
Fi
gure
4
.
T
he
cu
rr
e
nt
var
ia
ti
on
in
this
ci
rcu
it
is
alm
os
t
zero
wh
e
n
V
RF
=
V
FVC
and
thu
s
t
he
os
ci
ll
at
ion
f
re
qu
e
ncy
is
sta
ble
an
d
i
nd
e
pe
nd
e
nt
of
current
var
ia
ti
on.
I
n
this
ci
rc
uit,
the
c
urren
t
I
osc
is
nev
e
r
be
zer
o
to
ens
ur
e
the
sa
fe
sta
rts
and
th
e
fr
eq
ue
ncy
of
the
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
dep
en
ding
on
the
current
va
lue.
Th
us
, t
his
delay
cell
ind
e
pend
ent
of t
he
c
urre
nt v
a
riat
ion an
d
it
is tem
per
at
ur
e
d
e
pe
nd
e
nt.
Figure
2
.
Th
e
c
urren
t
sta
rv
e
d
i
nv
e
rter
[
18
]
,
[
24]
Figure
3
.
The
s
chem
at
ic
cu
rr
e
nt star
ved d
el
a
y ce
ll
b
ased
vo
lt
age
contr
ol
le
d
ri
ng o
sci
ll
a
tor [22]
Figure
4
.
Ci
rcui
t l
evel Im
ple
m
entat
ion
of c
urren
t st
a
ved ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
bas
ed on t
he fee
dback loo
p
arch
it
ect
ure [
23]
3.2
Diff
ere
nt
i
al
d
el
ay
cell
Anothe
r
fam
ous top
ol
og
y i
s the d
if
fer
e
ntial
d
el
ay
cell
as
il
l
us
trat
es in
Fig
ur
e 5
. Basic
al
l
y, there ar
e 2
delay
paths
i
n
this
ci
rcu
it
.
T
he
norm
al
delay
path,
the
diff
e
ren
ti
al
outp
ut
delay
sta
ge
co
nn
ect
s
t
o
the
i
nput
of
the
ne
xt
sta
ge
o
f
t
he
pr
im
ary
loop.
Me
a
nwhi
le
,
the
s
kew
e
d
delay
path
is
c
onnected
to
se
conda
ry
lo
op
i
nput o
f
the
ne
xt
-
sec
on
d
sta
ge
.
T
his
sk
ew
ed
delay
path
reduces
delay
tim
e
and
ph
ase
noise
of
the
ci
rc
uit
[23].
This
ty
pe
of
de
la
y
cel
l
pr
ese
rv
es
t
he
high
s
peed
a
nd
low
no
ise
perform
a
nce
[
25
]
.
A
di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
four
sta
ge
du
al
delay
-
path
ri
ng
osc
il
la
t
ed
had
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
in
[2
6]
with
tw
o
sta
ble
operati
on
m
od
e.
T
he
us
e
of
diff
e
re
ntial
inv
erter
delay
sta
ges
has
a
dv
a
nt
ages
over
the
use
of
sin
gle
-
e
nded
delay
sta
ges,
pr
im
aril
y
becau
se
there is li
tt
le
d
i
stortio
n
in
the
ou
t
pu
t
[
27
]
.
The
pa
ram
et
ers
that
aff
ect
th
e
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
osc
il
la
ti
on
is
give
n
by
(
2).
By
var
yi
ng
ta
il
cur
re
nt
in
delay
sta
ge,
I
SS
a
nd
peak
-
to
-
pea
k
a
m
pl
it
ud
e
of
th
e
volt
age
wa
ve
form
,
V
SW
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
f
r
equ
e
ncy
is
vol
ta
ge
con
t
ro
ll
ed
with
co
ns
ta
nt
lo
a
d
capaci
ta
nc
e
,
C
L
,
nu
m
ber
of
sta
ges
,
n
,
a
nd
delay
of
e
ach
sta
ge
in
t
he
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
,
t
.
T
o
the
first
orde
r,
V
SW
increases
as
the
I
SS
in
creases
an
d
th
e
fr
eq
ue
ncy
rem
ai
ns
con
sta
nt
.
Also,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
175
7
-
1764
1760
it
is
of
te
n
desi
rab
le
t
o
m
ai
nt
ai
n
a
c
on
sta
nt
volt
age
s
wing
durin
g
operat
ion
beca
us
e
if
the
s
wing
is
sm
a
ll
,
it
incr
eases t
he
j
it
te
r,
a
nd if
th
e sw
i
ng
s
are
larg
e
, a hig
her s
upply v
oltage
is n
ee
de
d
f
or
diff
e
ren
ti
al
ope
ra
ti
on
.
=
2
(2)
It
is
rep
ort
ed
that
the
ring
osc
il
la
tors
based
on
a
dif
fer
e
ntia
l
delay
sta
ge
are
ver
y
popula
r
du
e
to
their
i
m
m
un
it
y
to
disturbance
s
on
t
he
s
upply
li
ne
[28]
.
T
he
ph
as
e
noise
of
the
diff
e
re
ntial
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
has
bee
n
inv
est
igate
d
i
n
[23]
,
[
29
]
-
[
32]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
as
te
ch
nolo
gy
s
cal
es,
the
tim
ing
j
it
te
r
eff
ect
will
beco
m
e
prom
inent
bec
ause
the
tra
ns
is
tor
op
e
rate
between
sat
urat
io
n
a
nd
trio
de
m
od
e
an
d
not
ta
ken
into
co
ns
id
erati
on
in
[
23]
,
[
29]
.
Figure
5
.
Mult
iple
-
pass
l
oop
s
tructu
re
of thre
e stage
rin
g os
ci
ll
at
or
w
it
h di
ff
e
ren
ti
al
d
el
ay
[
25
]
3.3
So
urce
f
ollow
er dela
y
cel
l
The
fr
e
quency
of
the
rin
g
osc
il
la
tor
de
pend
s
on
th
e
dev
ic
e
pa
ram
et
er
and
it
s
volt
age
s
upply.
As
we
know
that
the
ring
os
ci
ll
at
or
that
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
the
di
gital
ci
rcu
it
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
require
hi
gh
s
pee
d
log
ic
switc
hing.
T
hus,
noise
on
the
volt
age
supp
ly
li
ne
need
to
ta
ke
into
consi
der
at
io
n
in
desig
ni
ng
th
e
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
A
s
ource
f
ollow
e
r
delay
cel
l
propose
d
t
o
rej
e
ct
the
s
upply
even
wit
hout
cal
ibrati
on
or
oth
e
r
add
it
io
n
al
re
gula
ti
on
a
s
s
hown
in
Fig
ur
e
6
[
33]
.
T
his
de
la
y
cel
l
isolates
the
s
upply
thr
ough
the
tr
ansisto
r
ou
t
pu
t
resist
an
ce
an
d
reduce
su
pply
se
ns
it
iv
it
y.
Su
pply
iso
la
ti
on
is
pro
vid
ed
by
t
he
pr
i
m
ary
so
urce
f
ol
lowe
r
path
th
r
ough
M1
m
eanw
hile
vo
lt
a
ge
gai
n
is
prov
i
de
d
by
inv
erti
ng
-
la
tc
h
sec
onda
ry
path
th
r
ough
M2.
It
is
necessa
ry
to
su
sta
in
osc
il
la
tio
n
forcin
g
co
m
ple
m
entary
node
to
be
out
of
18
0
⁰
out
of
phase.
By
ad
j
ust
i
ng
diff
e
re
ntial
tuni
ng
volt
age,
th
e fr
e
quency is
con
t
ro
ll
ed
b
y t
he ph
a
se
-
s
hift/bias
netw
ork.
Power
dissipat
ion
inc
reases
wh
e
n
us
in
g
lo
w
-
dro
pout
re
gula
tor
due
to
t
he
hi
gh
e
r
s
uppl
y
vo
lt
age
an
d
extra
ci
rc
uitry.
In
[34],
bo
t
h
powe
r
an
d
gro
und
no
ise
s
a
re
isolat
ed
by
usi
ng
a
differe
ntial
su
pply
-
re
gula
te
d
tun
in
g
te
c
hn
i
que.
Anothe
r
m
et
ho
d
us
es
a
source
fo
ll
ower
t
o
co
uple
the
co
ntr
ol
vo
lt
age
directl
y
to
a
diff
e
re
ntial
p
ai
r
in
p
la
ce
of a
DC
c
urren
t s
ou
rce, w
hich
m
akes th
e
biasin
g
l
ess robust
.
Figure
6
.
A
concept
ual b
l
oc
k diag
ram
o
f
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
with s
ource
f
ollo
wer
delay
cell
[35]
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
CMOS
rin
g os
ci
ll
ato
r d
el
ay
c
el
l perfor
manc
e:
a
c
omp
ar
ati
ve stu
dy
(
D. A.
Had
i
)
1761
4.
COMP
AR
I
S
ON STU
DY
OF EA
CH T
OPOLO
GY
It
is
rep
ort
ed
t
hat
the
curre
nt
sta
rv
ed
giv
es
bette
r
fr
e
quenc
y
li
near
it
y
[36]
and
the
os
ci
ll
at
ion
of
the
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
is
de
vice
par
am
et
e
r
and
process
dep
e
ndent
[
22]
.
Howe
ver
,
the
os
ci
ll
at
or
do
e
s
no
t
re
qu
ir
e
a
sta
ble
curre
nt
to
obta
in
fr
e
quency
t
hat
ind
e
pe
nde
nt
of
volt
age
a
nd
te
m
per
at
ure
var
ia
ti
on
[
37
]
du
e
t
o
the
ne
gative
feedbac
k
in
th
e
os
ci
ll
at
or
.
T
he
po
wer
c
ons
um
ption
is
a
bi
t
hig
he
r
as
re
ported
i
n
[
22
]
and
t
o
m
ini
m
i
ze
the
powe
r
c
on
s
um
ption
of
the
osc
il
la
tor,
the
nu
m
ber
of
sta
ges
N,
s
upply
vo
lt
age
V
dd
a
nd
ta
il
current
I
tail
s
hould
al
l
be
m
ini
m
ized
[2
]
,
[
37]
,
[
33
]
,
[34]
.
The
cur
re
nt
sta
rv
e
d
volt
age
-
c
ontrolle
d
osc
il
la
tor
i
m
pr
oved
j
it
te
r
by
add
i
ng
D
flip
flo
p
in
t
he
ci
r
cuit
[36]
.
A
j
it
te
r
is
a
va
riat
ion
of
the
ref
e
ren
ce
sig
nal
w
it
h
res
pect
to
ideal
po
sit
io
n
i
n
ti
m
e an
d
the
im
pacts the
data
tra
ns
m
issi
on
qual
it
y
[2]
.
In
or
der
to
ach
ie
ve
bette
r
cont
ro
l vo
lt
a
ge
an
d
fr
e
quency ra
ng
e f
or low
vo
lt
age an
d
wi
de
tun
in
g
ra
nge
vo
lt
age
-
c
on
t
ro
l
le
d
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
a
ne
w
dif
fe
ren
ti
al
delay
cel
l
with
com
pl
e
m
entary
cur
re
nt
con
t
ro
l
ha
s
bee
n
dev
el
op
e
d
i
n
[
25
]
.
Highe
r
co
ntr
ol
volt
age
i
ncr
ease
s
the
c
urre
nt
of
eac
h
st
age
a
nd
dec
rea
ses
the
delay
ti
m
e
of
each
sta
ge,
an
d
thu
s
,
increas
es
the
o
sci
ll
at
i
on
f
re
qu
e
ncy
[
31
]
,
[
38]
.
The
diff
e
re
ntial
delay
cel
l
able
to
reduce
flic
ker
noise
c
on
t
rib
ution
to
the
phase
nois
e
in
the
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
ci
rc
uit
by
m
axi
m
i
zi
ng
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
sta
ge
[39]
an
d
thu
s
c
hannel
le
ng
t
h
of
the
d
e
vi
ce
need
to
be
reduce.
T
his
le
a
d
to
hi
gh
e
r
le
akag
e
c
urre
nt
du
e
t
o
the
sh
ort
cha
nnel
eff
ect
occ
ur
in
the
dev
ic
e
.
This
pro
blem
can
be
reduce
d
by
us
in
g
di
fferent
ty
pe
of
de
vice
te
chnolo
gy.
A
wo
r
k
prese
nted
in
[40]
propose
d
D
oubl
e
-
gate
(
DG)
F
inFETs
,
the
second
gate
is
add
e
d
opposit
e
the
tradit
ion
al
(f
i
rst
)
gate,
w
hich
hav
e
been
rec
ognized
for
th
ei
r
po
te
ntial
to
bette
r
con
tr
ol
sh
ort
-
channel e
ff
ect
s
(
SCE
)
a
nd as
well
as to
contr
ol leaka
ge
c
urr
ent.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
in
t
his
pap
e
r
thre
e
ty
pe
of
delay
cel
ls
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
the
ring
os
ci
ll
at
or
ci
rcu
it
is
discusse
d
in
t
he
Sect
io
n
I
II.
The
perform
ance
of
the
ring
os
ci
ll
at
or
c
an
be
e
valuat
ed
by
m
easur
ing
it
s
os
ci
ll
at
ion
fr
e
qu
e
ncy
or
f
re
quency
ra
ng
e
,
phase
noise
a
nd
pow
er
dissi
pa
ti
on
.
A
com
par
iso
n
par
am
et
ers
of
diff
e
re
nt
delay
cel
l
for
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
is
ta
bu
la
te
d
in
Ta
ble
1
.
Eac
h
de
la
y
cel
l
i
m
pl
e
m
ented
in
the
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
has
their
own
a
dv
a
ntages
an
d
dis
adv
a
ntage
th
us
it
is
im
po
rtant
to
know
w
hat
the
purpose
an
d
goal
is
in
desig
ning
the
ci
rcu
it
s.
F
ro
m
Table
1
i
t
can
be
c
oncl
uded
t
hat
cu
rr
e
nt
sta
rv
ed
delay
cel
l
is
pr
efe
ra
ble
to
be use i
n
the
r
i
ng o
s
ci
ll
at
or
ci
rcu
it
du
e
to
it
s
low p
ow
e
r
c
on
su
m
ption
c
ompare
to dif
fer
e
ntial
d
el
ay
cell
.
Table
1
.
Param
et
er
Com
par
iso
n
Ba
se
d On the
Type
of
Delay
Ci
rcu
it
I
m
plem
ented
i
n
Ri
ng
Oscil
la
tor
Delay C
ircuit
Ty
p
e
Cu
rr
en
t Star
v
ed
D
elay
Dif
f
erential Dela
y
Cell
So
u
rce
Fo
llo
wer
d
elay
cell
Year
[
p
u
b
licatio
n
]
2015
[
2
2
]
2013
[
3
7
]
2013
[
3
6
].
2012
[
4
1
]
2012
[
3
9
]
2012
[
4
]
2011
[
2
6
]
2011
[
2
5
]
2009
[
4
2
]
2012
[
3
5
]
Techn
o
lo
g
y
(n
m
)
180
180
180
180
350
180
180
180
130
90
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
Stag
es
5
5
3
3
3
4
3
2
-
Su
p
p
ly
Vo
ltag
e (
v
)
2
.5
1
.2
1
.8
1
.8
3
1
.8
-
1
1
.3
-
Oscillatio
n
Frequ
en
cy
(
m
h
z)
-
-
-
1
0
0
&
150
-
-
-
-
-
-
Frequ
en
cy
Ran
g
e (
g
h
z)
0
.00
1
3
2
–
0
.00
3
2
6
0
.00
384
–
0
.00
3
80
0
.53
–
2
.34
8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Tun
in
g
Ran
g
e
(gh
z)
6
9
.11
-
-
-
-
3
.12
5
-
5
.26
1
.77
-
1
.92
0
.47
9
-
4
.09
1
.82
–
1
0
.18
0
.63
–
8
.1
Ph
ase Noi
se
-
-
-
-
0
.07
6
Magn
itu
d
e
o
r
-
1
1
.19
dB
-
−1
0
2
d
Bc/Hz @
1
M
Hz,
−1
2
3
.4
d
Bc/Hz @
1
0
M
Hz
−9
3
d
Bc/Hz
@
1
MHz
−1
2
1
.7
d
Bc/Hz
@
5.6
-
GHz
-
1
0
6
to
-
88
d
Bc/Hz
at 10
-
MHz
Po
wer
(
m
w
)
0
.00
4
2
0
.00
5
1
0
.84
8
0
.43
7
&
0
.53
7
-
0
.62
1
∼
13
13
5
7
-
26
Area
(
m
m
2
)
-
0
.00
9
-
-
-
-
0
.00
2
2
1
4
0
.00
8
0
7
72
-
-
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
175
7
-
1764
1762
5.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
This
pa
pe
r
pre
sented
a
c
om
par
at
ive
stu
dy
of
delay
cel
l
in
the
ri
ng
os
ci
ll
at
or
i
nclu
des
sta
rv
e
d
c
urrent
delay
cel
l,
diff
ere
ntial
delay
cel
l
and
cu
r
ren
t
f
ollow
e
r
cel
l.
The
discuss
io
ns
are
ba
sed
on
the
desi
gn
par
am
et
ers
an
d
te
ch
no
l
og
y
process
var
ia
ti
on
i
n
the
rec
ent
resea
rch
of
rin
g
os
ci
ll
at
or
for
lo
w
vo
lt
age
app
li
cat
io
n.
I
n
con
cl
us
i
on,
it
is
ob
ser
ve
d
th
at
sta
rv
ed
cu
rrent
delay
cel
l
hav
e
lo
we
r
power
co
nsum
pti
on
a
nd
the
dif
fer
e
nt
of
the
f
reque
ncy
range
is
sm
al
l
com
par
ed
to
ot
her
t
wo
ty
pe
of
delay
cel
l
as
presente
d
in
Ta
ble
1
.
This ty
pe o
f de
la
y ce
ll
can
be
i
m
ple
m
ented
in
0.18
m
CMO
S tec
hnology
.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
a
utho
r
would
li
ke
to
tha
nk
s
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Tek
nik
al
Ma
l
ay
sia
Me
la
ka
(U
TeM
)
a
nd
t
he
Ma
la
ysi
a
Mi
nistry of Hi
gh
e
r
E
ducat
io
n f
or
t
he fina
ncial
f
un
ding
unde
r gr
a
nt no. FR
GS
/1/
2015/TK
04
/F
TK/
03
/F
0028
5.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
Le
e
W
.
H
.
et
al
.
"O
scil
lation
-
co
ntrol
le
d
CMO
S
Ring
Os
ci
ll
a
tor
for
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
S
y
st
ems
,"
Mic
roel
ec
troni
c
s
Journal
,
vo
l.
41
(
12
)
,
pp
.
815
–
81
9.
[2]
Tha
kar
e
A
.
P
an
d
V.
Ramekar
U
,
"D
esign
and
Anal
y
s
is
of
Frequ
ency
S
y
nth
esiz
e
r
with
L
ow
P
ow
er
Ring
Os
cill
ator
for
W
ire
le
ss
A
ppli
c
at
ion
,
"
Gr
ee
n
Computing
Comm
unic
ati
on
and
El
e
ct
rica
l
Engi
ne
ering
(
ICGCCEE)
,
2014
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
.
I
EEE.
Co
imbatore
,
p
p
. 1
–
6
,
2014
.
[3]
J.
Jalil,
et
al
.
"C
MO
S Diffe
ren
ti
a
l
Ring
O
scil
l
at
or
s
,"
IEEE
Mi
cro
wave
Magazin
e
,
pp.
97
–
109
,
201
3.
[4]
A.
Raman
,
e
t
al
.
"A
RF
Low
P
ower
0
.
18
-
µm
base
d
CMO
S
Di
ffe
ren
t
ia
l
R
ing
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
,"
In:
Proce
ed
ings
of
t
he
World
Congress
on
Engi
n
ee
ring
,
p
p
. 4
–
8
,
2012
.
[5]
D.
Rani
and
S.
M.
Ranjan,
"
A
2.
4
GH
z
Vol
tage
Controlled
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
for
W
ire
le
ss
Com
muni
cation
in
C
MO
S
Te
chno
log
y
,"
In
t
J El
ec
tron Com
mun Comput
Te
chnol
,
vol
.
2
(
3
)
,
pp.
115
–
11
9
,
20
12.
[6]
C.
Rue
thi
ng
,
e
t
al
.
"Exp
loration
of
Ring
Os
cillat
or
Design
Spac
e
For
Te
m
per
at
ur
e
Mea
surem
en
ts
on
FP
GA
S
,"
In:
Fi
el
d
Program
mable
Logic
a
nd
Appl
i
cat
ions
(
FP
L
)
,
2012
22nd
Inte
rnatio
nal
Confe
ren
ce
on.
Os
lo:
IE
EE
,
p
p
.
559
–
62
,
201
2.
[7]
F.
Kod
y
te
k
and
R.
Lore
n
cz
,
"A
Design
of
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
Based
PU
F
on
FPGA
,"
In:
2015
IEE
E
18th
Inte
rnatio
nal
Symposium on
Design
and
Diagn
ostic
s of
Elec
tronic
C
ircui
ts
&
S
yste
ms
,
Be
lgra
d
e
,
p
p
.
37
–
42
,
201
5.
[8]
J.
W
ang
,
et
a
l
,
"H
ot
-
C
arr
ie
r
D
eg
rad
ation
A
naly
si
s
base
d
on
R
ing
O
scil
la
to
rs
,"
Mi
c
roele
c
tron
Relia
b.
,
vo
l.
46
(
9
-
11
)
,
pp.
1858
–
18
63
,
2006.
[9]
A.
Kerbe
r
,
et
al
.
"F
ast
W
afe
r
-
Le
ve
l
Stress
-
and
-
Sense
Methodol
og
y
for
C
har
acte
ri
zation
of
Ring
-
Os
ci
ll
a
tor
Degra
dation
i
n
Advanc
ed
CMO
S T
ec
hno
logi
es
,"
IEE
E
Tr
ans E
l
ec
tron De
vice
s
,
vol.
62
(
5
)
,
pp
.
1
427
–
32
,
2015
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[10]
A.
Ta
h
and
R
.
D.
Kum
ar
,
"S
tud
y
of
Th
e
Freq
uency
Char
ac
t
er
isti
cs
of
a
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
,
"
Int
J
Comput
Netw
Technol
,
vol
.
1
(
3
)
,
pp
.
171
–
1
83
,
2013.
[11]
T.
H.
Lee
and
A
.
Haji
m
iri,
"
Os
cilla
tor
P
hase
N
oi
se:
A
Tut
ori
al,"
i
n
IEE
E
Journal
of
Soli
d
-
S
tat
e
C
i
rcuit
s
,
vol
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35
(
3
)
,
pp.
326
-
336
,
Ma
r
2000.
[12]
A.
Haji
m
iri
,
et
al
.
,
"J
it
t
er
and
phase
noise
in
ring
oscil
la
tors,
"
in
IEE
E
Journal
of
Soli
d
-
State
Circui
ts
,
vol
.
34
(
6
)
,
pp.
790
-
804
,
Jun
1999.
[13]
T.
T.
Kim
,
et
al
.
,
"A
Ring
-
Os
ci
ll
at
or
-
B
ase
d
Rel
i
abi
lit
y
Moni
tor
for
Isolat
ed
Me
asure
m
ent
of
NBTI
and
PB
TI
in
High
-
k/Met
a
l
Gate
Te
chno
log
y
,
"
in
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ve
r
y
Lar
ge
Scal
e
Int
e
gration
(
VLSI
)
S
yste
ms
,
vol.
23
(
7
)
,
pp.
1360
-
1364
,
J
ul
2015.
[14]
T.
T.
Kim
,
et
al
.
,
"D
esign
of
r
in
g
oscil
l
at
or
stru
c
ture
s
for
m
ea
sur
ing
isolated
NB
TI
and
PB
TI
,
"
I
EE
E
In
te
rnat
ion
al
Symposium on
C
ircui
ts and
System
s
,
Seoul
,
pp.
1
580
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1583
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2012
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[15]
Z.
Ch
en
and
T
.
Le
e
,
"Th
e
Stud
y
of
a
Dual
-
Mode
Ring
Os
cillator,
"
in
IE
EE
Tr
ans
act
ions
on
Circu
i
ts
and
S
yste
ms
I
I:
Ex
press
Briefs
,
v
ol.
58
(
4
)
,
pp
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21
0
-
214,
Apr 2011
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[16]
X
.
Le
i
,
e
t
al
.
,
"D
esign
and
Anal
y
sis
of
a
Thre
e
-
St
age
Volta
ge
-
Con
trolled
Ring
Os
ci
l
la
tor
,
"
Journal
of
Semic
onduc
tor
,
vol.
34
(
11
)
,
pp
.
1
-
6,
2013
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[17]
S,
Sum
an
,
et
al
.
"A
n
Im
prove
d
P
erf
orm
anc
e
Ri
ng
Os
ci
ll
a
tor
De
sign
,
"
In:
Ad
van
ce
d
Computing
&
C
omm
unic
ati
on
Technol
ogi
es
(
ACCT)
,
2012
Second Int
ernat
iona
l
Conf
ere
nce on
,
Rohta
k
,
Har
y
a
n
a
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–
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2012.
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A.
Ramaza
n
i,
et
al
,
"CM
OS
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Os
ci
ll
a
tor
with
Com
bine
d
Delay
S
ta
g
es
,
"
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
of
Elec
troni
c
an
d
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unic
ati
on
,
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)
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5
15
–
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,
2014
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[19
]
K.
R.
La
kshm
ik
um
ar,
"A
nal
og
PLL
Design
W
i
th
Ring
Os
ci
llat
ors
at
Low
-
Gigahe
rt
z
Frequ
encie
s
in
Nanom
eter
CMO
S:
Chal
le
n
ges
and
Soluti
o
ns,"
in
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
C
irc
uit
s
and
Syst
ems
II:
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press
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fs
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)
,
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-
393
,
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y
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[20]
O.
El
had
id
y
,
e
t
al
.
,
"A
W
ide
-
Band
Full
y
-
Integrat
ed
CMO
S
Ring
-
Os
ci
ll
a
tor
PLL
-
Based
Co
m
ple
x
Diel
e
ct
ri
c
Spect
roscop
y
S
y
stem,"
in
IEE
E
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Circui
ts
and
Syste
ms
I:
Re
gular
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rs
,
vol.
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)
,
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9,
Aug.
2015.
[21]
M.
Aliot
o
and
G.
Palumbo,
"O
scil
lation
fr
equenc
y
in
CML
an
d
ESCL
ring
os
ci
llators,
"
in
IE
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Circui
ts and
Sys
te
ms
I: Fundame
ntal
Theory
and
Appl
ic
a
ti
ons
,
vo
l.
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(
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)
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-
214,
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[22]
M.
Bhardwa
j
an
d
S.
Pande
y
,
"D
esign
and
P
erf
orm
anc
e
A
naly
s
is
of
W
ide
band
CMO
S
V
olt
age
C
ontrol
l
ed
R
i
ng
O
scil
la
to
r,
"
2nd
Inte
rnational
Confe
renc
e
on
El
e
ct
ronics
and
Comm
unic
ati
on
Syste
ms
(
ICECS)
,
Coim
bat
ore
,
pp.
142
-
145
,
20
15.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
CMOS
rin
g os
ci
ll
ato
r d
el
ay
c
el
l perfor
manc
e:
a
c
omp
ar
ati
ve stu
dy
(
D. A.
Had
i
)
1763
[23]
H.
Q.
Li
u,
et
al
.
,
"
A
Low
-
Nois
e
Multi
-
GH
z
CMO
S
Multi
loop
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
or
W
it
h
Coarse
and
Fine
Freque
n
c
y
Tuni
ng,
"
in
I
EEE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Ve
ry
Lar
ge
S
cal
e
Inte
grat
ion (
VLSI
)
Syste
ms
,
vol.
17(4)
,
pp
.
5
71
-
577,
2009
.
[24]
B.
Sadegh
,
et
al
.
,
"D
el
a
y
Ti
m
e
A
naly
s
is
of
Com
bine
d
CMO
S
R
ing
Os
ci
ll
a
tor,
"
E
l
ec
tri
cal
and
El
e
ct
roic
Engi
nerin
g:
An
Int
ernati
onal
Journal
(
ELELIJ)
,
vol. 4(2), 201
5.
[25
]
M.
-
L.
Sheu
,
e
t
al
.
,
"A
1
-
V
4
-
GH
z
W
ide
Tuni
n
g
R
ange
Vol
ta
g
e
-
Control
l
ed
Ri
ng
O
scil
lator
in
0.
18μm
CMO
S
,"
Microe
l
ec
tron
ic
s
Journal
,
vol
42
(
6
)
,
pp
.
897
–
902
,
2011.
[26]
Z.
Ch
en
and
T.
Lee,
"The
Desi
gn
and
An
aly
s
is
of
Dual
-
Delay
-
Path
Ring
Os
ci
l
la
tors,
"
in
IEEE
Tr
an
sacti
ons
on
Circui
ts and
Sys
te
ms
I: Regul
ar
Pape
rs
,
vol
.
58
(
3
)
,
pp
.
470
-
478
,
Mar
2011.
[27]
H.
Ghonoodi,
et
al
.
,
"A
naly
sis
o
f
Freque
nc
y
and
A
m
pli
tude
in
CMO
S
Diffe
ren
tial
Ring
O
scillators
,
"
Inte
gratio
n
,
the
VLSI
Journa
l
,
vo
l .52, pp.
25
3
-
259
,
2015
.
[28]
B.
Le
ung
,
"D
esign
and
Anal
y
s
is
of
Satura
te
d
R
i
ng
Os
ci
ll
at
ors
B
ase
d
on
the
Ran
dom
Mid
-
Point
Volta
ge
Con
ce
pt
,
"
in
I
E
EE Tr
ansacti
ons on Very
Lar
g
e
Scale
In
te
gr
ati
on
(
VLSI)
Syste
ms
,
vol
.
21
(
8
)
pp.
1554
-
1557
,
Aug.
2013.
[29]
A.
A.
Abidi
,
"P
hase
Noise
and
Jit
te
r
in
CMO
S
Ring
Os
ci
ll
a
tors,
"
i
n
IEE
E
Journal
of
Soli
d
-
S
tat
e
Ci
rcuit
s
,
vol
.
41
(
8
)
,
pp.
1803
-
1816
,
Aug.
2006.
[30]
Y.
A.
Ek
en
and
J.
P.
U
y
emura,
"
A
5.
9
-
GH
z
voltage
-
con
trol
l
ed
r
i
ng
oscil
l
at
or
in
0.
18
-
/spl
m
u/m
CMO
S,"
in
IEEE
Journal
of
Soli
d
-
Stat
e
Circuits
,
v
ol.
39
(
1
)
,
pp
.
23
0
-
233,
Jan
2004.
[31]
B.
Le
ung
,
"A
Sw
it
chi
ng
-
B
ase
d
Phase
Noise
Model
for
CMO
S
Ring
Os
ci
ll
a
tor
s
Based
on
Multi
pl
e
Thr
esholds
Cross
ing,
" i
n
I
E
EE
Tr
ansacti
ons
on
Circu
it
s and
Syste
ms
I: Regular
Pape
rs
,
vo
l. 5
7
(
11
)
,
pp
.
2858
-
2869,
Nov.
2010
.
[32]
L.
S.
de
Paula,
et
al
.
,
"A
W
ide
B
and
CMO
S
D
iffe
ren
ti
al
Vo
lt
age
-
C
ontr
oll
ed
R
ing
O
scil
lator,
"
Joi
n
t
6t
h
Inte
rn
ati
onal
IE
EE
North
east
W
orkshop on
Circ
uit
s and
S
yste
ms
and
TAISA
Conf
ere
nce,
Montr
eal,
pp
.
9
-
12
,
2008
.
[33]
M.
Lont
,
et
a
l
.
,
"Requi
rement
D
rive
n
Low
-
Pow
e
r
LC
and
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
Desig
n,
"
IEEE
Int
ernati
onal
S
ymposium
of
Circuits and
S
yste
ms
(
ISCAS)
,
Rio
de
Jane
iro, p
p.
1129
-
1132
,
2
011.
[34]
B.
Ghafa
r
i,
et
al
.
,
"A
n
Ultr
a
-
Low
-
Pow
er
and
Low
-
Noise
Volta
g
e
-
Controlled
Ring
Os
ci
l
la
to
r
for
Biom
edic
al
Applic
a
ti
ons,"
I
EE
E
2013
Ten
co
n
-
Spring
,
S
y
dn
e
y
,
NS
W
,
pp
.
20
-
24,
2013
.
[35]
Pankra
tz
EJ
et
al
.
"M
ult
il
oop
High
-
Pow
er
-
Su
ppl
y
-
R
ejec
t
ion
Quadra
ture
Rin
g
Os
ci
ll
at
or
,"
IEE
E
J
Solid
-
St
a
t
e
Circ
uit
s
.
vol
.
47(
9),
pp
.
2033
–
48
,
2012.
[36]
M.
Kulkar
ni
and
K.
N
Hos
ur,
"D
esign
of
a
L
inea
r
and
W
ide
Ran
ge
Curre
n
t
Starv
ed
Volt
age
Con
t
roll
ed
Os
ci
llator
for
PLL,
"
Int
ernati
onal
Journal on Cy
berne
ti
cs
&
I
nformatic
s
,
vol.
2(1)
,
pp
.
23
-
3
0,
2013
.
[37]
N.
Bako
and
A
.
Bari
c
,
"A
Low
-
Pow
er,
Te
m
per
at
ur
e
and
Suppl
y
Volt
age
Co
m
pensa
te
d
Curre
nt
Starve
d
Rin
g
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
,"
M
ic
r
oel
e
ct
ronics
Jou
rnal
,
vol
.
44(12)
,
pp
.
1154
–
1158
,
2013.
[38]
T.
W
u,
et
a
l
.
,
"
An
On
-
chi
p
Cali
bra
ti
on
Techni
q
ue
for
R
educ
ing
Suppl
y
Volta
g
e
Sensiti
vi
t
y
in
Ring
Os
ci
llators,
"
in
IEE
E
Journal
of Solid
-
State
C
irc
uit
s
,
vo
l. 42
(
4
)
,
pp.
775
-
783
,
Ap
ril
2007
.
[39]
T.
Cronin
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
"Com
ple
m
en
ts
on
phase
noi
se
ana
l
y
sis
and
design
o
f
CMO
S
ring
oscil
lat
ors,"
19th
IEEE
Inte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Elec
tronic
s,
C
ircui
ts,
and
Syst
ems (
ICECS
2012)
,
Sevi
ll
e
,
pp
.
793
-
796
,
2012.
[40]
A.
L
.
De
epa
k
,
e
al
.
,
"D
esigni
ng
of
FinF
ET
B
ase
d
5
-
S
ta
ge
and
3
-
S
ta
ge
R
ing
O
sci
ll
at
or
H
igh
Fr
eq
uency
G
eneratio
n
in
32nm
,
"
IEE
E
-
Inte
rnational
C
onfe
renc
e
On
Adv
ance
s
In
Eng
ine
ering
,
Scienc
e
And
Manage
ment
(
ICAE
SM
-
2012
),
Nag
apa
t
tinam
,
T
amil
Nad
u,
pp
.
222
-
227
,
2012.
[41]
S.
Pan
y
ai
and
A.
Th
anachay
ano
nt,
"D
esign
and
rea
l
iz
a
ti
on
of
a
proc
ess
and
te
m
per
at
ur
e
com
pensa
te
d
CMO
S
rin
g
oscil
lator,
"
9th
I
nte
rnational
Co
nfe
renc
e
on
Elec
tric
al
Eng
ineering/E
lectroni
cs,
Computer,
Telec
omm
unic
ati
ons and
Information
Tec
hnology
,
Phet
ch
abur
i, pp. 1
-
4
,
2
012.
[42]
F,
Bassem
,
et
al
.
,
"A
Two
-
Stage
Ring
Os
ci
ll
at
o
r
i
n
0.
13
-
um
CMOS
fo
r
U
W
B
I
m
p
ulse
Radi
a
,
"
IEEE
Tr
ansacti
on
on
Mic
rowave
Theo
ry
and
Tech
niqu
e
,
vo
l. 57
(
5
)
,
pp.
1074
-
1082,
200
9.
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Day
anas
ari
Ab
du
l
Hadi
was
b
orn
in
Kuala
Lu
m
pur,
Malay
s
ia.
She
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
bac
h
el
or’s
deg
ree
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
eng
i
nee
ring
from
Un
ive
rsit
y
of
Malay
a
,
Kuala
Lump
ur,
Malay
sia
in
2006
and
Master
of
Scie
nc
e
in
Micr
oel
e
ct
roni
cs
from
Univer
siti
Keba
ngsaa
n
Malays
ia
.
She
was
a
CAD
Deve
lopm
ent
Engi
ne
er
in
Nat
iona
l
Sem
ic
ond
uct
or
where
she
works
on
deve
lopi
ng
Proce
ss
Design
K
it
.
She
i
s
cur
ren
t
l
y
work
as
Te
a
chi
ng
Engi
ne
er
in
U
Te
M
and
doin
g
rese
arc
h
und
er
Micro
and
Nano
El
e
ct
roni
cs
(MI
NE).
Aiman
Z
a
kw
an
Jidin
obta
ine
d
his
MEng
in
Elec
tron
ic
and
Mi
cro
elec
tron
ic
S
ystem
Engi
nee
r
ing
from
ESIEE
En
gine
er
ing
Paris
Franc
e
in
2011.
He
has
2
y
e
ars
of
working
exp
e
rie
nc
e
in
designing
digi
tal
IC
and
d
igi
tal
s
y
s
te
m
in
FP
GA
at
Alte
r
a
Corpora
ti
on
Malay
s
ia,
be
for
e
joi
n
ing
Univ
e
rsiti
Te
knik
al
Ma
lay
s
ia
Me
la
ka
(UT
e
M) a
s lect
ur
er an
d
rese
a
rch
er
,
in El
e
ct
roni
cs
and
Com
pute
r.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
9
, N
o.
3
,
June
2019
:
175
7
-
1764
1764
Dr.
Norfa
ri
z
a
bin
ti
Ab
Waha
b
was
born
in
Mela
ka
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
.
Undergra
du
a
te
(2007
-
2009)
and
Master
(2010
-
2
012)
from
Naga
oka
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chno
log
y
,
Niiga
t
a
Japa
n
fr
om
Depa
rtment
of
Mec
hanica
l
Eng
ine
er
ing.
She
g
rad
uated
from
Tok
y
o
Univer
sit
y
of
Agri
cultur
e
and
Te
chno
lo
g
y
(2012
-
2015)
for
her
PhD
under
Depa
rtment
of
Mec
hanica
l
S
y
st
em
Engi
nee
r
ing.
She
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
work
as
senior
l
ec
tur
er
at
Unive
rsiti
Te
knik
al
Malay
si
a
Mela
ka
(UTe
M)
and
her
rese
arc
h
intere
s
t
m
ai
nl
y
in
m
anu
fac
tur
ing/
m
ac
hi
ning
as
an
additive
m
anuf
ac
tur
i
ng
and
high
eff
ic
i
ency
m
ac
h
ining
proc
ess a
nd
it
s si
m
ula
ti
on
Madiha
bin
ti
Z
ahari
was
bo
rn
in
Mela
ka
,
Malay
s
ia.
She
rec
e
ive
d
th
e
ba
che
lor’s
degr
ee
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
&
El
e
c
troni
c
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
from
Univer
sit
y
T
ec
hno
log
y
of
Petrona
s
in
2
006
and
Mast
er
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
Industria
l
El
e
ct
r
onic
and
Con
tr
ol
from
Univer
sit
y
of
M
al
a
y
a
.
She
was
Proce
ss
Engi
ne
er
at
Infi
neon
Technol
og
ie
s
(M)
Sdn
Bhd
had
responsi
b
le
in
wir
e
bondi
ng
proc
ess.
She
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
work
a
s a
L
ecture
r
at U
nive
rsiti T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
s
ia Mel
a
ka
Nu
rl
iy
ana
Ab
d
Mutali
b
was
born
in
Mela
k
a,
Malay
sia
.
She
rec
e
ive
d
the
b
a
che
lor’s
deg
ree
in
el
e
ct
ri
ca
l
eng
ineeri
ng
from
Uni
ver
siti
Tun
Hus
sein
Onn,
Johor
,
Mal
a
y
s
ia
in
2
006
and
Master
of
Scie
nc
e
in
Micr
oel
e
ct
roni
cs
fro
m
Univer
siti
Ke
bangsa
an
Ma
lays
ia
.
She
was
a
P
roduc
t
Engi
ne
er
in
Free
sca
l
e
Sem
ic
onduct
or
where
she
works
on
produc
t
improvem
ent
.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
work
as
Le
c
ture
r
in
UT
e
M a
nd
doing
res
ea
rc
h
under
Mic
ro
and
N
ano
E
lectr
oni
cs
(MIN
E)
.
Siti
Hal
ma
Joh
ari
was
bo
rn
in
Perli
s,
Ma
lay
si
a.
She
re
ceive
d
th
e
ba
chelor’s
deg
ree
in
El
e
ct
roni
c
Engi
ne
eri
ng
(Ind
ustria
l
E
lectr
oni
cs)
from
Univer
s
it
i
T
ekni
ka
l
Mal
a
y
si
a
Mel
aka
(U
Te
M
)
in
2005
an
d
Master
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
in
Con
tro
l
&
Autom
at
ion
from
Univer
sit
y
Of
Malay
a
.
She
was
a
t
est
engi
n
ee
r
in
Ventur
e
Ele
ct
roni
c
Services
where
she
wo
rks
on
1
st
le
v
el
fai
lur
e
an
aly
si
s
and
root
c
au
s
e
inve
stigation
.
From
2010
to
20
14,
she
had
been
a
te
a
c
hing
en
gine
er
and
cur
r
ent
l
y
she
work
as
le
c
ture
in
UT
eM
and
do
ing
r
ese
a
rch
under
Photo
nic
s E
ng
ine
er
ing
(PERG).
Suz
ia
na
A
hma
d
was
gra
duat
ed
in
bac
hel
or’s
degr
ee
of
El
e
c
tri
c
al
Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
from
Univer
siti
Te
knologi
Malay
sia
in
2005.
T
hen,
she
ob
ta
in
ed
her
m
aste
r’s
degr
ee
in
indu
stria
l
El
e
ct
roni
c
&
Control
from
Univer
sit
y
of
Malay
a
,
Kua
la
Lumpur
in
2014.
She
had
experie
n
ce
d
as
R&D
Elec
trica
l
Engi
ne
er
at
Pan
asonic
S
y
st
em
Networks
(M)
S
dn.
Bhd.
for
alm
ost
5
y
ea
rs
.
In
2
010,
she
con
tinued
her
ca
r
ee
r
as
T
ea
ch
ing
Engi
ne
er
in
Univer
siti
Te
knikal
Malay
sia
Me
la
ka
an
d
cur
ren
tly
she
is
working
as
Le
c
t
ure
r
in
th
e
sam
e unive
rsit
y
.
Nuz
aimah
Mus
tafa
hold
Master
of
Scie
nce
an
d
bac
hel
or’s
de
gre
e
in
Mate
ri
als
Engi
nee
ring
fr
o
m
Uni
ver
siti
Sa
ins
Malay
s
ia.
She
h
as
9
y
e
ars
exper
ie
nc
ed
in
industr
y
pr
ior
jo
ini
ng
a
ca
demic
fi
el
d
as
a
le
c
ture
r
in
Univ
ersit
i
T
ekni
k
al
Malay
s
ia
in
201
1.
Her
publicati
ons
inc
lude
s
Unite
d
Sta
te
s
Pat
e
nt
,
US
8709573B
ti
tl
ed
“
Pol
y
m
er
B
onded
Fibrous
Coat
ing
on
Dippe
d
Rubber
Artic
l
es
Skin
Conta
cti
ng
Ext
ern
al
Surfac
e,
Proce
edi
ngs
of
Engi
nee
r
ing
Te
chno
log
y
In
ternat
ion
al
Confer
enc
e
(E
TIC
2015)
ti
tled
“
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
Technol
og
y
Apprent
i
ce
Pro
gra
m
:
A
Case
Stud
y
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
Technol
o
g
y
Facul
t
y
at
UTe
M”
,
Proce
edi
ngs
of
the
5
th
Po
stgradua
t
e
Sem
ina
r
on
Natur
al
Fiber
Com
posite
s
ti
tl
ed
“
Inc
orpora
ti
on
o
f
waste
rubb
er
i
nto
different
m
atrice
s:
A
rev
i
ew”
,
IOP
Confer
en
c
e
Seri
es:
Mat
erials
and
Scie
nc
e
En
gine
er
ing
ti
t
le
d
“
Recy
cl
ing
of
W
aste
Rubber
a
s
Fill
ers:
A
rev
ie
w
”
.
She
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
conduc
t
ing
res
earch
of
a
po
l
y
m
er
compos
it
e that
uti
lizing
rubbe
r
waste
as
it
s f
il
l
er
s.
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