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h
i
ch
w
ill
b
e
m
o
r
e
in
ter
e
s
ti
n
g
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
tr
o
l a
n
d
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
-
u
p
o
f
th
e
i
n
v
er
t
in
g
i
n
th
e
Sa
h
ar
a
r
eg
io
n
s
an
d
esp
ec
iall
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
M
u
lti
m
ed
ia
d
ata
o
r
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
t
h
i
s
g
o
al,
th
e
p
lan
will
b
e
th
e
r
est
o
f
th
i
s
d
o
cu
m
e
n
t
in
s
e
v
e
n
s
ec
tio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as:
g
e
n
er
alitie
s
o
f
n
o
d
es
in
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
,
t
h
en
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
p
an
el
(
P
V)
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
an
d
later
o
n
t
h
e
p
r
in
c
ip
le
o
f
t
h
e
I
C
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
B
o
o
s
t
D
C
-
D
C
co
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
ar
r
ay
,
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
i
n
s
ec
ti
o
n
6
,
at
th
e
en
d
a
co
n
clu
s
io
n
i
s
g
i
v
en
.
2.
B
ASI
C
CO
NC
E
P
T
S
o
f
a
WSN
a
nd
DI
SS
I
P
A
T
I
O
N
of
E
NE
R
G
Y
in
S
E
N
SO
R
NO
DE
T
h
e
W
ir
eless
Sen
s
o
r
Net
w
o
r
k
(
W
SN)
p
r
o
v
id
es
th
e
m
ea
n
s
o
f
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
,
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e,
s
o
u
n
d
,
p
r
ess
u
r
e,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
s
.
T
h
ey
ar
e
o
f
te
n
d
ep
lo
y
ed
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
l
y
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
to
a
ce
n
tr
alize
d
lo
ca
tio
n
[
2
,
5
]
.
W
SN
is
a
s
et
o
f
s
m
al
l
d
ev
ice
s
th
at
h
a
v
e
v
er
y
li
m
ited
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
t
h
e
y
ar
e
p
o
w
er
ed
b
y
b
atter
ies
an
d
th
e
y
ar
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
i
n
an
i
n
ac
ce
s
s
ib
le
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t,
it
s
e
e
m
s
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
b
atter
y
r
ep
lace
m
en
t
if
th
e
b
atter
ie
s
ar
e
ex
h
a
u
s
te
d
.
No
t
to
m
en
t
io
n
t
h
e
m
as
s
i
v
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
pr
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
th
e
W
SN
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
w
h
ic
h
m
a
k
e
s
it
m
o
r
e
v
u
l
n
e
r
ab
le
to
en
er
g
y
d
ep
letio
n
[
3
,
6
]
.
T
h
e
lif
e
o
f
a
W
SN stro
n
g
l
y
d
e
p
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
it i
s
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
at
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
i
n
th
e
n
o
d
es
w
ir
eles
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
p
r
o
p
er
ly
co
n
s
id
er
th
is
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
,
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
ac
tiv
i
ties
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
m
u
s
t
b
e
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
in
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
u
s
,
th
e
g
en
er
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
ti
cs
o
f
th
e
h
ar
d
w
ar
e
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
a
r
e
in
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
o
v
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
ti
o
n
o
f
ten
e
n
co
u
n
ter
ed
i
n
t
h
e
W
SN
w
e
w
ill
b
e
tal
k
ed
later
.
A
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
in
en
e
r
g
y
,
it
h
a
s
it
s
o
wn
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
en
er
g
y
(
b
atter
y
)
[
1
]
.
I
t
is
eq
u
ip
p
ed
w
i
th
an
ac
q
u
is
itio
n
d
ev
ice
(
s
e
n
s
o
r
)
,
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
,
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
it
a
n
d
p
o
s
s
ib
l
y
a
d
is
p
lace
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
u
n
it
i
s
o
f
te
n
attac
h
ed
to
a
f
las
h
m
e
m
o
r
y
to
b
e
ab
le
to
s
to
r
e
d
ata
an
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
th
e
m
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
al
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
[
7
]
,
s
o
as to
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
t
w
it
h
o
th
er
n
o
d
es,
it
h
as
a
tr
an
s
ce
i
v
er
m
o
d
u
le
o
f
te
n
ca
lled
a
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
u
n
it
w
it
h
a
v
e
r
y
h
i
g
h
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
l
o
n
g
li
f
e
o
f
t
h
e
W
SN,
a
n
o
th
er
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
i
s
u
s
ed
an
d
t
h
is
is
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
n
e
x
t sec
tio
n
.
3.
ANALY
SI
S
a
n
d
M
O
DE
L
L
I
NG
o
f
t
he
P
H
O
T
O
VO
L
T
A
I
C
(
P
V)
SY
ST
E
M
f
o
r
SE
NS
O
R
NO
DE
A
s
ta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
t
y
p
icall
y
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
r
ee
p
r
in
ci
p
le
b
lo
ck
s
:
P
V
ar
r
ay
,
th
e
MP
PT
co
n
tr
o
l
ele
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
D
C
-
DC
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
er
ter
.
E
x
a
m
i
n
atio
n
w
i
ll
b
e
s
h
o
w
ab
o
u
t
th
e
m
in
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
ar
ag
r
ap
h
.
B
asicall
y
,
t
h
e
P
V
ce
l
l
ca
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as
a
s
e
m
ico
n
d
u
cto
r
d
ev
ice
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
d
u
ce
elec
tr
icit
y
w
h
e
n
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
lig
h
t.
A
t
y
p
ical
s
o
lar
ce
ll
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
0
.
5
to
0
.
8
v
o
lts
.
T
o
h
av
e
h
i
g
h
v
o
lta
g
e,
th
e
P
V
ce
lls
h
as
t
o
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
er
ies
an
d
f
o
r
h
ig
h
c
u
r
r
en
t
th
e
ce
lls
m
u
s
t
b
e
in
p
ar
allel.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
s
o
lar
m
o
d
u
le
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
it
h
th
e
h
elp
o
f
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
el
th
at
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Her
e,
th
e
s
in
g
l
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
.
T
o
h
av
e
b
etter
ac
cu
r
ac
y
,
i
n
s
i
n
g
le
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
th
e
s
er
ie
s
as
w
el
l
as
s
h
u
n
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
ar
also
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
8
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
ce
ll c
u
r
r
en
t e
q
u
at
io
n
is
g
i
v
en
as.
W
h
er
e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
an
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
P
V
ce
ll
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
an
d
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
l
y
,
is
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t,
t
h
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
a
tu
r
atio
n
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
d
io
d
e
is
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
y
0
,
th
e
d
io
d
e
v
o
ltag
e
a
n
d
th
e
d
io
d
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
th
e
s
y
m
b
o
l
o
f
d
io
d
e
id
ea
lis
t
f
ac
to
r
an
d
th
e
B
o
ltz
m
an
n
co
n
s
tan
t
ar
e
a
an
d
K
,
an
d
th
e
s
ig
n
o
f
th
e
p
-
n
j
u
n
ctio
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
ch
ar
g
e
ar
e
T
an
d
q
.
Ki
an
d
K
v
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
d
esig
n
atio
n
o
f
s
h
o
r
t
-
c
ir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
/te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
a
n
d
o
p
en
-
cir
cu
i
t
v
o
lta
g
e/
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
an
d
p
r
esen
te
d
th
e
ac
t
u
al
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
a
n
d
n
o
m
in
a
l
s
u
n
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
10
3
2
⁄
o
n
e
to
o
n
e,
d
if
f
er
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
ac
t
u
al
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
an
d
n
o
m
i
n
al
o
n
e
(
2
5
°C
)
is
th
e
∆
,
th
e
n
o
m
i
n
al
p
h
o
to
cu
r
r
en
t
(
2
5
°C
a
n
d
10
3
2
⁄
)
is
p
r
esen
t
b
y
ℎ
,
An
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ele
m
en
ts
j
o
in
ed
in
p
ar
allels
an
d
s
er
ies
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
,
o
p
en
cir
cu
it
v
o
lt
ag
e
is
r
ep
r
esen
ted
b
y
,
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
v
o
lta
g
e
is
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
,
f
i
n
all
y
MP
P
is
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
p
o
in
t.
T
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
d
io
d
e
m
o
d
el
w
h
ic
h
i
n
clu
d
es
t
h
e
s
er
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r
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ta
n
ce
an
d
s
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u
n
t t
h
e
r
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ce
,
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e
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t c
u
r
r
en
t c
an
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e
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r
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n
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e
T
K
I
I
(
4
)
T
h
e
ch
an
g
e
in
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
an
d
ir
r
a
d
ian
ce
,
d
ir
ec
tly
af
f
ec
t
s
th
e
s
h
o
r
t
cir
cu
it
cu
r
r
en
t
,
B
u
t
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
r
ev
er
s
e
s
at
u
r
atio
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
is
m
ai
n
l
y
a
f
f
ec
ted
b
y
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
o
n
l
y
.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
P
V
m
o
d
u
le
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
a
n
d
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
[
8
]
.
4.
M
AXI
M
U
M
P
O
WE
R
P
O
I
NT
T
RA
CK
I
N
G
a
nd
P
RI
NCI
P
E
of
I
C
AL
G
O
RI
T
H
M
S
I
C
w
as
p
la
n
n
ed
to
ab
as
o
n
a
r
e
m
ar
k
o
f
P
-
V
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
c
u
r
v
e.
T
h
is
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
w
as
cr
ea
ted
in
1
9
9
3
an
d
w
a
s
an
ticip
ated
to
o
v
er
w
h
el
m
ed
s
o
m
e
d
r
a
w
b
ac
k
o
f
P
&
O
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
I
C
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
th
e
tr
ac
k
in
g
ti
m
e
an
d
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
ad
d
itio
n
al
en
er
g
y
o
n
a
m
as
s
iv
e
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
ch
a
n
g
es
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
MPP
ca
n
b
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
an
d
−
.
I
f
is
n
e
g
ati
v
e
th
e
n
MP
PT
lie
s
o
n
th
e
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e
o
f
r
ec
en
t
p
o
s
i
tio
n
an
d
if
th
e
MP
P
is
p
o
s
itiv
e
th
e
MP
PT
is
o
n
lef
t sid
e
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
o
f
I
C
m
eth
o
d
is
:
=
(
.
)
=
+
=
+
(
5
)
Mp
p
is
r
ea
ch
ed
w
h
e
n
V
I
dV
dI
(
6
)
m
p
p
p
V
V
t
he
n
0
dV
dP
(
7
)
m
p
p
p
V
V
t
he
n
0
dV
dP
(
8
)
m
p
p
p
V
V
t
he
n
0
dV
dP
(
9
)
I
f
MP
P
d
ec
eits
o
n
r
ig
h
t
s
id
e,
<
−
an
d
th
en
t
h
e
P
V
v
o
lt
ag
e
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
i
m
i
n
is
h
ed
to
to
u
ch
th
e
MP
P
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
.
I
C
m
et
h
o
d
s
can
be
p
r
a
ctice
d
f
o
r
f
in
d
in
g
th
e
MP
P
,
p
r
o
g
r
ess
th
e
P
V
c
o
m
p
ete
n
ce
,
r
ed
u
ce
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
co
s
t
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
A
p
p
licatio
n
I
C
o
n
a
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
o
ller
cr
ea
ted
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
e
n
it
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
P
&
O
[
1
4
,
15
-
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
ar
o
u
n
d
MP
P
ar
ea
also
ca
n
b
e
b
lo
ck
ed
in
tr
ad
e
o
f
its
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
y
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
ti
m
e
s
til
l
n
o
t
f
a
s
t
s
i
n
ce
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
an
d
d
ec
r
em
e
n
t
h
ad
b
ee
n
n
o
m
i
n
ated
m
a
n
u
all
y
b
y
tr
ial
a
n
d
er
r
o
r
,
I
C
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
o
n
F
ig
u
r
e
1.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
9
7
-
2806
2800
F
ig
u
r
e
1
.
I
n
cr
e
m
en
tal
co
n
d
u
ct
an
ce
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
[
9
]
5.
B
O
O
ST
DC
-
DC
CO
NVER
T
E
R
f
o
r
WI
RE
L
E
SS
S
E
N
SO
RS
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
D
C
/
D
C
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
co
n
v
e
r
ter
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
eg
u
lated
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e.
T
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
u
p
-
co
n
v
er
ter
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
t
w
o
s
w
itc
h
e
s
an
d
an
i
n
d
u
ctan
ce
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
.
Du
r
in
g
th
e
tim
e,
th
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
1
is
in
s
tate,
in
d
u
cto
r
cu
r
r
en
t
f
lo
w
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
L
an
d
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
w
itch
1
r
esu
lti
n
g
in
t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t
r
a
m
p
i
n
g
u
p
w
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
[
1
8
]
.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
i
s
en
er
g
y
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
i
s
s
to
r
ed
in
t
h
e
in
d
u
cto
r
a
n
d
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
in
d
u
cto
r
is
j
u
s
t
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
w
h
ic
h
p
r
o
v
id
es
h
al
f
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
c
to
r
Vo
lt
-
Seco
n
d
b
alan
ce
.
He
n
ce
m
o
d
ell
in
g
a
n
d
an
a
l
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
is
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t step
f
o
r
d
esig
n
i
n
g
th
i
s
co
n
v
er
ter
to
s
at
is
f
y
t
h
e
r
ea
l r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
f
o
r
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
[
1
8
,
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
d
1
1
V
V
D
o
u
t
in
(
1
0
)
A
p
p
l
y
in
g
i
n
d
u
cto
r
v
o
lt
-
s
ec
o
n
d
b
alan
ce
0
T
)
D
1
)(
V
V
(
DT
V
out
in
in
(
1
1
)
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
is
al
w
a
y
s
g
r
ea
ter
th
a
n
ze
r
o
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
w
h
o
le
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
p
er
io
d
w
h
e
n
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
o
f
th
e
i
n
d
u
cto
r
cir
cu
lates
co
n
t
in
u
o
u
s
l
y
.
I
n
c
o
n
tin
u
o
u
s
co
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
d
e
(
C
C
M)
an
d
w
h
i
le
th
e
b
o
o
s
t
co
n
v
er
ter
o
p
er
ates
i
n
(
C
C
M)
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
c
an
b
e
r
eg
u
lated
b
y
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
t
h
e
d
u
t
y
c
y
c
le
D
th
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
r
atio
o
f
th
e
in
p
u
t
a
n
d
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
lta
g
e
i
s
g
i
v
en
b
y
(
1
0
)
.
W
h
en
t
h
e
s
w
i
tch
S
i
s
o
n
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
cir
cu
it
[
1
8
,
2
3
,
24]
.
L
V
i
dt
dV
C
V
V
dt
di
L
0
L
0
0
g
L
(
1
2
)
I
f
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
t
h
at
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
ass
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
in
d
u
cta
n
c
e
an
d
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
as
s
tate
v
ar
iab
les t
h
e
n
.
State
s
p
ac
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
f
o
llo
w
s
C
L
o
u
t
p
u
t
i
n
p
u
t
C
L
.
C
.
L
v
i
1
0
V
V
0
L
d
v
i
RC
1
C
d
1
L
d
1
0
v
i
(
1
3
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
B
eh
a
vio
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r
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f so
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w
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s
e
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s
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r
n
etw
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r
k
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s
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h
a
r
a
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r
eg
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n
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er
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iffer
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t
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(
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b
a
ke
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r
Ha
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2801
w
h
er
e:
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1
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A
I
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1
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an
d
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th
e
s
w
itc
h
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o
f
f
,
t
h
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cu
it
s
u
p
p
lies
t
h
e
lo
ad
d
ir
ec
tl
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
[
1
8
,
2
5
]
.
L
V
i
)
d
1
(
dt
dV
C
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d
1
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V
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di
L
0
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0
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g
L
(
1
4
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Fo
r
d
u
r
atio
n
′
(
1
−
)
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
ta
te
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
n
a
co
m
m
u
tatio
n
c
y
cle
g
i
v
es
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
s
t
h
e
eq
u
atio
n
s
o
f
s
ta
te
ar
e
g
iv
e
n
b
elo
w
.
i
n
p
u
t
C
L
.
C
.
L
V
0
L
d
v
i
RC
1
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d
1
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d
1
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i
(
1
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)
w
h
er
e
:
RC
1
0
L
1
0
A
2
,
0
L
/
1
2
B
,
1
0
C
II
a
n
d
T
h
e
av
er
ag
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lar
g
e
s
i
g
n
al
m
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le
2
1
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d
1
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d
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2
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d
1
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d
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[
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=
[
0
1
−
−
1
−
−
1
]
[
]
+
[
0
]
=
[
0
1
]
[
]
Fro
m
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
e
q
u
ilib
r
iu
m
m
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b
tai
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h
e
d
er
iv
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iv
e
ter
m
z
er
o
[
1
8
,
2
5
]
.
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n
p
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t
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L
V
0
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d
v
i
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1
0
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1
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T
h
e
s
tate
is
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
=
⌊
0
1
⌋
an
d
Ou
t
p
u
t
m
atr
i
x
=
[
]
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
b
o
o
s
t D
C
-
D
C
c
o
n
v
er
ter
f
o
r
n
o
d
e
o
f
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
9
7
-
2806
2802
6.
SI
M
UL
AT
I
O
N
R
E
S
UL
T
S
Fo
ll
o
w
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
o
r
t
m
e
n
t.
I
n
t
h
i
s
m
o
d
el,
a
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
is
u
s
ed
to
r
esp
o
n
d
w
ell
to
o
u
r
s
t
u
d
y
.
Sen
s
o
r
s
co
m
e
f
r
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m
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g
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Fig
u
r
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4.
Fig
u
r
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3
.
Mo
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e
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u
r
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4
.
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ir
eless
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et
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k
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ce
n
ar
io
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
B
eh
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(
B
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ke
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r
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2803
6
.
1
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P
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pa
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5.
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5
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u
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6
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2
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u
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4
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etail.
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ated
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Fi
g
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r
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4.
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ase
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f
s
m
all
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;
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e
ac
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Av
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g
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r
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illu
s
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ates
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o
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o
lta
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.
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ller
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o
r
ith
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d
esp
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at
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r
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an
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.
Fig
u
r
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8
s
h
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Fig
u
r
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.
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t p
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ase
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Fig
u
r
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8
.
Var
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d
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d
if
f
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n
t p
h
ase
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
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,
Vo
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10
,
No
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3
,
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u
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2
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:
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7
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7
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2806
2804
I
n
Fig
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Rif
a
,
“
M
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
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n
t
trac
k
in
g
f
o
r
p
h
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t
o
v
o
lt
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ic
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s
in
g
in
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re
m
e
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tal
c
o
n
d
u
c
tan
c
e
m
e
th
o
d
,
”
En
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
ia
,
v
o
l.
6
8
,
p
p
.
2
2
-
3
0
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[1
0
]
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u
sta
f
a
A
.
F
a
d
e
l
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l
-
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isi,
M
o
h
a
n
a
d
A
.
S
h
e
h
a
b
,
Am
m
a
r
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l
-
Giz
i,
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
A
l
-
S
a
a
d
i
,
“
Hig
h
p
e
rf
o
rm
a
n
c
e
DC/DC
b
u
c
k
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
sin
g
sl
id
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
Dr
ive
S
y
ste
m (
IJ
PE
DS
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
6
~
1
8
1
4
1
8
0
6
,
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S
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8
6
9
4
,
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c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
.
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1
]
A
h
m
a
d
A
l
Na
b
u
lsi,
Ra
c
h
e
d
Dh
a
o
u
a
d
i,
Ha
b
i
b
-
Ur
Re
h
m
a
n
,
“
S
in
g
le
in
p
u
t
f
u
z
z
y
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
(S
F
L
C)
b
a
se
d
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
trac
k
in
g
,
”
2
0
1
1
Fo
u
rth
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
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o
n
M
o
d
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li
n
g
,
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ap
p
li
e
d
Op
t
imiza
ti
o
n
,
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a
la L
u
m
p
u
r,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
1
.
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2
]
A
n
a
n
e
,
R.
,
K.
Ra
o
o
f
,
e
t
a
l.
,
"
On
th
e
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
G
M
S
K
S
c
h
e
m
e
w
it
h
ECC
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
i
n
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
,
"
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
W
ire
les
s
&
M
o
b
il
e
Ne
two
rk
s (
I
J
W
M
N)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
7
-
2
8
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[1
3
]
B.
G
a
sb
a
o
u
i,
A
.
Na
sri,
O.
A
b
d
e
lk
h
a
lek
,
J.
G
h
o
u
il
ib
,
A
.
G
h
e
z
o
u
a
n
i
,
“
Be
h
a
v
io
r
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
f
o
r
4
W
D
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
u
n
d
e
r
d
i
ff
e
re
n
t
sc
e
n
a
rio
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
pp.
5
3
5
–
5
4
3
,
5
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
7
.
[1
4
]
J.
M
o
re
n
o
,
J.
Dix
o
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ort
u
z
a
r,
“
En
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
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n
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
,
u
sin
g
u
lt
ra
c
a
p
a
c
it
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rs
a
n
d
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
i
n
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
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l.
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3
,
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o
.
2
,
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p
.
6
1
4
-
6
2
3
,
A
p
ril
2
0
0
6
.
[1
5
]
S
.
V
ij
a
y
a
M
a
d
h
a
v
i,
G
.
T
u
las
i
Ra
m
D
a
s
,
“
V
a
riab
le
stru
c
tu
re
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
a
n
iso
late
d
b
o
o
st
c
o
n
v
e
rter
u
se
d
in
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
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e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o.
6
,
p
p
.
4
4
9
3
-
4
5
0
6
,
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S
N.
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
.
[1
6
]
Y
.
P
.
Ya
n
g
,
C.
P
.
L
o
:
“
C
u
rre
n
t
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
Du
a
l
Dire
c
tl
y
Dri
v
e
n
W
h
e
e
l
M
o
to
rs
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s
,
”
Co
n
tro
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Pr
a
c
ti
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
8
5
-
1
2
9
2
,
No
v
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
0
8
.
[1
7
]
G
a
o
M
.
,
He
S
.
,
“
S
e
lf
-
a
d
a
p
ti
n
g
F
u
z
z
y
-
P
ID
Co
n
tro
l
o
f
V
a
riab
l
e
Un
iv
e
rse
in
th
e
No
n
-
li
n
e
a
r
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
2
0
0
8
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
In
te
ll
ig
e
n
t
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
(
ICICT
A)
,
Hu
n
a
n
,
p
p
.
4
7
3
-
4
7
8
,
2
0
0
8
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
2
0
:
2
7
9
7
-
2806
2806
[1
8
]
K.
L
a
th
a
S
h
e
n
o
y
,
C.
G
u
ru
d
a
sN
a
y
a
k
,
a
n
d
Ra
jas
h
e
k
a
r
P
.
M
a
n
d
i
,
“
S
ta
te
sp
a
c
e
a
n
a
lys
is
o
f
b
o
o
st
DC/
DC
c
o
n
v
e
rte
r
wit
h
v
o
l
ta
g
e
mo
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
,
”
in
A
IP
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
P
r
o
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
v
o
l.
1
8
5
9
,
n
o
.
1
,
0
2
0
0
6
2
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
7
.
[1
9
]
Q.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Y.Y
i
n
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
D
C/DC
Co
n
v
e
rter,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Po
we
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
3
1
–
3
3
8
,
2
0
0
3
.
[2
0
]
B.
A
ll
a
o
u
a
,
B.
M
e
b
a
rk
i,
a
n
d
A
.
L
a
o
u
f
i,
“
A
Ro
b
u
st
F
u
z
z
y
S
li
d
in
g
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
S
y
n
th
e
sis
A
p
p
li
e
d
o
n
Bo
o
s
t
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
P
o
w
e
r
S
u
p
p
ly
f
o
r
El
e
c
tr
ic
V
e
h
icle
P
ro
p
u
lsi
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
,
”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Veh
icu
l
a
r
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l.
2
0
1
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
3
.
[2
1
]
Y.
V.
S
iv
a
Re
d
d
y
,
M
.
V
ij
a
y
a
k
u
m
a
r
a
n
d
T
.
Br
a
h
m
a
n
a
n
d
a
Re
d
d
y
,
“
Dire
c
t
T
o
rq
u
e
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
to
r
Us
in
g
S
o
p
h
isti
c
a
ted
L
o
o
k
u
p
T
a
b
les
Ba
se
d
o
n
Ne
u
ra
l
Ne
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
AIM
L
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
7
,
no.
1
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
0
7
.
[2
2
]
H.
J.
Ch
il
l,
L
.
W
.
L
in
,
“
A
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
DC
-
DC
Co
n
v
e
rter
f
o
r
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
E
lec
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
Driv
in
g
S
y
ste
m
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r E
lec
tro
n
i
c
s
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
9
5
0
-
9
5
8
,
Ju
l
y
2
0
0
6
.
[2
3
]
Na
d
jat
Be
n
a
d
la,
Kh
e
ired
d
i
n
e
G
h
a
ff
o
u
r
,
“
Op
ti
m
izin
g
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
rm
a
n
c
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
c
e
ll
s
IBC
(in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
b
a
c
k
c
o
n
tac
t)
b
y
n
u
m
e
ric
a
l
si
m
u
latio
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4
5
6
6
-
4
5
7
2
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
9
.
[2
4
]
SA
S
IKU
M
A
R
.
S
,
HA
RIN
A
ND
A
N.
L
.
,
“
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
P
o
w
e
r
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
A
n
d
M
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
S
y
ste
m
F
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
En
h
a
n
c
e
me
n
ts
An
d
Eme
rg
i
n
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
ol
.
2
,
n
o
.
4
IS
S
N
:
2
3
4
7
-
4
2
8
9
,
p
p
.
1
3
4
-
1
3
7
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
5
]
B.
A
ll
a
o
u
a
,
a
n
d
B.
M
e
b
a
rk
i,
“
H
y
b
rid
E
n
e
rg
y
S
o
u
rc
e
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
Co
m
p
o
se
d
o
f
a
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
a
n
d
S
u
p
e
r
-
Ca
p
a
c
it
o
r
f
o
r
a
n
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icle
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s in
A
u
to
m
o
b
il
e
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
n
o.
2
,
IS
S
N
:
2
1
6
7
-
7
6
7
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.