Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4637
~
4645
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
4637
-
46
45
4637
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Analytic
al Model
lin
g o
f
P
ower Eff
icient Re
liable
Op
eration of
Data Fu
sion in
Wireles
s
Sensor
Network
Jayasri
B.
S
.
,
G. Ragh
avend
ra Ra
o
Depa
rtment
o
f
C
om
pute
r
Scie
n
ce,
Nat
ional
Insti
tu
e
of Engin
ee
ring
,
Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
9
, 201
6
Re
vised
N
ov
2
0
, 2
01
6
Accepte
d
Dec
11
, 201
6
Irre
spec
t
ive
of
i
ncl
usion
of
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Network
(W
SN
)
in
m
aj
ority
of
the
rese
ar
ch
pro
positi
on
for
sm
a
rt
ci
t
y
pl
anni
ng,
it
is sti
ll
shroude
d
with
som
e
signifi
c
ant
issue
s.
A
cl
oser
look
int
o
proble
m
s
in
W
S
N
shows
t
hat
ener
g
y
par
amete
r
is
th
e
origi
n
at
ion
p
oint
of
m
aj
ori
t
y
of
the
o
the
r
proble
m
s
in
resourc
e
-
constr
a
ine
d
sensors
as
well
as
it
significant
m
ini
m
iz
es
t
he
r
e
li
ab
i
l
i
t
y
in
standa
rd
se
nsor
y
oper
ation
in
adv
erse
en
vironment.
Therefore,
thi
s
m
anusc
ript
pre
sents
a
novel
an
a
l
y
ti
c
al
m
odel
th
at
is
m
ea
nt
for
e
stabl
ishing
a
well
balanc
e
betw
ee
n
ene
rg
y
eff
ic
i
ency
over
m
ult
i
-
pa
th
data
for
wardi
ng
and
rel
i
abl
e
op
era
t
i
on
wit
h
improved
net
work
p
erf
orm
anc
e
.
Th
e
complete
proc
ess
is
emph
asiz
ed
during
da
ta
fusion
stage
t
o
ensure
dat
a
qu
al
ity
too
.
A
sim
ula
ti
on
stud
y
h
as
bee
n
carrie
d
out
using
benc
hm
ark
ed
te
st
-
bed
o
f
MEMS
IC
nodes
to
find
th
at
proposed
s
y
s
te
m
offe
rs
go
od
ene
r
g
y
conse
rva
t
ion
pr
oce
ss
during
data
fusion
oper
ati
on
as
well
as
it
al
so
ensure
good
reliab
l
e
op
era
t
ion
in
compa
rison
to exi
sting
s
y
stem.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Energy
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
Pr
e
dicti
ve
Re
li
abili
t
y
W
i
reless
Senso
r
N
et
w
ork
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Jay
asri B.
S
.
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f C
om
pu
te
r
Scie
nce
,
Nati
on
al
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
E
nginee
rin
g,
My
s
or
e,
Ind
ia
.
Em
a
il
:
j
ay
asriph
d1
4n
i
@g
m
ai
l
.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
i
reless
Se
nsor
Net
wor
k
(
WSN)
s
uits
well
fo
r
pe
rfor
m
i
ng
e
xtracti
on
of
ph
ysi
cal
at
tribu
te
s
f
r
om
the
env
i
ronm
ental
su
r
r
oundin
g
wh
e
re
it
is
quit
e
chall
eng
i
ng
(and
s
om
et
i
m
e
i
m
po
ssible)
f
or
hum
ans
to
go
[
1]
.
So
m
e
of
the
widely
kn
own
ap
plica
ti
on
of
WSN
i
nclu
des
m
on
it
or
i
ng
of
ha
bitat
,
ta
ct
ic
al
info
r
m
at
ion
acqu
isi
ti
on
in
m
il
i
ta
ry,
heal
thcare
-
base
d
a
pp
li
cat
io
n,
in
dustria
l
ap
plica
ti
on
,
et
c.
[
2].
Althou
gh,
the
r
e
are
repor
te
d
us
a
ge
s
of
se
ns
ory
app
li
cat
ion
s
ince
la
st
decad
es,
bu
t
ther
e
are
lots
of
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
com
m
ercial
ly
avail
able
pro
duct
s
an
d
wh
at
is
discuss
e
d
i
n
researc
h
-
pa
pe
rs.
T
he
fact
is
on
ly
10
-
30%
of
t
he
featur
e
s
discusse
d
i
n
researc
h
-
base
d
papers
act
ually
m
ake
is
way
t
o
t
he
com
m
ercial
a
pp
li
cat
io
n
ow
i
ng
t
o
var
i
ou
s
f
or
m
of
no
n
-
disclose
d
ch
al
le
ng
es
a
sso
ci
at
e
d
with
sens
or
y
op
e
rat
ion
.
The
re
a
re
var
i
ou
s
li
te
rat
ures
to
cl
aim
that
WSN
has
sig
nif
ic
ant
pro
blem
s
in
r
ou
ti
ng
[
3],
ene
rg
y
[4
]
,
secu
rity
[5
]
,
and
t
raffic
-
re
la
te
d
m
anag
em
ent [
6].
Irresp
ect
ive
of
widely
a
vaila
ble
m
anu
scri
pt
on
researc
h
arc
hi
ves,
m
ajorit
y
of
the
m
are
m
or
e
hypotheti
cal
and
le
ss
pract
ic
al
.
It
was
al
so
ob
se
r
ved
t
hat
ene
rg
y
is
the
r
oot
cau
se
of
m
ajo
rity
of
t
he
op
e
rati
onal
c
ha
ll
eng
es
withi
n
a
sen
sor
no
de
[7
]
.
Ba
sic
al
ly
,
a
wi
reless
sens
or
no
de
possesses
ver
y
lim
it
ed
powe
r
in
te
rm
s
of
batte
ry
as
well
as
they
are
al
so
res
ourc
e
-
co
ns
trai
ned.
Fo
r
t
his
reas
on,
if
any
operati
on
of
sensing
or
da
ta
pack
et
f
orw
ard
i
ng
/rec
ei
ving
has
t
o
ha
ppen,
the
re
is
a
sign
ific
a
nt
co
nsum
ption
of
powe
r
.
Althou
gh,
po
wer
co
nsum
pti
on
happe
ns
at
al
l
the
sta
ge
of
data
f
orwardin
g
in
W
S
N,
bu
t
par
ti
cula
r
ly
i
t
is
essenti
al
to
be
stud
ie
d
du
rin
g
data
fusio
n
and
data
aggrega
ti
on
proces
s.
It
is
req
uire
d
to
be
un
der
st
ood
tha
t
data
f
us
io
n
highly
differs
fro
m
data
aggre
ga
ti
on
.
It
was
al
s
o
noti
ced
t
hat
s
tud
ie
s
to
wa
rd
s
data
f
us
io
n
[
8]
sta
ge
in
WS
N
is
rela
ti
vely
le
ss
in
li
te
ratur
e
a
s
co
m
par
ed
to
that
of
data
a
ggre
ga
ti
on
[
9].
Ba
si
cal
ly
,
data
fusion
is
a
sta
ge
that
co
nn
ect
s
al
l
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ing
node
s
only
to
c
heck
f
or
un
i
que
accum
ulati
on
of
data
pac
ket
from
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4637
-
4645
4638
the
m
e
m
ber
node
in
local
le
ve
l
of
cl
us
te
ri
ng.
H
oweve
r,
w
hi
le
do
i
ng
this
t
ask,
it
is
esse
ntial
to
un
der
sta
nd
th
e
ty
pe
of
a
pp
li
c
at
ion
s.
If
the
app
li
cat
io
n
inc
lusio
n
m
on
it
ori
ng
of
un
ce
rtai
n
eve
nt
with
no
pr
e
-
def
ine
d
tim
e
instance
(e.
g.
hab
it
at
m
on
it
ori
ng,
healt
hca
r
e,
et
c),
in
su
c
h
conditi
on
,
the
re
m
a
y
be
a
si
tuati
on
that
th
e
node
was
idle
f
or
a
long
tim
e
with
no
si
gn
i
ficant
captu
rin
g
of
a
ny
pote
ntial
en
vir
on
m
ental
inform
ation
.
Howev
e
r,
pro
blem
arise
wh
e
n
a
sp
e
ci
fic
even
t
ha
s
oc
curred
durin
g
the
tim
e
wh
en
the
nodes
have
ver
y
le
ss
res
idu
al
energy,
not
g
ood
e
noug
h
to
process
the
c
om
ple
te
data
pack
et
to
the
des
ti
nation
no
de.
Hen
ce
,
this
co
nd
it
io
n
sta
te
s
that
a
node
will
need
t
o
be
ene
rg
y
-
e
ff
i
ci
ent
as
well
as
it
is
req
uire
d
to
ens
ur
e
high
er
de
gr
ee
of
re
li
able
op
e
rati
on
with
an
e
xten
ded ne
twork
li
fe tim
e
.
I
n
reali
ty
,
there
is
no
su
c
h
researc
h
wor
k
to
j
oi
ntly
address
t
his
prob
le
m
.
W
it
hout
fixi
ng
t
his
com
bin
ed
pro
blem
,
a
senso
r
node
will
sti
l
l
be
vu
l
ner
a
bl
e
to
oth
e
r
set
of
pro
blem
s
e.
g.
r
outi
ng
pro
blem
s,
secur
it
y
pro
blem
s,
encoun
te
ri
ng
bo
tt
le
nec
k
pro
blem
s,
e
tc
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
th
e
con
t
rib
ution
of
the
propose
d
stu
dy
is
to
present
a n
ovel
s
olu
ti
on w
hic
h
ca
n
offe
r
so
l
utio
n
to
wa
rd
s
t
he
a
bove
m
entioned
pro
blem
s
associated
wi
t
h
energy
as
well
as
reli
able
op
erati
on
of
a
re
so
urce
-
co
ns
trai
nt
sens
or
node
in
W
S
N.
T
he
pr
ese
nted
st
udy
has
introd
uced
t
he
us
e
of
a
pre
di
ct
ive
-
base
d
optim
iz
at
ion
process
that
us
e
s
an
analy
ti
cal
m
od
el
ing
i
n
order
t
o
const
ru
ct
a
no
velfr
am
ework.
It
al
so
de
fines
exclu
sive
rese
arch
pro
blem
s
in
the
c
onsec
ut
ive
Sect
ion
1.
2
T
he
fun
dam
ental
c
on
ce
pt
a
bout
pro
po
se
d
rese
arch
m
et
ho
do
l
og
ie
s
to
s
olv
e
the
repor
te
d
researc
h
pro
ble
m
is
discusse
s
in
S
ect
ion
-
1.3
that
is
fu
rt
her
f
ollow
e
d
by
syst
em
design
in
S
ect
ion
-
2.
Sect
i
on
-
3
disc
us
ses
about
accom
plished
ou
tc
om
e w
her
e
as Secti
on
4 bri
efs
ab
out fi
nal concl
us
i
on on t
he
pr
op
os
e
d
st
ud
y.
1.1.
Back
ground
This
sect
io
n
ad
ds
m
or
e
i
nform
at
ion
to
t
he
existi
ng
resea
rc
h
ap
proach
e
s
towa
r
ds
energy
-
ef
fici
ency
in
WSN
from
ou
r
pr
io
r
re
view
work
[10].
Ba
s
ed
on
the
e
xtensiv
e
rev
ie
w,
J
ay
asri
et
al.
[11]
ob
se
r
ved
t
ha
t
ver
y
le
ss
stud
ie
s h
a
ve
been
ca
r
ried
out
on r
el
ia
ble
data d
us
i
on
an
d
f
urt
her
com
e
up
with
a n
ov
el
analy
ti
cal
so
luti
on
nam
ely
fr
am
e
work
f
or
reli
ab
le
data
fu
si
on
(
FRFD
)
in
or
de
r
to
en
sure
e
ne
rg
y
-
a
wa
re
data
f
orwad
i
ng
in
WSN.
The
ou
tc
om
e
of
the
st
ud
y
fou
nd
t
o
e
xcel
superi
or
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
pe
r
f
orm
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
ene
rg
y
e
ffi
ci
ency
and reli
able
da
ta
tran
sm
issi
on
.
Stud
y
t
ow
a
rds
energy
pr
ob
le
m
s
as
well
as
data
delive
ry
issues
ha
ve
bee
n
a
ddresse
d
in
the
w
ork
of
Wang
et
al.
[
12]
with
a
n
ai
d
of
gr
i
d
r
outi
ng
m
echan
ism
.
Stud
y
to
wards
e
nergy
ef
fici
enc
y
prob
le
m
s
has
been
al
so
discusse
d
by
Nad
as
et
al.
[1
3]
us
i
ng
syn
chro
nizat
ion
ba
sed
ap
proac
h
in
W
S
N
that
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
window
of
i
dle
li
ste
ni
ng.
Mo
st
rece
ntly
stud
y
t
owar
ds
e
ne
rg
y
an
d
r
el
ia
bili
t
y
prob
le
m
s
ha
s
bee
n
a
ddre
ssed
by
Alsh
a
hee
n
a
nd
Tak
r
ur
i
-
Ri
zk
[14
]
usi
ng
net
work
c
od
i
ng
a
ppr
oach.
Dobs
la
w
et
al.
[15
]
hav
e
pr
ese
nt
ed
a
sche
du
li
ng
ap
proac
h
us
in
g
he
ur
ist
ic
-
based
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
f
or
en
surin
g
be
te
r
reli
abili
ty
i
n
com
m
un
ic
at
i
on
of
WSN.
T
he
w
ork
ca
rr
ie
d
ou
t
by
Fer
na
nd
e
s
et
al
.
[
16]
ha
ve
pr
e
sente
d
a
schem
e
to
m
i
n
im
iz
e
transm
i
ssion
powe
r
consum
ption
us
in
g
re
cei
ved
sig
nal
stren
gth
f
or
a
ddressi
ng
ove
r
head
prob
le
m
s.
Oliveira
et
al.
[1
7]
hav
e p
rese
nted
a
si
m
pl
ifie
d
m
echan
ism
fo
r
energy
savin
g
c
on
si
der
i
ng
a
spe
ci
fic
app
li
cat
ion.
The
pr
ob
le
m
s
of
node rel
ia
bili
ty ar
e als
o
a
ddre
ssed by Z
hu
et
al
. [1
8] in t
he
c
on
te
xt of
physi
cal
lay
er s
ecu
rity
.
Zo
nouz
et
al.
[
19
]
hav
e
pre
sented
a
reli
a
bi
li
t
y
m
od
el
ing
f
or
si
ngle
ho
p
c
omm
un
ic
at
i
on
in
WSN
us
in
g
cost
-
f
unct
ion
base
d
ap
proac
h.
Re
li
ab
il
ity
issues
wer
e
al
so
in
vestigat
ed
wit
h
res
pec
t
to
fog
-
co
m
pu
ti
ng
in
orde
r
to
bet
te
r
est
ablish
r
el
at
ion
sh
i
p
wit
h
se
ns
or
dev
ic
es
an
d
cl
oud
env
i
ronm
ent.
Su
c
h
w
ork
ha
s
bee
n
pr
ese
nted
by
Wang
et
al
.
[
20]
that
perfor
m
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
of
tr
us
t
in
ord
er
to
pro
ve
rel
ia
bili
ty
of
the
sens
or.
Sarm
a
et
al
.
[
21
]
ha
ve
p
rese
nted
a
r
outi
ng
-
base
d
a
ppr
oa
ch
for
a
ddress
ing
e
ne
rg
y
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
prob
le
m
s
associat
ed
with
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
c
on
si
deri
ng
i
nclusion
of
m
ob
il
it
y
fact
or
i
n
WSN.
Qa
dori
et
al
.
[
22
]
ha
ve
us
e
d
f
uzzy
-
a
ppr
oac
h
al
ong
with
c
on
si
der
a
ti
on
of
m
ob
il
e
age
nts
in
ord
er
to
c
onser
ve
energy
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
.
Usage
of
co
nte
xt
-
based
se
ns
ing
m
echan
ism
was
al
so
pro
ve
n
to
af
fect
e
ne
rg
y
sa
ving
as
re
ported
in
t
he
w
ork
of
Pr
a
bha
et
al
.
[
23]
.
Han
et
al
.
[
2
4]
ha
ve
i
nvest
igate
d
co
ve
rag
e
pr
ob
le
m
s
an
d
it
s
relat
io
ns
hi
p
with
t
he
energy
at
tribu
te
in
WSN
.
An
em
pirical
-
m
od
el
li
ng
base
d
ap
proac
h
was
prese
nted
by
Feng
an
d
Don
g
[25]
in
orde
r
to
inv
est
igate
reli
abili
ty
issue.
E
lsa
fr
a
wey
et
al
.
[26]
hav
e
pr
e
sented
a
n
invo
l
un
ta
ry
heali
ng
pro
po
sit
io
n
to
wards
ens
ur
in
g
reli
ab
il
ity
of
data
in
WSN.
A
n
ap
proach
was
prese
nted
by
Ca
m
po
bello
et
al
.
[
27]
that
has
util
i
zed
a
un
i
qu
e
rem
ai
nd
er
t
heorem
fo
r
e
nhanci
ng
energy
savi
ng
featur
e
s
as
well
as
reli
abili
ty
pr
ob
le
m
s
a
m
ong
sens
or
y a
pp
li
cat
ion
s.
The
wor
k
car
r
ie
d
out
by
D
ong
et
al.
[28
]
hav
e
disc
us
s
ed
a
bout
a
n
optim
iz
at
ion
ap
proac
h
f
or
le
ver
a
ging
the
reli
abili
ty
aspect
of
the
WSN.
T
he
aut
hor
s
hav
e
de
velo
ped
t
he
schem
e
us
in
g
a
uniq
ue
data
acqu
isi
ti
on
a
ppr
oac
h
to
ward
s
ad
dr
e
ssin
g
be
tt
er
cl
us
te
rin
g
pe
rfor
m
ance
with
le
ss
dela
y.
Usa
ge
of
ne
twork
cod
i
ng
f
or
e
nh
ancin
g
the
ene
rg
y
sa
ving
c
ha
recteri
sti
cs
in
s
ens
or
is
pr
e
sen
te
d
by
Li
u
et
al
.
[29].
T
he
a
ut
hors
hav
e
us
e
d
c
od
i
ng
schem
e
fo
r
bo
t
h
net
wor
k
a
nd
c
ha
nn
el
i
n
order
t
o
inc
rea
se
the
reli
abili
ty
s
cor
e
of
t
he
WSN
with
m
or
e
sig
nal
qual
it
y.
Stud
y
t
ow
a
rds
data
gat
her
i
ng
was
i
nv
est
ig
at
ed
by
L
ong
et
al.
[30]
w
her
e
a
com
pr
ehe
ns
ive
m
a
the
m
at
ic
a
l
m
od
el
ing
ha
s
bee
n
intr
oduc
ed
in
orde
r
to
ens
ur
e
t
he
re
li
abili
ty
scop
e
of
a
sens
or
node
w
orkin
g
in
an
a
dv
e
rse
co
nd
it
ion
of
netw
ork
ing
.
T
he
stu
dy
al
so
cl
aim
s
o
f
optim
iz
ed
outc
om
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
An
alyti
cal Model
li
ng
of P
ow
er Eff
ic
ie
nt Reli
ab
le
Op
e
ra
ti
on
of
..
.
..
(
Jay
asri
B. S.
)
4639
with
res
pect
to
energy
savin
g
and
prop
e
r
uti
li
zat
ion
of
network.
Pro
bem
s
associat
ed
wit
h
the
reli
abili
ty
was
al
so
witnesse
d t
o
be
s
olv
e
d us
ing
filt
erin
g
-
ba
sed
te
c
hn
i
qu
e
.
Stud
ie
s
in
su
c
h
direc
ti
on
wa
s
carrie
d
out
by
the
Pa
k
et
al.
[
31
]
co
nsi
der
in
g
incl
us
ion
of
finit
e
i
m
pu
lse
filt
er
t
hat
is
c
onstr
ucted
for
i
den
ti
fyi
ng
the
ode
fail
ur
es
in
WSN.
The
a
utho
rs
ha
ve
us
e
d
a
hy
bri
dized
desig
n
of
a
filt
er
in
orde
r
to
ens
ur
e
bette
r
lo
cal
iz
at
ion
sche
m
e
of
de
fecti
de
ntific
at
ion
as
a
m
ediu
m
to
assure
bette
r
reli
a
bili
ty
schem
e
in
WSN.
T
he
refo
re,
it
ca
n
be
seen
t
hat
ther
e
are
var
i
ous
repor
te
d
sc
he
m
e
of
enh
a
ncin
g
t
he
reli
abili
ty
scor
e
of
t
he
WSN
us
in
g
diff
e
ren
t
m
et
ho
dolo
gie
s.
The
ne
xt
se
ct
ion
disc
us
ses
about
the id
e
ntific
at
ion o
f
t
he po
te
nt
ia
l pr
oble
m
s asso
ci
at
ed wit
h t
he
existi
ng a
ppr
oac
hes
in
n
e
xt secti
on.
1.2.
The
Pro
blem
The
si
gn
i
ficant
r
esea
rch p
robl
e
m
s ar
e as
fo
ll
ow
s:
-
a.
Existi
ng
a
ppr
oach
e
s
towa
r
ds
i
m
pr
ovin
g
ener
gy
ef
fici
ency
la
cks
crit
ic
al
op
tim
iz
at
ion
proces
s
consi
der
i
ng com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
and
netw
ork
-
base
d resou
rces.
b.
Stud
ie
s
to
ward
s
reli
abili
ty
-
based
m
et
ho
ds
ar
e
no
t
fou
nd
to
ens
ur
e
any
f
orm
of
pr
e
dicti
ve
-
base
d
analy
s
is
without
us
in
g any f
or
m
o
f
it
erati
ve
-
base
d
c
onve
ntio
nal m
eth
ods.
c.
Lack
of
be
nc
hm
ark
ed
st
ud
i
es
towa
r
ds
s
ol
vin
g
ene
rg
y
as
well
as
rel
ia
bili
ty
pr
oble
m
s
is
ano
the
r
sign
ific
a
nt r
e
se
arch ga
p
i
n W
SN
.
d.
A
com
pr
ehe
ns
i
ve
m
od
el
ing
c
on
si
der
i
ng
al
l
the
pract
ic
al
con
strai
nts
of
a
s
ens
or
no
de
to
assess
the
no
de
as w
el
l as
netw
ork per
f
or
m
ance is also m
issin
g i
n
e
xisti
ng
s
yst
e
m
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
the
pro
blem
sta
teme
nt o
f
t
he
pr
opose
d
st
ud
y ca
n
be
stat
ed
as “
To
desig
n a c
ompre
he
ns
iv
e
fram
ew
or
k
t
hat
is
ca
pable
of
offeri
ng
si
gn
if
ic
an
t
rel
ia
ble
node
oper
atio
n
wi
th
superi
or
netw
or
k
li
fe
ti
me
in
pr
ese
nce
of d
y
namic
network
scen
ar
io
s
”. T
he
n
e
xt secti
on
br
ie
f
s a
bout s
ol
ution
t
o
a
ddre
ss this iss
ue.
1.3.
The Pro
posed
So
lu
tio
n
The
pr
im
e
purpose
of
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
is
to
pr
es
ent
a
joint
fra
m
ewo
r
k
wh
i
ch
e
nab
le
s
a
si
m
ulati
on
envi
ronm
ent
to
as
sess
three
di
fferent
ty
pes
of
m
od
ules
w
he
re
firstly
,
M
odule
-
1
re
prese
nts
an
analy
ti
cal
m
eth
od
ology
well
capab
le
of
en
s
ur
i
ng
e
nergy
-
a
war
e
data
fu
si
on
to
ad
dr
e
ss
th
e
power
c
on
s
um
pt
ion
issues
i
n
a
dat
a
-
dri
ve
n
WSN
al
so
a
bbre
viate
d
as
EE
DF
.
S
econdly
,
th
e
f
r
a
m
ewo
r
k
al
s
o
integrates
Mo
dule
-
2
wh
e
re
the
pri
m
e
con
ce
rn
l
ai
d
upon
de
sig
nin
g
cost
-
ef
fecti
ve
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
al
m
od
el
li
ng
wh
ic
h
e
ns
ures
powe
r
eff
ic
ie
nt,
reli
a
ble
ope
rati
ons
duri
ng
data
f
us
io
n
process
on
a
la
r
ge
sca
le
W
S
N
us
in
g
strat
ist
ic
al
sp
r
eadin
g
m
echan
ism
(R
aESS).
Finall
y,
it
fu
rther
op
t
i
m
iz
es
the
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
per
form
ance
du
ri
ng
se
ns
or
ne
twor
k
op
e
rati
ons
in
te
rm
s
of
sig
nificant
ene
rg
y
eff
ic
ie
ncy
an
d
reli
abili
ty
sc
or
es
by
inco
r
porati
ng
predi
ct
ive
evo
l
ution
a
ry
m
od
el
li
ng
wh
ic
h
is
prese
nted
i
n
Module
-
3.
T
he
f
ollow
i
ng
Fi
gure
1
e
xhibit
s
the
j
oi
nt
f
ram
ewor
k
intende
d
t
o
as
s
ess th
ree
diff
e
r
ent m
od
ules
wi
thin a si
m
ulati
on envir
onm
ent.
Figure
1
.
Im
ple
m
ented
sc
he
m
a o
f pro
pose
d
syst
em
M
O
D
U
L
E
-
1
(
E
E
D
F
)
M
O
D
U
L
E
-
2
(
R
a
E
E
S
)
M
O
D
U
L
E
-
3
A
N
o
v
e
l
J
o
i
n
t
F
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
P
o
w
e
r
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
D
a
t
a
F
u
s
i
o
n
O
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
W
S
N
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
i
n
g
T
h
e
T
o
p
o
l
o
g
y
D
j
k
s
t
r
a
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
V
i
r
t
u
a
l
M
u
l
t
i
-
p
a
t
h
P
r
o
p
a
g
a
t
i
o
n
M
i
n
.
E
n
e
r
g
y
O
n
E
v
e
r
y
C
o
m
m
u
n
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
C
h
a
n
n
e
l
G
r
a
p
h
T
h
e
o
r
y
S
t
a
t
i
s
t
i
c
a
l
S
p
r
e
a
d
i
n
g
E
n
a
b
l
e
M
o
d
u
l
e
-
2
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
O
b
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
E
n
a
b
l
e
M
o
d
u
l
e
-
3
S
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
E
n
e
r
g
y
A
w
a
r
e
R
e
l
i
a
b
l
e
O
p
e
r
a
r
i
o
n
P
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4637
-
4645
4640
The
ab
ove
Fig
ur
e
1
sho
ws
th
e
desig
n
pri
nci
ples
of
the
pr
opose
d
a
naly
ti
cal
m
et
ho
do
l
ogy
to
si
m
ulate
the
perform
ance
of
the
join
t
co
m
pu
ta
ti
onal
fr
am
ewo
rk.
The
si
m
ulatio
n
e
nv
i
ronm
e
nt
is
create
d
us
in
g
a
nu
m
erical
com
pu
ti
ng
e
nvir
pnm
ent
wh
ic
h
e
nab
le
s
e
val
uating
t
hr
ee
di
ff
e
r
ent
m
od
ules
with
re
sp
ect
t
o
their
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
flo
w
of
desig
n.
Finall
y,
the
ou
tc
om
e
asses
sed
f
or
diff
e
re
nt
m
odules
ar
e
com
par
ed
w
it
h
the
conve
ntion
al
ba
sel
ines
in
or
de
r
to
justi
fy
t
he
im
ple
m
ente
d
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
of
the
pro
pose
d
syst
em
t
ow
a
r
ds
accom
plishing
energy
awa
re
r
el
ia
ble
op
e
rati
on
s
i
n
a
la
rg
e
s
cal
e
WSN.
Th
e
m
or
e
el
abora
te
d
discu
ssio
n
of
th
e
pro
po
se
d
t
hr
ee
d
if
fer
e
nt m
odules are
prese
nt
ed
in t
he ne
xt
segm
ent o
f
t
he m
anu
scri
pt i.e.
syst
e
m
d
esi
gn.
2.
SY
STE
M DESIGN
This
sect
io
n
c
oncer
n
a
bout
dis
cussing
t
he
sys
tem
design
m
eth
od
ology
of
t
he
pro
posed
f
ra
m
ewo
r
k
t
o
ens
ur
e ade
quat
e o
utcom
e in t
he
form
o
f
num
erical
so
luti
on
s.
Howe
ver, it
basical
ly
ai
m
s
towa
rd
s
j
us
ti
fy
ing
th
e
fact
that
the
st
ud
y
accom
plishes
eff
ic
ie
nt
and
op
ti
m
al
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
op
e
rati
o
ns
regardi
ng
reli
abili
ty
and
energy
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
duri
ng
data
f
us
io
n
operati
on
i
n
a
m
ulti
cast
W
SN
routin
g.
T
he
pro
posed
f
ram
e
work
evo
l
ved
up
w
it
h
a
m
ulti
-
fo
ld
m
e
tho
dolo
gy
wh
ic
h
incl
udes
basical
ly
three
di
ff
e
ren
t
ty
pes
of
m
od
ules
op
e
rati
ng
j
oi
ntly
in
a
num
eri
c
al
com
pu
ti
ng
e
nv
i
ronm
ent.
The
f
ollo
wing
a
re
the
e
xte
ns
iv
e
el
aborati
on
of
th
re
e
separ
at
e
m
od
ul
es
wh
ic
h
ca
n
carry
out
reli
able
op
e
rati
ons
involve
d
in
da
ta
fu
sio
n
an
d
cl
us
te
rin
g
proc
ess
t
o
util
iz
e o
ptim
al
energy i
n a
W
SN
.
a.
Desig
n
A
naly
sis
of
Mo
dule
-
1(EE
DF):
T
hi
s
analy
ti
cal
design
m
et
ho
do
log
y
f
or
m
odule
-
1
has
bee
n
con
ce
ptu
al
iz
e
d
to
en
ha
nce
t
he
data
f
us
i
on
pr
ocess
i
n
a WSN.
E
ED
F
f
oru
m
al
te
d
keep
in
g
a
c
onditi
on
i
nto
consi
der
at
io
n
i
.e.
it
shou
l
d
suppo
rt
data
f
us
i
on
proces
s
in
a
m
ulti
path
prop
a
gatio
n
syst
e
m
.
It
basi
cal
ly
adopted
the
c
on
ce
pt
of
ant
enn
a
the
or
y
wh
ic
h
e
nsures
highe
r
degre
e
of
reli
a
ble
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
op
e
rati
ons
by
dep
l
oying
e
nhanced
m
ulti
pat
h
pro
pag
at
io
n
m
echan
ism
.
Incorp
or
at
io
n
of
anten
na
the
ory
in
this
reg
a
rd
s
increses
the
c
apacit
y
of
ra
dio
li
nk
s
to
ward
s
enah
c
ning
th
e
su
pp
or
ta
bili
ty
of
m
ult
ipath
pro
pag
at
io
n
wi
th
higher
de
gree
of
reli
able
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
operati
on.
In
this
inti
al
ph
ase
the
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
dep
loy
ed
a
WSN
t
op
ology
by
e
vol
ving
up
a
distr
ibu
te
d
tree
c
onstr
uction
s
upported
by
grap
h
theo
ry.
T
he
gr
aph
is
co
ns
tr
uc
te
d
us
i
ng
a
set
of
ve
rtic
es
an
d
ed
ges
wh
ic
h
i
s
ex
pr
es
sed
wi
t
h
the
fo
ll
owin
g
m
at
he
m
at
ic
a
l
Eq
uation
1
.
I
n
that
eq.
V
re
f
ers
to
the
set
of
ve
rtic
es
us
e
d
to
de
no
te
se
nsor
node
s
an
d
E
belo
ngs
to
the
set
of
e
dg
e
s
wh
ic
h
are
basi
cl
al
ly
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
li
nk
s
w
it
hin
a
m
ulti
pa
th
pro
pa
gation
syst
e
m
. Th
e a
ddit
ion
of
base st
at
ion
b
m
akes th
e gra
ph expr
essed
li
ke
foll
owin
g:
G
=
(
V
U
b
,
E
)
(1)
Wh
e
re ev
e
ry s
ens
or
n
ϵ
V
will
h
ave t
he
fr
e
ed
om
to
cho
os
e i
ts adj
ace
nt n
ei
ghbours for
m
utli
-
cast
r
outi
ng dur
i
ng
ad
-
hoc
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
.
The
novelty
of
the
pro
posed
c
once
pt
is
that
it
ena
bles
de
plo
ym
e
nt
of
assist
ant
pair
of
nodes
wh
ic
h
su
pp
or
ts
sin
gle
and
m
ulti
-
path
prop
a
gatio
n
duri
ng
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
between
oth
e
r
no
des,
thi
s
par
a
dig
m
resu
lt
ed
energy
ef
fici
ent
li
nk
f
or
m
at
ion
with
the
su
pp
or
ta
bili
ty
of
m
ulti
path
pro
pa
gation
betwe
e
n
node
a
nd
base
sta
ti
on
.
It
al
s
o
op
ti
m
iz
es
the
data
tra
ns
m
itted
f
ro
m
on
e
s
ens
or
node
n
t
o
a
base
sta
ti
on
b
by
form
ulati
ng
th
e f
olloin
g obje
ct
ive fun
ct
io
n wh
ic
h helps
in e
nergy
op
ti
m
izati
on
.
V
n
n
f
u
n
c
E
O
m
i
n
a
r
g
(2)
The
e
xp
e
rim
en
ta
l
ob
ser
vatio
ns
furthe
r
ass
ured
that
this
ap
proac
h
has
si
gnific
antly
redu
ced
ene
r
gy
requirem
ents
duri
ng
data
fusion
ope
ra
ti
on
s
and
al
so
pote
nt
ia
ll
y
assist
ed
in
c
on
s
er
ving
e
nergy
to
a
sig
ni
ficant
le
vel.
The
optim
u
m
sel
ection
of
c
omm
un
i
cat
ion
c
hannel
al
so
assist
ed
in
m
ini
m
iz
ing
ener
y
c
on
s
um
ps
ion
durin
g
m
ulti
path
pro
pagat
ion
in
a
virtu
al
to
po
l
og
y
wh
e
re
on
t
he
ot
her
ha
nd
t
he
dat
a
di
sse
m
inati
on
proces
s
reduce
d
the
r
e
dundancy
of
da
ta
to
en
sure t
ha
t un
i
qu
e
d
at
a
bein
g forwa
r
de
d
to
the
b.
b.
Desig
n
A
naly
sis
of
Mo
du
le
-
2(Ra
EES
):
The
analy
ti
cal
m
od
el
ll
ing
of
Ra
E
ES
desig
ne
d
and
dev
el
op
e
d
by
addressi
ng
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
pe
rfor
m
ance
iss
su
es
of
a
W
S
N
from
ener
gy
an
d
reli
abili
ty
view
poi
nt.
T
he
desig
n
pri
ncip
le
of
Ra
EES
al
so
i
m
ple
m
ents
a
nu
m
erical
analy
sis
wh
ic
h
ena
bles
reli
able
data
transm
issi
on
duri
ng
data
f
us
i
on
proce
ss
in
a
data
dri
ve
n
WSN.
T
he
sys
tem
aims
to
en
su
re
an
optim
a
l
equ
il
ib
rium
between
the
unin
te
rr
upte
d
data
transm
issi
on
pr
ior
pe
rfo
rm
ing
fu
si
on
with
m
ini
m
al
us
age
of
netw
ork
an
d
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
r
so
urces
.
The
a
dopted
gr
a
ph
t
heory
m
od
el
li
ng
us
ed
in
the
fo
rm
ulati
on
of
fu
si
on
str
uctu
r
e
with
a
tree
based
topolo
gy
form
ation
w
hich
ena
bles
reli
abl
e
com
m
un
i
cat
ion
operati
on
s
with
le
ss
resou
rce
co
ns
um
ps
ion.
H
ow
e
ver,
m
ini
m
al
us
age
of
res
ources
duri
ng
netw
ork
op
e
rati
ons
a
nd
data
ag
gr
e
gation
process
i
nc
lud
in
g
el
im
inati
on
of
re
petit
ive
redunda
nt
data
sign
i
ficantl
y
i
m
pr
ov
e
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
perform
ance
in
te
r
m
s
of
e
nergy
a
nd
reli
abili
ty
wh
ic
h
are
f
urt
her
just
ifie
d
in
the
ne
xt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
An
alyti
cal Model
li
ng
of P
ow
er Eff
ic
ie
nt Reli
ab
le
Op
e
ra
ti
on
of
..
.
..
(
Jay
asri
B. S.
)
4641
sect
ion
3
with
an
exte
ns
ive
discuss
io
n
on
e
xperim
ental
analy
sis.
The
coce
pt
of
sta
ti
sti
cal
sp
rea
ding
has
been
us
e
d
to
ens
ur
e
tra
ns
m
i
ssion
reli
abili
ty
in
te
r
m
s
of
reducin
g
pac
ket
error
rat
e
and
dro
pp
i
ng
pro
bab
il
it
y
us
ing
a
distrib
ut
ed
ap
pro
xim
at
ion
pa
ra
digm
.
Ho
wev
e
r,
finall
y
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
form
ulate
s
an
obj
ect
ive
f
unct
ion
w
hich
e
nsures
higher
de
gr
ee
of
reli
a
bili
ty
wh
il
e
con
s
um
ing
m
ini
m
a
l
com
pu
ta
ti
on
al
an
d
net
wor
k
res
ources.
T
he
nex
t
se
ct
io
n
pr
ese
nts
the
m
od
el
analy
sis
of
the
ne
xt
m
et
ho
dolo
gy fro
m
an
al
yt
ic
al
and the
or
et
ic
al
p
e
rsp
ect
ive
[3
2].
c.
Desig
n
A
naly
sis
of
Mo
du
le
-
3:
This
phas
e
of
the
desi
gn
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
exclusi
vely
carried
out
by
e
m
plyi
ng
a
de
ci
sion
or
ie
nted
data
delive
ry
m
od
el
with
predict
ive
c
oding.
It
ba
sic
al
ly
enh
a
nces
th
e
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
op
e
rati
ons
by
inco
rpo
rati
ng
a
tim
e
-
slot
s
ynch
ronizat
ion
m
od
el
li
ng
where
the
al
lotm
e
nt
of
ti
m
e
-
slots
du
ri
ng
sync
hro
ni
zat
ion
ph
a
se
f
ollows
two
di
f
fer
e
nt
m
od
e
of
op
erati
on
s
whic
h
are
there
by
i)
busy
m
ode
and
ii
)
i
dle
m
od
e
of
operati
ons
resp
ect
i
vely
.
I
t
fu
rt
her
a
ppli
es
two
dif
fer
e
nt
al
gorithm
s
in
order
to
obta
in
powe
r
e
ff
ic
ie
nct
com
pr
e
henci
ve
pa
ra
dig
m
f
or
re
du
ci
ng
r
eso
ur
ce
c
ons
um
ps
ion
s
du
rin
g
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
op
e
rati
ons
by
wh
ic
h
it
has
certai
nly
achi
eved
b
et
te
r
rel
ia
bili
ty
du
rin
g
cl
us
te
rin
g
a
nd
data
fu
si
on
pro
cess.
It
m
os
tl
y
pu
ts
em
ph
asi
ze
towards
cl
ass
ify
ing
the
data
pack
et
s
with
the
de
plo
ym
ent
of
cost
-
ef
fecti
ve
Tim
e
Divisio
n
M
ulti
ple
Ac
cess
(
TDM
A)
and
Ca
r
rier
Se
ns
e
M
ulti
ple
A
ccess
(C
SMA)
su
bject
e
d
to
de
ci
sion
al
an
d
ef
fici
ent
energy
m
od
el
li
ng
.
Th
e
propose
d
sys
tem
per
form
data
fu
sio
n
pri
or
to
data
aggrega
ti
on
w
hen
a
ggre
gato
r
nodes
act
as
cl
us
te
r
head
(C
h
)
wh
il
e
op
erati
ng
on
diff
e
nt
sensor
node
(
SN)
dri
ven
cl
ust
ers.
T
he
proces
s
the
reb
y
m
ai
nly
fol
lows
tw
o
dif
f
eren
t
ty
pes
of
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
ph
a
ses
s
uch
as
i)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
betw
een
node
to
C
h
wh
e
re
data
fusio
n
ta
ke
place
an
d
ii
)
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
bet
ween
eac
h
C
h
to
cor
e
a
ggre
gator
m
ote
,
data
ag
gr
e
gation
is
perform
ed.
The
pri
m
e
e
m
ph
asi
ze
has
been
gi
ve
n
to
wards
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ps
ion
op
ti
m
iz
ation
by
per
f
or
m
ing
r
el
ia
ble
sensory
op
e
rati
ons
wit
h
sync
hro
nized
pack
et
delive
r
y
par
a
dig
m
wit
h
ra
ndom
iz
ed
and
orga
nized
acce
ss
m
od
e
of
processes
.
T
he
data
delive
ry
cy
cl
e
has
bee
n
co
nce
ptu
al
iz
ed
in
a
way
where
a
ti
m
e
slot
is
de
fine
d
f
or
tr
ansm
issi
on
operati
ons,
al
so
ref
e
rred
as
te
m
po
ral
inter
va
l
(
t
i
).
The
nex
t
segm
ent
of
th
e
stu
dy
the
reby
discusse
d
th
e
ou
tc
om
e
bei
ng
acc
om
plished
by
sim
ul
at
ing
the
j
oi
nt
fr
am
ewo
r
k
in
a
num
eric
al
com
piu
ti
ng
e
nvir
on
m
ent.
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
3.1. Ou
tco
me
s
Ob
ta
in
e
d
fr
om
Module
-
1
This
sect
io
n
dem
on
strat
es
th
e
exp
e
rim
ental
ou
tc
om
es
ob
ta
ined
a
fter
si
m
ula
ti
ng
the
pro
posed
joint
fr
am
ewo
r
k
with
a
nu
m
erical
analy
sis.
The
f
ram
ewo
rk
init
ia
ll
y
evaluates
t
he
analy
ti
cal
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
de
rive
d
for
EED
F
an
d
ob
ta
in
s
the
res
ults
per
ta
inin
g
to
energy
co
nsum
ps
ion
pe
r
re
qu
e
st
(m
J)
wh
ic
h
is
hig
hli
gh
t
ed
in
the
f
ollo
wing
Figure
2.
T
he
above
Fig
ur
e
2
cl
early
e
xhibit
s
that
t
he
m
odule
-
1
EED
F
accom
plishes
bette
r
ou
tc
om
es
in
ter
m
s
of
energy
with
the
inc
rea
sing
value
of
nodes
.
The
propose
d
EE
DF
there
by
sign
ifi
ca
ntly
m
ini
m
iz
es
the
energy
co
nsu
m
ps
ion
(
0
-
0.3)
m
J
in
com
par
ison
with
t
he
conve
ntion
al
ba
sel
ines
LE
ACH
a
nd
PEGAS
IS
.
Figure
2
.
A
nal
ysi
s o
f e
ne
rg
y
consum
ps
ion r
equ
e
st (m
J)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4637
-
4645
4642
3.2
.
Ou
tco
me
s
o
b
ta
in
ed
from M
od
ule
-
2
The
e
valuati
on
of
the
st
ud
y
was
car
ried
out
with
600
se
nsor
nodes
c
ompli
ant
with
M
EMSIC
no
de
config
ur
at
io
n
disp
e
rse
d
rand
om
l
y
under
si
m
ula
ti
on
a
rea
of
10
00x100
0m
2
.
A
hypothe
ti
cal
data
of
3500
bits
has
bee
n
us
e
d
fo
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
pur
pose
.
As
the
pro
pose
d
Ra
ESS
f
ocuses
towa
rds
achievin
g
re
li
able
tran
sm
issi
on
,
it
was
essenti
al
fo
r
eval
uatin
g
it
s
eff
ect
ive
ness
with
re
spe
ct
to
ener
gy
consum
ption
,
delay
,
pack
et
delive
ry r
at
io,
as
well
a
s alg
or
it
hm
p
r
oc
essing t
i
m
e.
The
fo
ll
owin
g
Figure 3
,
4
ex
hi
bits
that
ho
w
t
he
pro
po
se
d
R
aESS obtai
ns
bet
te
r
outc
om
es
in
te
rm
s
of
pack
et
d
el
iver
y
rati
o
and
o
ve
rall
delay
(S
)
duri
ng
d
at
a
fusion
process
in
a
WSN
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
o
pe
rat
ion
s
.
I
t
al
so
s
hows
t
hat
overall
delay
s
ign
ific
a
ntly
r
ed
uced
in RaE
SS
as c
om
par
ed
t
o
LE
AC
H.
Figure
3
.
O
veral
l delay
v
s it
er
at
ion
s
Figure
4
.
Pac
ke
t deli
ver
y
rati
o vs
it
erati
ons
It
can
al
s
o
be
seen
that
the
pro
po
se
d
Ra
ESS
sig
nifica
nt
ly
red
uces
de
la
y
to
enah
ce
the
reloia
ble
netw
ork
opet
ra
ti
on
s
pr
i
or
to
da
ta
fu
si
on
wh
il
e
node
s
a
re
c
om
m
un
ic
at
ing
with
thei
r
c
or
e
aggre
gator
m
ote.
T
he
above
Fig
ur
e
4
al
s
o
s
hows
the
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
of
Ra
ES
S
in
ob
ta
ining
en
ha
nc
ed
pack
et
deli
ver
y
rati
o
w
hich
al
s
o
ens
ur
es
bette
r
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
perf
or
m
ance
du
ri
ng
th
e
dat
a
fu
sio
n
phase
with
op
ti
m
iz
e
d
outc
om
e
in
energy
factors.
Figure
5
al
s
o
e
xh
i
bits
that
t
he
pro
posed
Ra
E
SS
at
ta
in
ve
ry
le
sser
c
om
pu
ta
ti
on
ti
m
e
as
the
pro
pose
d
al
gorithm
con
s
um
es
ver
y
le
ss
num
ber
of
res
ources
duri
ng
the
s
of
t
c
om
puti
ng
ph
a
se.
Th
e
outc
om
e
ob
t
ai
ned
fou
nd h
i
gh
ly
s
up
e
rio
r
tha
n
t
he
conv
e
ntio
nal
LEAC
H
al
go
ri
thm
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
An
alyti
cal Model
li
ng
of P
ow
er Eff
ic
ie
nt Reli
ab
le
Op
e
ra
ti
on
of
..
.
..
(
Jay
asri
B. S.
)
4643
Figure
5
.
A
nal
ysi
s o
f a
lg
or
it
hm
p
ro
cessi
ng ti
m
e(s)
3.3
.
Ou
tco
me
s
o
b
ta
in
ed
from M
od
ule
-
3
The
f
ollo
wing
Figure
6
al
so
exh
i
bits
that
the
pr
opos
e
d
two
al
gorithm
s
for
m
ou
le
-
3
a
lso
achie
ve
s
reli
able
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
oper
at
ion
s
t
o
re
duc
e
the
delay
co
ns
t
raints
w
hic
h
has
a
sig
nifi
cant
im
pact
on
ene
rg
y
consum
ps
ion
optim
iz
at
ion
.
The
ab
ov
e
F
i
gur
e
6
al
so
sh
ows
that
ener
gy
co
ns
um
ps
io
n
per
bit
in
ever
y
instance
of
inc
reasin
g
ti
m
e
slots
is
hig
her
in
t
he
case
of
L
uo
[33]
w
he
re
,
Pro
po
se
d
appr
oach
a
nd
Zh
a
ng
[34]
ap
proac
h
accom
plishes
op
ti
m
al
ou
tc
om
e
as
they
bo
th
util
iz
ed
pr
e
dicti
ve
node
s
cheduli
ng
i
n
a
dynam
ic
env
i
ronm
ent
wh
e
re
nodes
a
re
act
ually
perform
s
decisi
on
m
aking
durin
g
sch
ed
ulin
g
a
nd
data
f
us
io
n
process
.
H
ow
e
ver,
as
our
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
excels
bette
r
ou
tc
om
e
s
with
res
pect
to
diff
e
re
nt
a
tt
ribu
te
s
th
us
the
stu
dy
e
nsur
es
it
s
un
i
form
i
ty
tow
ard
s
achi
ving
r
el
ia
ble co
m
m
u
nicat
ion
scena
r
io du
rin
g data f
us
io
n process
in
a
WSN.
Figure
6
.
A
nal
ysi
s o
f e
ne
rg
y
consum
ps
ion p
er
bit (j
/
bit)
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
The
cu
rr
e
nt
ad
van
cem
ent
of
sens
or
netw
ork
operati
ons
m
anly
data
fu
s
ion
hi
ghly
requires
reli
able
com
pu
ta
ti
on
w
it
h
m
ini
m
a
l
us
age
of
res
ourc
es
to
ensure
e
nah
ce
d
com
m
un
ic
at
io
n
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
te
rm
s
of
energy
co
nsu
m
ps
ion
an
d
de
la
y.
Howev
e
r
,
sens
or
netw
ork
ope
rati
ons
in
a
re
gion
of
i
nterest
is
highly
unpredict
ive
owin
g
to
it
s
decen
tral
iz
ed
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
patte
rn,
there
f
or
e
placem
ent
of
nodes
s
hould
be
within
a
m
on
it
or
e
d
a
rea
in
or
der
t
o
trac
k
do
wn
eve
ry
res
pe
ct
ive
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
act
ivit
y.
The
i
nvest
igati
on
al
analy
sis
in our pr
i
or
works
f
ound
t
hat v
ery
l
ess
existi
ng wo
rk
s
ha
ve
bee
n
carried
o
ut
t
oward
s
en
surin
g
e
nergy
eff
ic
ie
nt
data
f
us
io
n
operati
ons
i
n
a
la
rg
e
sc
al
e
W
S
N
wh
e
r
e
no
si
gn
ific
a
nt
fo
c
us
i
ncline
d
to
wa
rd
s
opti
m
iz
ing
the r
el
ia
bili
ty
fa
ct
or
s
with
res
pect to
delay
a
nd en
e
r
gy
co
nst
raints.
The
st
ud
y
for
m
ula
te
d
a
nove
l
j
oin
t
sc
hem
a
wh
ic
h
assess
three
diff
e
re
nt
analy
ti
cal
m
e
t
hodolo
gy
t
o
forw
a
r
d
data
w
it
h
m
axi
m
u
m
reli
abili
ty
and
m
ini
m
u
m
us
ag
e
of
e
nergy
in
a
m
ulti
path
pro
pag
at
io
n
syst
em
.
It
is
al
so
ens
ur
e
d
that
the
propos
ed
syst
e
m
utilizes
ver
y
le
sser
netw
ork
res
ources
wh
il
e
carryin
g
out
the
data
fu
si
on
s
upport
ed
by
e
nergy
a
war
e
cha
nnel
a
ccess.
T
he
stu
dy
outc
om
e
further
e
ns
ures
t
hat
the
pr
opose
d
joint
fr
am
ewo
r
k
acc
om
plishes b
et
t
er
ou
t
ocm
es in term
s o
f
dif
fere
nt p
e
rfo
rm
ance m
e
tric
es
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4637
-
4645
4644
REFERE
NCE
S
[
1
]
\
N
o
u
h
a
S
g
h
a
i
e
r
,
A
b
d
e
l
h
a
m
i
d
M
e
l
l
o
u
k
,
E
n
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g
y
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f
f
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D
e
s
i
g
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o
f
W
i
r
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l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
e
t
w
o
r
ks
,
I
S
T
E
P
r
e
s
s
L
im
i
t
e
d
,
E
l
s
e
v
i
e
r
-
2018
[
2
]
D
a
c
-
N
h
u
o
n
g
L
e
,
R
a
g
h
v
e
n
d
a
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u
m
a
r
,
J
y
o
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r
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o
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h
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t
t
e
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e
e
,
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
c
t
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y
C
o
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c
e
p
t
s
o
f
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i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
o
r
N
e
t
wo
r
k
.
T
h
e
o
r
y
a
n
d
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
G
R
I
N
V
e
r
i
l
a
g
,
2
0
1
8
[
3
]
X
.
L
i
u
,
"
R
o
u
t
i
ng
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
B
a
se
d
o
n
A
n
t
Co
l
on
y
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
o
r
N
e
tw
o
r
k
s
:
A
S
u
r
v
e
y
,
"
i
n
I
E
E
E
A
c
c
e
s
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
0
3
-
2
6
3
1
7
,
2
0
1
7
.
[
4
]
A
.
S
o
l
a
y
a
p
p
a
n
,
M
.
B
.
H
.
F
r
e
j
a
n
d
S
.
N
.
R
a
j
a
n
,
"
E
n
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
r
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u
t
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
a
n
d
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f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
i
n
U
n
d
e
r
w
a
t
e
r
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
n
s
or
N
e
t
w
o
r
ks
-
a
su
rv
e
y
,
"
2
0
1
7
I
E
E
E
L
o
n
g
I
s
l
a
n
d
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
og
y
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
(
LI
SA
T
)
,
F
a
rm
i
n
g
d
a
le,
N
Y
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
7.
[
5
]
B
.
M
o
s
t
e
f
a
a
n
d
G
.
A
b
d
e
l
k
a
d
e
r
,
"A
s
u
rv
e
y
o
f
w
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
s
e
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
r
k
s
e
c
u
r
i
t
y
i
n
t
h
e
c
o
n
t
e
x
t
o
f
I
n
t
e
r
n
e
t
o
f
T
h
i
n
g
s
,
"
2
0
1
7
4
t
h
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
o
n
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
un
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
T
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c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
f
o
r
D
i
s
a
st
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r
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a
n
a
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m
e
nt
(
I
CT
-
D
M)
,
M
n
st
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r
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
8.
[
6
]
H
.
Y
u
a
n
,
N
.
Yu
g
a
n
g
a
n
d
G
.
Fe
n
g
h
a
o
,
"
C
o
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es
t
i
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o
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r
n
e
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w
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k
s
:
A
su
r
v
e
y
,
"
T
h
e
2
6
t
h
C
h
i
n
e
s
e
C
o
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t
r
o
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n
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s
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(
2
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,
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a
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,
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,
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.
4
8
5
3
-
4858.
[
7
]
V
.
M
us
a
l
e
a
n
d
D
.
C
h
a
u
d
h
a
r
i
,
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h
a
l
l
e
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g
e
s
,
p
r
o
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o
c
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s
a
n
d
c
a
s
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s
tu
d
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s
i
n
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o
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i
a
b
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f
f
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c
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t
w
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s
s
s
e
n
s
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n
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tw
o
r
ks,
"
2
0
1
7
4
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
C
o
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fer
e
n
c
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o
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A
d
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m
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s
(
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C
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CC
S)
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b
a
t
o
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e
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
7.
[
8
]
C
.
M
.
d
.
F
a
r
i
a
s
a
n
d
L
.
P
i
rm
e
z
,
"
A
M
u
l
t
i
s
e
n
s
or
D
a
t
a
F
us
i
o
n
T
e
c
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q
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f
o
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u
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a
p
p
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i
c
a
t
i
o
n
W
i
r
e
l
e
s
s
S
e
ns
or
N
e
t
w
o
r
ks
B
a
s
e
d
o
n
O
v
e
r
l
a
p
p
i
ng
I
n
t
e
r
v
a
l
s
,
"
2
01
7
I
E
E
E
1
5
t
h
In
t
l
C
o
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f
o
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In
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An
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3
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3
.
BIOGR
AP
H
I
ES
OF
A
UTH
ORS
Ja
y
asri
B.
S.
is
cur
ren
t
l
y
workin
g
as
an
A
ss
oci
at
e
Profess
or
in
t
he
depa
rtment
o
f
CS
&E
,
The
Nati
ona
l
Instit
ut
iona
l
of
Engi
ne
eri
ng,
and
M
y
su
ru.
She
obta
ine
d
her
M.t
ec
h
deg
ree
in
(2006)
from
Visvesvara
y
a
Te
chn
ical
Univer
sit
y
,
B
el
g
au
m
.
She
is
cur
ren
tly
pursuing
h
er
Ph.D.,
and
her
are
a
of
in
te
r
est
inc
lud
es
W
ireless
Sensor
Networks,
W
ire
l
ess
Com
m
unic
at
ion,
Com
pute
r
Networks,
O
per
at
ion
al
R
ese
ar
ch
and
S
y
stem Sim
ula
ti
on
Model
in
g.
G
Ragha
vendr
a
Rao
took
his
BE
ME
and
PhD
degr
ee
s
from
UO
M,
IISC,
Bangal
ore
and
UO
M
respe
ctively
.
Aft
er
serving
as
As
st.
Engi
ne
er
(Jag
uar
Projec
t)
at
H
AL,
Bangalore
f
or
4
y
e
ars,
he
joi
ned
NIE
as
a
fac
ulty
in
June
1983.
He
was
the
first
fac
u
lty
of
the
depa
r
tment
of
Com
pute
r
Scie
nc
e
&
Engg
.
,
and
was
responsible
for
the
esta
bli
shm
ent
of
the
depa
rtment
,
fac
iliti
es
and
La
bora
tori
es
of
CS
,
IS
and
MC
A
depa
rtments
i
n
NIE.
He
beca
m
e
As
st.
Profess
or
in
Janua
r
y
1990
and
Profes
sor
of
CS
E
in
J
anua
r
y
1995
res
pec
t
ive
l
y
.
He
w
as
Princi
p
al
(I
/C
)
of
NIE
from
Marc
h
2004
to
April
2008.
He
was
al
so
the
founde
r
Princi
pa
l
of
NIE
Instit
ute
of
Te
chnol
og
y
from
Jul
y
2008
t
o
Octobe
r
2010.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.