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co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
las
t sectio
n
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
w
e
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
7
7
0
0
K
R
P
W
-
L
E
Ds
as
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
ea
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
R
P
W
-
L
E
D
a
s
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
.
Fo
r
th
is
p
u
r
p
o
s
e,
w
e
s
et
th
e
m
ai
n
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
R
P
W
-
L
E
D
s
as t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
:
-
T
h
e
d
ep
th
,
th
e
in
n
er
an
d
o
u
t
er
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
r
ef
lecto
r
to
2
.
0
7
m
m
,
8
m
m
an
d
9
.
8
5
m
m
,
r
es
p
ec
tiv
el
y
.
-
L
E
D
c
h
ip
s
ar
e
co
v
er
ed
w
it
h
a
f
i
x
ed
th
ic
k
n
es
s
o
f
0
.
0
8
m
m
an
d
2
.
0
7
m
m
.
E
ac
h
b
l
u
e
c
h
ip
h
as
a
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
1
.
1
4
m
m
b
y
0
.
1
5
m
m
,
th
e
r
ad
i
an
t f
lu
x
o
f
1
.
1
6
W
,
an
d
th
e
p
e
ak
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
o
f
4
5
3
n
m
.
-
T
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
th
e
y
ello
w
-
e
m
itti
n
g
Y
A
G:
C
e
an
d
t
h
e
r
ed
-
e
m
itti
n
g
K
2
Si
F
6
:Mn
4+
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
s
p
ar
ticles
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
i
lico
n
e
g
lu
e,
w
h
ich
r
e
s
p
ec
tiv
el
y
h
av
e
th
e
r
ef
r
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
d
ices
o
f
1
.
8
5
,
1
.
9
5
an
d
1
.
5
0
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
a
v
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
th
e
y
el
lo
w
-
e
m
itt
in
g
Y
A
G:
C
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticles
ar
e
s
et
to
7
.
2
5
µm
li
k
e
a
v
alu
e
o
f
r
ea
l p
ar
ticle
s
ize
[
1
5
-
1
7
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
(
a)
T
h
e
r
ea
l RP
W
-
L
E
Ds,
(
b
)
P
h
y
s
ica
l
m
o
d
el
o
f
t
h
e
7
7
0
0
K
R
P
W
-
L
E
Ds
Her
e,
w
e
u
s
e
t
h
e
Mie
-
t
h
eo
r
y
f
o
r
in
v
est
ig
at
in
g
t
h
e
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
o
f
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
n
t
h
e
o
p
tical
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
R
P
W
-
L
E
Ds [
1
,
3
,
1
5
-
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
s
ca
n
b
e
f
o
r
m
u
lated
v
ia
t
h
e
co
ef
f
ic
i
en
ts
.
T
h
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
μ
sca
(
λ)
(
m
m
-
1
)
,
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
μ
abs
(
λ
)
(
m
m
-
1
)
,
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
f
ac
to
r
g
(
λ)
(
m
m
-
1
)
,
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
e
f
f
icien
t
δ
sca
(
λ
)
(
m
m
-
1
)
c
an
b
e
co
m
p
u
ted
b
y
th
e
b
elo
w
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
s
(
1
)
,
(
2
)
,
(
3
)
,
an
d
(
4
)
:
(
)
(
)
(
,
)
s
c
a
s
c
a
N
r
C
r
d
r
(
1
)
(
)
(
)
(
,
)
a
b
s
a
b
s
N
r
C
r
d
r
(
2
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
K
2
S
iF6
:
Mn
4
+ p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
:
r
ec
o
mme
n
d
a
tio
n
f
o
r
imp
r
o
vin
g
L
O
a
n
d
D
-
C
C
T o
f th
e
…
(
P
h
u
Tr
a
n
Tin
)
3977
1
1
(
)
2
(
,
,
)
(
)
c
os
c
os
g
p
r
f
r
d
dr
(
3
)
(
1
)
s
c
a
s
c
a
g
(
4
)
w
h
er
e
N
(
r
)
i
n
d
icate
s
th
e
d
i
s
tr
i
b
u
tio
n
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
i
f
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles (
m
m
3
)
.
C
abs
an
d
C
sca
i
s
th
e
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
a
n
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
cr
o
s
s
s
ec
t
io
n
s
(
m
m
2
)
,
p
(
θ,
λ,
r
)
is
t
h
e
p
h
ase
f
u
n
ct
i
o
n
,
λ
is
th
e
li
g
h
t
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
(
n
m
)
,
r
i
s
th
e
r
ad
iu
s
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
p
ar
ticles
(
µ
m
)
,
an
d
θ
is
th
e
s
ca
tter
in
g
an
g
le
(
°),
an
d
f(
r
)
)
i
s
th
e
s
ize
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
in
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
o
u
s
la
y
er
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
f(
r
)
an
d
N
(
r
)
ca
n
b
e
c
alcu
lated
b
y
:
(
)
(
)
(
)
d
i
f
p
h
o
s
f
r
f
r
f
r
(
5
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
.
[
(
)
(
)
]
d
i
f
p
h
o
s
N
d
i
f
p
h
o
s
N
r
N
r
N
r
K
f
r
f
r
(
6
)
N
(
r
)
is
co
m
p
o
s
ed
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
iv
e
p
ar
ticle
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
i
t
y
N
dif
(
r
)
an
d
t
h
e
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ti
cle
n
u
m
b
er
d
en
s
i
t
y
N
phos
(
r
)
.
I
n
t
h
ese
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
,
f
dif
(
r
)
a
n
d
f
phos
(
r
)
ar
e
th
e
s
iz
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
d
ata
o
f
th
e
d
i
f
f
u
s
o
r
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
p
ar
ticle.
Her
e
K
N
i
s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
it
d
if
f
u
s
o
r
f
o
r
o
n
e
d
if
f
u
s
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
eq
u
atio
n
:
()
N
c
K
M
r
d
r
(
7
)
w
h
er
e
M
(
r
)
is
t
h
e
m
ass
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
u
n
it d
if
f
u
s
er
an
d
c
an
b
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
th
e
b
elo
w
e
q
u
atio
n
:
3
4
(
)
[
(
)
(
)
]
3
d
if
d
if
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
s
M
r
r
f
r
f
r
(
8
)
Her
e
ρ
diff
(
r
)
an
d
ρ
phos
(
r
)
ar
e
th
e
d
en
s
it
y
o
f
d
if
f
u
s
er
an
d
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
cr
y
s
tal
[
1
8
-
2
6
]
.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
Fig
u
r
e
3
p
lo
ts
th
e
i
n
f
lu
e
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
o
n
th
e
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t
w
it
h
t
h
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
4
5
3
n
m
,
5
5
5
n
m
,
an
d
6
8
0
n
m
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
es
u
l
ts
,
i
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
c
atter
in
g
co
ef
f
icien
t
in
cr
ea
s
es
w
it
h
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
ef
f
i
cien
t
i
s
t
h
e
5
5
5
n
m
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
,
an
d
th
e
lo
w
e
s
t
is
th
e
6
8
0
n
m
o
n
e.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
th
e
w
h
ite
-
li
g
h
t
q
u
alit
y
ca
n
b
e
en
h
a
n
ce
d
b
y
co
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
R
P
W
-
L
E
Ds
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
la
y
er
v
er
s
u
s
t
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
W
e
ca
n
s
ee
th
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
s
4
5
3
n
m
,
5
5
5
n
m
,
a
n
d
6
8
0
n
m
s
i
g
n
if
ican
tl
y
r
i
s
e
u
p
wh
ile
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
0
to
3
0
%.
A
ll
r
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
i
n
g
co
ef
f
i
cien
ts
o
f
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
s
4
5
3
n
m
,
5
5
5
n
m
a
n
d
6
8
0
n
m
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e
w
i
th
ea
c
h
o
th
er
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Scatter
in
g
co
ef
f
icie
n
ts
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
R
ed
u
ce
d
s
ca
tter
in
g
c
o
ef
f
icie
n
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
er
2
0
1
9
:
39
75
-
3980
3978
An
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
4
5
3
n
m
,
5
5
5
n
m
,
an
d
6
8
0
n
m
v
er
s
u
s
th
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ar
e
il
lu
s
tr
ated
in
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fro
m
F
ig
u
r
e
5
,
w
e
ca
n
s
ee
t
h
at
all
a
n
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
e
f
f
icie
n
ts
o
f
w
a
v
ele
n
g
t
h
s
4
5
3
n
m
,
5
5
5
n
m
an
d
6
8
0
n
m
d
o
n
o
t
ch
an
g
e
w
it
h
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
r
ed
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
f
r
o
m
0
to
3
0
%.
T
h
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
ef
f
icien
ts
o
f
w
av
ele
n
g
t
h
s
5
5
5
n
m
ar
e
h
i
g
h
er
th
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
o
n
es.
T
h
e
an
is
o
tr
o
p
y
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
s
o
f
w
a
v
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NC
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S
[1
]
“
De
sig
n
o
f
L
ED
P
a
c
k
a
g
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g
A
p
p
li
c
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s
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0
1
1
.
[2
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E.
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y
,
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e
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1
4
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p
.
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5
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1
5
3
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0
1
4
.
[3
]
H.
W
in
k
ler
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
ED
L
ig
h
ti
n
g
:T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
P
e
rc
e
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ti
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W
e
in
h
e
im
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e
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-
V
CH
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
X
.
L
u
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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a
t
a
n
d
F
lu
id
F
lo
w
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Hig
h
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k
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n
d
A
p
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ti
o
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s
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Pro
g
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s
s
in
En
e
rg
y
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n
d
Co
mb
u
sti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
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v
o
l
.
56
,
p
p
.
1
-
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0
1
6
.
[5
]
H.
F
.
S
i
jb
o
m
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
K_
2
S
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_
6
:
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n
^4
a
s a re
d
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re
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f
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ti
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M
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ter
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ss
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3
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7
.
[6
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P
.
F
.
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m
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t,
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t
a
l.
,
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ti
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1
.
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]
Y.
W
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n
g
,
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t
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l.
,
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stig
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ti
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[8
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.
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.
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,
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[9
]
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h
u
a
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t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
g
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lar
CC
T
u
n
if
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rm
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y
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f
p
h
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L
EDs:
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f
fe
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ts
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teria
ls
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n
d
p
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k
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g
in
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stru
c
tu
re
s,
”
IEE
E
Ph
o
t
o
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ics
T
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c
h
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l.
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p
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0
1
1
.
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0
]
C.
S
o
m
m
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
a
il
o
rin
g
o
f
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e
Co
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r
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n
v
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n
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ts
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s
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h
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rted
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h
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Po
w
e
r
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b
y
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ti
c
a
l
S
im
u
latio
n
s
,
”
IE
EE
P
h
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t
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n
ics
T
e
c
h
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y
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l.
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,
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p
.
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4
1
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
S.
L
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
g
u
lar
Co
lo
r
Un
if
o
rm
it
y
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h
a
n
c
e
m
e
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t
o
f
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h
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n
v
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rted
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h
it
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In
teg
ra
ted
w
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p
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t
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if
ied
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re
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f
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m
T
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p
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n
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n
ts
,
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2
0
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1
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th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
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n
a
l
Co
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fer
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e
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n
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tro
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k
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mp
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h
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n
sity
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c
k
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g
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n
g
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
2
]
Z.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
F
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c
to
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e
c
ti
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g
C
o
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t
io
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o
f
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,
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2
0
0
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In
ter
n
a
ti
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g
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g
,
2
0
0
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.
[1
3
]
Z.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Op
t
ica
l
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Co
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b
u
ti
o
n
in
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h
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rio
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P
a
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k
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E
Ph
o
t
o
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T
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c
h
n
o
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y
L
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,
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l.
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p
p
.
2
0
2
7
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9
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.
[1
4
]
Z.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Eff
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ts
o
f
P
h
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s
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ti
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.
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5
]
T
.
H.
Q.
M
in
h
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
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it
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te
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it
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EDs
,
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o
u
rn
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o
f
th
e
Ch
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se
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o
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,
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l.
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,
p
p
.
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3
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7
,
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0
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7
.
[1
6
]
N.
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a
l.
,
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3
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ip
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.
[1
7
]
N.
D.
Q.
A
n
h
a
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d
H
.
Y
.
L
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e
,
“
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”
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o
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e
Ch
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n
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In
stit
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o
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rs
,
v
o
l.
39
,
p
p
.
871
-
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5
,
2
0
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6
.
[1
8
]
“
Be
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M
ie'
s
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e
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l
Pro
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y
ste
ms
,
pp.
3
1
7
-
3
3
9
,
2
0
1
1
.
[1
9
]
J.
R.
F
risv
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
P
re
d
ictin
g
t
h
e
A
p
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ra
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f
M
a
teria
ls
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sin
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L
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re
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z
–
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ie
T
h
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o
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y
,
”
T
h
e
M
ie
T
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ry
S
p
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s in
Op
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ica
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S
c
ien
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e
s
,
p
p
.
101
-
1
3
3
,
2
0
1
2
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
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:
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0
]
D.
M
a
c
k
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k
i,
“
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ten
sio
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ie
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y
to
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re
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p
.
2
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3
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6
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0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
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.
W
ried
t,
“
M
ie T
h
e
o
r
y
:
A
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
T
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e
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ie T
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p
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r S
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ies
in
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e
s
,
p
p
.
53
-
71
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
2
]
X
.
L
u
o
a
n
d
R.
Hu
,
“
Ch
i
p
p
a
c
k
a
g
i
n
g
:
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c
a
p
su
lati
o
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f
n
it
ri
d
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EDs
,”
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rid
e
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d
u
c
to
r L
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t
-
Emit
ti
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g
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d
e
s
(
L
EDs),
pp.
4
4
1
-
4
8
1
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
3
]
M
.
I.
M
ish
c
h
e
n
k
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
,
A
b
so
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ti
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,
a
n
d
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issio
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f
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ig
h
t
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m
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ll
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a
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c
les
,”
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m
b
rid
g
e
,
Ca
m
b
rid
g
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
P
re
ss
,
2
0
0
2
.
[2
4
]
J.
Zh
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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ie
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h
e
o
ry
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im
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latio
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stru
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t
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re
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m o
n
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tro
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ics
(
S
OPO)
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
5
]
C.
S
o
m
m
e
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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h
e
I
m
p
a
c
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o
f
L
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g
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t
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th
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d
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t
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lu
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f
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r
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rted
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o
w
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r
W
h
it
e
L
ig
h
t
-
E
m
it
ti
n
g
Dio
d
e
s
,
”
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o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
L
i
g
h
twa
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
29
,
p
p
.
2
2
8
5
-
2
2
9
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
6
]
M.
Jo
n
a
sz
a
n
d
G
.
R.
F
o
u
r
n
ier
,
“
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
F
e
a
tu
re
s
o
f
S
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
o
f
L
ig
h
t
b
y
P
a
rti
c
les
in
W
a
ter
,
”
L
ig
h
t
S
c
a
tt
e
rin
g
b
y
Pa
rticle
s in
W
a
ter
,
p
p
.
87
-
1
4
3
,
2
0
0
7
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.