Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of
El
e
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
4208
~
42
16
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
10
i
4
.
pp
4208
-
42
16
4208
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Des
i
gn a
n activ
e verifi
cation me
ch
anism f
or ce
rti
fi
cat
es
revocati
on in O
C
SP for
i
nternet
authenti
cation
Kha
li
d
F.
M
ahmm
od
,
M
ohammed
M.
Az
eez
,
Z
eya
d H.
Ismael
Depa
rtment
o
f
E
le
c
tri
c
al a
nd
Co
m
m
unic
at
ion
En
gine
er
ing, Nine
v
ah
Univer
si
t
y
,
Ir
aq
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Sep
11
, 201
9
Re
vised
Jan
14
,
20
20
Accepte
d
Fe
b
1
, 2
020
No
doubt
tha
t
d
at
a
se
cur
ity
online
is
cru
c
ial.
Th
ere
fore
,
gr
ea
t
attent
ion
has
bee
n
pai
d
to
th
a
t
aspe
ct
b
y
companie
s
and
orga
niz
a
ti
ons
give
n
i
ts
ec
onom
ic
and
socia
l
impli
ca
t
ions.
Thus,
onli
ne
certi
f
ic
a
te
stat
us
protoc
ol
(OCSP)
is
conside
red
one
of
the
m
ost
pro
m
ine
nt
protoc
ol
func
ti
oning
in
thi
s
fie
ld
,
which
offe
rs
a
prom
pt
suppor
t
for
ce
rti
f
icates
onli
ne.
In
this
rese
arc
h
,
a
m
odel
design
ed
base
d
on
fi
el
d
progr
amable
gat
e
arr
a
y
(FP
GA
)
using
Merke
l’s
tr
ee
h
as
bee
n
propos
ed
to
ov
erc
om
e
the
d
el
a
y
that
m
ight
hav
e
occ
urre
d
in
sort
ing
and
aut
h
ent
i
ca
t
ion
of
ce
r
ti
fi
ca
t
es.
Having
a
dopte
d
this
m
odel
and
with
the
assistan
ce
of
Hash
func
ti
on
a
lgori
thm,
m
ore
t
han
50%
o
f
ce
rt
ifi
c
ates
hav
e
bee
n
proc
ess
ed
in
compar
ison
with
standard
protoc
ol
.
Moreove
r,
c
ert
if
ic
a
te
s
have
be
e
n
provide
d
wit
h
subs
ta
nti
al
st
ora
ge
spac
e
with
high
throug
hput.
Basi
ca
l
l
y
,
Hash
func
ti
on
algorithm
has
been
designed
to
arr
ang
e
and
s
pec
if
y
a
site
o
f
ver
ified
or
den
ied
ce
rt
ifi
c
ates
wit
hin
ti
m
e
of
val
idit
y
to
protect
serve
rs
from
int
rusion
and
cl
i
e
nts
from
using
a
ppli
c
at
ions
with
har
m
ful
co
nte
nts.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
On
li
ne
certi
fic
at
e stat
us
protoc
ol (OCS
P)
Ce
rtific
at
ion
a
uthority
(
C
A)
Fiel
d
pr
ogram
m
able g
at
e ar
r
ay
(F
P
GA)
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Kh
al
id
F. M
ah
m
m
od
,
Dep
a
rtm
ent o
f El
ect
rical
an
d
Com
m
nica
ti
on
Enginee
rin
g,
Nine
veh Unive
rsity
,
Mosu
l,
Iraq
.
Em
a
il
:
Kh
al
id.
m
h
m
oed
@uoni
nev
a
h.
e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
The
process
of
co
nn
ect
in
g
cl
ie
nts'
com
pu
te
rs
an
d
s
ha
rin
g
da
ta
a
m
on
g
the
m
se
lves
w
ou
l
d
ex
pose
it
to
an
e
xtern
al
at
t
ack.
T
he
refor
e
,
it
'
s
i
m
per
at
iv
e
to
de
velo
p
a
syst
e
m
that
lim
it
s
su
ch
at
ta
cks
in
w
hich
a
cl
ie
nt
identific
at
ion
i
s
need
e
d
be
fore
m
aking
secur
e
c
o
nnect
io
n
thr
ough
sav
ing
so
m
e
cru
c
ia
l
info
rm
at
ion
into
separ
at
e
e
ntit
y
know
n
as
dig
i
ta
l
certi
ficat
e
issua
nce
[
1].
It’
s
a
di
gital
ly
si
gn
e
d
docum
ent
wh
ic
h
li
nks
public
key
value
ei
the
r
with
a
per
s
on
ID
,
de
vice,
or
serv
ic
e
that
wi
th
a
m
at
ching
pr
i
vate
key
wher
e
a
cl
ie
nt
beco
m
e
s
able
an
d
aut
horize
d
to
acce
ss
sensiti
ve
si
te
s,
com
pan
ie
s’
ser
vices,
a
nd
li
cens
e
aw
ard.
It
al
so
preven
ts
at
ta
cker
s
be
ne
fit
from
these
featu
res
an
d
aff
ect
in
g
t
he
syst
e
m
resource
s
th
rou
gh
a
ny
possi
ble
m
et
hod.
These
ser
vices
co
uld
be
esse
nt
ia
l
for
us
e
rs’
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
sec
ur
it
y.
M
oreo
ver,
sec
uri
ty
certi
ficat
es
c
an
al
s
o
be use
d
in
m
any app
li
cat
io
ns
su
c
h
as
E
-
m
ai
l
and w
e
b b
rows
ing
.
Publi
c
key
cer
ti
ficat
e
or
al
so
known
as
dig
i
ta
l
certi
ficat
e
us
in
g
crit
eri
on
X.509
v3
[2
]
as
show
n
i
n
T
able
1
is
de
e
m
ed
as
one
of
m
ajo
r
featu
re
s
of
dig
it
al
ce
rtific
at
e.
Ce
rtif
ic
at
es
of
te
n
c
onta
in
the
fo
ll
owin
g
inf
or
m
at
ion
:
public
key
of
s
erv
ic
e
or
sub
je
ct
,
identifie
r
data
of
se
rv
ic
e
or
sub
j
ect
,
s
ubj
ect
s
uc
h
as;
nam
e,
e
-
m
ail
add
ress
,
per
i
od
of
val
idit
y
and
ex
pir
at
ion
,
a
valid
certi
ficat
e
for
sp
eci
fic
pe
rio
d,
a
request
f
or
a
new
certi
ficat
e
accor
ding
to
the
ty
pe
of
certi
fic
at
e
exp
ire
d,
in
form
ation
on
s
ource
ide
ntifie
r,
di
gital
sign
at
ur
e
of
data
issuin
g
pa
rty
that
conn
ect
s
the
fr
a
gme
ntati
on
of
public
key
with
pr
i
vate
key
of
us
er
,
an
d
opt
ion
al
at
ta
chm
ents
ca
n
be
a
dd
e
d
t
o
t
he
ce
rtific
at
e.
Ho
st
has
no
l
onge
r
i
n
ne
ed
f
or
sa
ving
pass
words
f
or
se
rv
i
ces
an
d
su
bject
s
t
hat
ne
ed
to
be
ver
i
fied
as
a
n
esse
nt
ia
l
conditi
on
t
o
acce
ss
by
us
e
r
s,
instea
d,
host
nee
ds
to
buil
d
trust
with the
s
ource
of certific
at
e t
hro
ugh
sa
fe c
ha
nn
el
s
[3].
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
n acti
ve veri
fi
cation mech
anism
for
certi
fi
cates revoca
ti
on
…
(
Kh
alid F
. M
ahm
mod
)
4209
The
ur
gen
t
ne
ed
to
ve
rify
the
certi
ficat
e
sta
tus
as
well
as
the
rise
in
the
sp
ee
d
of
ne
twork
data
processi
ng
ha
ve
m
ade
the
us
e
of
ce
rtific
at
ion
re
vocat
ion
li
sts
(CRL
)
not
possi
ble
in
ve
rifyi
ng
these
certi
fi
cat
es
on
l
ine
in
public
key
infr
ast
ru
ct
ur
e
(
PKI)
f
or
their
inabili
ty
to
offer
sup
port
in
real
tim
e
[2
]
.
That
would
e
xpose
the
e
ntire
syst
em
to
at
ta
ck.
T
he
refore
,
OCSP
[
4
,
5]
has
bee
n
a
dopte
d
t
o
gain
dig
it
al
certi
ficat
e
X.5
09.
T
his
pr
oto
c
ol
has
bee
n
des
crib
e
d
fir
st
tim
e
in
crit
erio
n
2560
RFC
ti
tl
ed
"
O
nline
Ce
rti
ficat
e
Stat
us
P
ro
t
oco
l
of
P
ub
li
c
Key
Via
I
nter
net
X
509"to
over
com
e
CR
L
disadv
a
ntage
s.
It
i
m
m
ediat
el
y
resp
on
ds
to
re
voke
cert
ific
at
e
in
real
tim
e
fr
om
pe
rio
dical
ly
up
da
te
d
datab
ase
cal
le
d
certi
ficat
i
on
aut
hority
(CA
)
.
It also
reduces
netw
ork resp
onse ti
m
e to b
ot
h
se
rv
e
rs
a
nd c
li
ents throug
h
t
i
m
est
a
m
p
wh
ic
h
re
nders
the
s
yst
e
m
op
e
rate
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
ntly
in
safe
en
vir
on
m
ent.
Re
quest
an
d
res
pons
e
m
essages
a
re
sen
t
through
OCSP
in
wh
ic
h
"
http"
is
usual
ly
us
ed
i
n
e
xch
a
ng
i
ng
th
os
e
m
essages
[
6].
To
gai
n
digi
ta
l
certi
ficat
e
sta
tus
(go
od,
de
nied
-
unknown
),
use
r
or
host
or
s
erv
ic
e
s
hould
sen
d
certi
ficat
e
request,
the
on
e
s
auth
ori
zed
to
use
encr
y
ption
pri
vate
key
li
nke
d
to
public
ke
y
hash
w
hich
would
be
a
sign
i
fic
ant
pa
rt
of
dig
it
al
certi
ficat
e
wh
et
her f
or ser
vice or acce
ssing t
o
t
op
ic
wa
nted [
7].
Ma
ny
al
gorith
m
s
are
being
util
iz
ed
by
O
CSP
in
searc
hi
ng
f
or
ce
rtific
at
e
sta
tus,
where
Me
r
kel’s
Hash
T
ree
is
deem
ed
the
m
os
t
prom
inent
on
e
[
8].
It'
s
a
m
et
ho
d
us
e
d
i
n
sea
rc
hi
ng
a
nd
m
at
ching
re
voke
d
certi
ficat
es
val
ues.
T
hese
val
ues
s
houl
d
be
arr
a
ng
e
d
in
pa
ren
t
node
a
nd
on
ly
t
wo
child
ren
,
this
tree
s
hould
con
ta
in
re
voke
d
ce
rtific
at
es
r
epr
ese
nted
by
a
serial
nu
m
ber
.
E
ach
no
de
in
the
tr
ee
po
s
se
sses
se
rial
sect
ion
s
of
su
b
-
nodes
t
hat
to
be
re
pr
ese
nt
ed
by
a
gr
oup
of
ce
rtific
at
es
that
ar
range
d
re
aso
nab
ly
an
d
s
equ
e
ntial
ly
.
Finall
y,
these
certi
ficat
es
are
e
ntere
d
i
nto
t
he
tree
w
he
re
are
delet
ed
by
a
par
ti
cular
al
gorithm
design
e
d
for
a
ddin
g
a
nd
delet
ing
no
des.
Pr
ocess
of
sea
rch
i
ng
a
nd
fi
ndin
g
certi
ficat
e
ta
rg
et
ed
us
i
ng
hash
in
g
tree
would
be
seq
ue
ntial
ly
i
m
ple
m
ented
accor
ding t
o
the
ty
pe
of sea
rc
hin
g al
gorithm
.
The
m
ai
n
aim
of
this
resear
ch
pa
per
is
to
dev
el
op
an
d
ver
ify
the
sea
rch
i
ng
m
et
ho
d
certi
ficat
e
the
current
OC
SP
proto
col
by
us
in
g
Me
rk
le
trees,
Wh
ere
t
he
re
qu
ire
d
ve
rificat
ion
im
pl
e
m
ented
on
protoc
ol
OCSP
via
sim
ulate
d
V
H
DL
and
a
ppli
ed
to
the
FP
GA
bo
ard.
Mor
eo
ver,
the
validit
y
of
the
ta
rg
et
cert
ific
at
e
has
bee
n
te
ste
d
in
te
rm
s
of
it
s
eff
ect
ive
dat
e,
besides
disti
nguis
hing
valid,
fa
ke
an
d
ex
pire
d
certi
ficat
es
fr
om
each
oth
e
r.
T
he
En
ha
nced
O
CSP,
wh
ic
h
is
en
han
ce
d
by
Me
rk
le
trees
,
stores
data
for
the
th
ree
ty
pe
s
of
certi
ficat
es
in
a
database
t
o
f
aci
li
ta
te
the
processin
g
of
t
he
se
certi
ficat
es
by
ser
ver
s
.T
he
Me
rk
le
trees
enab
le
d
to
cut
the
pro
tocol
by
al
m
os
t
half
the
ti
m
e
req
uire
d
t
o
searc
h
f
or
c
erti
ficat
es,
this
is
done
By
pairin
g
certi
ficat
es, the
targ
et
ce
rtific
at
e root
ob
ta
ine
d
to
pr
ov
i
de
m
or
e
secu
rity
f
or
the se
rv
e
rs
i
n
t
he fut
ur
e.
2.
VERIF
IC
ATI
ON OF
CER
TIFIC
ATE R
EVOCATIO
N
BY
USI
NG M
ER
KLE
’S
TREE
The
us
e
of
ha
s
h
tree
li
ke
Me
rk
el
’
s
tree
co
nsi
der
a
bly
redu
ces
the
num
ber
of
certi
ficat
e
s
that
server
sh
oul
d
preser
ve
to
su
bst
antia
te
certi
ficat
es
validat
ion
an
d
s
oundne
ss
as
show
n
in
T
a
ble
1,
it
al
so
su
bs
ta
ntial
ly
sp
eci
fies
the
si
ze
of
netw
ork
I/O
bu
nd
le
s
.
Me
rk
el
’s
t
rees
require
sm
al
l
m
e
m
or
y
sp
ace,
wh
e
re
evi
de
nc
e
easi
l
y
and
quic
kly
cal
culat
ed
as
only
require
sm
al
l
and
m
ixed
par
t
of
ce
rtific
at
es
to
substa
ntiat
e
their
val
idit
y.
Con
sist
e
ncy
ve
rificat
ion,
dat
a
ver
ific
at
io
n,
and
data
sync
hro
nizat
ion
c
ould
be
ac
hieve
d
by
us
in
g
M
erk
le
’
s
trees
al
on
g
with
oth
e
r
syst
em
s,
as
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
1.
Me
r
kle’s
t
rees
a
re
al
so
known
as
aud
it
pro
of
be
caus
e
al
low
ver
ify
in
g
incl
ud
i
ng
an
d
rem
ov
in
g
ce
rtific
at
es
as
w
el
l
as
con
sist
e
ncy
[
9].
Se
rv
e
r
of
C
A
w
hich
retai
ns
cl
ie
nt
record
pro
vid
es
e
vi
dence
on
certi
fica
te
existe
nce
w
it
hin
certi
ficat
es
recor
d.
It
r
ou
ti
nely
op
e
ra
te
s
to
m
eet
cl
ie
nts
'
requests
th
rou
gh
pro
vid
i
ng
them
with
certi
ficat
es
neede
d
usi
ng
tra
nsport
la
ye
r
se
cur
e
.
If
t
he
Me
r
kel’
s
ve
rificat
ion
su
bst
antia
ti
on
fail
ed
in
co
ns
t
it
uting
has
h
r
oot
w
hich
bel
ongs
to
Me
rk
el
'
s
has
h
consi
ste
ncy, th
is woul
d
ei
ther
m
ean th
at
certi
ficat
e w
asn'
t i
n
CA
r
ec
ord
or
w
as
f
orge
d.
Table
1.
Data a
rr
a
ng
em
ent in publi
c k
ey
c
ert
ific
at
e u
sin
g
c
r
it
erion
X.5
09 v3
Field
Valu
e
Versio
n
V3
Serial
n
u
m
b
e
r
0
3
b
a1
7
c0
6
2
5
1
1
8
9
2
7
1
0
7
0
6
4
6
6
3
5
c6
e
a5
5
eb
4
Sig
n
atu
re
alg
o
rithm
Sh
a 25
6
Rs
a
Sig
n
atu
re
h
ash
algo
rith
m
Sh
a2
5
6
Issu
er
let encr
y
p
t auth
o
rity
x3
,let
Encr
y
p
tu
s
Valid
f
ro
m
1
2
:3
8
2
0
1
8
/
0
3
/3
1
Valid
to
1
2
:3
8
2
0
1
8
/
0
6
/2
9
Me
rk
el
’s ou
tl
ine in F
ig
ur
e 1
i
ll
us
trat
es
how
consi
ste
nt an
d do
c
um
ented
the certi
ficat
es h
ave b
ee
n
from
c1,
c
2...c
n
sto
r
ed
in
node
le
aves.
Let
'
s
assu
m
e
that
the
tre
e
heig
ht
is
H,
i
.e.,
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
tree
le
av
es
is
2
H
,
and
the
num
ber
of
no
des
is
2
H
-
1,
each
un
it
of
these
no
des
con
ta
in
s
ce
rtific
at
io
n
dig
it
s
w
hich
re
pr
ese
nts
h
(ci)
,
as
(h)
is
has
h
f
un
ct
io
n,
(c
)
is
certi
ficat
e
ta
rget
ed.
Eac
h
within
node
is
de
r
ived
from
hash
quotient
for
th
e
su
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4208
-
4216
4210
of
tw
o
nodes
e
.
g.
,
R
12
=
h
(R1|
|R
2)
unti
l
tree
is
form
ed
and
nod
e
s
val
ue
is
sign
e
d.
Ce
rtific
at
ion
di
gits
of
nod
e
s
R12,
R34
an
d
ro
ot
of
R123
4
are
nee
ded
t
o
docum
ent
C
A.
Ce
rtific
at
io
n
dig
it
s
of
h(
c
1)
an
d
di
gest
values
m
entioned
a
bove
ca
n
be
se
nt
to
recipient
f
or
the
pur
pose
of
ver
ific
at
io
n.
I
n
this
ca
se,
c1
ce
rtific
at
e
dig
est
rem
ai
ns
secur
e
by
serv
e
r,
th
us,
cl
ie
nt
m
i
gh
t
gain
certi
ficat
e
root,
ge
ner
at
e
pr
ivate
key
der
i
ved
f
r
om
public
key
has
h,
an
d
then
acce
ss
se
cur
e
syst
em
s
[
10,
11]
.
Othe
r
wise,
certi
ficat
e
will
be
con
si
der
e
d
f
orge
d,
no
t
pa
rt
of
s
er
ver
a
nd
t
her
e
will
be
no
m
or
e
f
uture
deali
ng
with
cl
ie
nt,
in
case
ve
rifi
cat
ion
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
pr
i
va
te
key
der
i
ved
f
ro
m
R123
4
certi
fic
at
e
root
fail
s.
Ov
e
rwhelm
ing
sp
ee
d
in
ge
ne
r
at
ing
pr
i
vate
ke
y
is
at
tribu
te
d
to
ver
y
rap
i
d
m
at
he
m
a
ti
c algo
rithm
s that usuall
y uti
li
zed b
y
has
h
tr
ee.
Figure
1
.
Me
r
ke
l’s h
a
sh t
ree
f
ro
m
h
ei
ght o
f
2
2.1.
Cer
tifica
t
e a
rr
angemen
t
b
y
h
ash
algo
ri
th
m
Hash
functi
on
[12,
13]
is
use
d
to
ar
ra
ng
e
and
set
posit
ion
s
of
ce
rtific
at
es
within
Me
rk
el
’
s
tre
e
thr
ough
adopti
ng
(CRT
po
sit
ion
=
Key
Mod
has
h
siz
e).
Let
's
assum
e
that
certi
ficat
e
key
is
C1=39,
ta
ble
siz
e
of
c
erti
ficat
es'
has
h=11,
an
d
by
a
pp
ly
in
g
pr
e
vious
e
quat
ion
,
certi
f
ic
at
e
posit
ion
will
be
in
bo
x
(
6)
withi
n
T
able
2(
a
).
T
he
n,
certi
ficat
es
are
rearr
a
nge
d
in
Me
rk
el
'
s
t
ree
base
d
on
va
lues
extracte
d
fr
om
hash
ta
bl
e
in
seq
uen
ce
.
I
n
case
of
c
olli
sion
in
ha
sh
ta
bl
e
as
a
resu
lt
of
pro
duci
ng
two
ce
rtific
at
es
at
the
sa
m
e
po
sit
io
n
within
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree,
a
n
e
quat
ion
of
(CRT
ne
w
po
sit
io
n=(
c
urren
t
posit
ion
+1)
Mo
d
has
h
siz
e)
will
be
a
pp
li
e
d
to d
is
ba
nd co
ll
isi
on
stat
us
T
a
ble 2(
b
).
Table
2.
Ce
rtific
at
es k
ey
s a
rr
a
ng
em
ent w
it
hi
n
Hash
ta
ble
(
a
)
in
co
ll
isi
on st
at
us
(
b
)
c
olli
sion
dis
ba
nd
i
n
g
KEY
23
18
29
28
39
13
16
42
17
Po
sitio
n
1
7
7
6
6
2
5
9
6
(a)
KEY
17
23
13
16
28
18
29
39
42
Po
sitio
n
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(b)
2.2.
Cre
ati
on
an
d
deleti
on
n
od
e in
Mer
kel’
s tre
e f
or
ce
rt
ific
at
io
n
Hash
tree
is
char
act
e
rized
by
con
sist
e
nc
y
and
arr
a
nge
m
ent
in
te
r
m
s
of
ad
ding
a
nd
delet
ing
certi
ficat
es
in
it
s
sect
ion
s,
th
at
'
s
wh
y
bein
g
eff
ect
ive
in
savin
g
an
d
arr
a
ng
i
ng
acce
s
s
to
certi
ficat
es
[9
]
.
Op
ti
m
al
nu
m
ber
f
or
this
tree
sect
ion
s
is
lo
gar
it
hm
as
sh
o
wn
i
n
(
1
)
,
i
n
wh
ic
h
N
O.p
r
epr
ese
nts
the
op
ti
m
al
nu
m
ber
of
tree
sect
ion
s,
wh
il
e
NO.c
is
the
total
nu
m
ber
of
revok
e
d
ce
rtific
at
es
in
the
syst
e
m
.
Ce
rtific
a
te
s
are
arr
a
ng
e
d
in
a
new
a
ppr
oac
h
in
these
sect
ion
s
t
o
m
ake
certi
ficat
e
searc
h
pr
ocess
in
e
ver
y
sect
io
n
is
le
ss
com
plica
te
d
in
te
r
m
s
of
tim
e
and
perform
ance.
W
he
n
a
ny
certi
ficat
e
is
rev
oke
d,
it
sh
oul
d
be
inc
orp
or
a
te
d
in
sect
ion
co
nce
r
ned
i
n
the
sy
stem
within
sequ
e
nce
of
re
voke
d
certi
fic
at
es.
Additi
on
al
ly
,
Hash
val
ue
of
seq
uen
ti
al
cert
ific
at
es
in
m
o
ther
node
is
r
ecal
culat
ed.
Fi
nally
,
searc
hing
pr
ocess
f
or
certi
ficat
e
ta
rget
ed
necessit
at
es
fin
ding
a
nd
c
onfi
rm
ing
the
sect
ion
w
her
e
certi
f
ic
at
e
is
locat
ed
us
in
g
sea
rc
h
a
lgorit
hm
,
it
is
base
d
on
enc
odin
g
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree
l
eaves
t
o
facil
itate
acce
ss
to
a
ny
sect
io
n
of
t
he
tree
an
d
cal
culat
e
it
acco
r
ding
t
o
the foll
owin
g
e
qu
at
io
n [
8].
NO.p
=L
og
2(N
O.
c
)
(1)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
n acti
ve veri
fi
cation mech
anism
for
certi
fi
cates revoca
ti
on
…
(
Kh
alid F
. M
ahm
mod
)
4211
The
m
os
t
sig
nificant
pro
blem
s
that
se
rv
e
rs
confro
nt
are:
f
ind
in
g
c
erti
fic
at
e
require
d
w
hethe
r
bein
g
valid
(
within
ti
m
el
ine
set
by
t
i
m
est
a
m
p
witho
ut
tr
oubles
w
it
h
it
s
ow
n
pr
i
vate
key)
or
re
voke
d
f
or
the
sam
e
reason
a
bove.
Anothe
r
pr
ob
l
e
m
is
t
i
m
e
need
ed
for
gaining
this
certi
fica
te
(w
it
hin
s
pec
ifie
d
tim
e
fo
r
serv
e
r
respo
ns
e)
,
it
’s
essenti
al
facto
r
to
ov
e
rco
m
e
so
m
e
intru
sio
ns,
as
a
n
int
ruder
ex
plo
it
s
a
revok
e
d
ce
rtific
at
e
a
nd
the
delay
in
se
rv
e
r
res
pons
e
t
o
certi
ficat
e
sta
tus
(
wh
ic
h
is
a
fund
am
ental
diff
e
re
nce
bet
ween
OCSP
a
nd
CR
L
that
offer
s
no
im
m
ediat
e
su
ppor
t
f
or
cl
ie
nts
).
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
add
i
ng
ne
w
ce
rtific
at
es
and
de
le
ti
ng
re
voke
d
ones
in
ser
ve
r
is
a
n
add
it
io
nal
probl
e
m
.
This
r
ese
arch
has
f
oc
use
d
on
s
om
e
basics:
i
m
pr
ovin
g
se
rv
e
r
e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
t
o
functi
on
m
or
e
e
ff
ect
ively
.
Us
ing
e
xten
ded
Me
rk
el
’s
has
h
tree
to
substa
nt
ia
te
wh
et
her
c
erti
ficat
e
is
valid
or
no
t [
14
]
. I
t'
s b
een d
esi
gne
d
to r
esol
ve
increas
ing
num
ber
o
f c
erti
ficat
es p
roblem
an
d
cl
assifi
cat
ion
o
f nodes i
n
the
tree
F
ig
ure
2
to
a
void
ha
ving
any
pro
ble
m
wit
h
one
of
no
des
du
rin
g
add
it
io
n
or
de
le
ti
on
proce
ss
[15].
Ra
pid
it
y of res
pons
e
to
i
den
ti
fyi
ng stat
us
of
an
el
ect
r
on
ic
c
erti
ficat
e requi
red.
Figure
2.
Exte
nd
e
d
Me
rk
el
’s has
h
tree
In
the
w
or
ld
c
urren
t
syst
em
s
,
nota
ry
ser
ver
[1
]
is
us
e
d
to
ascerta
in
certi
ficat
es
validit
y
to
ob
ta
i
n
certi
ficat
es’
public
key
w
her
e
cl
ie
nt
is
a
utho
rized
t
o
acce
ss
ser
ver
s
.
So
m
e
inf
orm
ation
a
bout
us
e
r
of
pr
ivate
key
de
rive
d
f
r
om
pu
blic
key
su
c
h
tim
est
a
m
p
is
save
d
t
o
pro
vid
e
furthe
r
secur
it
y
featu
r
es
w
hen
ver
i
fyi
ng
this
key
v
al
idati
on
(
key
creati
on
date
a
nd
ex
pir
at
ion
)
.
A
cl
ie
nt
inf
or
m
at
ion
wh
e
n
lo
gg
i
ng
in
is
do
cum
ented
by
no
ta
ry
serv
e
r
just
li
ke
serv
ic
e
protoc
ol
or
s
erv
ic
e
ide
ntifie
r,
it
pr
ovide
s
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
inf
or
m
at
ion
suc
h
as
(host'
s
nam
e,
serv
ic
e
outl
et
).
No
ta
ry
ser
ver
a
lso
do
c
um
ents
a
sig
natu
re
f
or
each
ser
vice
obta
ined
by
a
cl
ie
nt
us
in
g
his
pr
i
va
te
key
in
database
[
16
-
27]
.
Curre
ntly
,
cer
ti
ficat
es
are
a
udit
ed
us
in
g
no
ta
ry
ser
ver
to
rev
eal
wh
et
her
are
va
li
d
or
re
voke
d
du
e
to
dysf
un
c
ti
on
in
certi
fic
at
e’s
pr
i
vate
ke
y.
Final
ly
,
certi
ficat
e
with
validit
y
tim
e exp
ired
wou
l
d be
deem
e
d
as
un
known
.
3.
PROP
OSE
D SOLUTI
ON
Pr
op
os
e
d
so
l
ution
is
an
e
ff
ect
ive
m
e
tho
d
des
ign
e
d
to
ove
rc
om
e
pr
ob
le
m
s
in
reg
a
r
d
to
se
arch
i
ng
a
nd
so
rtin
g
re
voke
d
certi
ficat
es
out
of
valid
one
s.
It
al
so
cha
ra
ct
eriz
ed
by
it
s
rap
i
dity
in
pr
oc
essing
ce
rtific
at
es,
thu
s
reducin
g
serv
e
r
re
spo
ns
e
ti
m
e
relyi
ng
on
the
ti
m
e
of
tim
est
a
m
p
fo
r
eac
h
certi
ficat
e
(t
1
,
t
2
,....t
n
),
as
il
lustrate
d
in
F
i
gure
3.
P
r
ocess
of
ce
rtific
at
e
validit
y
s
earchi
ng
is
im
plem
ented
in
t
he
s
olu
ti
on
ba
sed
on
searchi
ng
m
et
ho
d
of
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree.
Process
of
ta
king
an
d
placi
ng
ce
rtific
at
es
as
a
m
ass
throu
gh
c
rypto
graph
i
c
has
h
f
un
ct
io
ns
(CHF)
f
or
th
e
purpose
of
ob
ta
ini
ng
has
h
is
the
first
ste
p
in
creati
ng
tree.
Af
te
r
w
ards
,
al
l
resu
lt
ed
ha
sh
pr
ocesses
of
certi
ficat
es
are
paire
d
with
each
ot
her
t
o
ob
ta
in
a
ne
w
has
h.
T
his
pro
cess
is
con
ti
nu
ously
r
epeate
d
unti
l
on
ly
one
hash
rem
ai
ns
w
hich
is
cal
le
d
M
erk
el
'
s
r
oo
t.
T
hro
ugh
has
h
pa
irin
g
process
,
Me
r
ke
l'
s
trees
becom
e
ver
y
sensi
ti
ve
ov
e
r
a
ny
change
in
i
nput
pa
ram
et
ers
(certific
at
es).
I
f
any
change
occ
urr
ed
on
on
e
of
tree
le
aves,
it
would
re
su
lt
in
entire
cha
nge
on
tree
br
a
nc
h.
P
ur
s
uing
the
tre
e
br
a
nc
h
to
r
eac
h
the
ro
ot wo
uld
help ve
rify c
erti
ficat
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4208
-
4216
4212
Accor
ding
to
the
hei
gh
t
of
M
erk
el
'
s
tree
H,
the
num
ber
of
le
aves
in
t
he
tr
ee
can
be
ide
nt
ifie
d
w
hich
ind
ic
at
es certi
f
ic
at
es stat
us
that of
2
H
, n
um
ber
of inter
nal nod
e
s 2
H
-
1
ca
n
al
so
b
e ide
ntifi
ed.
Certi
ficat
e
search
process
ca
n
be
init
ia
te
d
to
identify
any
sect
ion
in
the
tree
.
Re
cei
ved
certi
ficat
e
data
can
be
m
a
tc
hed
to
th
os
e
in
Me
r
kel'
s
tree
withi
n
se
rv
e
r
s
to
ve
rify
it
.
T
his
ca
n
on
ly
be
achai
ved
by
obta
inin
g
t
he
c
orrect
root
of
th
e
tree
thr
ough;
pairin
g
ne
w
certi
ficat
e
h
(c1
,
t1
)
w
it
h
the
on
e
to
be
ve
rified
h
(
c2,
t2
),
extract
ing
certi
ficat
e
dig
est
and
ti
m
est
a
m
p
to
ob
ta
in
ce
rtific
at
e
root,
Ro
ot=
h
(c
1,
t1||
c
2,
t2
).
Ce
rtific
at
e
will
be
valid
if
the
extr
act
ed
r
oo
t
is
m
at
ching
,
ot
her
tha
n
that,
will
be
revo
ke
d
an
d
ad
de
d
to
forg
e
d
certi
fic
at
es.
It’s
ne
ces
sary
to
al
ert
cl
ie
nt,
blo
c
k
thie
r
acc
ess to t
he
se
rv
e
r,
a
nd
no futu
r
e d
ea
li
ng
with
him
, F
igu
re
4.
Figure
3
.
Searc
hing
for
ta
r
get
ed
ce
rtific
at
es r
oot i
n M
er
kel's tree
within t
he
tim
e o
f
ti
m
es
tam
p
in CA
server
Figure
4
.
Co
nnect
ion
process
betwee
n
cl
ie
nt
and ser
ve
r
to
verify
d
i
gital
certi
ficat
e b
y C
A
Ce
rtific
at
es
validit
y
between
cl
ie
nts
and
ser
ver
ca
n
be
ve
ri
fied
thr
ou
gh
c
heck
i
ng
ce
rtific
at
e
of
ori
gi
n
wh
e
n
s
ub
m
it
ted
to
creat
e
se
cur
e
c
onnecti
on
sessio
n
S
SL
/TLS.
T
his
re
search
has
s
ought
to
dev
el
op
a
n
eff
ect
ive
m
et
h
od
to
ve
rify
certi
ficat
es
dep
en
ding
on
r
oot
extracte
d
f
ro
m
certi
ficat
e
with
assist
ance
of
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree,
as
sh
ow
n
in
fl
ow
c
ha
rt
Figur
e
5.
Re
spo
nd
e
r
ver
i
fies
certi
f
ic
at
es
du
ri
ng
c
erti
ficat
e
con
si
ste
ncy
assurance
phas
e
as
pr
evi
ou
sl
y
m
entioned
in
F
ig
ur
e
1.
Th
en,
seq
ue
ntial
nu
m
ber
in
CA
is
check
ed
to
m
ake
su
re
t
hat
certi
f
ic
at
e
is
no
t
existi
ng
in
the
sy
stem
as
do
cum
enting
qu
e
ry,
a
s
to
be
noti
ced
in
certi
ficat
e
sta
tus
ph
a
se.
Hav
i
ng
certi
ficat
e
inpu
t
into
propose
d
extensi
on,
eac
h
certi
ficat
io
n
dig
it
s
pa
ired
w
it
h
an
oth
e
r
to
obta
in
a
node
in
the
tree,
this
proces
s
con
ti
nues
unt
il
ob
ta
ining
ce
rtific
at
e
ro
ot
by
Me
rk
el
’s
tre
e
root.
Th
us
,
va
li
dity
of
ta
rget
ed
ce
rt
ific
at
e
has
bee
n
c
onfirm
ed,
w
her
e
res
ponde
r
can
sen
d
a
m
e
ssage
t
o
cl
ie
nt
and
ope
n
SSL
/
TLS
session.
If
certi
ficat
e
seq
ue
ntial
num
be
r
was
fak
e
,
ce
rtific
at
e
w
ou
l
d
not
be
co
nf
i
rm
ed
by
CA.
He
nce,
it
would
be
deem
ed
as
den
ie
d
a
nd
f
ake
certi
ficat
e
and
inclu
de
d
in
revok
e
d
c
erti
ficat
es
sect
ion
in
Me
r
kel's
tree.
More
ov
e
r,
it
would
se
nd
a
warnin
g
m
ess
age
against
f
ut
ur
e
deali
ng
w
it
h
this
per
son
.
An
y
pro
ble
m
with
certi
ficat
e'
s
pu
blic
key
will
resu
lt
in
increa
sing
ti
m
est
a
mp
.
I
n
this
case,
certi
ficat
e
will
be
unknow
n
and
it
s
root is not ext
r
act
ed.
Cl
ie
nt is r
eq
uire
d
to
res
end
it
a
gain usi
ng
c
erti
ficat
e'
s p
ubli
c k
ey
in
c
ase first
ver
ific
at
ion
at
tem
pt f
ai
ls.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
n acti
ve veri
fi
cation mech
anism
for
certi
fi
cates revoca
ti
on
…
(
Kh
alid F
. M
ahm
mod
)
4213
Figure
5. Pro
pose
d
fl
ow
c
ha
rt of O
C
SP res
ponde
r
to
v
e
rify
certi
ficat
es usi
ng ex
te
nd
e
d
M
erk
el
'
s tree,
works
on sorti
ng certi
ficat
es
ou
t i
n diff
e
re
nt cases
4.
SIMULATI
O
N RESULTS
AND DIS
C
USSION
In
t
his
sect
io
n,
certi
ficat
es
en
te
red
in
t
he
E
nh
a
nce
d
OCS
P
w
her
e
t
he
la
tt
er
desig
ne
d
on
the
FP
GA
bo
a
r
d,
as
well
as
si
m
ulati
on
r
esults
i
m
pr
ove
d
OCS
P
obta
in
ed,
us
in
g
exte
nded
Me
rk
el
tre
es,
al
l
three
ty
pes
of
certi
ficat
es
cl
a
ssifie
d
an
d
dis
ti
nct.
Re
gardless
of
the
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
process.
Her
e
w
e
will
co
m
m
it
to
fo
c
us
on
t
he
way
the
se
certi
ficat
es
are
ha
ndle
d
by
the
exten
de
d
Me
rk
el
trees,
placi
ng
t
he
ta
r
get
certi
ficat
es
to
be
ver
ifie
d
i
n
blo
ck
s
as
sho
w
n
in
Fi
gure
7,
Wh
e
re
the
blo
c
ks
of
cert
ific
at
es
placed
in
te
m
po
ra
ry
store
s
desig
nated
f
or
this
pur
pose
s
uc
h
as
(F
i
rst
pa
ren
te
node
,Sec
ond
pa
ren
te
no
de…etc)
an
d
a
lso
these
bl
oc
ks
are
passe
d
on
to
t
he
has
h
al
gorith
m
(CFH
)
t
o
ge
t
the
m
essage
su
m
m
ary
(D
igest).
a
di
gest
is
a
value
t
hat
cannot
be
re
peated
f
or
tw
o
di
ff
e
ren
t
certi
ficat
es
,
a
s
the
pr
ocess
of
t
he
ar
ra
ng
i
ng
certi
ficat
es
in
the
form
of
pai
rs
dep
e
nds
direct
ly
on
the
dig
e
st
value
as
show
n
in
Fig
ur
e
8.
Th
rou
gh
t
he
us
e
of
the
al
go
rithm
(S
HA1),
the
pa
irin
g
process
fr
a
gm
ented
to
obta
in
a
ne
w
has
h,
t
his
process
c
on
ti
nues
unti
l
the
c
orrect
r
oo
t
of
the
re
qu
ire
d
c
erti
ficat
e
reach
ed,
a
nd
t
he
ti
m
e
stam
p
of
the
certi
ficat
e
a
lso
re
garde
d
in
case
of
the
validit
y
exam
ined,
A
s
note
d,
the
ne
eded
ti
m
e
to
ve
rify
certi
fi
cat
es
halve
d
by
usi
ng
e
xtend
e
d
Me
rk
el
trees
.
T
h
e
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
s
p
a
c
e
f
o
r
t
h
e
s
e
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
s
r
e
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
o
b
t
a
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
r
o
o
t
c
e
r
t
i
f
i
c
a
t
e
s
,
w
h
i
c
h
m
a
d
e
t
h
e
E
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
P
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
b
e
t
t
e
r
i
n
t
e
r
m
s
o
f
s
p
e
e
d
a
n
d
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
c
o
m
p
a
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
s
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
l
y
i
n
p
l
a
c
e
.
Re
sp
on
der
of
OCSP
has
bee
n
m
od
el
le
d
to
ver
ify
certi
fic
at
es
of
ori
gin
us
in
g
FP
G
A,
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figures
6
an
d
7,
a
nd
t
o
m
ake
a
m
end
m
ents
t
o
OCS
P
to
e
nsure
to
o
rap
i
dity
in
gaining
be
st
resu
lt
s
that
preve
nt
at
ta
cker
from
analy
zi
ng
certi
ficat
e
and
reac
hing
the
r
oo
t
durin
g
the
tim
e
of
tim
est
a
m
p.
Ha
ving
co
nfi
rm
ed
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4208
-
4216
4214
certi
ficat
e
seq
uen
ti
al
num
ber
by
C
A,
"
http
"
would
se
nd
certi
ficat
e.
Ce
r
ti
ficat
e
will
be
directl
y
de
nied
a
nd
recorde
d
withi
n
fa
ke
ce
rtific
a
te
s
cat
egory
in
DB
database
wh
e
n
it
s
se
qu
e
ntial
nu
m
ber
i
s
not
existi
ng
within
CA.
But
w
hen
the
sequ
e
ntial
nu
m
ber
is
correct
and
e
xisti
ng
within
CA
database
,
cl
ie
nt’s
request
inputs
into
CHF
t
o
gain
c
erti
ficat
ion
digi
ts.
The
n,
certi
ficat
ion
dig
it
s
is
paire
d
with
oth
e
r
peer
s
wit
hin
Me
rk
el
'
s
tr
ee
t
o
ob
ta
in
ce
rtific
at
e
ro
ot
.
Ha
vin
g
obta
ined
c
erti
ficat
e
root,
"http"
w
ou
l
d
sen
d
cl
ie
nt
a
sign
al
o
ve
r
cert
ific
at
e
acce
ptance
.
Wh
en
certi
ficat
e
ob
ta
inin
g
ta
ke
s
m
or
e
tim
e
than
tim
est
a
m
p,
a
s
ign
al
is
sent
to
cl
ien
t
that
certi
ficat
e
bei
ng
un
known
and
he
ca
n
r
esen
d
the
re
quest
a
gain.
M
erk
el
'
s
tree
e
xt
end
s
w
he
never
new
certi
ficat
es are
reg
ist
ere
d base
d on ce
rtific
at
e
stat
us
a
fter c
he
ckin
g
a
nd asc
ertai
ning the
ro
ot of
or
i
gin
.
Figure
6. Ce
rtific
at
e o
f
origi
n X
509 v
3 wit
hin
pro
po
se
d OC
SP
re
spo
nd
e
r
il
lustrate
s
per
i
od
exp
i
rati
on
-
ba
s
ed denie
d
ce
rtific
at
es
Figure
7.
Ce
rtific
at
e o
f
origi
n (X5
09 v3
)
in
put i
nto ha
sh al
gorithm
an
d ar
r
ang
e
certi
ficat
e
s as
pairs wit
hi
n
Me
rk
el
'
s tree in
CA
serve
rs o
f
OC
SP res
ponder
Re
sp
on
der
of
OCSP
has
bee
n
de
sig
ned
bas
ed
on
F
PGA
to
respo
nd
t
o
ide
ntifyi
ng
ce
rtific
at
e
sta
tus
a
s
sh
ow
n
in
F
ig
ure
6.
Ce
rtific
at
e
is
entirel
y
di
sp
la
ye
d
with
a
ll
the
detai
ls
from
cop
y
num
ber
re
ferred
to
"
ver1",
certi
ficat
e
sta
t
us
refe
r
red
to
"vali
d”,
seq
ue
ntial
nu
m
ber
and
di
gital
sign
at
ure
re
ferr
ed
to
"Serial
No.
&
Sign
at
ur
e"
,
an
d
fi
nally
the
tim
e
of
tim
esta
m
p
of
c
erti
fi
cat
e
ref
er
re
d
to
"vali
d
f
ro
m
,
valid
to"
.
Fi
gure
7
il
lustrate
s
how
to
m
od
el
li
ng
c
erti
ficat
es
in
pa
irs
within
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree
arr
a
ng
e
d
in
sin
gle
vecto
r
so
to
pa
ir
with
a
neig
hbori
ng
certi
ficat
e
for
pro
du
ci
ng
no
de
s
an
d
t
hen
re
achin
g
tree
r
oot.
Fi
gure
8
d
e
m
on
strat
es
cer
ti
ficat
e
sta
tus
and
e
xtracti
ng
im
age
of
certi
ficat
ion
dig
it
s
ref
e
rr
e
d
to
"SH
A
1"
w
hich
is
im
age
of
certi
ficat
e'
s
el
ect
ro
nic
sig
na
ture
t
o
e
ns
ure
no certi
ficat
e f
orger
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Desig
n a
n acti
ve veri
fi
cation mech
anism
for
certi
fi
cates revoca
ti
on
…
(
Kh
alid F
. M
ahm
mod
)
4215
Figure
8
.
Ce
rtific
at
e o
f
origi
n d
ur
i
ng the
for
m
at
ion
of Mer
kel'
s tree,
ar
rangem
ent o
f
ce
rtific
at
es in
pairs
,
and certi
ficat
io
n digit
s e
xtract
ion
by alg
ori
th
m
SH
A1
us
e
d
i
n
el
ect
r
on
ic
sig
natu
re
5.
PERFO
R
MANC
E
A
NA
L
Y
SIS
This
sect
io
n
prov
i
des
c
om
par
at
ive
analy
sis
f
or
so
m
e
coeffic
ie
nts
ad
opte
d
by
net
wor
ks
f
or
m
easuri
ng
eff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
qual
it
y
between
std
.
OC
SP
[4
]
a
nd
OCS
P
res
ponder
pro
posed
base
d
on
FP
G
A.
Fi
gure
9
dem
on
strat
es
the
dif
fe
ren
ce
i
n
proc
essin
g
th
e
nu
m
ber
of
ce
rtific
at
es
us
ed
in
sessio
n.
It'
s
no
te
d
that
the
us
e
of
pro
po
se
d
m
od
el
cou
ld
pr
oce
ss
m
uch
gr
eat
er
nu
m
ber
of
certi
ficat
es.
This
is
at
tribu
te
d
to
the
us
e
of
ha
s
h
m
erlel
te
chn
iq
ue
w
hic
h
re
du
ces
the
ti
m
e
a
l
m
os
t
by
half
thr
ough
pairin
g
am
on
g
certi
fi
cat
es
to
obta
in
nodes
and
e
ve
ntu
al
ly
reach
ce
rtific
at
e'
s
ro
ot.
Pro
cess
of
pairi
ng
each
t
wo
c
erti
ficat
es
aims
at
si
m
ultaneou
sl
y
ver
ify
in
g
t
hem
which all
ows
processi
ng a
great
er num
ber
of certi
ficat
es at
the sam
e tim
e.
Accor
ding
to
the
com
par
ison
of
t
hroug
hput
bet
ween
OCSP
res
po
nd
e
r
with
st
d.
OCSP
[
7]
in
F
ig
ure
10,
has
s
howe
d
t
ha
t
OCSP
res
po
nd
e
r
outper
f
orm
ed
over
std.
OCSP
beca
us
e
the
ce
rtific
at
e
to
be
ver
ifie
d
ha
d
be
en
in
pu
t
into
SHA1.
As
a
r
esult,
a
fixe
d
-
l
eng
t
h
im
age
is
gen
e
rated
wh
i
ch
is
a
dig
est
wh
e
re
pairin
g
proce
ss
between
c
oupl
es
is
occu
r
red
to
produce
Me
rk
el
'
s
tree
node
s.
Give
n
that
SHA1
is
res
pons
ible
for
a
rr
a
ng
i
ng
a
nd
s
pe
ci
fyi
ng
the
le
ngth
of
ce
rtific
at
es,
th
us
,
it
al
lows
proc
essing
m
uch
a
m
ou
nt
of
data
in
ea
c
h
sing
le
ce
rtific
at
e accordin
g
t
o i
ts l
eng
t
h wit
h l
ess sto
rag
e
s
pa
ce w
hen sa
ve
d.
Figure
9. Dia
gra
m
r
epr
e
sents t
he nu
m
ber
of
certi
ficat
es u
se
d by OCS
P
res
ponder
within
unit
of t
i
m
e
Figure
10. Dia
gr
am
il
lustrate
s thro
ughput a
nd d
el
ay
tim
e o
f
proc
ess
ing
f
or
OCSP
re
sponder
6.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ver
ific
at
io
n
of
certi
ficat
es
rev
ocati
on
is
cr
ucial
,
an
d
co
nsi
der
e
d
pa
rt
of
on
li
ne
certi
fic
at
e
validit
y
ver
ific
at
io
n.
T
her
e
a
re
se
ve
ral
m
e
tho
ds
a
dopted
i
n
ve
r
ify
ing
certi
fic
at
es,
but
the
m
os
t
sign
ific
ant
are
certi
ficat
es
revocati
on
li
sts
(CRL)
an
d
on
li
ne
ce
rtific
at
e
s
ta
tus
prot
oco
l
(O
CS
P)
.
Ne
ve
rtheless,
t
hey
su
f
fe
r
ta
rd
ines
s
in
de
al
ing
with
ce
rtific
at
e
sta
tus
in
add
it
io
n
to
la
ck
of
la
r
ge
stora
ge
sp
ac
e.
This
resea
r
ch
ha
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
4208
-
4216
4216
pro
vid
e
d
a
st
ra
te
gy
to
ov
e
rc
om
e
the
delay
i
n
ver
ific
at
io
n
as
well
as
pro
vid
e
d
la
r
ge
st
ora
ge
sp
ace
.
T
hro
ugh
us
in
g
exte
nd
e
d
Me
rk
le
'
s
tree,
50%
of
delay
tim
e
has
been
save
d.
Wh
i
le
,
the
us
e
of
Ce
rtific
at
e
Digest
ha
s
reduce
d
sto
rage
sp
ace
in
ser
ve
rs,
that
w
ou
l
d
reduce
the
pr
ob
a
bili
ty
of
at
ta
ck
on
se
r
ver
s
by
fa
ke
or
re
voke
d
certi
ficat
es due
to
thei
r
per
i
od of tim
e exp
irat
ion
.
REFERE
NCE
S
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on
li
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ifica
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o
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ffic
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a
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u
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p
r
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t
o
c
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l
(
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C
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)
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ert
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usi
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ernati
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ere
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a
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ho
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KI
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y
net
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ISN
):
Address
ing
t
he
too
-
big
-
to
-
be
-
rev
oked
problem
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the T
LS
ecos
y
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,
"
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al
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ase
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An
eff
ic
i
ent
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er
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ficat
e
rev
o
ca
t
i
on
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y
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,
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IE
EE
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nfe
renc
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t
al
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,
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ti
fi
cate
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ocation
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y
st
e
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implementa
tion
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d
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the
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hash
tr
ee
,
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ernati
on
al
Journal
of
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mation
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curit
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e
t
a
l
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,
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MS
S:
Ext
e
nded
hash
-
base
d
signat
ure
s
,
"
Cr
ypt
o
forum
rese
arch
group
int
e
rnet
-
draft,
draf
t
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irtf
-
cf
rg
-
xmss
-
hash
-
based
-
signatures
-
01
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E.
M
y
kl
et
un
,
M
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Nara
sim
ha
and
G
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Tsudik
,
"P
rovidi
ng
aut
hen
ti
c
at
ion
and
integri
t
y
in
outsourc
ed
databa
ses
usin
g
Merkle
h
ash
tr
ees
,
"
UCI
-
SCONCE Tec
hn
ic
al
R
ep
ort
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2003.
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H.
Handschuh
a
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e
l
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r
ec
ove
r
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att
ac
ks
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unive
rsa
l
hash
func
ti
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d
MA
C
al
gorit
hm
s
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rnational
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ypt
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r,
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ques,
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arc
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aul
t
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-
fun
ct
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th
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emory
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erk
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ati
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M
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ere
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ia
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ack
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e
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nov
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ut
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ous c
oll
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SP
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Cr
ypt
ography
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urit
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[22]
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i
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d
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li
n
e
c
ert
if
ic
a
te
st
at
us
protoc
ol
with
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y
,
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te
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l
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bli
c
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r,
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004.
[23]
A
u
t
h
o
r
i
t
y
,
"
F
e
d
e
r
a
l
P
K
I
P
o
l
i
c
y
,
"
S
h
a
r
e
d
S
e
r
v
i
c
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
r
r
o
a
d
m
a
p
:
N
a
v
i
g
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
t
o
a
c
c
e
p
t
a
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
1
-
5,
2
0
0
7
.
[24]
Jan,
Štefkov
ič
,
"
Network
Tr
aff
ic
Anal
y
sis
of
OCS
P Protoc
ol
,
"
M
a
s
a
r
y
k
U
n
i
v
e
r
s
i
t
y
F
a
c
u
l
t
y
o
f
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
2
0
1
7
.
[25]
M.
M
y
ers,
"In
te
r
net
Publi
c
K
e
y
I
nfra
struct
ur
e
-
On
li
ne
Certificat
e
S
ta
tus Proto
col
-
O
CS
P
,
"
RF
C
2560
-
X.
509
,
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[26]
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