Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
C
om
put
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
5432
~
5442
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v8
i
6
.
pp
5432
-
54
42
5432
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Pro
du
ce
r Mobili
ty
Su
pp
ort S
chem
es
f
or Nam
ed Dat
a
Network
ing: A S
urvey
Muktar
H
uss
aini
, Sha
hr
udi
n A
w
ang
No
r
,
A
mr
an
Ahm
ad
Inte
rNetWorks
Resea
rch
L
abor
a
tor
y
,
Schoo
l
of
Com
puti
ng,
Uni
ver
siti
Utar
a
Ma
lay
s
ia
,
Ma
lay
sia
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Feb
14
, 201
8
Re
vised
Ju
n
2
9
, 201
8
Accepte
d
Se
p
1
6
, 201
8
Mobile
devi
c
es
conne
c
ti
vi
t
y
an
d
dat
a
tra
ffi
c
growth
req
uire
s
sca
l
abl
e
and
eff
icient
m
ea
ns
of
data
distr
ibution
over
the
Int
ern
et.
Thus
,
inf
l
uenc
ed
the
nee
ds
for
upgra
d
ing
or
rep
la
c
ing
the
cur
r
ent
In
te
r
net
ar
chi
t
ecture
t
o
ca
t
er
th
e
situa
ti
on
as
Nam
ed
Data
N
et
working
(ND
N)
was
proposed.
ND
N
is
cl
ea
n
-
slat
e
Int
ern
et
ar
chi
t
ec
tur
e,
prop
osed
to
rep
la
c
e
IP
with
hie
rar
ch
ic
a
l
named
cont
en
t
that
util
iz
es
rout
e
aggr
e
gat
ion
to
improve
sca
l
abi
l
ity
a
nd
support
m
obil
ity
.
Al
thou
gh,
ND
N
provide
s
supports
for
cont
en
t
consum
er
m
obil
i
t
y
with
the
hel
p
of
ca
t
chi
ng
c
apa
bi
l
it
ie
s
,
howeve
r,
c
onte
nt
produc
er
fac
es
m
an
y
proble
m
s
sim
il
ar
to
m
obil
i
t
y
in
I
P
arc
hitec
ture,
s
uch
as,
long
h
an
doff
dela
y
,
unnec
essar
y
Int
ere
st
pac
k
et
losses
and
high
ba
ndwidth
uti
lizati
on.
Henc
e
,
m
an
y
concept
s
and
sche
m
es
were
proposed
to
a
ddre
ss
the
se
proble
m
s.
Thi
s
pape
r
r
evi
ew
ed
and
conc
ep
tuall
y
an
aly
z
ed
th
e
sche
m
es
base
d
on
their
funda
m
ent
al
d
es
ign
that
broa
d
l
y
ca
t
egor
ized
in
to
indi
re
ct
ion
-
b
ase
d
appr
oa
ch,
m
appi
ng
-
base
d
appr
oac
h
,
locat
or
-
base
d
appr
oa
ch
and
cont
r
ol
/
dat
a
pl
ane
-
base
d
appr
oac
h
.
In
the
rev
ie
w
ana
l
y
sis,
m
apping
-
base
d
appr
oa
ch
sche
m
es
provide
opti
m
al
pat
h
for
pac
k
ets
del
ive
r
y
,
h
igh
handof
f
del
a
y
Indire
c
ti
on
-
base
d
and
lo
cat
or
-
base
d
appr
o
a
ch
sche
m
es
provide
norm
al
ha
ndoff
dela
y
,
but
int
roduc
es
tiangula
r
r
out
ing
pat
h.
The
con
tro
l/
data
pla
n
e
-
base
d
appr
oac
h
sche
m
es
provide
sub
-
opti
m
al
routi
ng
pat
h
and
hig
h
handof
f
dela
y
.
The
pap
er
provide
d
bo
th
st
ren
gth and
we
ak
ness of
e
ac
h
sch
eme
for
fur
the
r
r
ese
arc
h
.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Inform
at
ion
centric
netw
orkin
g
Mob
il
it
y
approac
h
Mob
il
it
y supp
ort
sch
em
e
Nam
ed
data ne
tworki
ng
Pr
od
ucer m
ob
il
it
y
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Muk
ta
r
Hussai
ni,
School
of Com
pu
ti
ng,
Un
i
ver
sit
i Uta
r
a Ma
la
ysi
a,
06010 U
UM S
intok Ke
da
h D
aru
l
Am
an,
Mal
ay
sia
.
Em
a
il
: el
hu
ssenk
az
@yah
oo.c
om
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nam
ed
Data
Netw
orkin
g
(
NDN)
arc
hitec
ture
is
a
cl
e
an
-
sla
te
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
t
hat
ac
hieve
d
data
authe
ntici
ty
,
confide
ntial
it
y
a
nd
integ
rity
,
to
re
place
the
t
hin
w
ai
st
of n
et
work
i
ng
sta
ck
o
f
IP
arc
hitec
ture
wit
h
nam
ed
con
te
nt
.
Nam
ing
beco
m
es
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
ant
pa
rt
of
ap
plica
ti
on
desi
gn
of
NDN
that
qua
li
fies
su
pp
or
t
f
or
m
ul
ti
cast
,
cont
ent
distrib
uti
on,
delay
-
tole
ran
t
netw
orki
ng
an
d
m
ob
i
li
ty
[1]
.
By
def
a
ult,
Inform
at
ion
Ce
ntric
Netw
ork
ing
(
ICN
)
pro
po
s
ed
to
s
upport
m
ob
il
it
y
a
nd
oth
e
r
IP
s
hortc
om
ing
s,
bu
t
m
any
chall
enges
ar
ouse
d
especial
ly
in
ND
N
with
re
gards
to
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
ppor
t.
Mo
bili
ty
s
upport
al
lows
m
ob
il
e
dev
ic
es
t
o
rel
oc
at
e
betwee
n
diff
e
re
nt
acce
s
s
point
with
ou
t
disruptin
g
th
e
con
te
nt
avail
abili
ty
and
m
i
nim
a
l
hand
-
off
delay
.
Hen
ce
,
the
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
ICN
was
di
vid
e
d
into
con
s
um
e
r,
pro
ducer
an
d
netw
ork
m
ob
il
it
y.
Pr
od
ucer
m
ob
i
li
ty
is
the
su
pport
f
or
the
c
on
te
nt
pro
duc
er
to
rel
ocate
without
dis
rup
ti
ng
co
nsum
ers
and
interm
ediat
e
ro
ute
rs
for
c
on
te
nt
avail
abili
ty
and
it
s
locat
ion
within
m
i
nim
a
l
hand
-
of
f
ti
m
e
[2]
.
H
oweve
r,
m
any researc
he
rs
ace
rtai
n
the
unsop
pr
t
f
or
pro
ducer m
ob
il
it
y i
n
nam
ed
da
ta
n
et
w
orkin
g archit
ect
ure.
Zh
u,
A
fan
asy
e
v
an
d
Zha
ng
[
3]
ascerta
in
the
un
s
upport
of
pr
od
ucer
m
ob
il
ity
in
ND
N.
Eve
n
though
,
cachin
g
im
pr
oves
the
perfor
m
ance
and
sm
oo
t
hens
the
m
ob
il
e'
s
hand
off
for
co
nsum
er
bu
t
it
faces
s
i
m
i
la
r
pro
blem
s
fo
r
m
ob
il
e
pr
od
uc
er
as
i
n
I
P
arc
hitec
ture,
beca
us
e
of
r
ou
ti
ng
ta
ble
siz
e
scal
ing
pro
blem
still
exist,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Produce
r M
ob
i
li
ty
S
upport
Sc
hem
e
s for
Na
m
ed Da
t
a
Ne
tw
ork
ing: A
Surve
y
(
Muktar
Hus
sa
ini
)
5433
especial
ly
in
dense
area
with
high
m
ob
il
ity
[4]
.
To
pro
vid
e
so
l
utio
n
to
the
pro
blem
,
Zhu
et
al
.
su
gges
t
separ
at
io
n
a
nd
m
app
ing
betw
een
identifie
r
and
locat
or
by
broad
cast
in
g
or
interm
ediat
e
nodes
su
c
h
a
s
DNS
serv
e
rs
[
3]
.
Al
so
,
NDN
us
e
s
hierar
c
hical
na
m
ing
and
rout
e
aggreg
at
io
n
to
i
m
pr
ove
sca
la
bili
ty
,
bu
t
nam
ing
structu
re
ge
nerat
es
su
bs
ta
ntial
chal
le
ng
es w
he
n
pro
vid
e
rs
m
ov
e
to d
iffe
re
nt
locat
ion
an
d
intr
oduce
sig
nif
ic
ant
scal
abili
ty
chall
eng
es.
He
nce
,
the
pro
blem
can
be
le
sse
ne
d
via
cac
hing,
re
plica
ti
on
a
nd
pro
vision
of
high
-
sp
ee
d
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r
ha
nd
-
offs
[
5]
.
A
hlgren
et
al
.
[6]
e
m
ph
asi
zes
the
natu
ral
suppo
rt
of
c
onte
nt
co
ns
um
er
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
ND
N
,
but
pr
ob
l
e
m
s
m
ay
arise
for
co
ntent
produce
r
m
ob
il
ity.
Also,
ex
pr
e
ssed
that,
i
n
c
on
s
um
er
m
ob
il
i
ty
there
is
no
nee
d
to
keep
a
n
asso
ci
at
ion
to
a
sp
ec
ific
cop
y
al
ive,
instea
d,
new
connecti
ons
ca
n
be
est
ablish
an
d
al
te
rn
at
ive
co
pies
cached
at
the
new
locat
io
n
can
be
us
e
d
[
6]
.
NDN
us
e
Nam
ed
-
Ba
sed
Rou
ti
ng
(N
BR
)
a
nd
hierar
c
hical
nam
i
ng
t
o
a
ggre
gate
route
a
nnounc
e
m
ents.
For
a
m
ov
in
g
obj
ect
new
r
ou
te
nee
ds
t
o
be
an
nounce
d
and
pro
pa
gated
to
rep
la
ce
old
r
ou
ti
ng
i
nform
at
ion
causin
g
sim
i
la
r
prob
l
e
m
as
in
IP
.
B
esi
des
,
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y i
n
ND
N
ca
us
e
d
a serio
us
pro
blem
that of
fe
rs
lo
ng
ha
ndoff
la
te
ncy an
d unnecessa
ry Inte
rest
pack
et
losse
s
on
tra
ns
m
issi
on
towa
r
ds
the
old
locat
io
n
of
the
produce
r.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
ca
us
es
co
ngest
io
n
that
aff
ect
th
e inte
gri
ty
o
f data
[7
]
.
Re
centl
y
in
survey
a
rtic
le
s
for
nam
ed
data
ne
tworki
ng
a
nd
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pport
in
NDN
by
[
2]
an
d
[
8]
repor
te
d
that
c
on
s
um
er m
ob
ilit
y was inhere
nt
ly
su
pport
ed
i
n NDN
wh
il
e
Pr
od
ucer m
ob
il
it
y ca
nn
ot
be
s
uppor
t
and
faces
m
a
ny
chall
en
ges
from
initial
arch
it
ect
ural
de
sign
of
N
D
N.
Nev
e
rthele
ss,
there
a
re
d
iffe
re
nt
pro
po
sal
to
so
l
ve
the
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
pr
oble
m
su
ch
as
m
app
i
ng
based
and
locat
or
f
r
ee
te
chn
i
qu
es
[8]
.
In
add
it
io
n,
Fe
ng
et
al
.
[2]
ex
pr
e
sses
that,
a
lt
ho
ugh
c
on
s
um
er
m
ob
il
i
ty
fo
rm
e
rly
su
pp
or
te
d
in
N
D
N
by
m
e
ans
of
netw
ork
cac
hi
ng,
bu
t
sti
ll
th
ere
are
so
m
e
pro
blem
s
n
eed
t
o
be
a
ddresse
d
an
d
ye
t
pro
du
cer
m
ob
il
it
y
was
not
su
pp
or
te
d
as
a
resu
lt
of
co
ntent
nam
ed
are
no
t
separ
at
e
d
wi
th
locat
ion.
In
add
it
io
n,
a
no
t
he
r
m
eans
is
req
uire
d
to serve a
s a l
oc
at
or
[2]
t
o
s
upport
produce
r m
ob
il
i
ty
in
NDN.
This
pa
per
is
the
re
view
an
d
analy
ses
m
ob
il
it
y
su
ppor
t
sch
e
m
es
fo
r
co
nte
nt
pro
du
ce
rs
in
NDN;
an
d
pro
vid
es
sc
he
m
es
cl
assifi
cation
f
or
pro
du
c
er
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
ap
proac
he
s
based
on
their
fun
dam
ental
desig
n,
sp
eci
fical
ly
for
NDN.
Th
e res
t
of
this pa
per
i
s
arr
a
nged
a
s
f
ollows:
Subse
quently
f
or
t
he
gen
e
ral
intr
oduc
ti
on
,
in
sect
io
n
tw
o
the
m
ai
n
con
ce
pts
of
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
it
y
su
ppor
t
for
N
DN
w
as
desc
ribe
d.
S
ec
ti
on
tw
o
ana
ly
ses
the
stren
gth
s
a
nd
weaknesses
of
fou
r
dif
fere
nt
approac
hes
of
pro
du
c
er
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pport
schem
es,
rev
ie
we
d
and
a
naly
zed
base
d
on
in
divi
du
al
sc
hem
e
char
act
e
risti
cs.
Sect
ion
fou
r
is
the
re
view
a
naly
sis
for
dif
fer
e
nt
appr
oach
s
and
thier r
e
sear
c
h
t
rend
base
d on
ye
ars
an
d final
ly
the conclusi
on secti
on.
Ma
ny
resea
rc
he
s
ha
ve
bee
n
c
arr
ie
d
out
a
n
at
tem
pt
to
pro
vi
de
s
olu
ti
on
t
o
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
i
li
ty
in
NDN;
so
m
e
pr
opos
e
d
certai
n
concep
ts
and
sc
hem
es
as
so
luti
ons.
Zh
u
et
al
.
[3]
presente
d
three
diff
e
re
nt
con
ce
ptu
al
schem
es
as
a
new
perspect
ive
to
sup
port
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
NDN.
T
he
c
oncepts
est
a
blished
t
he
f
unda
m
ental
proce
dure
to
s
olv
e
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
i
ty
pr
obl
e
m
fo
r
ot
her
re
searche
rs,
al
so
the
c
on
ce
pts
wer
e
rec
omm
e
nd
e
d
t
o
su
pp
or
t
m
ob
il
e
produce
r
fro
m
the
le
sso
n
le
arn
e
d
in
pr
e
vi
ou
s
re
searc
he
s
that
prov
i
des
IP
m
ob
il
it
y
s
upport
so
luti
on
wh
ic
h
can
be
a
ppli
ed
dir
ect
ly
to
so
lve
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
ppor
t
in
NDN.
T
he
th
ree
co
nce
ptu
al
schem
es
are,
us
in
g
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r
sto
ra
ge
to
fetch
da
ta
in
the
a
bs
e
nce
of
pro
du
c
er,
us
in
g
inte
r
m
ediat
e
nodes
s
uc
h
as
Do
m
ai
n
Na
m
e
Syst
e
m
(
DNS)
se
r
ve
rs,
ancho
r,
re
nd
ezvous
a
nd
I
nt
erest
broa
dca
sti
ng
f
or
m
app
in
g
bet
w
een
co
ntent
id
entifi
er
an
d
lo
cat
ion
[
3]
.
Br
oad
ca
sti
ng
is
a
well
known
te
chn
iq
ues
use
d
f
or
diff
e
re
nt m
ob
il
it
y and
protoc
ol
s so
luti
on i
n
c
om
pu
ti
ng
[
9]
, br
oa
dcast sc
he
m
e w
as
propos
ed by
[
10]
, [1
1]
Her
m
ans,
Ng
a
i,
an
d
G
unningb
e
r
g
[
12]
asc
ertai
n
that
to
pro
vid
e
a
co
nc
rete
s
olu
ti
on
for
pro
du
c
e
r
m
ob
il
i
ty
,
con
te
nt
identifie
r
a
nd
c
on
te
nt
locat
or
dec
ouplin
g
is
necessary.
Added
that,
m
any
chall
enges
wer
e
raised
to
so
l
ve
the
m
ob
il
it
y
s
upport
pro
ble
m
s
su
ch
as,
prefera
ble
nam
es
pace
to
be
us
e
d
f
or
co
ntent
identifi
e
r
and
co
ntent
lo
cat
or
,
pro
visio
n
of
ses
sio
n
c
on
ti
nuit
y,
ho
w
to
res
olv
e
i
de
ntifie
rs
a
nd
lo
cat
or
s
us
in
g
m
ob
il
it
y
ancho
r
or
e
xpli
ci
t
identifie
r
[
12
]
.
I
n
order
to
retai
n
I
P
rou
ti
ng
pr
i
nciples,
the
locat
ors
m
us
t
be
in
hie
rarc
hica
l
form
of
nam
e
sp
ace
a
nd
t
he
node
can
be
a
ble
to
ha
ndle
the
m
ob
il
it
y,
hen
ce
se
par
at
i
on
of
i
den
ti
fie
rs
a
nd
locat
ion
to
geth
er
with
ex
plici
t
identifie
r
res
olu
ti
on
is
requ
ired
to
sup
port
producer
m
obil
ity
and
pro
vid
e
the
scal
abili
ty
of
routin
g
in
fr
ast
ru
ct
ur
es
[
12
]
.
The
refor
e
,
th
e
existi
ng
pro
po
s
ed
sc
hem
es
an
d
cl
assifi
cat
ion
appr
oach
es
w
e
re in
it
ia
te
d fro
m
these co
nce
ptu
al
s
olu
ti
ons
pro
vid
e
d.
2.
PROP
OSE
D SOLUTI
ONS
OF
NDN
P
R
ODUCE
R M
OBIL
ITY S
U
PPORT
So
m
e
researc
he
rs
cl
assifi
e
d
e
xisti
ng
pr
oduc
er
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
ap
proac
he
s
into
di
ff
e
re
nt
cl
asses
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
ap
plica
ti
on
purpose
s
an
d
easy
ide
ntific
at
ion
of
t
heir
stre
ngths
and
wea
knesse
s.
Pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pp
or
t
ap
proa
ches
we
re
iden
ti
fied
as
rendez
vou
s
point
ba
s
ed
or
ho
m
e
reposit
or
y
an
d
in
di
recti
on
point
base
d
[13],
[14]
,
to
pro
vid
es
seam
el
ess
m
ob
il
it
y
as
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
in
MIPv6
for
hand
over
en
han
c
em
ent
[15]
and
m
ul
ti
cast
m
anag
em
ent
m
ob
il
it
y
in
IP
[
16]
.
Si
m
il
arly
,
Saxen
a
et
al
.
[
8]
f
ur
t
her
cl
assifi
e
d
pr
oducer
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pp
or
t
a
ppr
oa
ches
as
m
app
i
ng
-
based
ap
proach
an
d
locat
or
-
f
ree
a
ppro
a
ch.
Also,
m
ob
il
it
y
su
ppor
t
a
ppr
oac
h
in
N
D
N
f
or
both
c
onsu
m
er
and
pr
od
ucer
wer
e
cl
assi
fied
as
pa
rtia
l
sep
arati
on
an
d
te
m
po
rar
y
sep
ar
at
ion
by
[2]
. Th
e
refo
re, i
n
this pap
e
r
th
e
m
ai
n
con
cept
s s
chem
es w
ere b
ro
a
dly divid
ed
into Ind
i
recti
on
-
Ba
sed
Mo
bili
ty
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5432
-
5442
5434
Approac
h
(I
B
MA),
Ma
ppin
g
-
Ba
se
d
Mo
bi
li
ty
Ap
proac
h
(MBM
A),
L
ocato
r
-
Ba
se
d
Mob
il
it
y
App
ro
ac
h
(LBMA)
an
d
Con
tr
ol/Data
P
la
ne
-
Ba
se
d
Mo
bili
ty
Ap
proa
c
h
(C
DP
BM
A
)
accor
ding
t
o
th
e
co
ncep
t
ual
s
olu
ti
on
pr
ese
nt
ed
in p
r
evio
us
secti
on.
Many s
olu
ti
on
s w
e
re
pro
vid
e
d base
d on thes
e ap
proac
hes
2.1.
Mappin
g
B
as
e
d Appr
oa
c
h
The
Ma
ppin
g
-
Ba
sed
M
ob
il
it
y
App
ro
ac
h
(
MB
MA)
is
a
t
echn
i
qu
e
a
dopt
ed
by
m
any
research
e
rs
[
3],
[17]
–
[21]
to
pr
ov
i
de
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
su
ppor
t
s
chem
es
th
at
de
pend
on
a
D
NS
ser
ver,
r
end
ez
vous
po
i
nt
a
nd
m
app
in
g
se
rv
e
r
that
kee
ps
m
app
i
ng
trac
k
of
con
te
nt
id
e
ntifie
r
a
nd
cu
rr
e
nt
l
ocati
on
f
or
m
ob
il
e
pro
ducer
.
On
ce
t
he
m
ob
il
e
con
te
nt
pro
ducer
m
ov
e
an
d
c
onnect
to
the
new
P
oin
t
of
at
ta
chm
ent
(P
oA
),
the
produce
r
disco
ver
e
d
a
ne
w
nam
e
pr
e
fix
an
d
se
nd
si
gn
al
in
g
update
to
the
DNS
[
17
]
,
[18]
,
r
en
de
zvous
or
m
a
pp
i
ng
serv
e
r
[
20]
,
[
21]
.
The
D
NS
s
erv
e
r
pr
ocesse
s
al
l
necessary
m
app
in
gs
between
t
he
co
nt
ent
identifie
r
or
ne
w
do
m
ai
n
nam
e
pr
e
fix
a
nd
it
s
locat
ion.
T
he
c
on
s
um
er
on
th
e
oth
e
r
si
de,
s
end
a
qu
e
ry
to
the
m
app
in
g
serve
r
seekin
g
t
he
ne
w
locat
io
n
of
c
on
te
nt
pr
ov
i
de
r
that
c
ha
ng
e
d
locat
ion
.
T
hen,
the
m
app
in
g
s
erv
e
r
rep
ly
the
qu
e
ry
with
f
orwardin
g
hi
nt
as
new
locat
ion
updat
e,
w
hich
co
nta
ins
t
he
m
app
ing
of
dom
ai
n
nam
e
pr
efix
a
nd
it
s
locat
ion
of
t
he
con
te
nt
Pro
ducer.
T
he
c
on
s
um
er
us
es
the
f
orwardin
g
hin
t
and
f
orwards
the
I
nterest
to
m
ob
il
e
Pr
od
ucer at
it
s
new locat
io
n, a
s sho
wn in Fi
gure
1 (a
).
Figure
1 (a)
Operati
onal
M
odel
o
f
MB
MA
Figure
1 (b)
O
per
at
io
nal M
odel
o
f
I
BM
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Produce
r M
ob
i
li
ty
S
upport
Sc
hem
e
s for
Na
m
ed Da
t
a
Ne
tw
ork
ing: A
Surve
y
(
Muktar
Hus
sa
ini
)
5435
The
c
ouplin
g
or
m
app
in
g
be
tween
t
he
ide
ntifie
r
nam
e
a
nd
t
he
locat
or
nam
e
can
be
pro
vid
e
d
by
us
in
g
ei
ther
a
broa
dcasti
ng
or
interm
ediat
e
node
[
3]
.
A
na
m
espace
can
be
prov
i
ded
for
each
m
ob
il
e
produce
r
unde
r
w
hich
it
s
publish
it
s
con
te
nt
re
gardle
ss
of
the
l
ocati
on
t
o
se
rv
es
as
identifie
r
of
the
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r,
and
a
no
t
her
na
m
e
pr
efix
f
or
the
acce
ss
router
shou
l
d
be
pro
vid
e
d
to
ser
ves
as
locat
or
that
can
be
use
d
to
locat
e
the
ne
w
PoA
of
the
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r
[
3]
.
I
f
a
ny
c
onsu
m
er
wa
nts
to
acce
ss
data
from
pr
od
ucer
that
relocate
to
ne
w
P
oA,
the
co
ns
um
er
m
a
y
s
end
a
request
t
o
the
interm
ed
ia
te
no
de
(DN
S
ser
ver)
f
or
update
d
inf
or
m
at
ion
of
the conte
nt
produ
ce
r, t
he
i
nform
at
ion
can
b
e
us
e
d
as
f
orwardin
g hint.
Kim
e
t
al
.,
[1
7]
,
[1
8]
pr
opos
e
d
three
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
sche
m
es
to
cur
ta
il
t
he
im
pact
of
han
do
ff
delay
wh
il
e
pr
ov
i
ding
ser
vice
es
pe
ci
al
ly
on
delay
const
raint
da
ta
,
am
on
g
the
s
chem
es
the
ren
dez
vous
ser
ve
r
wa
s
us
e
d
to
kee
p
t
he
t
rac
k
ne
w
locat
ion
of
m
ob
il
e
Producer
wh
e
n
the
re
is
occurre
nce
of
hand
off
an
d
update
the
cl
ie
nts
or
co
nt
ent
co
ns
um
ers
after
m
app
ing
betw
een
c
onte
nt
identifie
r
and
new
l
ocati
on
of
the
pro
du
ce
r
.
Howe
ver,
the
m
axi
m
u
m
handoff
la
te
ncy
of
re
nd
e
zv
ous
s
chem
e
is
aro
und
400m
s
[17
]
,
[18]
,
w
hich
is
far
gr
eat
er
t
hat
the
Ro
und
T
rip
Tim
e
(RTT
),
he
nce
the
r
end
ez
vous
ser
ver
ca
n
ser
ve
the
consum
er
with
ou
t
dated
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
.
Jia
ng
et
al
.,
[
20]
,
[
22
]
pro
vide
s
a
so
l
ution
t
o
the
c
onte
nt
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
it
y
in
NDN
us
ing
D
NS
-
li
ke
m
app
in
g
a
ppr
oach
an
d
a
do
pt
forw
a
r
ding
hi
nt
to
e
xp
l
or
e
the
be
ne
fit
of
NDN
i
n
s
upportin
g
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
m
app
in
g
of co
ntent ide
ntifie
r
an
d new
locati
on
of
the m
ob
i
le
p
rod
ucer
w
a
s carr
ie
d ou
t
by
the D
NS
se
r
ver
a
n
d
the
f
orwardin
g
hin
t
is
ad
de
d
in
to
the
I
ntere
st
upon
re
qu
e
s
t
by
the
co
nsu
m
er
[20]
.
H
ow
ever,
in
this
s
ol
ution
each
ap
plica
ti
on
do
m
ai
n
re
qu
i
red
to
ha
ve
ind
e
pende
nt
m
app
in
g
ser
ver
a
nd
im
plem
ented
as
dis
tribu
te
d
syst
e
m
s.
Also
,
m
ob
il
e
produ
cer
m
us
t
up
da
te
it
s
new
locat
ion
to
the
se
rv
e
r
f
or
the
m
ob
il
it
y
to
su
sta
ined
,
causin
g hig
h n
et
work sig
naling an
d o
verhea
d.
Anothe
r
m
app
ing
-
based
a
ppr
oach
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pp
or
t
sc
hem
e
was
pro
pose
d
by
Ga
o
a
nd
Zha
ng
[21]
to
so
lve
t
he
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
it
y
pr
oble
m
in
NDN
with
out
tamperi
ng
t
he
ori
gi
nal
NDN
arc
hi
te
ct
ur
e.
T
he
s
cal
able
m
ob
il
i
ty
m
ana
gem
ent
(S
MM
)
schem
e
adop
ts
three
diff
e
re
nt
sepa
rati
on
m
echan
ism
s,
acce
ss/core
s
ep
arati
on,
locat
or
/I
D
sep
arati
on
an
d
m
anag
em
ent/ro
ut
ing
se
parat
io
n.
The
sc
hem
e
was
pro
pos
ed
to
a
ddress
so
m
e
pro
blem
s
su
ch
as
seve
re
scal
abili
ty
,
non
-
optim
a
l
ro
utin
g,
sing
le
po
i
nt
of
fail
ur
e
a
nd
th
e
resu
lt
ou
t
perform
s
m
ob
il
e
IP
sche
m
es
in
te
rm
s
of
c
omm
un
ic
at
i
on
an
d
ha
ndoff
la
te
ncy
[
21
]
. H
owe
ver,
to
pr
even
t si
ngle
po
int
-
of
-
fail
ur
e
distrib
ut
ed
m
app
ing
s
yst
e
m
was
pro
vid
e
d
in
SMM
,
w
hich
ca
n
re
su
lt
to
the
e
xtr
a
delay
an
d
overh
ea
d
cost
f
or
t
he
m
anag
em
ent
of
global
bi
nd
i
ng
update.
In
ad
diti
on
,
to
im
pr
ov
e
a
nd
m
ini
m
iz
ed
delay
duri
ng
hand
off
proc
es
s,
fast
ha
ndoff
as
in
[
23
]
was
pro
po
se
d
to u
s
e
tunneli
ng
o
f
In
te
re
st
pac
kets
and
b
in
ding u
pdat
e
,
as
well
as
data
pack
et
s
an
d
bindin
g
ack
no
wled
gem
ent,
wh
ic
h
m
ay
resu
lt
of
w
orsen
band
w
idth
util
iz
at
ion
,
especial
ly
w
he
n
the
re is
fr
e
qu
ent m
ov
em
ent o
f
m
ob
il
e p
r
oducer
s
.
Table
1
su
m
m
arize
so
m
e
schem
es
un
de
r
t
he
ap
proac
h
of
m
app
ing
-
bas
ed,
the
m
et
ho
d
of
m
ob
il
ity
inf
or
m
at
ion
update
w
as
highli
gh
te
d,
to
get
her
with
stren
gth
an
d
weaknesses
of
eac
h
s
chem
e.
In
ge
ner
al
,
m
app
in
g
-
base
d
app
r
oac
h
pro
vi
des
op
ti
m
al
routing
path
f
or
data
pack
et
s
de
li
ver
y
after
ha
ndoff.
Howe
ve
r,
the
appr
oach has
hi
gh
sig
naling c
os
t a
nd h
a
ndof
f
la
te
ncy,
with
par
ti
al
m
od
ific
at
ion
of ND
N archit
ect
ure.
Table
1.
Ma
pp
i
ng
-
Ba
se
d
Mo
bi
li
t
y Approac
h Schem
es
Ref
Sch
e
m
e
Metho
d
Ro
u
tin
g
path
Streng
th
W
eakn
ess
es
Ki
m
et al.
(20
1
2
)
Ren
d
ezvo
u
s
sch
e
m
e
Pref
ix
qu
ery
and
u
p
d
ate
o
p
ti
m
al
Partial
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
of
NDN
Su
p
p
o
rt
b
o
th
co
n
su
m
er
and
pro
d
u
cer
Ver
y
hig
h
han
d
o
f
f
laten
cy
,
Ren
d
ezvo
u
s can
serv
e
with
ou
td
ated
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
Zhu
et
al.
(20
1
4
)
Mapp
in
g
and
Bro
ad
castin
g
Qu
ery and
up
d
ate
Fo
rwar
d
in
g
hin
t
Op
ti
m
al
Prov
id
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
s
u
p
p
o
rt
with
Par
tial
ND
N
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
Prop
o
sed
con
cept
No
t evalu
ated
Jian
g
et
al.
(20
1
4
)
DNS
-
Like
m
a
p
p
in
g
Fo
rwar
d
in
g
hin
t
Op
ti
m
al
Partial
NDN
m
o
d
if
icatio
n
Up
d
ate ca
u
ses
hig
h
sig
n
alin
g
ov
erhead
Ki
m
et al.
(20
1
5
)
Ren
d
ezvo
u
s
b
ased
ap
p
roach
Qu
ery and
up
d
ate
o
p
ti
m
al
Su
p
p
o
rt
b
o
th
co
n
s
u
m
er
an
d
pro
d
u
cer
Ver
y
hig
h
han
d
o
f
f
laten
cy
.
Gao
and
Z
h
an
g
(20
1
6
)
Scalab
le
Mob
ility
Manag
e
m
en
t
Bin
d
in
g
u
p
d
ate
an
d
Bin
d
in
g
ackn
o
wled
g
e
m
en
t
Op
ti
m
al
Scalab
ility
,
rob
u
stn
ess
an
d
avo
id
sin
g
le p
o
in
t of
f
ailu
re
Hig
h
ov
erhead
cos
t f
o
r
m
a
n
ag
in
g
glo
b
al b
in
d
in
g
u
p
d
ate.
2.2.
Indirec
tio
n B
as
ed
Appro
ac
h
The
I
nd
i
recti
on
-
base
d
Mo
bili
ty
Ap
proac
h
(I
BM
A
)
is
a
t
echn
i
qu
e
der
i
ve
d
from
the
MIPv4
an
d
MIPv6
m
ob
il
ity
so
luti
on
co
nc
ept
to
s
upport
the
m
ob
il
e
produce
r
in
NDN
arc
hitec
ture
[8]
.
A
hom
e
a
gen
t
or
ho
m
e
ro
uter
was
pro
vid
e
d
to
m
ai
ntain
the
bin
di
ng
in
form
at
ion
betwe
en
co
ntent
pr
e
fix
an
d
locat
ion
a
nd
red
irect
the
I
nterest
pac
kets
usi
ng
tu
nnel
to
the
ne
w
locat
ion
or
PoA
of
t
he
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r
[
24]
,
[
25]
.
The
pro
du
ce
r
or co
ntent provide
r registe
rs
it
s content p
ref
i
xes
with the hom
e
router as
in
[25]
, o
r
I
nd
ire
ct
io
n
point
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5432
-
5442
5436
as
in
[
24]
that
directs
al
l
the
I
nterest
pack
et
s
from
the
con
s
um
er
t
o
the
pr
oduce
r
an
d
reverse
the
data
pa
cket
s
in
brea
dcrum
b
natu
re
of
NDN.
When
the
pro
du
ce
r
deci
des
t
o
m
ov
e,
after
t
he
hand
off
from
the
current
locat
ion
,
it
se
nds
bi
nd
i
ng
inf
or
m
at
ion
as
an
update
noti
fyi
ng
t
he
hom
e
ro
ute
r
ab
out
th
e
new
l
ocati
on.
O
nce
the
ho
m
e
rout
er
r
ecei
ves
the
subse
qu
e
nt
Int
erest
pac
kets
from
the
sam
e
r
ou
ti
ng
pat
h,
the
I
nterest
are
bei
ng
encapsulat
ed
a
nd tu
nn
el
e
d dir
ect
ly
to
the
ne
w prov
i
der’s l
oc
at
ion
or P
oA,
as il
lustrate
d
i
n Fi
gure
1 (
b).
Her
m
ans
et
al
.
[24]
pro
pose
d
an
Indirecti
on
po
int
schem
e
to
su
pp
or
t
Pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
in
ND
N
by
adoptin
g
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
m
ob
il
e
IP
,
but
the
so
luti
on
ha
nd
le
s
Pr
od
ucer
m
ob
il
it
y
s
ea
m
le
ss
ly
witho
ut
exte
ns
io
ns
as
in
Mo
bile
I
P.
T
he
sc
hem
e
util
iz
ed
ta
rge
t
pr
e
fix
i
den
ti
f
ie
s
the
co
ntext
nam
e
and
s
ou
rce
prefi
x
to
id
entify
new
l
ocati
on
or
PoA
of
m
ob
il
e
pr
od
ucer
in
ano
t
her
netw
ork
dom
ai
n.
The
m
ob
il
e
produ
cer
m
us
t
reg
ist
er
it
s
ta
rg
et
pr
e
fix
fi
rst,
for
the
I
nd
i
recti
on
po
i
nt
to
an
nounce
it
t
o
the
netw
ork
,
al
so
updates
it
s
so
urce
prefi
x
to
the
Indirecti
on
point
that
kee
p
th
e
bindin
g
i
nfo
r
m
at
ion
of
ta
r
ge
t
and
s
ource
pr
e
fix.
F
or
any
cha
ng
e
of
l
oc
at
ion
,
the
m
ob
il
e
pr
oduce
r
se
nd
s
a
new
bindin
g
r
equ
e
st
to
the
hom
e
rep
os
it
or
y
or
in
directi
on
po
i
nt
to
updat
e
an
d
delet
e
the
old
bindin
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
Wh
e
n
in
directi
on
point
receives
an
I
nt
erest
requesti
ng
a
par
ti
cular
t
arg
et
pr
e
fix
a
nd
the
con
te
nt
not
a
vaila
ble
in
the
cache,
it
pe
r
f
or
m
s
lon
ge
st
pr
e
fix
m
at
ch
ing
of
In
te
re
st
in
th
e
bindin
g
ta
ble,
on
ce
f
ound
the
Indirecti
on
point
enca
ps
ulate
the
ori
gin
al
Int
erest
in
a
ne
w
In
te
re
st
an
d
f
orwa
r
d
it
to
the
m
ob
ile
producer
.
Wh
en
pro
du
ce
r
r
ecei
ved
the
In
t
erest,
it
de
-
ca
psula
te
the
In
te
r
est
and
tu
nn
el
back
the
data
pac
ke
t
to
the
In
di
r
ect
ion
point.
The
in
directi
on
point
de
-
ca
ps
ulate
the
da
ta
and
sen
d
it
to
the
consum
er
[
24
]
.
Lee
et
al
.
[
25
]
al
so
pro
po
se
d
an
i
nd
irect
i
on
appr
oach
sim
i
l
ar
to
[24]
that
us
es
hom
e
do
m
ai
n
Con
te
nt
Rou
te
r
(CR
h
)
and
interm
ediat
e
Con
te
nt
Rou
te
rs
(CR
)
to
ha
nd
le
Produ
cer
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
m
ob
il
e
pr
oduce
r
al
ways
se
nd
s
a
prefi
x
update
t
o
CR
h
a
bout
it
s
m
ov
em
ent
to
new
locat
io
n;
a
lso
a
nnounce
t
he
pr
e
fix
to
the
ne
w
CR
.
The
new
CR
fo
r
wa
rd
t
he
pr
e
fix
updat
e
to
the
CR
h
to
est
ablish
pat
h
f
ro
m
the
ne
w
an
d
old
dom
ai
n
of
m
ob
il
e
pr
oduc
er.
A
fter
ward
the
In
te
rest
an
d
Data
pac
ket
s
are
exc
hang
ed
bet
ween
m
ob
il
e
pro
ducer
an
d
consum
er
through
CR
h
by
tunneli
ng
enca
ps
ulate
d
an
d
de
caps
ulate
d
I
nt
erest
and
da
ta
pack
a
ge
as
in
[24]
.
Howe
ver,
f
or
t
he
inte
rm
ediate
co
ntent
route
rs
to
cache
the
con
te
nt,
th
ey
m
us
t
hav
e
to
de
caps
ulate
the
con
te
nt
from
tun
nel
he
ader
a
nd
cac
he
the
co
ntent
wi
th
it
s
or
i
gin
al
nam
e
pr
efix
.
I
n
ad
diti
on,
the
natu
re
of
In
te
r
est
and
data
pa
ckets
t
r
ansm
issi
on
thr
ough
the
ho
m
e
co
ntent
rout
er
m
ay
resu
lt
in
a
pro
blem
of
on
e
sin
gle
point
of
fail
ur
e
of CR
h
an
d t
unneli
ng
-
base
red
i
recti
on
pro
vid
es
pro
blem
s o
f
tria
ng
ular ro
utin
g
as
in m
ob
il
e IP
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n
to
rendez
vous
sc
hem
e
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pp
or
t,
Kim
et
al
.
[1
7],
[18
]
pr
op
os
ed
a
s
chem
e
us
ing
Indirecti
on
poi
nt
to
suppo
rt
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
by
red
ucin
g
the
r
ou
ti
ng
update
over
he
ad.
T
he
schem
e
was
introd
uced to
m
ini
m
iz
ed
the
hand
off
a
nd
im
pro
ve
the
pe
rfo
rm
ance o
f
Re
ndezv
ous se
rv
e
r
sch
em
e that i
nd
uce
s
la
rg
e h
an
dof
f
la
te
ncy.
I
nd
ir
ec
ti
on
point
se
rves
as
a
relay
po
int
betwee
n
c
onte
nt
Co
nsum
e
r
an
d
m
ob
il
e
con
te
nt
pro
du
ce
r
[18]
.
The
schem
e
r
edu
ce
d
the
la
te
nc
y
up
on
re
nd
e
zvous
ser
ve
r
schem
e
to
m
axi
m
u
m
han
dof
f
la
te
ncy
of
226m
s
[17]
an
d
a
pproxi
m
at
ely
200m
s
[18
]
this
i
nd
i
cat
es
that
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
I
nd
irect
i
on
ser
ve
r
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pport
is
m
or
e
ef
fici
ent
tha
n
Re
ndezv
ous
se
r
ver.
H
oweve
r,
de
sp
it
e
the
le
ss
hand
off
la
te
nc
y
th
a
n
rendez
vous
,
th
e
RTT
is
l
onge
r
al
m
os
t
twic
e
that
of
re
nd
e
zvous
,
a
nd
al
l
the
data
are
e
xc
hange
d
th
r
ough
th
e
ind
irect
io
n ser
ver co
ns
e
qu
e
nt
ly
b
ecom
es a sing
le
point
of f
a
il
ur
e.
The
im
pr
ovem
ent
of
ha
ndoff
pe
rfor
m
ance
can
al
s
o
be
de
gr
a
de
d
as
a
re
su
lt
of
l
onger
RTT
f
or
the
Indirecti
on p
oi
nt
schem
e.
Kim
et
al
.
[1
7],
[
18
]
propose
d
I
nterest
f
orwa
rdi
ng
sc
hem
e
wit
hout
cha
ngin
g
of
ne
w
hierar
c
hical
na
m
e
wh
en
co
ntent
produce
r
is
in
m
ob
il
e.
The
cha
ng
i
ng
processes
dem
a
nd
a
lot
includi
ng
m
app
in
g
an
d
r
egistrat
ion
t
o
r
end
ez
vous
ser
ver.
The
I
nter
est
fo
r
wardin
g
schem
e
pr
oce
sses
sta
rts
when
the
con
te
nt
P
rod
uc
er
no
ti
fy
it
s
a
ccess
r
oute
r
a
bout
t
he
hand
off
process
,
th
e
acce
ss
r
ou
te
r
buf
fer
s
a
ny
interes
t
s
head
i
ng
to
m
ob
il
e
Pro
du
c
e
r
a
fter
t
he
no
ti
fic
at
ion
.
A
fter
t
he
ha
ndoff,
the
new
acce
ss
r
oute
r
f
orwards
a
virtu
al
In
te
re
st
to
the
old
acce
ss
rout
er
by
lo
ng
e
st
prefix
m
at
ching
in
FI
B
f
or
inter
m
ediat
e
ro
ute
r
to
update
thei
r
FI
B,
on
ce
the
virtua
l
In
te
rest
rea
ch
old
acce
ss
router
it
s
f
o
rward
t
he
buff
e
r
ed
I
nterest
t
o
the
ne
w
acce
s
s
router
without
f
orwardin
g
hin
t.
T
he
data
requeste
d
are
delivere
d
directl
y
to
the
consum
er
as
t
he
PI
T
in
on
e
of
the
interm
ediat
e router direct
it
to
the c
on
s
um
er, t
hu
s t
he ro
utin
g path t
o
m
ob
il
e p
r
oduc
er is
s
ucc
ess
fu
ll
y u
pdat
ed,
the
subse
qu
e
nt
In
te
rest
is
f
orwarde
d
dire
ct
ly
to
the
new
locat
io
n
[
17]
,
[
18
]
.
I
n
c
om
par
ison
wit
h
ot
her
appr
oach
es
pr
opose
d, the
ha
ndoff
lat
ency ar
e m
ini
m
u
m
1
78m
s
[17]
a
nd 160
m
s
[18]
an
d R
TT is 54.
43m
s
[
17
]
are
al
so
m
inim
u
m
co
m
par
ed
to
rendez
vous
an
d
I
nd
irec
ti
on
schem
e.
Be
sides
the
m
i
nim
iz
at
ion
s
of
hand
of
f
la
te
ncy,
the
In
t
erest
f
or
wa
rd
i
ng
sc
hem
e
has
a
dv
a
ntage
s
of
l
oc
al
iz
ing
path
update
betwe
en
old
a
nd
new
ac
cess
router
t
o
a
vo
i
d
the
e
xp
l
os
io
n
of
r
ou
ti
ng
ta
ble
siz
e.
Howe
ve
r,
t
he
sc
hem
e
requires
the
m
od
i
ficat
ion
of
r
ou
te
rs
to
buf
fer
i
ncom
ing
I
nterest
durin
g
hand
off
and
proce
sses
of
vir
t
ual
I
nterest.
I
n
a
dd
it
i
on,
the
l
ocali
ze
path
update m
ay
r
esult i
n pro
blem
of trian
gu
la
r
r
outi
ng in som
e topolo
gies.
Han
et
al
.
[26],
[2
7]
pro
pose
d
a
pu
blis
her
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
that
is
par
ti
al
l
y
si
m
il
ar
to
an
ind
irect
io
n
-
base
d
schem
e
t
hat
us
es
t
wo
re
serv
e
d
nam
es
t
o
m
anag
e
an
d
con
t
ro
l
the
m
ob
il
it
y
of
co
ntent
pro
ducer.
I
n
[27]
,
the
co
ncep
t
ual
idea
was
pr
opos
e
d
with
ou
t
de
ta
il
s
design
a
nd
e
valuati
on
on
how
to
s
up
port
m
ob
il
e
produce
r
by
pr
ov
i
ding
f
ast
FI
B
est
a
bl
ishm
ent
and
m
ai
ntaining
va
li
d
pat
h
to
r
each
t
he
c
on
te
nt
pr
oducer
af
te
r
the
hand
off
betwe
en
old
a
nd
ne
w
PoA.
I
n
[
26]
,
the
pr
op
os
e
d
protoc
ol
wa
s
d
esi
gn,
eval
uated
an
d
be
nc
hm
ark
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Produce
r M
ob
i
li
ty
S
upport
Sc
hem
e
s for
Na
m
ed Da
t
a
Ne
tw
ork
ing: A
Surve
y
(
Muktar
Hus
sa
ini
)
5437
against
purely
ind
i
recti
on
a
ppr
oac
h
a
nd
tra
diti
on
al
CC
N
arch
it
ect
ure.
T
he
nam
es
were
us
e
d
t
o
upda
te
the
ho
m
e
router
a
nd
old
PoA
a
bout
the
m
ob
il
it
y
even
t
of
co
nt
ent
pro
du
ce
r
[
26
]
,
[27
]
.
F
or
the
norm
al
pr
oc
ess
wh
e
n
the
pro
ducer
do
e
s
not
m
ov
e,
al
l
interest
pack
et
s
we
re
for
warde
d
thr
ough
the
hom
e
ro
uter
us
in
g
sta
ti
c
FI
B.
Mo
reove
r
,
to
m
a
intai
n
t
he
m
ob
il
it
y,
o
ne
nam
e
is
us
ed
to
up
date
the
hom
e
ro
uter
an
d
oth
e
r
is
us
e
d
to
update
t
he
pr
e
vi
ous
or
old
P
oA
wit
h
path
inf
or
m
at
ion
to
t
he
pro
du
ce
r,
usi
ng
dy
nam
ic
FI
B.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
the
t
w
o
nam
es
wer
e
a
dd
e
d
t
o
the
da
ta
and
interest
pac
ket
nam
es,
w
hich
m
ay
resu
lt
to
th
e
hi
gh
sig
nalin
g
overh
e
a
d
cost
an
d
ba
ndwidth
ex
plo
it
a
ti
on
wh
e
n
the
r
e
is
fr
e
quent
m
ov
e
m
en
t
of
high
nu
m
ber
of
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
rs
.
Althou
gh
t
he
s
olu
ti
on
pr
ov
i
de
s
sub
-
optim
al
path
for
data
trans
fer
betwe
en
co
nsum
er
and
pro
ducer,
s
ti
ll
the
interest
pac
ket
s
m
us
t
be
for
w
ard
e
d
to
the
hom
e
ro
uter
an
d
s
ub
s
eq
ue
nt
ol
d
P
oA
s
be
fore
trans
ferrin
g
it
to
the
con
te
nt pr
oduc
er
wh
ic
h
ca
n
le
ad
to
the
hi
gh
delay
of c
on
te
nt r
et
rie
val.
Yan
et
al
.
[
28
]
pro
po
se
d
a
distrib
uted
m
ob
il
it
y
m
anag
em
ent
schem
e
as
a
so
luti
on
f
or
bot
h
co
nsum
er
and
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
ND
N
a
rc
hitec
tur
e
and
al
l
m
ob
il
e
IP
arc
hitec
ture
s
uppo
rted
by
N
DN
overl
ay
[19]
.
The
distrib
ute
d
m
ob
il
it
y
m
a
nag
em
ent
ha
ndove
r
sc
hem
e,
suppo
rts
both
co
ns
um
er
an
d
produce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
wh
ic
h
m
ini
m
i
zed
ha
ndoff
la
te
ncy
and
rout
ing
update
co
st
or
sig
nalin
g
ov
e
rh
ea
d
c
ost
.
In
a
dd
it
io
n,
wh
e
n
m
ob
il
e
pr
oduc
e
m
ov
es
f
ro
m
old
to
ne
w
P
oA,
the
pro
pose
d
ap
proac
h
sel
ect
ed
a
branc
hi
ng
node
of
old
an
d
new P
oA to dynam
ic
ally adj
ust
the ro
uting u
pd
at
e acc
ordi
ngly
. T
hu
s
, s
ig
na
li
ng
c
os
t re
du
ced si
gn
ific
a
ntly
d
ue
to
the
hop
-
by
-
hop
sta
te
upda
te
after
sel
ect
ion
of
br
a
nc
hi
ng
no
de.
H
oweve
r,
in
this
so
luti
on
the
I
nterest
pack
et
s
receiv
ed
by
th
e
ho
m
e
do
m
ai
n
router
m
us
t
be
e
ncapsulat
ed
a
nd
f
orwa
rd
it
to
the
foreig
n
do
m
ai
n
router,
t
o
the
m
ob
il
e. Si
m
i
lar
ly
, th
e d
at
a
pa
cket m
u
st be en
cap
su
la
te
d
a
nd forwar
d
t
o
th
e h
om
e d
om
ain
rou
te
r,
de
-
ca
psula
te
and
f
orward
t
o
the
co
nsum
er.
The
refo
re,
t
he
process
of
enca
ps
ulati
on
an
d
de
-
ca
ps
ul
at
ion
increases
the
ov
e
r
head
c
os
t
of
the
net
w
ork,
es
pecial
ly
if
the
nu
m
ber
of
m
ob
il
e
pr
od
ucers
in
crease
s
sign
ific
a
ntly
.
2.3.
Loca
to
r
-
Ba
se
d Appr
oa
c
h
The
Locat
or
-
ba
sed
Mo
bili
ty
Approach
(
L
BM
A)
is
a
tech
ni
qu
e
base
d
on
sepa
rati
on
of
co
ntent
identifie
r
an
d
locat
or,
the
ass
ign
s
a
uniq
ue
locat
or
fiel
d
for
acce
ss
router
or
hom
e
ro
ute
r
that
m
ai
ntains
the
processes
of
m
app
i
ng
bet
wee
n
the
I
den
ti
fier
or
co
ntent
pr
e
fix
of
t
he
m
obil
e
pr
od
ucer
an
d
locat
or
of
it
s
ne
w
locat
ion
[
12]
–
[
14
]
.
Fi
gure
2
(
a)
il
lustrate
s
the
op
e
rati
on
of
the
LBM
A,
w
hen
t
he
m
ob
il
e
producer
deci
ded
t
o
m
ov
e
to
ano
th
er
locat
ion,
in
the
processes
of
hand
off
by
the
pro
ducer,
it
send
s
a
n
up
da
te
of
it
s
new
lo
cat
ion
to
the
ho
m
e
ro
ute
r.
T
he
c
onsu
m
er
sti
ll
send
s
the
I
nterest
pac
kets
to
th
e
norm
al
ro
ut
e
reachi
ng
the
ho
m
e
router,
the
hom
e
ro
ute
r
m
odifie
d
the
I
ntere
st
pack
et
s
a
nd
adds
the
c
urre
nt
locat
io
n
of
t
he
m
ob
il
e
pro
du
ce
r,
and
the
n
r
oute
d
the
m
od
ifie
d
In
te
rest
pac
ke
ts
based
on
the
locat
ion
inf
or
m
at
ion
add
e
d
towa
r
ds
the
ne
w
P
oA
of the
pro
du
ce
r
.
Figure
2 (a)
Operati
onal
M
odel
o
f
LBM
A
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5432
-
5442
5438
Figure
2 (b)
O
per
at
io
nal M
odel
o
f
CDBM
A
Ra
o,
L
uo
et
al
.
[13]
a
nd
Ra
o
Gao
et
al
.
[
14]
pro
posed
Loc
at
or
-
Ba
se
d
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
schem
e
by
add
i
ng
a
locat
or
to
each
AR
(A
ccess
Ro
uter)
in
N
DN
ne
twork
as
uniq
ue
top
ol
og
ic
al
la
y
er,
al
so
exte
nd
the
functi
onal
it
y
of
AR
with
ca
pab
il
it
y
of
cat
chin
g,
for
ward
ing
In
te
rest
pa
ckets
on
be
half
of
th
e
s
ourc
e
a
nd
add
e
d
a
fiel
d
in
the
ori
gin
al
N
DN
pac
ket.
FI
B
e
ntries
t
hat
co
ntains
only
li
st
of
i
nterf
aces
is
m
od
ifie
d
t
o
include
li
st
of
m
ob
il
it
y
statu
s
and
locat
or.
The
sche
m
e
was
cal
led
locat
or/
ident
ifie
r
separ
at
io
n
-
base
d
appr
oach
[
23]
wh
e
re th
e m
app
in
g
of p
r
oduc
er’
s c
on
te
nt p
r
efix
that ser
ves
as iden
ti
fier an
d
it
s cu
r
re
nt locati
on
ta
ke
place
by
ho
m
e
router.
Howe
ver,
the
so
luti
on
pro
vid
ed
bette
r
ha
ndoff
pe
rfor
m
ance
ov
e
r
RB
MA
an
d
sli
gh
t
im
pr
ov
e
m
ent
upon
IB
MA,
bu
t
wh
e
n
nu
m
ber
s
of
m
ob
il
e
nodes
we
re
inc
reases
th
e
perform
ance
will
be
degra
ded
bel
ow
IBM
A.
I
n
a
dd
it
io
n,
t
he
s
ol
ution
ca
nnot
be
s
uitable
f
or
a
ve
ry
la
r
ge
ne
twork
w
he
n
the
c
os
t
betwee
n new a
nd o
l
d
acce
ss
rou
te
r
inc
reases
.
Her
m
ans
et
al.
[12]
pro
po
s
ed
l
ocati
on
-
based
m
ob
il
i
ty
sch
em
e si
m
il
ar to
Mob
il
e IP, but uses
m
ob
il
it
y
ancho
r
with
ou
t
encap
s
ulati
on.
The
norm
al
fo
rm
at
of
interes
t
pack
et
is
m
od
ifie
d
to
acc
om
m
od
at
e
an
op
ti
on
al
fiel
d
f
or
locat
i
on
nam
e
of
the
m
ob
il
e
con
t
ent
pro
du
ce
r
in
ad
diti
on
to
t
he
norm
al
cont
ent
nam
e.
Af
te
r
the
hand
off
w
he
n
a
router
receiv
es
norm
al
In
te
rest
the
r
oute
r
pro
pag
at
es
it
on
the
c
onte
nt
nam
e
as
no
rm
al
,
bu
t
wh
e
n
t
he
re
ce
ived
I
nterest
c
on
ta
in
locat
io
n
nam
e
fiel
d
and
the
router
do
no
t
ha
ve
t
he
r
eq
uested
c
on
te
nt
cached
it
will
pro
pag
at
e
t
he
In
te
re
st
to
the
co
ntent
pro
du
cer.
I
n
that
sit
uation
at
eac
h
cachi
ng
r
oute
r
the
locat
ion
nam
e
requires t
o
pe
rfor
m
two
lo
okups to
m
at
ch
the co
nte
nt n
am
e
and
l
ocati
on
na
m
e to d
et
erm
in
e th
e
nex
t
hop
that
needs
to
f
orwa
rd
the
I
nterest
[
12
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
t
he
pack
et
s
delivery
c
os
t
be
com
e
hig
he
r
wh
e
n
nu
m
ber
of
m
ob
il
e
pro
ducers
increases
due
t
o
the
do
uble
look
up
to
deter
m
ine
the
nex
t
hop.
I
n
a
ddit
ion
,
t
he
hand
off
la
te
nc
y ca
n
a
ff
ect
t
he
overall
hand
off per
form
ance.
Locati
on
-
a
ware
on
-
dem
and
m
ul
ti
path
prot
oco
l
base
d
on
NDN
M
AN
E
T
s
was
pr
op
os
e
d
by
Asif
an
d
Kim
[29]
to
s
olv
e
t
he
i
nter
m
ittent
co
nn
ec
ti
vity
,
low
batt
ery
po
wer
,
data
re
dundancy,
pack
et
flo
odin
g
tha
t
aff
ect
net
work
p
er
form
ance
du
e
to
the
nat
ure
of
br
oad
cast
n
at
ure
of
wirel
ess
m
ob
il
e
ad
-
ho
c n
et
w
ork
in
NDN
.
A
relay
no
de
was
create
d
to
util
iz
ed
m
ult
ipath
f
orwardin
g
of
data
an
d
I
nt
erest
packet
s
to
re
duce
un
n
ec
essary
flo
od
i
ng
of
da
ta
or
intere
st
pack
et
s
,
for
pe
rf
ect
util
iz
at
i
on
of
broa
dca
st
natu
re
of
re
la
y
node.
T
he
I
nterest
pack
et
s
or
data
f
ollow
m
ulti
pl
e
r
ou
te
s
,
if
the
pro
du
ce
r’
s
loc
at
ion
is
not
known,
the
relay
will
rebr
oad
ca
st
th
e
In
te
re
st
pack
et
s
un
ti
l
pr
oduce
r
is
locat
ed
[29
]
.
The
perform
ance
of
pro
po
s
ed
schem
e
was
ben
c
hm
ark
ag
a
inst
pro
vid
er
-
a
war
e
f
orwardin
g
a
nd
bli
nd
f
orw
ard
i
ng
[
30]
th
at
us
e
d
broa
dc
ast
ing
t
ran
sm
i
ssion
m
echan
ism
,
the
resu
lt
s
hows
that
locat
io
n
-
a
war
e
on
-
dem
and
m
ulti
path
ha
ve
bet
te
r
co
ntent
r
et
rieval
an
d
In
te
re
st
retransm
issi
on
.
Howe
ver,
the
so
luti
on
ca
nnot
be
su
it
able
f
or
ge
ner
al
N
D
N
arc
hitec
ture
as
it
s
ta
rg
et
ed
NDN
MANET
only
.
In
the
st
ud
y
of
Azg
i
n,
Ra
vi
ndra
n
an
d
Wang
[
31
]
anc
hor
chain
on
-
dem
and
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
so
luti
on
for
ICN
was
pro
po
se
d
to
m
anag
e
pro
ducer
m
ob
il
it
y
a
nd
hand
off
processes
to
av
oid
data
loses
.
Th
e
arch
it
ect
ure
use
d
dece
ntrali
zed
m
ic
ro
-
le
vel
reso
luti
on
sys
tem
and
chain
ed
distrib
ute
d
ancho
rs
that
pro
vide
forw
a
r
ding
f
un
ct
ion
al
it
ie
s
t
o
help
f
or
t
he
e
f
fici
ent
pac
kets
for
wardin
g
t
o
the
m
ob
il
e
pr
oduce
r
afte
r
ha
ndoff
[31]
.
T
he
a
rc
hitec
ture
pe
rfor
m
ed
bette
r
in
res
pect
of
forw
a
r
ding
ef
f
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
ha
ndoff
la
te
ncy
[
31
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Produce
r M
ob
i
li
ty
S
upport
Sc
hem
e
s for
Na
m
ed Da
t
a
Ne
tw
ork
ing: A
Surve
y
(
Muktar
Hus
sa
ini
)
5439
Howe
ver,
the
so
luti
on
im
po
sed
hi
gh
sig
nal
ing
as
a
res
ult
of
pre
-
ha
ndof
f,
post
-
ha
ndoff
m
essages
fro
m
the
m
ob
il
e p
rod
uc
er a
nd p
at
h
re
m
ov
e
m
essages when a
nchor
rem
ov
ed fr
om
the p
at
h.
Table
2
s
umm
arize
s
om
e
schem
es
under
the
a
ppr
oach
of
locat
io
n
-
bas
e
d,
the
m
et
ho
d
of
m
ob
il
it
y
inf
or
m
at
ion
update
w
as
highli
gh
te
d,
to
get
her
with
stren
gth
an
d
weaknesses
of
eac
h
schem
e.
In
ge
ner
al
,
LBM
A
pr
ov
i
de
s
norm
al
handoff
la
te
ncy,
sign
al
in
g
c
os
t
an
d
par
ti
al
m
od
ific
at
ion
of
N
D
N
ar
chit
ect
ur
e.
Howe
ver,
the
ap
proac
h
di
d
not
co
ns
ide
r
path
opti
m
izati
on
a
fter
ha
ndoff
a
nd
the
central
node
(Hom
e
reposit
ory
, An
chor,
A
cces
s rou
te
r)
util
iz
at
i
on can
b
e
r
es
ul
te
d
in
path
stre
tc
hin
g.
Table
2.
L
ocati
on
-
Ba
se
d Approach
Sc
hem
es
Ref
Sch
e
m
e
Metho
d
Ro
u
tin
g
path
Streng
th
W
eakn
ess
es
Her
m
an
s et al
.
(20
1
2
)
Glo
b
al Sou
rce
Mob
ility
(
Ho
m
e
Rep
o
sito
ry
)
ex
p
licit
lo
cato
r/iden
tif
ier
sp
lit
Tr
ian
g
u
lar
I
m
p
le
m
en
ted
in C
CN
p
roto
ty
p
e
No
t evalu
ated
Rao
,
Gao
et
al.
(20
1
4
)
No
b
el Pr
o
v
id
er
Mob
ility
Su
p
p
o
rt
Un
iq
u
e L
o
cato
r
Interest Fo
r
wardin
g
Tr
ian
g
u
lar
Lower han
d
o
f
f
cos
t and
laten
cy
Can
n
o
t
co
v
er
large
n
etwo
rk
No
path
op
ti
m
i
zati
o
n
Rao
,
Luo
et
al
.
(20
1
4
)
No
b
el L
o
cato
r
-
b
ased
M
o
b
ility
Su
p
p
o
rt
Un
iq
u
e
Top
o
lo
g
ically
Lay
e
red Loca
to
r
Interest Fo
r
wardin
g
Tr
ian
g
u
lar
Lower han
d
o
f
f
cos
t and
laten
cy
Co
v
ered lar
g
e
n
et
wo
rk
No
path
op
ti
m
i
zati
o
n
af
ter
h
an
d
o
ff
Azg
in
et
al.
(20
1
7
)
On
-
d
e
m
an
d
Mob
ility
Su
p
p
o
rt
An
ch
o
r
Ch
ain
s
Distrib
u
ted
Anch
o
rs
with
locato
r
Tr
ian
g
u
lar
Better f
o
rwar
d
in
g
ef
f
icien
cy
and
han
d
o
ff
laten
cy
Path
stretchin
g
Su
b
-
o
p
ti
m
al
path
a
f
ter
h
an
d
o
f
f
Asif
et
al.
(20
1
7
)
Locatio
n
-
awar
e
on
-
d
e
m
an
d
m
u
lti
cast
A r
ela
y
no
d
e
Bro
ad
castin
g
Metho
d
Su
b
-
o
p
ti
m
al
Ef
f
icien
t con
ten
t
retr
iev
al
The so
lu
tio
n
tar
g
ets
NDN
MAN
ET
on
ly
.
2.4.
Contr
ol/D
ata Pl
an
e
-
Base
d
Mobil
ity Ap
p
roa
c
h
The
C
ontrol/D
at
a
Plane
-
base
d
M
ob
il
it
y
Approac
h
(CDB
MA)
is
a
te
c
hniq
ue
base
d
on
co
ntr
ol
pla
ne
and
data
plan
e
separ
at
io
n
to
sup
port
m
ob
il
e
produce
r.
The
co
ntr
ol
plane
use
d
a
serv
e
r
that
ser
ves
as
con
t
ro
ll
er
[
32]
or
res
ource
ha
nd
le
r
[33]
to
con
t
ro
l
the
proc
ess
of
m
ob
il
it
y
sign
al
ing
duri
ng
the
hand
off
.
The
data
plane
on
the
ot
her
ha
nd
is
responsi
ble
for
the
f
orwa
r
ding
of
I
nteres
t
pack
et
s
a
nd
Data
pac
kets
a
ft
er
the
hand
off.
Fig
ure
2
(b)
s
hows
the
m
od
e
of
operati
on
of
CDBM
A
for
produce
r
m
ob
il
ity
su
pp
or
t.
D
uri
ng
t
he
hand
off,
the
pro
ducer
re
gist
ers
it
s
new
lo
cat
ion
to
the
con
t
ro
ll
er
or
r
eso
ur
ce
handl
er.
T
he
co
ntr
ol
plane
updates t
he data
p
la
ne
abo
ut t
he new
locat
io
n of m
ob
il
e p
r
oduce
r.
Tan
g
et
al
.
[33]
us
ed
the
i
dea
of
c
on
t
ro
l
and
data
pla
ne
sepa
rati
on
tog
et
he
r
with
locat
or
a
nd
identifie
r
se
parat
ion
to
pro
vide
p
rod
ucer
m
ob
il
it
y sche
m
e s
olu
ti
on for
bot
h
intra an
d
inte
r
-
do
m
a
in
m
ob
il
it
y
of
con
te
nt
pr
oduc
er
with
m
ini
m
um
han
dof
f
la
t
ency.
T
he
lo
ca
tors’
nam
es
we
re
cat
eg
or
iz
e
d
into
global
an
d
local
locat
or
w
hich
is
ad
ded
in
an
opti
onal
fiel
d
in
t
he
In
te
rest
as
a
hi
nt
to
a
ssist
the
routin
g
of
I
nterest.
Global
locat
or
is
us
e
d
to
loca
te
Re
ndezv
ous
Do
m
ai
n
(R
D)
w
her
e
co
ntent
pr
oduc
er
locat
e
d
an
d
the
l
ocal
loc
at
or
is
us
e
d
to
locate
t
he
c
on
te
nt ro
uter whic
h
the
m
ob
il
e c
on
te
nt
pro
ducer att
ac
he
d
in
the
dom
ain
.
In
a
ddit
ion
,
a
l
ocato
r
up
date
I
nterest
pac
kets
was
pr
ov
i
ded
to
co
ntain
the
bid
in
g
in
f
or
m
at
ion
f
or
t
he
con
te
nt
nam
e
and
new
locat
ion
of
m
ob
il
e
pro
ducer.
T
he
Re
so
urce
Ha
ndle
r
(RH
)
was
pro
vid
e
d
in
e
ach
R
D
and
a
Re
nd
ez
vous
Po
i
nt
(R
P)
,
t
he
R
H
noti
fies
the
RP
a
bout
the
ne
w
locat
ion
an
d
a
global
l
ocator
w
he
n
con
te
nt
pro
duc
er
at
ta
ched
to
t
he
n
ew
l
ocati
on
(c
onte
nt
r
oute
r)
.
The
RH
m
anag
e
the
reg
is
trat
ion
a
nd
sig
nalin
g
update
f
or
a
ny locati
on
c
ha
nges
in
co
ntr
ol
pl
ane
an
d
the Inte
rest
an
d
data p
ackets
a
re
r
ou
te
d
thr
ough
RP
[33]
.
Howe
ver,
the
hand
off
proce
sse
s
of
t
he
sc
hem
e
wer
e
an
al
yz
ed
for
both
inter
a
nd
in
tra
-
dom
ai
n
Pr
oduce
r
m
ob
il
i
ty
,
where
the
re
su
l
t
sh
ows
lo
w
er
ha
ndoff
f
or
i
ntra
-
dom
a
in
an
d
ve
ry
high
ha
ndoff
f
or
inter
-
do
m
ai
n m
ov
e
m
ent.
Un
li
ke
in
[
33
]
,
Z
hou
et
al
.
[32]
use
s
c
on
t
ro
ll
er
t
o
pro
vid
e
ce
ntral
c
ontrol
syst
em
know
i
ng
the
topolo
gy
to
m
i
nim
iz
e
In
te
rest
and
Data
loss
es,
hand
off
del
ay
,
wh
e
n
m
ob
i
le
pr
oduc
er
ch
ang
e
to
new
lo
cat
ion
.
Each
A
utono
m
ou
s
Syst
em
(A
S)
kee
ps
a
nd
m
ai
ntained
one
co
ntr
oller
th
at
can
ac
qu
i
re
the
in
form
at
io
n
of
t
he
li
nk
s
a
nd
to
pol
og
y
of
the
re
gio
n
a
nd
can
c
om
m
un
ic
at
e
with
each
oth
e
r
to
exch
a
nge
co
nt
ro
l
in
form
at
ion
us
in
g
con
t
ro
l
m
essa
ge
pac
kets
to
su
pport
m
ob
il
it
y
han
do
ff
.
The
two
se
pa
rate
planes
w
ere
con
t
ro
l
pl
ane
an
d
forw
a
r
ding
plane,
w
her
e
c
ontr
ol
plane
ta
ke
the
res
ponsi
bili
ty
of
co
nt
ro
l
inf
or
m
at
ion
m
anag
e
m
ent
and
exch
a
nge
of
con
t
ro
l
m
essage,
wh
il
e
f
or
wardin
g
plane
is
in
cha
rge
of
I
nterest
an
d
Data
pa
ckag
e
forw
a
r
ding
[32]
.
The
sc
hem
e
op
erate
d
in
som
e
sta
ges
afte
r
the
net
work
init
ia
li
zat
ion
for
ob
ta
ini
ng
the
net
w
or
k
topolo
gy
inf
orm
at
ion
.
The
fi
rst
sta
ge
is
for
the
con
te
nt
pro
vid
e
r
to
re
gister
it
s
new
con
te
nt
th
rou
gh
the
at
ta
ched
co
nte
nt
router
t
o
th
e
con
t
ro
ll
er
th
at
add
s
the
c
onte
nts
rec
ords
and
broa
dcast
the
co
ntent
int
o
the
netw
ork.
Wh
e
n
co
ntent
producer
relocate
s,
there
is
a
nee
d
to
delet
e
the
r
ecord
an
d
upda
te
with
ne
w
locat
io
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
2
01
8
:
5432
-
5442
5440
inf
or
m
at
ion
.
T
he
co
ntr
ollers
update
the
FI
B
ta
ble
in
the
int
erm
ediat
e
no
de
s
or
c
onte
nt
r
ou
te
r
f
or
direct
ing
th
e
In
te
re
st
pac
ket
s
to
t
he
m
ob
il
e
co
ntent
pro
ducer
.
Howe
ver,
the
ha
ndoff
proces
ses
acc
um
ula
te
high
si
gn
al
in
g
cost
and
the
so
luti
on
is
m
or
e
of
sof
twa
re
def
i
nes
net
work
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
w
hich
is
no
t
com
pliance
with
NDN
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
.
To
re
duce
the
hand
off
la
te
nc
y
and
m
ini
m
i
zed
the
si
gnal
ing
over
hea
d
R
en
et
al
.
[
34]
pro
po
se
d
a
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
i
li
ty
m
anag
e
m
e
nt
sc
hem
e
us
in
g
S
oft
war
e
De
fine
C
on
t
ro
ll
er
(SDC)
to
im
pr
ov
e
the
pe
rform
ance
of
[
33]
schem
e
.
The
ba
sic
ide
a
of
the
propos
ed
schem
e
is
t
o
sepa
rate
co
ntro
l
f
ro
m
data
plane
as
in
[32],
[33]
,
updatin
g
r
outi
ng
ta
bles
e
ntri
es
an
d
c
onfig
ures
the
releva
nt
con
te
nt
r
ou
te
rs
by
t
he
S
DC.
In
this
sc
hem
e
[34]
,
a
routin
g
ta
ble
that
will
update
s,
r
ew
rite
s
an
d
sen
d
the
c
onfigurati
on
of
r
ou
te
entries
was
desig
ne
d.
I
n
ad
diti
on
,
wh
e
n
m
ob
il
e
pr
od
ucer
m
ov
ed
to
ano
the
r
loc
at
ion
there
is
no
need
f
or
ch
ang
e
of
the
or
i
gin
a
l
co
ntent
nam
e,
and the
pac
ket
s (data
and
I
nterest) a
re
forw
a
rd
e
d
acc
ordin
g t
o
the
n
e
w u
pdat
e pr
ov
i
ded
by S
DC.
Gr
ee
dy
routin
g
was
i
m
ple
m
ented
to
support b
ot
h
co
nsum
er
and
pr
oducer
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
rec
ei
ver
dri
ve
n
data
-
ce
ntric
pa
rad
i
gm
cal
le
d
Mob
iC
CN
,
whic
h
ca
n
be
a
ppli
ed
to
a
ny
ICN
a
rch
it
ect
ure
su
c
h
as
NDN
[
35
]
.
The
sc
hem
e
was
char
act
e
rized
by
ne
arly
sim
il
ar
set
-
up
of
con
tr
ol/data
plane
-
base
d
ap
pr
oach,
but
not
e
xactl
y
as
it
is
us
es
two
dif
fere
nt
r
outi
ng
protoc
ols
f
or
sta
ti
c
an
d
m
ob
il
it
y
sit
uation.
T
he
pr
oto
c
ol
s
a
re
gr
ee
dy
r
ou
ti
ng
protoc
ol
c
oex
i
st
with
CC
N
r
ou
ti
ng
prot
ocol
,
w
hich
is
fle
xi
ble
f
or
Mo
biCC
N
to
switc
h
t
o
the
gr
ee
dy
pr
oto
c
ol
durin
g
pro
du
c
er
m
ob
il
it
y
and
norm
al
pr
ot
oc
ol
w
he
n
st
op
m
ov
ing
[35]
.
Howe
ver,
e
ven
thou
gh
the
pr
opos
e
d
schem
e
m
ai
ntained
on
e
In
te
rest
pac
kets
to
rep
r
esent
bo
t
h
greedy
a
nd
sta
nd
a
rd
pac
ke
t,
nam
e
pr
efix
was
reserve
d
to
ide
ntify
the
I
ntere
st
wh
ic
h
ca
n
re
su
lt
to
extra p
r
efix
m
at
ching
tim
e
and
over
he
ad
cost. In
ad
diti
on,
wh
e
n
a
c
onte
nt
produce
r
m
ov
es
to
ne
w
P
oA,
it
sen
ds
a
n
update
pack
et
thr
o
ug
h
inter
m
ediat
e
nodes
to
the
ho
m
e
ro
uter
or
rendezv
ous
point
f
or
F
IB
update
to
f
orwa
rd
the
I
nterest
towa
rd
s
the
ne
w
PoA,
wh
ic
h
is
no
t
necessa
ry
for
greedy
I
nterest
to
reac
h
the
re
ndezv
ous,
howe
ver,
this
ad
vant
age
is
hig
hly
dep
e
nd
on
to
polo
gy
no
t
guara
ntee
d.
Jo
a
o
et
al
.
[
36]
pro
posed
Con
tr
oller
-
bas
ed
R
outi
ng
S
chem
e
fo
r
N
DN
t
o
s
olv
e
the
scal
abili
ty
pro
blem
s
caus
ed
by
co
nte
nt
m
ob
il
it
y
that
intensifie
s
hi
gh
num
ber
of
con
te
nt
in
di
ff
e
ren
t
locat
io
ns
.
T
he
schem
e
sp
li
ts
con
te
nt
identit
y
and
co
ntent
locat
ion
f
r
om
nam
e
pr
efix
to
facil
it
at
e
con
te
nt
m
ob
il
it
y.
The
schem
e
validat
es
an
d
e
nsures
the
valid
path
est
ablishm
ent
from
con
s
um
e
r
to
pro
ducer
,
al
so
,
perf
or
m
s
bette
r
for
data
delive
ry
eff
ic
ie
ncy
[
36
]
.
H
oweve
r,
the
schem
e
do
es
not
ensure
path
op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
after
ha
nd
off
an
d
wh
e
n p
rod
ucer m
ob
il
ity rate i
ncr
ease
s; t
he o
verhea
d wil
l i
ncr
ease a
nd d
e
grade
the e
ff
ic
ie
ncy.
3.
RE
VIEW
A
N
ALYSIS
A
ND D
IS
C
US
SI
O
N
The
re
view
a
naly
sis
is
pr
es
ented
base
d
on
num
ber
of
researc
hes
c
ondu
ct
e
d
acc
ording
t
o
f
ou
r
diff
e
re
nt
approac
hes.
Fig
ure
5
shows
the
ye
ar,
f
or
w
hich
m
any
sche
m
es
wer
e
pro
pose
d,
the
ye
ars
w
ere
plo
t
against
the
pe
r
centage
of
rese
arch
c
onduct
ed
acco
rd
i
ng
to
the
li
te
ratur
e.
In
the
ot
her
graph,
the
cha
rt
sh
ow
s
the an
al
ysi
s
of
appr
oach
es
ag
a
inst the
per
c
ent
age level
of
res
earch
con
du
ct
e
d.
Fr
om
the
trend
of
resear
ch
co
nducted
base
d
on
the
ye
ar
sin
ce
the
init
ia
l
e
ffor
t
f
or
so
l
vi
ng
pro
du
c
e
r
m
ob
il
i
ty
in
N
DN,
f
r
om
20
12
to
date.
Fig
ure
3
(a
)
in
dica
te
s
the
tre
nd
of
pr
oducer
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pport
schem
e
with
respec
t
to
ye
ar.
The
hi
ghest
r
eco
rd
w
a
s
in
2017
due
to
ty
e
fact
t
hat
m
any
researc
her
s
f
oc
us
on
how
t
o
m
ake
N
DN
a
prom
isi
ng
f
uture
I
nte
r
net
[8]
by
s
olv
i
ng
th
e
inh
e
re
n
pro
bl
e
m
s
of
IP
a
nd
c
urren
tl
y
the
Ci
sco
pro
po
se
d
t
o
int
egr
at
e
hybri
d
I
CN
the
c
om
pr
ise
s
N
D
N
an
d
CC
N
in
t
o
5G
netw
ork
[37]
.
This
e
ffor
t
m
ade
by
Ci
sco
enc
oura
ge
m
any
resear
chr
es
li
ke
[
38]
,
[39]
to
e
xp
l
ore
the
rele
van
ce
of
ICN
with
5G.
T
he
researc
h
w
a
s
al
so
high
m
ay
be
as
a
res
ult
of
NDN
te
ch
ni
cal
repor
ts
on
t
he
ne
w
pe
rs
pe
ct
ive
of
m
ob
i
li
ty
su
pp
ort
in
NDN
[3
]
,
that
pa
ve
a
way
fo
r
th
e
re
searche
rs
to
e
xplo
re
m
or
e
in
pro
vid
in
g
m
ob
il
ity
su
ppor
t
to
ND
BN
.
Cu
rr
e
ntly
in
2017
m
any
research
a
re
on
th
e
way,
this
co
nc
lud
e
d
that
pro
du
ce
r
m
ob
il
it
y
su
pp
or
t
is
a
ho
t
area
of
re
sear
ch
in
NDN.
From
the
ap
proach
re
vi
ew
analy
s
is,
F
igure
3
(
b)
s
ho
ws
the
pract
ic
e
tren
d
of
m
obil
ity
schem
es
base
d
on
ap
proac
h.
I
BM
A
is
the
m
os
t
a
dopted
an
d
e
xp
l
or
e
d
res
earch
tre
nd
wit
h
a
rou
nd
40%
nu
m
ber
of
pro
po
s
ed
schem
es,
fo
ll
owed
by
MB
MA
an
d
CDPM
A.
IBM
A
has
the
higher
perce
ntage
as
a
r
esult
con
ce
pt
adopte
d
from
the
so
luti
on
of
m
ob
il
e
I
P
pr
ob
le
m
s,
w
hich
is
ve
ry
ea
sie
r
an
d
eccfic
i
ent
to
ap
ply
in
NDN.
Moe
rov
er,
t
he
NDN
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e
was
desig
ned
t
o
beco
m
e
the
inf
rastr
uct
reless
f
uture
I
ntere
net
arc
hitec
ture.
The
M
BM
A
appr
oach
provi
des
optim
al
d
at
a
path
f
or
pa
ckets
delive
ry
after
ha
ndoff
,
bu
t
em
plo
ye
s
DNS
-
li
ke
se
rvers
a
s
add
it
io
nal
inf
r
ast
ru
ct
ure,
w
hich
can
m
ake
the
com
plica
ti
on
f
or
t
he
m
anag
em
ent
of
la
rge
NDN
netw
ork.
T
he
CDPBM
A
is
no
t
in
li
ne
wi
th
N
DN
a
rch
it
ect
ur
e,
rathe
r
is
purely
so
ft
war
e
desig
n
ne
twor
ki
ng
paradigm
.
Pr
oba
bly
CDP
BM
A
was
ex
plo
re
d
m
or
e
du
e
the
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
SDN
as
eff
ic
ie
nt
so
l
utio
n
of
c
urre
nt
In
t
ern
et
arch
it
ect
ure
with r
e
gards
to
c
on
te
nt d
ist
ri
buti
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
Produce
r M
ob
i
li
ty
S
upport
Sc
hem
e
s for
Na
m
ed Da
t
a
Ne
tw
ork
ing: A
Surve
y
(
Muktar
Hus
sa
ini
)
5441
(a)
(b)
Figure
3. Yea
rly
Resea
rch Co
nducted
on Pr
oduce
r
M
ob
il
it
y Su
pport
Approach
e
s
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
e
xisti
ng
s
olu
ti
ons
of
produce
r
m
ob
il
ity
su
pport
f
or
NDN
was
re
vi
ewed
inte
ns
iv
el
y
in
the
li
te
ratur
e,
base
d
on
t
heir
a
ppr
oach
su
c
h
a
s
m
app
in
g
-
base
d,
in
directi
on
-
ba
sed,
l
ocato
r
-
ba
sed
a
nd
co
ntr
ol/data
plane
-
base
d
a
ppr
oach.
I
n
th
e
re
vie
w
anal
ysi
s
of
this
pa
per,
m
app
ing
-
base
d
a
ppr
oa
ch
sc
hem
es
pr
ovide
s
op
ti
m
al
path
f
or
pac
kets
del
ivery,
but
with
high
ha
ndof
f
delay
du
e
to
the
hig
h
sig
na
ll
ing
cost
for
serv
er
m
app
in
g
proce
sses. Ind
i
recti
on
-
base
d
an
d
lo
cat
or
-
base
d
ap
proac
h
schem
es p
r
ov
i
de
n
or
m
al
h
an
doff
delay
, b
ut
introd
ucin
g
tu
nn
el
in
g
proce
s
ses,
ti
an
gu
la
r
routin
g
path
a
nd
the
pac
kets
transm
issi
on
thr
ough
ho
m
e
r
ou
te
r
m
ay
resu
lt
to
a
sing
le
po
i
nt
of
fail
ur
e
.
The
c
on
t
ro
l/
data
pla
ne
-
base
d
ap
pro
ach
schem
es
pr
ovides
lo
w
pa
ckets
delivery c
os
t, s
ub
-
op
ti
m
al
an
d
tria
ngular ro
ut
ing
path,
high
hand
off
la
te
nc
y, high sig
nalli
ng
c
os
t an
d del
ay
. I
n
gen
e
ral,
I
ndire
ct
ion
-
base
d
a
ppr
oac
h
ex
plore
d
m
or
e
by
the
researc
hers
a
nd
t
he
ye
ar
2017
pa
ve
the
w
ay
fo
r
m
any
researc
hrs
to
ex
pl
or
e
m
or
e
a
bout
pr
oducer
m
ob
il
it
y
s
upport,
as
a
res
ult
plan
to
i
ntegr
at
e
N
D
N
in
t
o
5G
netw
ork
by
Ci
sco.
The
sur
ve
y
pap
e
r
pro
vide
so
m
e
streng
t
h
a
nd
weea
kn
ess
f
or
each
sc
hem
e
to
help
i
n
the
directi
on
of
f
utu
re
work
f
or
N
DN pro
ducer
m
ob
il
i
ty
su
pport
so
l
ution.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
L.
Zh
ang
et
a
l.
,
“
Nam
ed
Data
Networki
ng,
”
AC
M
SIGCO
MM
C
omput.
Comm
un.
Rev.
,
vol
.
44,
n
o.
3,
pp.
66
–
73,
2014.
[2]
B.
Feng,
H
.
Zh
ou,
and
Q
.
Xu,
“
Mobili
t
y
supp
ort
in
Nam
ed
Data
Ne
tworkin
g:
a
surve
y
,
”
E
uras
ip
J.
Wire
l.
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un.
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w.
,
vol. 2016, no. 1, 2016.
[3]
Z.
Zhu
,
A.
Afan
as
y
ev
,
and
L.
Z
hang,
“
A
new
per
spec
t
ive
on
m
obil
ity
support
,
”
Named
-
Data
Net
working
Proj
e
ct,
Techni
ca
l
R
eport
NDN
-
0013
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–
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[4]
I.
Angri
,
M.
Mahfoudi,
A
.
Naji
d,
and
M
.
El
Bekkali,
“
Expone
ntial
MLW
DF
(EXP
-
MLW
DF
)
Downl
ink
Schedul
ing
Algo
rit
hm
Eva
lua
t
ed
in
LT
E
for
High
Mobili
t
y
and
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ense
Area
Scenario,
”
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.
J.
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t
r.
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Eng
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CE)
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–
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[5]
G.
T
y
son
,
N.
Sastr
y
,
R.
Cue
vas,
I.
Rim
ac,
and
A.
Mau
the
,
“
A
surve
y
of
m
obil
ity
in
In
form
at
ion
-
Cent
r
i
c
Networks,”
Com
mun.
ACM
,
vol
.
56,
no
.
12
,
pp
.
9
0
–
98,
2013
.
[6]
B.
Ahlgre
n
,
C.
Danne
witz,
C.
Im
bre
nda,
D.
Kutsche
r,
and
B.
Ohlm
an,
“
A
Surve
y
of
In
f
orm
at
ion
-
Cent
r
i
c
Networki
ng,
”
IE
EE
Comm
un.
M
ag.
,
vol. 50, no.
7,
pp
.
26
–
36
,
20
12.
[7]
S.
Sharm
a,
D.
Jindal,
and
R.
A
gar
wal,
“
Anal
y
s
ing
Mobile
Ran
dom
Ea
rl
y
De
tecti
on
for
Conge
stion
Control
i
n
Mobile
Ad
-
hoc
Network,
”
Int. J.
Elec
tr
.
Comput.
Eng.
,
vo
l. 8, no. 3, pp. 1305
–
131
4,
2018
.
[8]
D.
Saxena,
V.
R
a
y
choudhur
y
,
N.
Suri
,
C.
B
ec
k
er,
and
J.
Cao
,
“
Nam
ed
Data
Netw
orking:
A
Surve
y
,
”
Comput
.
Sci.
Re
v
.
El
sev
ie
r
,
vo
l.
19
,
pp
.
15
--
55
,
2016.
[9]
K.
A.
Sul
ta
npur
e,
A
.
Gupt
a,
and
L.
S.
S.
Redd
y
,
“
An
eff
icient
c
l
oud
sche
dul
ing
al
gorit
hm
for
th
e
conse
rv
ation
o
f
ene
rg
y
through broadc
ast
ing,”
I
nt.
J. E
l
ectr.
Co
mput.
Eng
.
,
vol
.
8,
no
.
1
,
pp
.
179
–
188,
2018
.
[10]
M.
Hus
saini
,
S.
A.
Nor,
and
A.
Ahm
ad,
“
Pr
oduce
r
Mobilit
y
Support
for
Inform
at
ion
Cen
tri
c
Networki
ng
Approac
hes :
A
Revi
ew,”
In
t. J. Appl. E
ng
.
R
es.
,
vol.
13
,
no
.
6
,
pp
.
3272
–
3280
,
2
0
18.
[11]
M.
Hus
saini
,
S.
A.
Nor,
and
A.
Ahm
ad,
“
PMS
S :
Produce
r
Mobili
t
y
Support
Scheme
opti
m
izati
on
with
RW
P
Mobili
t
y
Mod
el
in
Nam
ed
Da
ta
Networki
ng,
”
In
t.
J. Commun.
N
et
works Inf
.
S
ecur
.
,
vol
.
10
,
no
.
2,
pp
.
1
–
11
,
201
8.
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
Resear
ch
Con
du
cte
d
(%
)
Pr
odu
ce
r
Mobil
ity
Su
pp
ort
scheme
s P
er
Year
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
IBMA
MBMA
LBMA
CDB
MA
Resear
ch
Con
du
cte
d
(%
)
Pr
odu
ce
r
Mobil
ity
Su
pp
ort
Ap
proaches
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.