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lect
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I
J
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Vo
l.
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,
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.
3
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2020
,
p
p
.
2842
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9
I
SS
N:
2088
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8708
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A review
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ra
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:
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Mic
r
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m
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li
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tech
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es
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p
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h
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©
2
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n
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te o
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n
g
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S
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.
Al
l
rig
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ts re
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d
.
C
o
r
r
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s
p
o
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A
uth
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r
:
N.
Kar
th
ik
,
Dep
ar
te
m
en
t o
f
E
lectr
ical
an
d
E
lectr
o
n
ics E
n
g
i
n
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in
g
,
Hin
d
u
s
ta
n
I
n
s
t
itu
te
o
f
T
ec
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
Scien
ce
,
No
.
1
,
R
aj
iv
Gan
d
h
i Sala
i,
P
ad
u
r
,
C
h
e
n
n
ai,
T
am
i
ln
ad
u
,
I
n
d
ia.
E
m
ail:
n
k
ar
t
h
i
k
@
h
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n
d
u
s
ta
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n
iv
.
ac
.
in
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
O
w
in
g
to
th
e
s
p
ee
d
y
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
u
tili
za
tio
n
o
f
Di
s
tr
ib
u
ted
Gen
er
atio
n
s
(
DGs)
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
th
eir
v
ar
io
u
s
a
s
p
ec
ts
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
t
h
e
co
n
ce
r
n
o
f
latest
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
.
Mi
cr
o
g
r
id
is
an
d
y
n
a
m
ic
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
to
g
eth
er
lo
ad
s
a
n
d
Dis
tr
ib
u
ted
Ge
n
er
atio
n
s
(
DG
s
)
an
d
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
in
s
tan
d
-
al
o
n
e
m
o
d
e
o
r
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
ar
e
n
o
n
-
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
cu
r
tail
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
f
o
s
s
il
f
u
el
s
.
T
h
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
at
io
n
i
s
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
in
to
th
e
m
ai
n
g
r
id
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
in
telli
g
e
n
t
m
icr
o
-
g
r
id
.
W
it
h
ad
d
ed
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
e
n
er
atio
n
in
te
g
r
ated
in
to
g
r
id
,
it
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
to
f
i
n
d
o
u
t
th
e
b
est
p
o
s
s
ib
le
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
atio
n
f
r
o
m
ea
ch
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
g
en
er
atio
n
i
n
o
r
d
er
th
at
t
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
n
ee
d
s
ca
n
b
e
co
n
v
en
e
d
w
it
h
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
al
co
s
t
[
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
is
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
s
in
ce
it
u
t
ilizes
li
m
ited
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
ies.
Se
v
er
al
s
t
u
d
ies
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
d
r
ep
o
r
ted
in
th
e
ar
ea
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
al
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
[
3
-
6
]
.
Op
ti
m
al
p
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
DGs
f
o
r
lo
s
s
m
i
n
i
m
izatio
n
[
7
]
,
r
eliab
ilit
y
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
[
8
]
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
co
o
p
er
atio
n
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
[
9
]
ar
e
a
f
e
w
asp
ec
ts
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
i
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
[
1
0
,
1
1
]
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
d
if
f
er
en
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
in
b
o
th
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
te
d
an
d
s
tan
d
-
alo
n
e
m
o
d
e
s
.
S
m
all
-
s
ca
le
w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
in
es
a
n
d
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
an
els
g
e
n
er
ate
D
C
p
o
w
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.
Fu
el
ce
ll
s
,
s
u
p
er
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
an
d
b
atter
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s
to
r
e
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er
g
y
as
DC
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
lar
g
e
q
u
an
t
it
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
as
AC
i
s
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
as
DC
[
1
2
]
.
Op
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
s
u
b
s
is
t
t
o
ex
p
lo
it
o
n
th
e
b
en
ef
it
s
o
f
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ar
e
co
m
p
atib
le
to
co
n
n
ec
t
DC
o
u
tp
u
t
t
y
p
es
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
,
an
d
ar
e
s
u
itab
le
to
p
r
o
tect
s
en
s
it
iv
e
lo
ad
s
f
r
o
m
d
is
tu
r
b
an
ce
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
o
u
ta
g
es
f
o
r
i
n
s
ta
n
ce
s
v
o
lta
g
e
s
a
g
s
an
d
s
w
ell
s
[
1
3
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
i
m
p
ler
p
o
w
er
elec
t
r
o
n
ic
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
a
n
d
less
p
o
in
ts
o
f
f
ail
u
r
e
[
1
4
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
r
ev
iew
o
f o
p
tima
l o
p
era
tio
n
o
f m
icro
g
r
id
s
(
N
.
K
a
r
th
ik
)
2843
I
n
a
D
C
m
icr
o
g
r
id
,
en
er
g
y
s
t
o
r
ag
e
an
d
a
h
u
g
e
p
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
u
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s
an
d
lo
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ar
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in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
o
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e
o
r
m
o
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D
C
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es.
On
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h
an
d
,
a
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AC
g
r
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i
s
s
t
ill
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eq
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ir
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v
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w
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
s
o
m
e
lo
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n
d
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o
t b
e
d
ir
ec
tl
y
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
D
C
b
u
s
es
[
1
5
]
.
A
s
a
r
esu
lt,
in
th
e
n
ea
r
f
u
t
u
r
e,
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
ar
e
w
ell
th
o
u
g
h
t
-
o
u
t
as
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
m
ain
A
C
g
r
id
[
1
6
]
,
w
h
er
e
th
e
s
e
t
w
o
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
ea
ch
o
th
er
u
s
in
g
th
e
AC
-
DC
co
n
v
er
ter
s
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
p
o
w
er
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
W
h
en
a
n
AC
g
r
id
is
li
n
k
ed
to
o
n
e
o
r
m
o
r
e
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
,
th
e
OP
F
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
t
h
e
AC
-
D
C
n
et
w
o
r
k
ac
q
u
ir
es
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
a
n
o
n
-
c
o
n
v
e
x
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
D
C
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
an
d
tr
ad
itio
n
al
AC
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
eq
u
atio
n
s
,
as
w
ell
a
s
th
e
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
e
n
tai
led
b
y
th
e
AC
-
D
C
p
o
w
er
co
n
v
er
ter
s
eq
u
atio
n
s
[
19
–
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
n
o
n
-
co
n
v
e
x
it
y
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
o
c
cu
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
eq
u
at
i
o
n
s
a
n
d
q
u
ad
r
atic
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
on
th
e
s
et
o
f
b
u
s
v
o
lta
g
e
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
m
u
l
ti
p
le
lo
ca
l
o
p
tim
al
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
[
2
2
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
h
a
s
h
i
g
h
co
n
tr
o
l
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
a
n
d
f
le
x
ib
ili
t
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
23
-
2
5
]
.
I
n
g
en
er
al,
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
es
o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
ca
n
b
e
ca
teg
o
r
ized
as
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
r
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e.
I
n
t
h
e
is
la
n
d
ed
m
o
d
e,
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
tab
le
w
h
er
ea
s
it
is
d
is
co
n
n
ec
t
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
r
id
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
t
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
DE
R
s
is
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e,
t
h
e
m
ai
n
g
r
id
o
p
er
ates
as
a
s
u
p
p
o
r
ter
w
h
ic
h
m
icr
o
g
r
id
ca
n
s
en
d
/r
ec
eiv
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
to
/f
r
o
m
it.
C
e
n
tr
al
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
C
C
)
an
d
Mic
r
o
s
o
u
r
ce
C
o
n
tr
o
ller
(
MC)
[
27
-
3
0
]
h
an
d
le
an
d
m
a
n
ag
e
th
e
g
r
id
s
at
v
ar
io
u
s
m
o
d
es.
C
o
n
s
eq
u
en
tl
y
,
s
h
if
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e
t
o
is
lan
d
ed
m
o
d
e
ca
n
b
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
:
f
u
l
l
s
ep
ar
atio
n
o
f
th
e
p
u
b
lic
g
r
id
an
d
s
eg
r
e
g
atio
n
o
f
e
v
er
y
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
f
ee
d
er
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e,
th
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
MC
is
d
ir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
v
o
lta
g
e
lev
el
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
f
lo
w
o
f
c
o
n
n
ec
ted
lo
ad
s
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
at
an
y
cir
c
u
m
s
ta
n
ce
s
.
Dir
ec
t
co
n
tr
o
l
s
p
ec
if
ie
s
th
at
M
C
ca
n
b
e
o
p
er
ated
in
d
iv
id
u
all
y
f
r
o
m
C
C
i
f
n
ec
es
s
ar
y
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
MC
ca
n
ta
k
e
p
ar
t
in
E
co
n
o
m
ic
lo
ad
Di
s
p
atch
(
E
L
D)
an
d
De
m
a
n
d
-
Sid
e
Ma
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
(
DSM)
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
tr
o
llin
g
th
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
it
u
atio
n
,
C
C
tr
an
s
m
it
s
co
n
tr
o
l
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
MC
[
31,
3
2
]
.
I
n
t
h
is
r
e
g
ar
d
s
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
i
m
ar
y
co
m
m
a
n
d
s
i
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
f
ac
t
th
at
,
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es
alo
n
g
w
it
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
o
p
er
ato
r
s
is
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
s
t,
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
l
y
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
th
i
n
k
ab
o
u
t
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
u
tili
t
y
a
n
d
th
e
g
en
er
at
io
n
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
u
n
its
d
e
s
p
ite
t
h
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
s
ati
s
f
y
i
n
g
all
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
s
i
n
th
e
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e.
I
n
[
3
3
]
,
a
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
b
at
ter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
co
m
p
l
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
ca
p
m
u
s
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
2.
M
O
T
I
VAT
I
O
N
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
t
i
v
e
to
o
ls
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
o
p
ti
m
a
l
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
.
B
y
m
e
an
s
o
f
th
i
s
p
ar
t
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
c
o
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
as
s
o
ciate
d
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
,
at
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e,
ar
e
f
o
u
n
d
o
u
t
in
t
u
r
n
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
a
p
ar
ti
cu
lar
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
a
n
d
en
s
u
r
e
tech
n
ical
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
n
e
w
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
en
t
i
n
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
tu
d
ie
s
[
3
4
,
3
5
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
ar
ticu
l
ate
ca
teg
o
r
izatio
n
o
f
th
ese
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
r
eq
u
ir
ed
at
t
h
is
p
o
in
t
o
f
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
d
ev
el
o
p
m
e
n
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
n
o
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
r
esear
ch
h
as
b
ee
n
s
o
f
ar
co
n
d
u
cted
o
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
2
.
1.
Sco
pe
T
h
is
p
ap
er
r
ev
ie
w
s
an
d
co
m
p
ar
e
s
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
o
p
ti
m
iz
atio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
ap
p
lied
f
o
r
ac
h
iev
i
n
g
o
p
tim
a
l
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
i
d
s
f
r
o
m
d
i
v
er
s
e
p
er
ce
p
tio
n
s
.
A
t
th
e
s
a
m
e
ti
m
e
as
it
i
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
,
th
e
f
o
r
e
m
o
s
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
Ob
j
ec
tiv
e
F
u
n
c
tio
n
s
(
OFs
)
,
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es,
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
i
n
ad
d
itio
n
to
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
.
3.
O
P
T
I
M
AL
O
P
E
RAT
I
O
N
O
F
M
I
CRO
G
RI
D
Deb
a
p
r
iy
a
Das
[
3
6
]
f
o
r
m
u
lat
ed
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
ad
d
is
p
atch
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
u
s
i
n
g
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
.
T
h
e
g
en
r
ati
n
g
co
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
is
p
atc
h
ab
le
DG
s
p
r
esen
t
in
t
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
i
s
tak
en
as o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
I
n
[
3
7
]
,
au
th
o
r
s
h
av
e
in
s
p
ec
ted
th
e
ef
f
ec
t o
f
t
h
ese
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
o
n
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
en
t te
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
la
m
b
d
a
lo
g
ic
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
h
as t
h
e
f
a
s
test
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
ti
m
e.
S.
Su
r
en
d
er
R
ed
d
y
[
3
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
o
p
tim
al
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
f
o
r
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
s
o
lar
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
(
P
V)
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
in
d
tu
r
b
i
n
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
,
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les
(
E
V)
an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e.
A
p
p
licatio
n
r
esu
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tim
al
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
o
f
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
a
n
d
w
ith
o
u
t
E
Vs
a
n
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
ar
e
attai
n
ed
f
o
r
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lt
s
r
ev
ea
ls
t
h
at
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
co
s
t in
c
u
r
r
ed
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
E
Vs an
d
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
i
s
less
.
R
ez
a
R
o
o
f
eg
ar
i
Nej
ad
[
3
9
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
n
e
w
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
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m
icr
o
tu
r
b
in
e,
e
n
er
g
y
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
lo
ad
s
.
P
ar
ticle
Sw
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izati
o
n
(
P
SO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
u
s
ed
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
th
is
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
A
lter
n
ativ
el
y
,
Mo
n
te
C
a
r
lo
s
i
m
u
lat
i
o
n
m
e
th
o
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h
a
s
b
ee
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
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8708
I
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t J
E
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&
C
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m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2020
:
2
8
4
2
-
2849
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ap
p
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th
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tain
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m
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d
s
m
u
s
t b
e
ap
p
lied
.
P
ier
lu
ig
i
Sia
n
o
[
4
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
m
u
lti
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
an
d
s
to
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p
r
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o
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al
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ch
ed
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lin
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f
m
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r
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p
r
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in
g
e
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ic
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d
t
h
er
m
al
lo
ad
s
,
co
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
al
e
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er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
(
m
icr
o
t
u
r
b
in
e
a
n
d
b
o
iler
)
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n
o
n
-
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
en
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g
y
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s
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P
V
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d
w
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d
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co
m
b
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C
HP
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s
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elec
tr
ical
an
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al
s
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lex
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le
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ti
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cu
r
r
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n
t tr
a
n
s
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s
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s
y
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m
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F
AC
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d
ev
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ce
s
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R
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r
p
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ated
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e
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w
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m
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I
n
t
h
e
p
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p
t
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m
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tec
h
n
iq
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e,
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ased
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tech
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tim
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ec
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m
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h
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esu
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n
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e
n
etic
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o
r
ith
m
.
Se
y
ed
Ma
s
o
u
d
Mo
g
h
ad
d
as
T
a
f
r
es
h
i
[
4
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
lis
tic
U
n
it
C
o
m
m
i
t
m
en
t(
U
C
)
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
o
p
tim
a
l
o
p
er
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n
o
f
p
lu
g
-
i
n
e
lectr
i
c
v
e
h
icle
s
(
P
E
Vs)
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
s
id
er
ed
h
er
e
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
m
icr
o
t
u
r
b
in
es
,
P
E
Vs,
b
o
iler
,
b
atter
y
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
th
er
m
al
s
to
r
ag
e.
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
tal
p
r
o
f
it
o
f
th
e
UC
s
c
h
ed
u
le
w
a
s
tak
e
n
as
o
b
j
ec
tiv
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f
u
n
ctio
n
.
P
ar
ticle
Sw
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
(
P
SO)
alg
o
r
ith
m
i
s
ap
p
lied
to
mi
n
i
m
ize
t
h
e
f
it
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ctio
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v
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p
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b
ab
ilis
tic
UC
-
Ve
h
icle
to
Gr
id
(
V2
G)
ca
n
n
o
t
ab
s
o
lu
te
l
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
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n
d
eter
m
i
n
ate
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atu
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lo
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,
w
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d
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d
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eh
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cles,
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e
atta
in
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v
a
lu
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s
ar
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n
ea
r
er
to
r
ea
lit
y
i
n
ass
o
ciatio
n
w
i
th
t
h
e
d
eter
m
i
n
is
tic
o
n
es.
C
o
m
p
ar
in
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t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
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f
d
eter
m
i
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is
tic
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d
p
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ab
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V2
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r
ev
ea
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at
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h
e
p
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ab
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et
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d
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es n
o
t o
v
er
r
ate
th
e
to
tal
ex
p
ec
ted
p
r
o
f
it.
I
n
[
4
2
]
,
o
p
tim
a
l
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
tr
ateg
y
o
f
w
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/P
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eq
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ir
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to
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m
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s
m
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p
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p
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Gu
ar
an
teed
co
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v
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g
e
n
c
e
P
ar
ticle
Sw
ar
m
Op
ti
m
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w
it
h
Ga
u
s
s
ia
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Mu
tatio
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GP
SO
-
GM
)
,
is
d
ev
elo
p
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o
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f
f
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ti
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es
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f
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s
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g
P
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war
m
Op
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m
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a
n
d
Gen
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A
l
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ith
m
.
Si
m
u
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ates
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ased
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atter
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n
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v
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tio
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s
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m
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e
f
f
ic
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t
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a
n
th
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d
esig
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h
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ex
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u
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iv
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y
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atter
y
b
an
k
s
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r
d
iesel g
en
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ato
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s
.
Op
ti
m
al
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p
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o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
co
n
s
id
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in
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t
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r
tai
n
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y
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f
n
o
n
-
co
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v
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t
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er
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y
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n
r
atio
n
w
a
s
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
B
y
u
n
g
Ha
L
ee
[
4
3
]
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
esu
lts
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
s
to
c
h
ast
ic
m
e
th
o
d
o
lo
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ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
s
u
cc
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s
s
f
u
ll
y
f
o
r
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p
ti
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al
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p
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m
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w
it
h
u
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tai
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tie
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t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
I
n
[
4
4
]
,
n
ea
r
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
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n
/allo
ca
t
io
n
o
f
Gr
id
-
le
v
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b
atter
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en
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g
y
s
to
r
ag
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s
y
s
te
m
(
B
E
SS
)
h
a
s
b
ee
n
in
v
e
s
ti
g
at
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
elib
er
atio
n
o
f
li
f
e
ti
m
e
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
.
Si
m
u
lati
o
n
r
esu
lts
r
e
v
ea
l
t
h
at
t
h
e
ADP
ca
n
o
p
ti
m
ize
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
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n
u
n
d
er
v
a
r
io
u
s
s
ce
n
ar
io
s
.
I
n
[
4
5
]
,
Keta
n
P
.
Detr
o
j
a
h
av
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
o
p
tim
izatio
n
-
b
ased
MG
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
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n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
tim
izatio
n
f
r
a
m
e
w
o
r
k
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
o
f
th
r
e
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
to
ca
r
r
y
o
u
t
u
n
i
t
co
m
m
it
m
e
n
t,
co
n
s
u
m
er
lo
ad
s
c
h
ed
u
l
in
g
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
b
ala
n
ci
n
g
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
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b
le
m
is
d
ev
elo
p
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
co
n
s
id
er
a
tio
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o
f
tr
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s
m
i
s
s
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co
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s
tr
ai
n
ts
,
r
a
m
p
-
u
p
/r
a
m
p
-
d
o
w
n
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
etc.
,
B
o
Hu
[
4
6
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
er
atio
n
m
o
d
el
o
f
is
o
lated
co
m
m
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n
it
y
m
icr
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g
r
id
co
m
p
r
is
in
g
m
icr
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-
g
as
t
u
r
b
in
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w
i
n
d
t
u
r
b
in
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h
ea
t
p
u
m
p
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
to
r
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b
atter
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.
T
h
e
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au
lt
o
p
er
atio
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Ni
n
et
Mo
h
a
m
ed
Ah
m
ed
[
58]
et.
a
l.,
p
r
esen
ted
a
co
m
p
ar
ativ
e
s
t
u
d
y
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
r
ee
d
is
s
i
m
ilar
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
f
o
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
g
a
n
ir
r
ig
ati
n
g
p
u
m
p
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
a
f
ar
m
er
’
s
h
o
u
s
e
w
it
h
t
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
elec
tr
ical
d
em
a
n
d
in
t
w
o
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
r
eg
io
n
s
.
HOG
A
(
H
y
b
r
id
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
b
y
G
en
etic
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
s
)
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
to
o
l
is
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
s
izin
g
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
an
al
y
s
is
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
-
w
in
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
I
n
[
5
9
]
,
Yan
Z
h
an
g
p
r
esen
ted
a
m
o
d
el
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
MP
C
)
b
ased
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
r
esid
en
tial
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
f
o
r
ec
ast
u
n
ce
r
tain
tie
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
ac
co
m
p
lis
h
m
e
n
t
at
ea
c
h
s
a
m
p
li
n
g
ti
m
e
is
attai
n
ed
b
y
s
o
lv
i
n
g
a
n
o
v
el
m
i
x
ed
in
teg
er
lin
ea
r
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
(
MI
L
P
)
o
p
tim
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
Si
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lts
s
p
ec
if
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t
o
f
MP
C
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
ap
p
r
ec
iab
l
y
lo
w
er
t
h
an
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
d
a
y
-
a
h
ea
d
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
u
n
d
er
p
er
f
ec
t
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
i
tu
atio
n
.
I
n
[
6
0
]
,
C
u
ck
o
o
Sear
ch
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
C
S
A
)
h
as
b
ee
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
f
o
r
s
o
l
v
i
n
g
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ta
l
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
d
i
s
p
atch
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
C
S
A
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
P
SO
an
d
it
s
i
g
n
if
ies
t
h
at
t
h
e
C
S
A
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
h
e
n
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
P
SO m
et
h
o
d
.
I
n
[
6
1
]
,
Milan
a
T
r
if
k
o
v
ic
p
r
esen
ted
a
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
m
i
n
g
b
ased
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
en
er
g
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
izat
io
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
i
s
s
o
lv
ed
o
f
f
li
n
e
o
n
a
f
lex
ib
l
e
ti
m
e
-
s
ca
le
b
asis
,
p
er
m
i
tti
n
g
o
n
l
in
e
r
ea
lizatio
n
t
o
b
e
attain
ab
le
o
n
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
tate
u
p
d
ates.
B
y
m
ak
i
n
g
u
s
e
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
al
an
d
d
esig
n
b
o
u
n
d
ar
ies
o
n
t
h
e
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
r
en
e
w
ab
le
r
eso
u
r
ce
i
n
co
n
s
is
te
n
c
y
i
s
ca
p
tu
r
ed
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
p
ar
a
m
etr
ic
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
s
o
lar
a
n
d
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
,
w
h
ich
r
esu
lts
i
n
t
h
e
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
f
r
o
m
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
to
a
lin
ea
r
f
o
r
m
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
test
ed
u
s
i
n
g
v
ar
io
u
s
elec
tr
icit
y
p
r
ic
in
g
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
to
co
n
s
tr
u
ct
t
w
o
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
ies
f
o
r
in
ce
n
t
iv
ized
a
n
d
o
p
en
m
ar
k
e
t
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
B
o
th
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
ies
ar
e
ap
p
lied
to
th
e
s
am
e
r
e
n
e
w
ab
l
e
en
er
g
y
ap
p
r
eh
e
n
s
io
n
s
to
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
d
ec
is
io
n
s
o
f
a
m
ic
r
o
g
r
id
o
v
er
a
o
n
e
w
ee
k
o
p
er
atio
n
al
p
er
io
d
.
Sim
u
latio
n
r
e
s
u
lt
s
r
ev
ea
l
t
h
at
u
n
d
er
th
e
in
ce
n
ti
v
ized
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
,
t
h
e
s
to
r
ag
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
al
m
o
s
t
n
o
t u
ti
lized
an
d
m
o
s
t p
o
w
er
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
ex
tr
as to
lo
ca
l d
em
a
n
d
is
s
o
ld
to
th
e
m
ai
n
g
r
id
.
A
DC
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
it
h
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
Ma
x
i
m
u
m
P
o
w
er
P
o
in
t
T
r
ac
k
in
g
(
MP
PT
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
f
o
r
s
o
lar
an
d
w
i
n
d
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
s
d
ev
el
o
p
ed
in
[
6
2
]
.
A
t
w
o
-
m
o
d
el
M
P
PT
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
te
d
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
P
V
s
y
s
te
m
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
atio
n
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
an
Op
ti
m
al
P
o
w
er
C
o
n
tr
o
l
MPPT
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
in
c
lu
d
ed
f
o
r
th
e
W
in
d
E
n
er
g
y
C
o
n
v
er
s
io
n
S
y
s
te
m
(
W
E
C
S)
w
it
h
p
itch
an
g
le
co
n
t
r
o
llin
g
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
to
t
h
e
g
r
id
Sp
ac
e
Vec
to
r
P
u
ls
e
W
id
th
M
o
d
u
latio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
.
I
n
[
6
3
]
,
An
g
o
So
b
u
p
r
esen
ted
an
o
p
ti
m
a
l
o
p
er
atio
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
f
o
r
an
is
o
l
ated
m
icr
o
g
r
id
w
h
ic
h
co
m
p
r
is
es
p
h
o
to
v
o
ltaic
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
,
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
e,
d
iesel
g
e
n
er
ato
r
s
an
d
b
atter
ies.
T
h
is
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
s
o
l
v
ed
u
s
in
g
P
ar
ticle
S
w
ar
m
Op
ti
m
izatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2020
:
2
8
4
2
-
2849
2846
(
P
SO)
.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
e
v
e
n
t
h
o
u
g
h
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t
o
f
th
e
o
p
er
atio
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
attai
n
ed
w
it
h
in
d
eter
m
i
n
ate
co
s
t
m
o
d
el
is
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
t
h
at
w
it
h
i
n
d
is
cr
i
m
i
n
ate
co
s
t
m
o
d
el.
I
n
[
6
4
]
,
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
to
ch
ast
ic
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
ad
d
is
p
atch
(
SEL
D
)
p
r
o
b
lem
i
s
d
ev
is
ed
b
ased
o
n
th
e
w
a
it
-
an
d
-
s
ee
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
.
Si
m
u
lat
io
n
r
es
u
lts
r
ev
ea
l
th
at
th
e
n
e
w
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
i
n
I
P
SO
ad
d
s
to
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
.
Saj
id
Hu
s
s
ain
Qaz
i1
et.
al.
,
[
6
5
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
PI
co
n
tr
o
ller
b
ased
v
o
ltag
e
co
n
tr
o
ller
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
v
o
ltag
e
p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
is
lan
d
ed
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
I
n
[
6
6
]
,
a
p
o
w
er
all
o
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
f
o
r
s
to
r
ag
e
b
atter
ies
an
d
d
iese
l
g
en
er
ato
r
s
i
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
m
ea
n
s
o
f
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
elib
er
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
i
n
an
cia
l
an
d
ec
o
lo
g
ical
b
en
ef
it
s
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
o
p
tim
iza
tio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
is
s
o
lv
ed
b
y
t
h
e
n
o
n
-
d
o
m
i
n
ated
s
o
r
tin
g
g
en
et
ic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
NSG
A
-
I
I
)
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
a
n
al
y
ze
d
b
y
s
o
l
v
in
g
a
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
n
a
r
ea
lis
t
ic
i
s
lan
d
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
a
g
ac
it
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
p
o
w
er
allo
ca
tio
n
ap
p
r
o
a
ch
is
co
n
f
ir
m
ed
.
I
n
[
6
7
]
,
A
b
d
o
r
r
ez
a
R
ab
iee
p
r
esen
ted
th
e
i
n
s
ta
n
ta
n
eo
u
s
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
o
f
elec
tr
ica
l
v
e
h
icl
es
an
d
r
ec
ep
tiv
e
lo
ad
s
to
m
i
n
i
m
ize
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t
an
d
e
m
is
s
io
n
i
n
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
o
f
P
V
an
d
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
er
s
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
Sim
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
l
ts
r
ev
ea
led
th
at
th
e
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
elec
tr
ical
v
eh
icle
s
an
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
lo
ad
s
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
w
a
y
to
d
i
m
i
n
i
s
h
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
e
m
i
s
s
io
n
a
n
d
o
p
er
atio
n
co
s
t
s
.
I
n
[
6
8
]
,
I
n
ter
io
r
Sear
ch
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
w
as a
p
p
lied
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
lo
ad
d
is
p
atch
p
r
o
b
lem
in
a
m
icr
o
g
r
id
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
Fro
m
t
h
e
ti
m
e
w
h
en
th
e
p
u
b
licatio
n
o
f
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
p
ti
m
a
l
g
en
er
atio
n
s
c
h
ed
u
l
in
g
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
b
u
lk
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
s
e
v
er
al
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
to
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
b
asic
id
ea
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
to
s
u
it
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
ts
o
f
s
ev
er
al
ap
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
ar
r
iv
al
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
a
n
d
th
e
n
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
w
it
h
th
eir
d
is
tin
c
tiv
e
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
an
d
in
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
es
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
eq
u
ip
p
ed
an
aly
s
i
s
f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
o
p
ti
m
al
g
en
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
li
n
g
h
as
ad
d
ed
a
n
e
w
ch
ap
ter
to
th
e
f
iel
d
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
s
u
p
er
io
r
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
o
p
tim
a
l
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
c
h
ed
u
l
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
in
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
h
a
s
p
aid
atten
tio
n
to
r
esear
ch
er
s
an
d
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
a
n
ies
all
o
v
er
t
h
e
wo
r
ld
.
I
n
th
i
s
f
ield
,
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
t
ec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
,
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
,
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
ar
e
r
ec
o
m
m
en
d
ed
.
I
n
r
ea
lity
,
t
h
is
r
esear
ch
r
ev
ie
w
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
o
p
tim
a
l
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
s
f
r
o
m
v
ar
io
u
s
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
es
w
i
th
t
h
e
i
n
ten
tio
n
o
f
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
n
o
v
er
all
v
is
io
n
o
f
t
h
is
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
p
r
o
b
lem
.
T
h
is
cla
s
s
i
f
icatio
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
as
s
is
t
r
esear
ch
er
s
t
o
f
ig
u
r
e
o
u
t
all
o
f
th
e
m
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
r
eg
ar
d
less
o
f
th
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
u
s
ed
to
elu
cid
ate
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
c
h
ed
u
l
in
g
p
r
o
b
lem
,
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
n
til
n
o
w
d
ev
elo
p
ed
h
a
v
e
as
a
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
s
u
b
s
eq
u
en
t
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
r
ep
o
r
ted
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es,
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
a
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
o
d
e.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
all
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s
h
a
v
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
p
o
w
er
g
en
e
r
atio
n
li
m
i
ts
i
n
th
e
s
et
o
f
co
n
s
tr
ain
ts
.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
ese
s
tu
d
ies
e
x
a
m
in
ed
t
h
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
s
y
n
c
h
r
o
n
izatio
n
a
m
o
n
g
co
n
v
en
t
io
n
al
co
n
tr
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
w
it
h
DG
co
n
tr
o
ls
.
T
h
e
r
ev
ie
w
ill
u
s
tr
at
es
th
at
m
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
h
av
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
as
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
So
,
a
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
ea
c
h
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
t
y
p
e
h
a
s
a
s
et
o
f
o
p
t
i
m
izatio
n
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
w
h
ic
h
is
m
o
r
e
s
u
i
tab
le
f
o
r
it
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
C
h
a
llen
g
es
in
th
e
o
p
ti
m
a
l
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
i
cr
o
g
r
id
:
Ne
w
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
an
d
co
m
p
r
eh
e
n
s
iv
e
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e;
No
v
el
a
n
d
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
m
e
ta
-
h
e
u
r
is
tic
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
to
s
o
lv
e
o
p
ti
m
al
g
e
n
er
atio
n
s
c
h
ed
u
lin
g
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
;
Mo
d
elin
g
o
f
u
n
ce
r
tain
t
ies
i
n
t
h
e
g
e
n
er
at
io
n
o
f
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
;
Uti
lizatio
n
o
f
n
e
w
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
f
o
r
in
s
ta
n
ce
s
to
r
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
;
Op
ti
m
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
m
icr
o
g
r
id
in
an
u
n
b
alan
ce
d
s
y
s
te
m
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
c
k
e
r
m
a
n
n
T
.
,
A
n
d
e
rss
o
n
G
.
,
S
o
d
e
r
L
.
,
“
Distrib
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
a
d
e
f
in
it
io
n
,
”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
S
y
st
e
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
5
7
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
9
5
–
2
0
4
,
A
p
ril
2
0
0
1
.
[2
]
Bo
u
z
id
A
.
M
.
,
G
u
e
rre
ro
J
.
M
.
,
Ch
e
rit
i
A
.
,
Bo
u
h
a
m
id
a
M
,
S
ica
rd
P
,
Be
n
g
h
a
n
e
m
M
.
,“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
n
c
o
n
tro
l
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
p
o
w
e
r
d
istri
b
u
te
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
f
o
r
m
icro
g
rid
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
Ren
e
w
a
b
lea
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
7
5
1
–
66
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
N.
W
.
A
.
L
id
u
la
a
n
d
A
.
D.
R
a
jap
a
k
se
,
“
M
icro
g
rid
s
re
se
a
rc
h
:
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
e
x
p
e
ri
m
e
n
tal
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
s
a
n
d
tes
t
s
y
ste
m
s,”
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
8
6
-
2
0
2
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2011.
[4
]
A
.
K.
Ba
su
,
S
.
P
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
S
.
Ch
o
w
d
h
u
ry
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
u
l,
M
icro
g
ri
d
s: E
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
b
y
str
a
te
g
ic d
e
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
DERs
—
A
c
o
m
p
re
h
e
n
siv
e
su
rv
e
y
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
”
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
9
,
p
p
.
4
3
4
8
-
4
3
5
6
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[5
]
W
.
G
u
,
Z.
W
u
,
R.
Bo
,
W
.
L
iu
,
G.
Zh
o
u
,
W
.
Ch
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
p
lan
n
i
n
g
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
c
o
m
b
in
e
d
c
o
o
li
n
g
,
h
e
a
ti
n
g
a
n
d
p
o
w
e
r
m
icro
g
rid
:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
P
o
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
p
p
.
26
-
37
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
4
.
[6
]
S
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
i,
S
.
S
o
ley
m
a
n
i,
a
n
d
B.
M
o
z
a
f
a
ri,
“
S
c
e
n
a
rio
-
b
a
se
d
sto
c
h
a
stic
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
icro
G
rid
in
c
lu
d
in
g
W
in
d
,
P
h
o
to
v
o
l
t
a
ic,
M
icro
-
T
u
rb
in
e
,
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
to
ra
g
e
D
e
v
ice
s,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r &
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
p
p
.
5
2
5
-
5
3
5
,
Ja
n
u
a
ry
2
0
1
4
.
[7
]
P
.
V
ij
a
y
Ba
b
u
a
n
d
S
.
P
.
S
in
g
h
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
D
G
in
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
n
e
tw
o
rk
f
o
r
P
o
w
e
r
lo
ss
m
in
im
iz
a
ti
o
n
u
sin
g
NL
P
&
P
L
S
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
Pro
c
e
d
i
a
,
v
o
l.
9
0
,
p
p
.
4
4
1
-
4
5
4
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
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&
C
o
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p
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g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
r
ev
iew
o
f o
p
tima
l o
p
era
tio
n
o
f m
icro
g
r
id
s
(
N
.
K
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r
th
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)
2847
[8
]
S
e
y
e
d
A
li
A
re
f
i
f
a
r,
Y
a
ss
e
r
A
b
d
e
l
-
Ra
d
y
I.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
“
D
G
M
ix
,
Re
a
c
ti
v
e
S
o
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
t
o
ra
g
e
Un
it
s
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
izin
g
M
icro
g
rid
Re
li
a
b
il
i
t
y
a
n
d
S
u
p
p
ly
S
e
c
u
rit
y
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
ma
rt
Gr
i
d
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
4,
p
p
.
1
8
3
5
-
1
8
4
4
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
4
.
[9
]
Ka
ta
y
o
u
n
Ra
h
b
a
r,
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E,
Ch
i
n
Ch
o
y
Ch
a
i,
M
e
m
b
e
r,
IEE
E,
a
n
d
Ru
i
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
En
e
r
g
y
Co
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
Op
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
in
M
icro
g
ri
d
s
w
i
th
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
In
teg
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
8
2
-
1
4
9
3
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
Qu
a
n
y
u
a
n
Jia
n
g
,
M
e
id
o
n
g
Xu
e
,
Gu
a
n
g
c
h
a
o
G
e
n
g
,
"
En
e
rg
y
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
icro
g
rid
in
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
S
tan
d
-
A
lo
n
e
M
o
d
e
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
3
8
0
-
3
3
8
9
,
A
u
g
.
2
0
1
3
.
[1
1
]
M.
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
Ty
p
i
c
a
l
M
icro
g
rid
a
s
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
in
P
o
w
e
r
S
y
ste
m
s
Us
in
g
F
u
z
z
y
S
li
d
i
ng
-
M
o
d
e
Co
n
tro
l
(F
S
M
C)
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
W
o
rld
Ap
p
li
e
d
S
c
ien
c
e
s
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
4
0
-
4
4
8
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
G
.
T
.
He
y
d
t,
"
T
h
e
Ne
x
t
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
P
o
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
s
a
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
S
m
a
rt
Gr
id
,
v
o
l.
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
-
2
3
5
,
De
c
.
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
A
h
m
e
d
T
.
El
sa
y
e
d
,
A
h
m
e
d
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
Os
a
m
a
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
,
“
DC
m
icro
g
rid
s
a
n
d
d
istri
b
u
t
i
o
n
sy
ste
m
s:
A
n
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
1
9
,
p
p
.
4
0
7
-
4
1
7
,
F
e
b
u
a
ry
2
0
1
5
.
[1
4
]
C.
N.
P
a
p
a
d
im
it
rio
u
,
E.
I.
Zo
u
n
t
o
u
rid
o
u
,
N
.
D.
Ha
tzia
rg
y
rio
u
,
“
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
h
iera
rc
h
ica
l
c
o
n
tro
l
in
DC
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
s
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
2
2
,
p
p
.
1
5
9
-
1
6
7
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
5
.
[1
5
]
Ja
c
k
so
n
Jo
h
n
Ju
st
o
,
F
ra
n
c
is M
w
a
silu
,
Ju
L
e
e
,
Ji
n
-
W
o
o
Ju
n
g
,
“
AC
-
m
icro
g
rid
s v
e
rsu
s DC
-
m
icro
g
rid
s w
it
h
d
istri
b
u
te
d
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
R
e
v
iews
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o.
C,
p
p
.
3
8
7
-
4
0
5
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
6
]
Estef
a
n
íaP
lan
a
s,
Jo
n
A
n
d
re
u
,
Jo
s
e
Ig
n
a
c
io
Ga
ra
te,
Iñ
ig
o
M
a
rt
ín
e
z
d
e
A
le
g
ría,
Ed
o
rta Ib
a
rra
,
“
A
C
a
n
d
DC t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
in
m
icro
g
rid
s: A
re
v
ie
w
,”
Ren
e
w
a
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
.
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
p
p
.
7
2
6
-
7
4
9
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
5
.
[1
7
]
M
.
S
h
a
h
b
a
z
i,
A
.
Kh
o
rsa
n
d
i
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ic
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
m
icro
g
rid
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
”
M
icr
o
g
rid
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
8
1
-
309
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
8
]
S
.
Kh
o
sr
o
g
o
rji
,
M
.
A
h
m
a
d
ian
,
H.
T
o
rk
a
m
a
n
,
S
.
S
o
o
ri
,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
in
p
u
t
DC/DC
c
o
n
v
e
rters
in
c
o
n
n
e
c
ti
o
n
w
it
h
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
u
n
it
s
–
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
-
3
7
9
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
T
.
Dra
g
i
c
e
v
ic,
F
.
Blaa
b
jerg
,
“
P
o
w
e
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
f
o
r
M
icro
g
ri
d
s:
Co
n
c
e
p
ts
a
n
d
F
u
t
u
re
T
re
n
d
s
,
”
M
icr
o
g
rid
,
p
p
.
2
6
3
-
2
7
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
0
]
C.
Ch
a
k
ra
b
o
rty
,
H.
H.
Iu
a
n
d
D.
Da
h
-
Ch
u
a
n
L
u
,
"
P
o
w
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
rters
,
c
o
n
tro
l,
a
n
d
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
o
r
d
istri
b
u
ted
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stri
a
l
El
e
c
tr
o
n
ics
,
v
o
l
.
6
2
,
n
o
.
7
,
p
p
.
4
4
6
6
-
4
4
7
0
,
J
u
ly
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
Y.
L
iao
,
"
A
No
v
e
l
Re
d
u
c
e
d
S
witch
in
g
L
o
ss
Bid
irec
ti
o
n
a
l
A
C/D
C
Co
n
v
e
rter
P
W
M
S
trate
g
y
W
it
h
F
e
e
d
f
o
rwa
rd
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
G
rid
-
T
ied
M
icro
g
rid
S
y
ste
m
s,"
in
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
0
0
-
1
5
1
3
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
4
.
[2
2
]
V
a
h
i
d
Ho
ss
e
in
n
e
z
h
a
d
,
M
a
n
s
o
u
r
Ra
f
ie
e
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
A
h
m
a
d
ian
,
P
ierl
u
ig
iS
ian
o
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
d
a
y
-
a
h
e
a
d
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
p
lan
n
in
g
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s,”
En
e
rg
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
2
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
2
-
1
57
,
Oc
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
A
b
d
o
ll
a
h
Ka
v
o
u
si
-
F
a
rd
,
Am
in
Kh
o
d
a
e
i,
S
h
a
y
Ba
h
ra
m
irad
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
e
d
e
ff
icie
n
c
y
,
e
n
h
a
n
c
e
d
re
li
a
b
il
i
ty
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
d
c
o
st:
T
h
e
tran
siti
o
n
f
ro
m
sta
ti
c
m
icro
g
ri
d
s
to
re
c
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
b
le
m
ic
ro
g
rid
s,”
T
h
e
El
e
c
tricity
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
9
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
2
2
-
2
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[2
4
]
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
S
a
d
e
g
h
ian
,
Ba
h
a
d
o
r
F
a
n
i,
“
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
lo
c
a
li
z
e
d
re
a
c
ti
v
e
p
o
w
e
r
sh
a
rin
g
in
m
icro
g
rid
s
,”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
m R
e
se
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
5
1
,
p
p
.
136
-
1
4
8
,
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[2
5
]
A
h
m
e
d
A
lab
d
u
lw
a
h
a
b
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
S
h
a
h
i
d
e
h
p
o
u
r
,
“
M
icro
g
rid
n
e
tw
o
rk
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
,
c
o
n
tro
l
a
n
d
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
m
o
d
e
rn
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
s,”
T
h
e
El
e
c
tricity
J
o
u
rn
a
l
,
v
o
l.
2
9
,
n
o
.
1
0
,
p
p
.
1
-
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
[2
6
]
Nu
rNa
ji
h
a
h
A
b
u
Ba
k
a
r
,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
Yu
sri
Ha
ss
a
n
,
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
F
a
n
i
S
u
laim
a
,
M
o
h
a
m
a
d
Na
’im
M
o
h
d
Na
sir,
A
z
i
a
h
Kh
a
m
is,
“
M
icro
g
rid
a
n
d
l
o
a
d
sh
e
d
d
i
n
g
sc
h
e
m
e
d
u
rin
g
islan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e
:
A
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
i
e
ws
,
v
o
l.
7
1
(C),
p
p
.
1
6
1
-
1
6
9
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
7
]
Ka
ri
m
Ha
ss
a
n
Yo
u
ss
e
f
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
n
b
a
lan
c
e
d
s
m
a
rt
m
icro
g
rid
s
f
o
r
sc
h
e
d
u
led
a
n
d
u
n
sc
h
e
d
u
le
d
m
u
lt
ip
le
tran
siti
o
n
s
b
e
tw
e
e
n
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
islan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e
s
,
”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
4
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
113
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[2
8
]
M
a
ji
d
M
e
h
ra
sa
,
Ed
ris
P
o
u
re
sm
a
e
il
,
Bo
No
rre
g
a
a
rd
Jo
rg
e
n
se
n
,
J
o
a
o
,
P
.
S
.
Ca
tala
o
,
“
A
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
lan
f
o
r
th
e
sta
b
le
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s
d
u
ri
n
g
g
r
id
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
islan
d
e
d
m
o
d
e
s,”
El
e
c
tric
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
2
9
,
p
p
.
1
0
-
2
2
,
2
0
1
5.
[2
9
]
Ho
ss
a
m
A
.
G
a
b
b
a
r,
A
b
d
e
laz
e
e
m
A
.
A
b
d
e
lsa
la
m
,
“
M
icro
g
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
islan
d
in
g
m
o
d
e
s b
a
se
d
o
n
S
V
C,
”
En
e
rg
y
C
o
n
v
e
rs
io
n
a
n
d
M
a
n
a
g
e
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
8
6
,
p
p
.
9
6
4
-
9
7
2
,
Oc
t
o
b
e
r
2
0
1
4
.
[3
0
]
O
m
id
P
a
li
z
b
a
n
,
Kim
m
o
Ka
u
h
a
n
iem
i,
“
Hie
ra
r
c
h
ica
l
c
o
n
tro
l
stru
c
tu
re
in
m
icro
g
rid
s
w
it
h
d
istri
b
u
t
e
d
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
Isla
n
d
a
n
d
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
m
o
d
e
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
in
a
b
le
En
e
r
g
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
p
p
.
7
9
7
-
8
1
3
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
5
.
[3
1
]
Am
a
n
d
e
e
p
Ka
u
r,
Jit
e
n
d
e
r
Ka
u
sh
a
l,
P
ra
se
n
ji
t
Ba
sa
k
,
“
A
re
v
ie
w
o
n
m
icro
g
rid
c
e
n
tral
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
and
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
5
5
,
p
p
.
3
3
8
-
3
4
5
,
M
a
rc
h
2
0
1
6
.
[3
2
]
M
.
S
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
,
“
M
icro
g
rid
C
o
n
t
ro
l
P
r
o
b
lem
s a
n
d
Re
late
d
Iss
u
e
s,”
M
icr
o
g
rid
,
v
o
l.
1
,
p
p
.
1
-
4
2
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
3
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Re
y
a
su
d
in
Ba
sir
Kh
a
n
,
Ja
g
a
d
e
e
sh
P
a
su
p
u
leti
,
Ja
b
b
a
r
A
l
-
F
a
tt
a
h
,
M
e
h
rd
a
d
T
a
h
m
a
s
e
b
i,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
G
rid
-
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
a
Ca
m
p
u
s
M
icro
g
rid
,
”
In
d
o
n
e
sia
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
8
9
9
-
9
0
6
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
8
.
[3
4
]
B.
Kh
o
rra
m
d
e
l,
H.
Kh
o
rra
m
d
e
l,
H.
M
a
rz
o
o
g
h
i,
“
M
u
lt
i
-
Ob
jec
ti
v
e
Op
ti
m
a
l
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
M
icro
g
rid
w
it
h
a
n
E
ff
icie
n
t
S
to
c
h
a
stic
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
Co
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
Un
c
e
rtain
ty
o
f
W
in
d
P
o
w
e
r
,”
in
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Rev
iew
o
n
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
S
imu
l
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
4
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
0
7
9
-
3
0
8
9
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
1
.
[3
5
]
Av
iru
p
M
a
u
li
k
,
De
b
a
p
riy
a
Da
s,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
u
sin
g
f
o
u
r
d
if
f
e
re
n
t
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
s,”
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
Asse
ss
me
n
ts
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
-
1
2
0
,
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
3
,
J
u
n
e
2020
:
2
8
4
2
-
2849
2848
[3
6
]
S
a
m
ir
M
.
Da
w
o
u
d
,
L
in
X
ian
g
n
i
n
g
,
F
iras
M
.
F
.
F
laih
,
M
e
rf
a
t
I.
O
k
b
a
,
“
P
S
O
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
a
l
P
lac
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
u
lt
i
p
le
S
P
V
Ba
se
d
Distri
bu
te
d
Ge
n
e
ra
to
rs
in
M
icro
g
rid
s,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
P
ES
Asia
-
Pa
c
if
ic
P
o
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
AP
PE
EC)
,
X
i'
a
n
,
p
p
.
1
2
5
-
1
2
9
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
7
]
Nim
a
Nik
m
e
h
r,
S
a
jad
Na
jaf
iRav
a
d
a
n
e
g
h
,
“
He
u
risti
c
p
ro
b
a
b
il
ist
ic
p
o
w
e
r
f
lo
w
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
s
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
p
lan
n
i
n
g
,
”
in
IET
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
T
ra
n
sm
issio
n
&
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
1
1
,
p
p
.
9
8
5
-
9
9
5
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
8
]
S
.
S
u
re
n
d
e
r
Re
d
d
y
,
J
a
e
Yo
u
n
g
,
Ch
a
n
M
o
o
k
Ju
n
g
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
m
i
c
ro
g
rid
u
sin
g
h
y
b
rid
d
if
f
e
re
n
ti
a
l
e
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
a
n
d
h
a
rm
o
n
y
se
a
r
c
h
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r F
ro
n
ti
e
rs
in
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
3
5
5
-
3
6
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
9
]
R.
Ro
o
f
e
g
a
riNe
j
a
d
,
S
.
M
.
Ha
k
im
i,
S
.
M
.
M
o
g
h
a
d
d
a
sT
a
f
re
sh
i,
“
A
No
v
e
l
D
e
m
a
n
d
Re
sp
o
n
se
M
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
S
m
a
rt
M
icro
g
rid
s
Re
late
d
t
o
t
h
e
Un
c
e
rtain
ti
e
s
o
f
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
R
e
s
o
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
En
e
r
g
y
P
rice
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
4
1
9
-
4
4
1
,
J
u
n
e
2
0
1
6
.
[4
0
]
M
e
h
d
i
A
h
m
a
d
i
Jird
e
h
i,
V
a
h
i
d
S
o
h
ra
b
iT
a
b
a
r,
Re
z
a
He
m
m
a
ti
,
P
ierlu
ig
iS
ian
o
,
“
M
u
lt
i
o
b
jec
ti
v
e
sto
c
h
a
stic
m
icro
g
rid
sc
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
ti
n
g
d
y
n
a
m
i
c
v
o
lt
a
g
e
re
sto
re
r,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
ms
,
v
o
l.
9
3
,
p
p
.
3
1
6
-
3
2
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[4
1
]
S
e
y
e
d
M
a
so
u
d
M
o
g
h
a
d
d
a
s
T
a
f
re
sh
i,
Ha
ss
a
n
Ra
n
j
b
a
rz
a
d
e
h
,
M
e
h
d
i
Ja
f
a
ri,
Ha
m
id
Kh
a
y
y
a
m
,
“
A
p
ro
b
a
b
i
li
stic
u
n
i
t
c
o
m
m
it
m
e
n
t
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
p
l
u
g
-
in
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
s
in
m
icro
g
rid
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
sta
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
6
6
,
p
p
.
9
3
4
-
9
4
7
,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
6
.
[4
2
]
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
A
b
e
d
in
i,
M
o
h
a
m
m
a
d
H.
M
o
ra
d
i,
S
.
M
a
h
d
i
Ho
ss
e
in
ia
n
P
e
rn
i
n
g
e
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
s
in
c
lu
d
in
g
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
c
o
u
rc
e
s
u
sin
g
G
P
S
O
-
G
M
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
9
0
,
p
p
.
4
3
0
-
4
3
9
,
M
a
y
2
0
1
6
.
[4
3
]
B
y
u
n
g
Ha
L
e
e
,
Jin
A
h
Ya
n
g
,
“
A
S
tu
d
y
o
n
Op
ti
m
a
l
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
M
icro
g
rid
s
Co
n
sid
e
ri
n
g
th
e
Un
c
e
rtain
ty
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
L
o
a
d
b
y
Us
e
o
f
Du
ra
ti
o
n
Cu
rv
e
s,”
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
Po
we
r
&
En
e
rg
y
S
o
c
iety
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
,
De
n
v
e
r,
CO,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
5
[4
4
]
Av
ij
it
Da
s,
Zh
e
n
Ni,
a
n
d
X
ian
g
n
a
n
Zh
o
n
g
,
“
Ne
a
r
Op
ti
m
a
l
Co
n
tr
o
l
f
o
r
M
icro
g
rid
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m
s
Co
n
sid
e
rin
g
Ba
tt
e
r
y
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
Ch
a
ra
c
teristics
,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m
S
e
rie
s
o
n
Co
m
p
u
t
a
ti
o
n
a
l
In
tell
ig
e
n
c
e
(
S
S
CI)
,
A
th
e
n
s,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[4
5
]
Ke
tan
P
.
De
tro
ja,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
icro
g
rid
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
:
A
h
o
li
stic
v
ie
w
,
”
Ap
p
li
e
d
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
1
7
3
,
p
p
.
3
2
0
-
3
3
0
,
Ju
ly
2
0
1
6
.
[4
6
]
Bo
Hu
,
He
W
a
n
g
,
S
e
n
Ya
o
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
o
f
iso
late
d
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
m
icro
g
rid
in
c
o
r
p
o
ra
ti
n
g
tem
p
e
r
a
tu
re
c
o
n
tro
ll
in
g
d
e
v
ice
s,”
Pro
tec
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
n
tro
l
o
f
M
o
d
e
rn
Po
we
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
p
p
.
1
-
11,
De
c
e
m
b
e
r
2
0
1
7
.
[4
7
]
P
e
n
g
L
i,
Zey
u
a
n
Zh
o
u
,
Ru
y
u
S
h
i
,
“
P
r
o
b
a
b
il
isti
c
o
p
t
im
a
l
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
m
icro
g
rid
u
sin
g
p
o
i
n
t
e
stim
a
te
met
h
o
d
a
n
d
im
p
ro
v
e
d
b
a
t
a
lg
o
ri
th
m
,
”
2
0
1
4
IEE
E
PE
S
Ge
n
e
ra
l
M
e
e
ti
n
g
|
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
&
Exp
o
si
ti
o
n
,
Na
ti
o
n
a
l
Ha
rb
o
r,
M
D,
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
8
]
G
.
L
iu
,
M
.
S
tark
e
,
B.
X
iao
,
X
.
Zh
a
n
g
,
K.
T
o
m
so
v
ic,
“
M
icro
g
rid
Op
ti
m
a
l
S
c
h
e
d
u
li
n
g
W
it
h
Ch
a
n
c
e
-
C
o
n
stra
in
e
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
Ca
p
a
b
il
it
y
,
”
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r S
y
ste
ms
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
1
4
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
7
-
2
0
6
,
A
p
ril
2
0
1
7
.
[4
9
]
T
ian
g
u
a
n
g
L
v
,
Qia
n
A
i,
Yu
a
n
y
u
a
n
Zh
a
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ter
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ti
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l
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1
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2
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,
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ter
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ti
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[5
3
]
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ri,
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2
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[5
4
]
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m
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6
-
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8
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e
b
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ry
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0
1
7
.
[5
5
]
S
iru
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o
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a
m
m
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d
i,
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a
k
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o
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a
f
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ri,
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o
o
d
a
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h
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ley
m
a
n
i,
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ti
m
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l
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ra
ti
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n
m
a
n
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m
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ty
,
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in
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rk
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o
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rn
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l
o
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n
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n
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p
.
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3
5
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7
5
3
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a
n
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a
ry
2
0
1
4
.
[5
6
]
Jo
rd
a
n
Ra
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sa
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lj
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ic,
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i
ro
lj
u
b
J
e
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ti
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,
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rd
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n
Klim
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a
n
d
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ra
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m
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g
e
m
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t
o
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m
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ti
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iz
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ti
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iza
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u
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5
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[5
7
]
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ru
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,
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n
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iu
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a
r
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m
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rid
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o
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l.
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8
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7
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0
4
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c
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m
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2
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1
6
.
[5
8
]
Nin
e
t
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o
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m
e
d
A
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ll
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ten
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sn
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y
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ti
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m
,
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ter
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n
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rn
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n
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[5
9
]
Ya
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g
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o
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n
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i
W
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n
g
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ji
e
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iu
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u
o
,
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ti
m
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ra
ti
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s
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ti
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g
u
n
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ti
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n
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sto
ra
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im
p
a
c
ts,”
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la
r
En
e
rg
y
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l.
1
2
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p
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1
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5
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2
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5
.
[6
0
]
S
.
V
a
sa
n
t
h
a
k
u
m
a
r,
N.
Ku
m
a
ra
p
p
a
n
,
R
.
A
ru
lraj
a
n
d
T
.
V
ig
n
e
y
sh
,
R
.
,
“
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c
k
o
o
S
e
a
rc
h
A
lg
o
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h
m
b
a
se
d
En
v
iro
n
m
e
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tal
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n
o
m
ic
Disp
a
tch
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f
M
icro
g
rid
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y
s
te
m
w
it
h
Distrib
u
te
d
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
5
In
ter
n
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t
io
n
a
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N:
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8708
A
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f o
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K
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2849
Co
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n
c
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p
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Ev
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2
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D.
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.
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a
ty
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n
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n
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De
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d
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c
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t
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3
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A
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IEE
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In
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[6
4
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Yi
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L
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n
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ter
n
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t
io
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T
ra
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ti
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n
s o
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En
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y
S
y
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ms
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2
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.
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[6
5
]
S
a
ji
d
Hu
ss
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in
Qa
z
i,
M
.
W
.
M
u
sta
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,
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m
p
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V
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M
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r,
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In
ter
n
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a
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J
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o
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E
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En
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