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e.
R
esear
c
h
er
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
s
ev
er
al
s
tr
ate
g
ies
to
ca
lcu
late
t
h
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
t
r
an
s
m
itted
d
ata,
s
u
c
h
as
b
o
s
e
-
ch
a
u
d
h
u
r
i
-
h
o
cq
u
e
n
g
h
e
m
(
B
C
H)
,
r
ee
d
s
o
lo
m
o
n
(
R
S),
an
d
lo
w
-
d
en
s
it
y
p
ar
it
y
c
h
ec
k
(
L
DP
C
)
.
T
h
e
ch
alle
n
g
in
g
p
ar
t
is
to
id
en
ti
f
y
th
e
s
u
itab
l
e
s
tr
ateg
y
in
ter
m
s
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y
f
o
r
e
r
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
e
c
t
i
o
n
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
T
h
i
s
o
p
e
n
r
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
q
u
e
s
t
i
o
n
m
a
k
e
s
t
h
i
s
t
o
p
i
c
t
o
b
e
t
h
e
i
n
t
e
r
e
s
t
o
f
m
an
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
.
T
h
e
th
r
ea
ts
t
h
at
ar
e
f
ac
i
n
g
t
h
e
W
S
N
lead
s
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
s
ev
er
al
w
o
r
k
s
to
p
r
ev
en
t
W
SN
f
r
o
m
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
attac
k
s
.
T
y
p
icall
y
,
th
e
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
co
m
p
u
tati
o
n
ab
ilit
ies
o
f
W
SN
ar
e
n
o
t
en
o
u
g
h
to
m
a
n
a
g
e
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
m
et
h
o
d
s
(
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
et
h
o
d
)
.
T
o
av
o
id
th
e
attac
k
s
w
ith
l
ess
co
m
p
u
ta
tio
n
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
w
er
,
p
h
y
s
ical
la
y
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
f
o
r
W
SN
is
an
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
b
e
s
ele
cted
.
In
[
1
3
]
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
th
a
t
t
h
e
P
L
S
te
ch
n
iq
u
es
co
u
ld
b
e
ap
p
lied
t
o
W
S
N
to
en
s
u
r
e
p
er
f
ec
t
s
ec
r
ec
y
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
[
1
4
-
1
6
]
clai
m
th
a
t
t
h
e
a
n
cr
y
p
t
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
c
h
a
n
n
el
a
w
ar
e
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
,
an
d
s
t
o
ch
asti
c
e
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
ac
h
iv
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
n
d
r
ea
lib
alit
y
.
Yet,
h
ig
h
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l e
n
er
g
y
a
n
d
ab
il
it
y
ar
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
.
T
o
th
e
b
est
o
f
t
h
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
’
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
b
en
e
f
it
s
i
n
W
SN
h
a
s
n
o
t
b
ee
n
ad
eq
u
atel
y
w
ell
i
n
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
L
S.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
t
u
d
ies
th
e
a
f
f
ec
ts
o
f
v
ar
io
u
s
er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
o
n
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
o
f
W
SN
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
th
e
m
e
tr
ic
is
u
s
ed
u
n
l
ik
e
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
liter
atu
r
e
wo
r
k
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
eq
u
iv
o
ca
tio
n
is
u
s
ed
as
th
e
m
etr
ic
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
I
n
th
is
p
ap
er
,
a
b
r
ief
ex
p
lan
at
io
n
o
n
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
W
SNs
i
s
p
r
esen
ted
as
w
ell
s
i
n
ce
m
a
n
y
p
r
ev
io
u
s
wo
r
k
s
o
n
l
y
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
th
e
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
r
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
asp
ec
ts
.
No
n
t
h
eles
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
a
f
e
w
i
n
v
esti
g
ati
o
n
s
s
u
g
g
esti
n
g
t
h
at
th
e
v
ar
io
u
s
c
h
an
n
el
co
d
es
af
f
ec
t
th
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
t
io
n
d
if
f
er
en
tl
y
f
o
r
W
SNs
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
cie
s
o
f
th
e
co
d
e’
s
e
n
er
g
y
ar
e
e
v
alu
a
t
ed
w
it
h
an
an
a
l
y
t
ical
r
ad
io
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
au
t
h
o
r
s
o
f
[
4
]
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
w
i
th
t
h
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
co
d
es
b
ased
o
n
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
t
h
e
ch
a
n
n
el.
I
n
o
th
er
w
o
r
d
s
,
th
er
e
ar
e
s
m
all
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
co
d
es
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
i
n
a
g
o
o
d
q
u
alit
y
c
h
a
n
n
el.
Si
n
ce
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
p
o
w
er
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
f
o
r
th
e
co
d
in
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
h
ig
h
[
1
9
]
,
s
elec
tin
g
t
h
e
l
ess
co
m
p
lex
co
d
in
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
is
e
s
s
e
n
tial
m
ai
n
l
y
w
it
h
t
h
e
W
SN
ap
p
licatio
n
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
an
d
m
e
m
o
r
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
[
2
0
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
an
al
y
ze
s
th
e
P
L
S
b
y
in
v
esti
g
ati
n
g
s
ev
er
al
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
s
co
d
es
s
u
ch
as
RS
t
-
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es.
Mo
r
e
o
v
er
,
th
e
f
o
cu
s
i
s
to
s
t
u
d
y
t
h
e
a
f
f
ec
t
o
f
th
e
t
-
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
o
n
th
e
P
L
S.
T
h
e
BCH
co
d
es
ac
ch
iv
es
h
i
g
h
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
L
DP
C
co
d
es.
T
h
u
s
,
B
C
H
is
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
w
it
h
ad
d
itio
n
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
s
u
ch
a
s
s
cr
a
m
b
l
in
g
[
2
1
]
.
Scr
am
b
lin
g
t
h
e
d
ata
b
its
is
e
m
p
lo
y
ed
as a
n
ad
d
itio
n
a
l
s
tr
ateg
y
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
b
y
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
er
n
o
d
e
an
d
le
g
i
ti
m
ate
r
ec
ei
v
er
.
B
y
s
cr
a
m
b
li
n
g
th
e
d
ata
b
its
,
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
it
er
r
o
r
is
m
ain
tain
ed
clo
s
e
to
0
.
5
w
ith
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
in
g
o
f
SN
R
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
o
r
g
an
izatio
n
o
f
t
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
p
r
es
en
ts
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el.
Sectio
n
3
p
r
o
v
id
es
s
o
m
e
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
r
eg
ar
d
in
g
th
e
s
cr
a
m
b
led
t
-
er
r
o
r
c
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
e
s
,
RS
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
es,
an
d
B
C
H
co
d
e
.
Sectio
n
4
d
is
cu
s
s
es
th
e
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
c
o
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
cr
a
m
b
le
d
t
-
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
(
R
S)
.
F
in
al
l
y
,
s
ec
tio
n
5
co
n
cl
u
d
es th
i
s
p
ap
er
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
co
n
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
o
f
t
h
is
p
ap
er
a
r
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
as f
o
ll
o
w
:
T
h
e
an
aly
s
is
o
f
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
s
u
ch
as
s
cr
a
m
b
le
d
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es,
BCH
,
an
d
RS
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
ter
m
s
o
f
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
is
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ated
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
cr
a
m
b
led
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es a
n
d
th
e
RS
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
i
s
d
o
n
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
b
et
w
ee
n
s
cr
a
m
b
led
BCH
an
d
u
n
s
cr
a
m
b
led
B
C
H
.
2.
SYST
E
M
M
O
DE
L
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
,
t
h
e
ad
d
iti
v
e
w
h
ite
g
a
u
s
s
ian
n
o
is
e
(
A
W
GN
)
w
ir
e
-
tap
ch
a
n
n
e
l
is
u
til
ized
as
th
e
m
ai
n
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
c
h
a
n
n
el
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
s
e
n
d
er
(
A
lice)
,
th
e
leg
it
i
m
ate
r
ec
eiv
er
(
B
o
b
)
an
d
ea
v
es
d
r
o
p
p
er
n
o
d
e
(
E
v
e)
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
f
ir
s
t
l
y
b
y
[
2
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
t
y
p
ica
l
W
y
n
er
w
ir
etap
ch
an
n
el.
T
h
e
s
en
d
er
(
A
lice)
u
s
e
s
an
y
s
u
itab
le
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
tech
n
i
q
u
e
to
s
en
d
t
h
e
d
ata
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
to
th
e
leg
iti
m
ate
r
ec
eiv
er
(
B
o
b
)
.
T
h
e
d
ata
is
r
ec
eiv
ed
b
y
b
o
th
B
o
b
an
d
E
v
e,
w
h
er
e
b
o
th
ar
e
a
w
ar
e
o
f
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
d
er
.
As
a
r
esu
lt,
t
h
e
r
ec
ei
v
ed
d
ata
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
at
b
o
th
B
o
b
an
d
E
v
e
i
s
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
m
es
s
a
g
es
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
in
t
h
e
ch
an
n
els
b
et
w
ee
n
E
v
e
an
d
A
lice,
an
d
B
o
b
an
d
A
lice
m
ak
e
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
r
ec
o
v
er
ed
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
h
ysica
l la
ye
r
s
ec
u
r
ity
a
n
d
en
erg
y
efficien
cy
o
ve
r
d
iffer
en
t
…
(
Mo
h
a
mme
d
A
h
med
Ma
g
z
o
u
b
)
6675
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
W
ir
e
-
tap
ch
an
n
el
’
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
3.
P
E
RF
O
RM
ANCE AN
AL
YS
I
S F
O
R
T
H
E
E
RRO
R
CO
R
RE
C
T
I
O
N
CO
D
E
S
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
s
ea
ch
t
-
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
co
d
es
tech
n
iq
u
es.
T
h
e
s
cr
am
b
led
co
d
es
a
n
d
th
e
RS
co
d
e
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ed
in
ter
m
s
o
f
P
L
S.
3
.
1
.
Ree
d
s
o
lo
m
o
n (
R
S)
RS
is
a
co
m
m
o
n
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
a
t
is
u
s
ed
w
i
th
v
ar
io
u
s
b
it
s
.
RS
p
r
o
v
id
es
d
esira
b
le
r
esu
lt
s
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
b
u
r
s
t
er
r
o
r
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
ese
er
r
o
r
s
d
o
n
e
in
th
e
b
its
lev
el.
RS
co
d
e
is
d
ef
in
ed
as
(
;
)
co
d
e
w
h
er
e
d
en
o
t
es
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
b
its
i
n
t
h
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
an
d
d
en
o
tes
th
e
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
b
its
i
n
th
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
.
RS
co
d
es
ca
n
co
r
r
ec
t
(
−
)
/
2
er
r
o
r
s
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
an
tag
es
o
f
RS
ar
e
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
th
e
S
NR
an
d
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ec
r
ec
y
r
ate.
3
.
1
.
1
.
G
a
lo
is
f
iel
d (
G
F
)
Galo
is
f
ie
l
d
(
GF)
is
a
s
p
ec
ial
f
ield
th
a
t
h
a
s
a
s
p
ec
ial
p
r
o
p
er
t
y
,
th
e
ar
it
h
m
etic
o
p
er
atio
n
s
ad
d
itio
n
,
s
u
b
tr
ac
tio
n
,
m
u
ltip
licatio
n
,
an
d
d
iv
is
io
n
o
n
f
ield
ele
m
en
t
s
al
w
a
y
s
h
av
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
3
.
1
.
2
.
G
ener
a
t
o
r
po
ly
n
o
m
ia
l
I
n
R
S,
t
h
e
v
al
id
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
ed
b
y
t
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ia
l.
T
h
e
g
en
er
al
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial
i
s
d
ef
in
ed
as:
(
)
(
−
)
(
−
+
1
)
…
.
.
(
−
+
2
)
(
1
)
th
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
is
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
(
)
=
(
−
+
1
)
…
.
.
(
−
+
2
)
(
2
)
w
h
er
e
g
(
x
)
,
i(
x
)
an
d
c
(
x)
ar
e
t
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
p
o
ly
n
o
m
ial,
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
b
lo
ck
,
a
n
d
v
alid
co
d
ew
o
r
d
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
3
.
1
.
3
.
E
nco
der
T
h
e
2
t is ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
:
(
)
=
(
)
.
(
−
)
(
)
(
3
)
I
n
R
S e
n
co
d
er
ea
ch
r
eg
is
ter
h
o
ld
s
a
s
y
m
b
o
l t
h
at
co
n
s
is
t o
f
8
b
its
.
3
.
1
.
4
.
Dec
o
der
T
h
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
,
th
e
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
an
d
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
.
(
)
=
(
)
+
(
)
(
4
)
R
S c
an
f
i
n
d
u
p
to
t e
r
r
o
r
p
o
s
itio
n
an
d
co
r
r
ec
t th
e
m
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
b
it e
r
r
o
r
o
f
RS
u
s
i
n
g
h
a
r
d
d
ec
is
io
n
d
ec
o
d
in
g
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as,
=
1
/
∑
(
)
(
1
−
)
−
{
}
=
+
1
(
5
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
6
7
3
-
6
6
8
1
6676
W
h
er
e
d
en
o
te
s
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
c
h
an
n
el
b
it
er
r
o
r
,
d
en
o
tes
th
e
b
it
s
n
u
m
b
er
in
th
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
,
an
d
=
(
−
)
/
2
is
th
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
RS
co
d
e
to
co
r
r
ec
t
er
r
o
r
s
.
RS
co
d
es
h
av
e
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ec
o
d
in
g
s
tr
ateg
ies.
Ho
w
ev
er
,
th
e
s
tr
ate
g
y
o
f
h
ar
d
d
ec
i
s
io
n
-
d
ec
o
d
in
g
i
s
s
elec
ted
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
illu
s
tr
ates
t
h
e
BER
o
f
th
e
RS
co
d
es
w
ith
s
ev
er
al
c
o
d
e
-
len
g
th
.
B
ased
o
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
,
th
e
RS
co
d
es
ar
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
to
b
e
h
ig
h
l
y
i
m
p
er
f
ec
t
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
in
cr
ea
m
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
er
r
o
r
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
o
f
th
e
SN
R
an
d
th
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
.
T
h
is
i
m
p
er
f
ec
tio
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as a
n
ad
v
an
ta
g
e
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
.
3
.
2
.
B
o
s
e
-
cha
ud
hu
ri
-
ho
cque
ng
he
m
(
B
CH
)
BCH
is
d
ee
m
ed
as
a
n
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
e
ctio
n
co
d
es
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
is
ab
le
f
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
an
d
d
ete
ctin
g
s
ev
er
al
b
its
er
r
o
r
[
2
3
-
2
5
]
.
B
C
H
is
a
n
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tin
g
co
d
e
tech
n
iq
u
e
th
at
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
W
SN
s
d
u
e
to
its
p
r
o
p
er
ties
o
f
en
h
a
n
ci
n
g
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
b
y
23%
[
2
0
]
.
B
C
H
w
a
s
s
e
lecte
d
b
y
[
2
1
]
to
b
e
s
cr
a
m
b
led
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
er
an
d
th
e
leg
iti
m
ate
r
ec
eiv
er
.
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
BCH
h
as
b
ee
n
ev
a
lu
a
ted
w
ith
o
u
t
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
c
r
a
m
b
lin
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
a
n
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
ag
ain
s
t
R
ee
d
So
lo
m
o
n
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
cr
a
m
b
l
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
in
d
icate
s
th
e
i
m
p
a
ct
o
f
th
e
s
cr
a
m
b
li
n
g
o
n
BCH
c
o
d
e.
T
h
e
B
E
R
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
s
ig
n
i
f
ican
tl
y
w
it
h
s
cr
a
m
b
li
n
g
a
s
th
e
S
NR
i
n
cr
ea
s
es a
n
d
o
u
tp
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
a
t
w
it
h
o
u
t scr
a
m
b
l
in
g
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
BER
o
f
R
S c
o
d
es u
s
i
n
g
B
P
SK o
v
er
an
A
W
GN
c
h
an
n
el
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
BER
o
f
B
C
H
w
ith
a
n
d
w
it
h
o
u
t scr
a
m
b
li
n
g
3
.
3
.
Scra
m
b
led t
-
er
ro
r
co
rr
ec
t
io
n c
o
des
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
No
n
-
s
y
s
te
m
atic
co
d
es
is
f
ir
s
tl
y
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
e
au
t
h
er
s
o
f
[
2
0
]
u
tili
ze
th
e
s
cr
a
m
b
li
n
g
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
.
T
h
u
s
,
p
r
o
v
in
g
th
at
s
cr
a
m
b
li
n
g
h
a
s
a
s
ig
n
if
ica
n
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
.
T
h
e
s
cr
am
b
li
n
g
tech
n
iq
u
e
ass
u
m
ed
t
h
at
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
i
tter
is
g
o
in
g
to
e
n
co
d
e
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
as
f
o
llo
w
,
=
.
.
(
6
)
w
h
er
e
th
e
is
a
g
en
er
ato
r
m
a
tr
ix
w
it
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
,
an
d
is
s
cr
a
m
b
lin
g
m
a
tr
ix
w
it
h
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
.
T
h
e
g
en
er
ato
r
m
atr
i
x
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
i
n
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
w
a
y
s
d
u
e
t
o
its
s
y
s
te
m
atic
c
h
ar
ac
ter
.
No
w
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as
=
[
|
]
,
is
id
en
tit
y
m
atr
i
x
w
ith
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
,
an
d
is
(
−
)
p
ar
ity
ch
ec
k
m
atr
i
x
.
No
w
w
i
th
al
l
m
en
tio
n
ed
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
co
d
ew
o
r
d
ca
n
b
e
w
r
it
ten
a
s
,
=
[
.
|
.
.
]
=
[
|
]
(
7
)
Fro
m
t
h
e
ab
o
v
e
eq
u
at
io
n
,
t
h
e
is
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
o
f
t
h
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
w
h
ile
t
h
e
is
la
s
t
r
b
its
o
f
th
e
co
d
e
w
o
r
d
.
T
o
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
P
L
S,
th
e
BER
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
ten
d
ed
r
ec
eiv
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lo
w
as
w
el
l
as
t
h
e
SN
R
s
h
o
u
l
d
b
e
h
ig
h
en
o
u
g
h
to
en
s
u
r
e
al
l
th
e
er
r
o
r
s
co
u
ld
b
e
c
o
r
r
ec
t
ed
an
d
f
o
r
th
at
=
=
.
1
T
h
e
b
it
er
r
o
r
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
w
h
i
le
th
e
BER
f
o
r
th
e
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
er
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
h
ig
h
,
as
w
ell
a
s
th
e
SN
R
,
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
lo
w
s
o
th
at
th
e
ea
v
esd
r
o
p
p
er
is
n
o
t
g
o
i
n
g
to
b
e
ab
le
to
d
ec
o
d
e
th
e
m
ess
a
g
e
an
d
f
o
r
th
a
t,
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
t
h
e
d
escr
a
m
b
ler
f
o
r
th
e
ea
v
e
s
d
r
o
p
p
er
ca
n
b
e
w
r
itte
n
as,
=
+
.
−
1
(
8
)
w
h
er
e
is
t
h
e
lef
t p
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
v
ec
to
r
[
|
]
f
o
r
th
e
p
er
f
ec
t scr
a
m
b
lin
g
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
h
ysica
l la
ye
r
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ates
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s
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Fig
u
r
e
4
d
ep
icts
th
e
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le
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f
s
cr
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r
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atr
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r
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4
.
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if
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er
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t
he
er
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r
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io
n c
o
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h
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th
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n
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to
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ak
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e
m
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al
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atio
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ess
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h
e
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ata
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a
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.
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ates
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ter
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.
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f
iciency
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ly
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B
ased
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[
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,
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,
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10
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:
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it.
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ip
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4.
SI
M
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AT
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O
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S
UL
T
S
AND
DIS
CUSS
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N
T
h
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s
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tio
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p
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a
n
d
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m
p
ar
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et
w
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d
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r
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r
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ter
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o
f
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ic.
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h
e
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d
e
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len
g
t
h
f
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r
b
o
th
tec
h
n
iq
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e
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n
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id
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=
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.
R
S
a
n
d
s
cr
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m
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-
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r
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tio
n
co
d
es
ar
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
A
W
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ch
a
n
n
el.
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r
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er
,
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e
d
ata
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g
t
h
f
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r
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n
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ca
lcu
lated
as,
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(
√
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⁄
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)
w
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e
.
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h
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s
tr
ates T
ab
le
1
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er
r
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tio
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d
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ased
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n
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a
b
le
1
,
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ti
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s
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to
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m
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li
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v
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s
m
allis
t
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m
p
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w
ith
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r
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r
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r
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tech
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ased
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lt,
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e
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u
t
t
h
e
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d
itio
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o
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er
tech
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s
.
F
ig
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r
e
5
s
h
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h
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o
r
th
e
R
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co
d
e
an
d
th
e
s
cr
a
m
b
led
t
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er
r
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r
.
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ab
le
1
.
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it
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ap
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if
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e
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t e
r
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4
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lo
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5
Pun
c
t
ur
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d
LD
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U
n
sc
r
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le
d
BC
H
11
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
BER
f
o
r
th
e
s
cr
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m
b
led
t
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r
o
r
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S c
o
d
e
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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8708
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h
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l la
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r
s
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u
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ity
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n
d
en
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mme
d
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h
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g
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ab
le
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m
p
ar
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th
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r
eq
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ir
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s
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v
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.
1
4
(
R
2
0
1
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a
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.
B
ase
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2
,
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r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
T
e
lec
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
(M
M
U),
M
a
lay
sia
.
His
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
W
irele
ss
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
la
y
e
r
s
e
c
u
rit
y
,
c
o
o
p
e
ra
ti
v
e
re
la
y
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
a
n
d
non
-
o
rt
h
o
g
o
n
a
l
m
u
lt
i
a
c
c
e
ss
n
e
two
rk
.
H
a
d
h
r
a
m
i
A
b
d
G
h
a
n
i
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
is
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tro
n
ics
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
M
u
lt
ime
d
ia
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
M
a
la
y
sia
(M
M
U)
in
2
0
0
2
.
In
2
0
0
4
,
h
e
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
m
a
ste
r’s
d
e
g
re
e
in
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
t
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
e
lb
o
u
r
n
e
.
He
th
e
n
p
u
rsu
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
a
t
Im
p
e
r
ial
Co
ll
e
g
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
i
n
t
h
e
sa
m
e
stu
d
y
a
re
a
a
n
d
c
o
m
p
lete
d
h
is
P
h
.
D.
re
se
a
rc
h
in
2
0
1
1
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
se
rv
e
s
a
s
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
a
c
a
d
e
m
i
c
a
n
d
re
se
a
r
c
h
sta
ff
m
e
m
b
e
rs
a
t
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
(M
M
U).
No
r
A
z
li
n
a
A
b
Az
i
z
re
c
e
iv
e
d
h
e
r
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsi
ty
o
f
M
a
la
y
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
S
h
e
is
c
u
rre
n
tl
y
a
s
e
n
io
r
lec
tu
re
r
w
it
h
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
M
u
lt
im
e
d
ia
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
M
e
lak
a
,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
He
r
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
a
sp
e
c
ts
a
n
d
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
a
l
i
n
t
e
ll
ig
e
n
c
e
in
w
irele
s
s
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
t
io
n
,
b
io
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
c
s,
o
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
re
se
a
rc
h
a
n
d
a
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
.
Az
w
a
n
M
a
h
m
u
d
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
(
w
it
h
f
irst
-
c
las
s
h
o
n
o
rs)
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
Co
ll
e
g
e
o
f
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
L
o
n
d
o
n
,
U.K.,
in
1
9
9
8
,
M
BA
d
e
g
re
e
in
stra
teg
ic
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
f
ro
m
th
e
U
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
M
a
la
y
si
a
,
in
2
0
0
8
,
a
n
d
P
h
D
in
w
irele
ss
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
M
a
n
c
h
e
ste
r,
UK
,
in
2
0
1
4
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
si
s
f
o
r
5
G
c
e
ll
u
lar
s
y
ste
m
s,
h
e
tero
g
e
n
e
o
u
s
sy
ste
m
s,
r
e
la
y
,
s
m
a
ll
c
e
ll
s,
w
irele
ss
p
o
w
e
r
tran
sfe
r,
D2
D,
DA
S
a
n
d
V2
X
sy
ste
m
s.
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