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t
io
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l J
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l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
202
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
3
7
~
5
1
4
3
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
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5
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i
j
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e
.
v
11
i
6
.
pp
5
1
3
7
-
5
1
4
3
5137
J
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it
.
ed
u
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
No
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t
h
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in
ter
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tec
h
n
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m
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li
f
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s
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all
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h
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ig
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tech
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ep
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ch
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a
tch
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Yo
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T
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Face
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o
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Go
o
g
le’
s
s
er
v
ices,
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
t
h
e
r
e
is
a
h
u
g
e
i
m
p
ac
t
o
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i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
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a
n
d
C
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m
m
u
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s
o
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s
’
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o
n
o
m
ics.
Fo
r
th
e
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s
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et’
s
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b
s
cr
ib
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th
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ld
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ter
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el
iab
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d
h
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g
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b
an
d
w
id
th
[
3
]
,
[
4
]
.
I
n
I
r
aq
,
th
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s
to
r
y
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f
t
h
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ter
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is
co
m
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licated
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i
n
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w
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s
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tr
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an
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ad
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ld
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s
tate
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s
o
r
s
h
ip
.
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r
e
2
0
0
3
,
th
e
in
ter
n
et
w
as
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m
ited
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v
er
,
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s
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f
r
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s
tr
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ct
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r
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an
d
tech
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ica
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p
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b
lem
s
,
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h
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ter
n
et
s
t
ill
n
o
t
a
v
ailab
le
to
ev
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y
b
o
d
y
.
On
t
h
e
o
th
er
h
an
d
,
s
i
n
ce
th
e
i
n
ter
n
e
t
is
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
u
n
s
tab
le
co
n
d
itio
n
s
f
o
r
I
r
aq
,
t
h
is
m
a
k
es
it
h
ar
d
to
b
e
a
f
u
ll
p
o
ten
tial
o
f
w
id
esp
r
ea
d
.
Fo
r
th
is
r
ea
s
o
n
,
a
s
lo
w
s
tep
is
b
ein
g
m
ad
e
to
cr
ea
te
a
f
u
t
u
r
e
-
lo
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k
i
n
g
tech
n
o
lo
g
ic
al
f
o
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n
d
atio
n
[
5
]
,
[
6
]
.
A
f
ter
th
e
w
ar
2
0
0
3
,
I
r
a
q
s
h
o
w
s
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r
u
p
g
r
ad
e
in
a
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
,
r
e
p
r
esen
ted
b
y
t
h
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
f
r
o
m
an
is
o
lated
s
o
cie
t
y
a
n
d
tech
n
o
lo
g
icall
y
b
ac
k
w
ar
d
in
t
o
a
g
lo
b
ally
co
n
n
ec
ted
n
at
io
n
w
it
h
t
h
e
ac
ce
p
ted
p
o
ten
tial
to
g
r
o
w
.
T
h
is
is
all
b
ec
au
s
e
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
h
as
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eg
u
n
an
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ad
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a
h
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g
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d
if
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m
a
n
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f
ield
s
.
T
o
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cr
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s
e
s
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ciet
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in
ter
n
e
t
u
s
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I
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aq
d
ev
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if
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er
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d
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it
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s
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m
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
,
an
d
[
7
]
.
A
lt
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I
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2
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2
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
202
1
:
5
1
3
7
-
5
1
4
3
5138
to
r
esto
r
e,
r
eb
u
ild
an
d
f
ix
s
e
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r
s
f
o
r
th
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d
am
a
g
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telec
o
m
m
u
n
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s
s
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v
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w
h
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k
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all
t
h
ese
r
ea
s
o
n
s
lead
s
to
a
lo
w
in
ter
n
et
-
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
r
atio
[
8
]
-
[
1
0
]
.
Sa
m
e
as
i
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
co
u
n
tr
y
’
s
in
ter
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et
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,
p
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a
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aj
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r
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in
lif
e,
it
i
s
n
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t
o
n
l
y
a
b
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,
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t
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as
a
w
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atter
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u
s
in
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it
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n
d
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it
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ese
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t
s
a
d
if
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er
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t
v
al
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e
f
o
r
ea
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n
e.
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r
th
is
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ea
s
o
n
,
I
r
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co
m
p
an
ie
s
s
tar
ted
to
m
ak
e
m
a
n
y
c
h
an
g
es
f
o
r
in
t
er
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et
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t.
A
lt
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o
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g
h
m
a
n
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f
th
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m
s
tar
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d
to
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m
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le
m
en
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to
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ce
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ter
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tr
u
ct
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r
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e
g
o
v
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n
m
e
n
t
m
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tak
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e
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esp
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to
s
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ch
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ev
elo
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m
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n
t.
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h
e
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f
p
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ter
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a
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e
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in
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n
ter
est,
k
n
o
w
led
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e,
a
n
d
n
ee
d
s.
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h
is
p
ap
er
p
r
esen
ts
a
tech
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ical
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x
p
lan
a
t
io
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o
f
t
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c
u
r
r
en
t
Mo
C
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s
(
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
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r
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ter
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et,
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m
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p
r
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le
m
s
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o
lu
tio
n
s
,
an
d
f
u
tu
r
e
p
lan
s
)
o
n
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
i
n
I
r
aq
.
T
h
e
s
e
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
p
lan
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b
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eg
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w
id
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p
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d
o
f
th
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in
ter
n
et
i
n
I
r
aq
.
2.
I
NT
E
RN
E
T
CH
A
L
L
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N
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E
S
C
u
r
r
en
tl
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,
u
s
er
s
w
a
n
t
to
b
e
a
b
le
to
ac
ce
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s
an
y
w
h
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an
d
a
n
y
t
i
m
e
s
e
v
er
al
s
er
v
ices
an
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
d
ata
tr
af
f
ic
an
d
tr
ig
g
er
i
n
g
a
m
o
b
ile
d
ata
ex
p
lo
s
io
n
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
s
tatis
tic
s
in
I
r
aq
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
in
ter
n
e
t
u
s
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g
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s
s
k
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p
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r
ap
id
l
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to
1
9
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llio
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u
s
er
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i
n
2
0
1
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in
s
tead
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f
2
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2
m
illi
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n
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s
er
s
in
2
0
1
2
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h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
ex
p
ec
ted
u
s
a
g
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m
o
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a
n
3
0
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in
ter
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o
n
a
s
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e
co
n
n
ec
t
io
n
s
[
4]
,
[6
]
.
T
h
is
s
ec
tio
n
ca
n
b
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
t
w
o
p
ar
ts
as t
h
e
cu
r
r
e
n
t st
atu
s
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
:
2
.
1
.
Curr
ent
infr
a
s
t
ruct
ure
a
nd
pro
ble
m
s
I
r
aq
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
leas
t
co
u
n
tr
ies
i
n
in
ter
n
et
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
to
tal
tr
a
f
f
ic
is
ab
o
u
t
8
5
0
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1
0
0
0
Gb
p
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
Min
is
tr
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n
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w
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r
k
s
(
f
u
ll
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co
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tr
o
lled
b
y
A
ls
a
la
m
s
t
ate
co
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p
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y
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.
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h
is
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a
f
f
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co
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v
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1
3
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o
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d
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p
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8
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p
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5
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tate
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d
ev
elo
p
m
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i
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n
a
d
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ap
p
o
in
tin
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s
it
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an
d
n
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m
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s
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h
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ar
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t
w
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m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
th
is
lack
o
f
s
er
v
ices
:
First,
m
o
s
t
i
n
ter
n
et
s
er
v
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p
r
o
v
id
er
s
(
I
SP
)
r
ely
o
n
f
r
ee
li
ce
n
s
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w
ir
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s
s
er
v
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as
a
last
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-
ac
ce
s
s
.
Seco
n
d
,
Mo
C
h
a
s
t
h
e
r
i
g
h
t
to
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s
e
th
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p
tical
f
ib
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m
o
n
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p
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l
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w
it
h
v
er
y
h
ig
h
p
r
ices
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
I
r
aq
i
n
eig
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b
o
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s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
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.
A
s
a
r
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lt,
th
is
w
i
ll
i
n
cr
ea
s
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th
e
co
s
t
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f
th
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n
ter
n
et
f
o
r
p
u
b
lic
u
s
ag
e.
A
s
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
i
n
th
e
latest
r
ep
o
r
ts
o
f
th
e
Sp
ee
d
-
test
Glo
b
al
I
n
d
ex
,
w
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ic
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is
c
o
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p
ar
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i
n
ter
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p
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d
d
ata
m
o
n
t
h
l
y
ar
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u
n
d
th
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w
o
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ld
.
T
h
e
g
lo
b
al
s
tatis
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s
s
h
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m
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Fig
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[
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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,
m
o
r
e
d
ev
ices
s
u
c
h
as
m
icr
o
w
a
v
es
a
n
d
co
r
d
less
p
h
o
n
es a
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
s
a
m
e
f
r
e
q
u
en
c
y
.
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h
is
w
ill lea
d
to
li
m
it
ed
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
an
d
v
er
y
h
ig
h
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
,
b
u
t
w
it
h
lo
w
co
s
t,
s
in
ce
it
is
ch
ea
p
er
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
u
ch
d
e
v
ices,
a
n
d
lar
g
er
co
v
er
ag
e,
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
r
ad
io
w
av
e
s
ca
n
p
en
etr
ate
w
a
lls
a
n
d
f
lo
o
r
s
w
it
h
r
esp
ec
t
to
th
e
5
GHz
.
T
h
e
5
.
8
GHz
is
u
s
ed
r
ec
en
tl
y
a
f
ter
t
h
e
in
ter
f
er
en
ce
a
n
d
lo
w
b
an
d
w
id
th
i
s
s
u
es.
I
t
h
as
a
h
ig
h
er
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
w
it
h
m
o
r
e
ch
an
n
el
av
a
ilab
le
(
ab
o
u
t
2
3
)
.
A
l
s
o
,
th
is
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
is
n
o
t u
s
ed
b
y
co
m
m
o
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
d
ev
ices l
ik
e
th
e
2
.
4
GHz
; t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
er
e
w
ill
b
e
a
litt
le
i
n
ter
f
er
en
ce
to
ca
u
s
e
a
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
,
i.e
.
it
ca
n
ca
r
r
y
m
o
r
e
d
ata
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
it
s
w
it
h
f
aster
s
p
ee
d
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
d
is
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
th
i
s
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
t
h
e
lo
w
co
v
er
ag
e
ar
ea
[
15
]
,
[
16
]
.
2
.
2
.
T
ec
hn
ica
l
s
o
lutio
ns
T
h
e
tech
n
ical
s
o
l
u
tio
n
s
o
f
lo
w
-
s
p
ee
d
in
ter
n
et
in
I
r
aq
ar
e
s
u
m
m
ar
ized
in
t
w
o
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
is
to
u
s
e
licen
s
ed
f
r
e
q
u
en
cie
s
in
s
tead
o
f
f
r
ee
W
i
-
Fi
ch
an
n
els.
T
h
is
is
k
n
o
w
n
as
f
i
x
ed
w
ir
ele
s
s
ac
ce
s
s
(
FW
A
)
,
w
h
ich
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
w
ir
eles
s
ac
ce
s
s
(
B
W
A
)
u
s
i
n
g
s
p
ec
i
f
ic
f
r
eq
u
e
n
ci
es
th
a
t
e
n
ab
le
h
i
g
h
er
d
ata
r
ate,
w
id
e
r
a
n
g
e,
lo
w
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te
r
f
er
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ce
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h
ig
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p
ac
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d
ca
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h
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licen
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th
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r
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ted
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ized
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co
m
m
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m
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ata
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t
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I
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I
n
t J
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11
,
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6
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Dec
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er
202
1
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3
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Sco
p
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f
cu
r
r
en
t FT
T
H
p
r
o
j
ec
t [
s
o
u
r
ce
: M
o
C
]
L
o
ca
l
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
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ca
l
a
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ess
n
et
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o
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k
is
co
m
p
o
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ed
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f
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C
(
ca
b
in
et)
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B
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b
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h
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l
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r
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t
h
e
f
i
g
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r
e
c
an
b
e
d
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a
s
f
o
llo
w
:
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w
co
m
m
u
n
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io
n
ce
n
ter
(
NC
C
)
,
o
u
ts
id
e
p
lan
t
m
ai
n
te
n
a
n
ce
ce
n
ter
(
OP
MC
)
,
d
en
s
e
w
a
v
ele
n
g
th
d
iv
is
io
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m
u
l
tip
lex
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n
g
(
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D
M
)
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p
u
b
lic
s
w
itc
h
ed
telep
h
o
n
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
P
ST
N
)
,
asy
n
ch
r
o
n
o
u
s
d
i
g
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s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
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DS
L
)
,
p
lain
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telep
h
o
n
e
s
er
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ice
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P
OT
S
)
,
I
P
m
u
lti
m
ed
ia
s
u
b
s
y
s
te
m
(
I
MS
)
,
an
d
m
ed
ia
g
ate
w
a
y
(
I
MG
).
T
h
e
m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
w
i
th
t
h
ese
co
n
tr
ac
ts
i
s
t
h
e
d
u
r
atio
n
o
f
in
v
est
m
e
n
t,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
f
i
v
e
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ea
r
s
o
n
l
y
,
a
n
d
i
t
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
at
least
1
0
y
ea
r
s
a
n
d
ab
o
v
e.
T
h
e
F
T
T
H/C
ca
n
p
r
esen
t
a
s
u
itab
le
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et
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o
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a
t
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o
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th
e
m
id
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lan
n
i
n
g
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h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
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n
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
v
er
y
s
ec
u
r
e
an
d
r
eliab
le
s
er
v
ice.
I
n
f
u
t
u
r
e,
s
u
c
h
s
er
v
ices
ca
n
o
f
f
er
a
2
0
k
m
r
ea
ch
u
p
to
(
2
.
2
5
-
2
.
5
)
Gb
p
s
as
a
d
o
w
n
lo
a
d
/u
p
lo
ad
,
w
ith
g
i
g
ab
it
p
ass
i
v
e
o
p
tical
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
GP
ON)
o
p
tical
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
m
u
l
ti
-
s
er
v
ice
s
s
u
ch
as
in
ter
n
e
t
,
T
V,
an
d
telep
h
o
n
e.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
FW
A
i
s
m
o
r
e
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
icie
n
t
as
co
m
p
a
r
ed
w
it
h
th
e
late
s
t
m
en
tio
n
ed
w
ir
ed
ac
ce
s
s
tech
n
iq
u
e
s
w
it
h
s
o
m
e
li
m
itatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
w
ir
ed
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
ill
h
e
lp
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
w
ir
eless
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
t
h
e
o
p
tical
f
ib
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
is
v
er
y
s
lo
w
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
w
o
m
ai
n
r
ea
s
o
n
s
:
F
ir
s
t,
th
e
m
o
n
o
p
o
l
y
o
f
Mo
C
in
v
er
y
h
ig
h
p
r
ices
to
I
r
a
q
i
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
,
Mo
C
s
h
o
u
ld
m
o
r
e
lib
er
ate
th
e
f
ib
er
o
p
tics
to
th
e
p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
w
it
h
s
ec
u
r
ed
r
eg
u
lat
io
n
s
to
g
e
t
b
etter
in
ter
n
et
s
er
v
ices.
Seco
n
d
,
i
n
s
tall
in
g
u
n
d
er
g
r
o
u
n
d
ca
b
les
is
th
e
o
n
l
y
al
lo
w
ab
le
le
g
al
w
a
y
[
17
]
.
3.
F
I
NDIN
G
S
I
n
2
0
1
4
I
r
aq
h
as
estab
lis
h
ed
(
v
er
y
la
tel
y
)
,
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
n
u
m
b
er
(
A
SN)
,
to
co
n
tr
o
l
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
f
o
r
all
I
SP
co
m
p
an
i
es.
ASN
is
a
u
n
iq
u
e
n
u
m
b
er
,
a
co
llectio
n
o
f
co
n
n
ec
ted
i
n
ter
n
et
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
r
o
u
tin
g
u
n
d
er
t
h
e
co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
p
er
ato
r
s
o
n
b
e
h
alf
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
ad
m
in
i
s
tr
ati
v
e
u
n
it.
T
h
e
n
o
d
es
i
n
s
id
e
an
y
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
te
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
n
i
n
ter
n
a
l
g
ate
wa
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
I
GP
)
.
T
h
e
A
S
is
ass
i
g
n
ed
a
g
lo
b
all
y
u
n
iq
u
e
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
n
u
m
b
er
b
y
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
a
s
s
i
g
n
ed
n
u
m
b
er
s
au
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
I
A
N
A
)
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
n
e
o
f
f
i
v
e
g
lo
b
al
r
eg
io
n
al
i
n
ter
n
et
r
eg
is
tr
ies
(
R
I
R
s
)
s
et
u
p
f
o
r
A
f
r
ica,
Am
er
i
ca
,
A
s
ia,
L
ati
n
Am
er
ica
a
n
d
th
e
C
ar
ib
b
ea
n
,
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
e
[
18
]
,
[
19
].
Un
til
2
0
0
7
,
ASN
w
as
1
6
b
it
(
2
b
y
te)
a
n
d
g
av
e
I
A
N
A
6
5
,
5
3
6
p
o
s
s
ib
le
ASNs
to
d
is
tr
ib
u
te
(
I
P
v
4
ad
d
r
ess
es).
On
ce
,
I
P
v
6
h
as
b
ee
n
cr
ea
ted
,
s
o
t
h
e
A
SN
b
ec
a
m
e
3
2
b
it
(
4
b
y
te)
.
T
h
is
p
r
o
v
id
es
4
,
2
9
4
,
9
6
7
,
2
9
6
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
n
u
m
b
er
s
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
th
r
ee
t
y
p
es
o
f
A
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
S
y
s
te
m
s
:
i)
A
S
co
n
n
ec
t
s
to
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
A
Ses
,
ii)
A
S
co
n
n
ec
t
s
to
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
o
th
er
AS
(
n
o
t
v
is
ib
le
to
th
e
r
est
o
f
t
h
e
in
ter
n
et
)
,
iii)
A
tr
an
s
it
AS
ac
ts
as
a
lin
k
b
et
wee
n
t
w
o
o
r
m
o
r
e
o
th
er
ASes,
allo
w
i
n
g
f
o
r
d
ata
to
p
ass
f
r
o
m
ev
e
n
u
n
as
s
o
ciate
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
,
th
is
i
n
f
o
-
g
r
ap
h
ill
u
s
tr
ates
an
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
tr
af
f
ic
s
tr
ea
m
i
n
g
v
ia
Mo
C
’
s
ASN,
w
h
ich
i
s
(
A
S2
0
8
2
9
3
)
as
p
ee
r
in
g
w
i
th
I
P
v
4
an
d
I
P
v
6
.
Ma
j
o
r
ity
o
f
I
P
v
4
s
tr
ea
m
in
g
is
1
8
.
9
%
v
ia
A
l
-
Sar
d
Fib
er
s
er
v
ices
(
A
S3
9
2
1
6
)
,
an
d
th
en
Na
w
r
o
z
T
elec
o
m
m
(
A
S2
1
2
7
7
)
b
y
1
3
.
9
%
an
d
th
e
th
ir
d
is
7
.
9
%
b
y
I
Q
Net
w
o
r
k
s
(
A
S4
4
2
1
7
)
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
m
aj
o
r
ity
p
ee
r
i
n
g
o
f
I
P
v
6
is
2
6
%
v
ia
E
ar
th
lin
k
T
elec
o
m
m
(
A
S6
0
0
5
1
)
,
th
en
1
6
%
b
y
I
Q
Net
w
o
r
k
s
L
td
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
t
h
ir
d
an
d
f
o
u
r
th
is
1
3
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b
y
C
o
g
e
n
t
C
o
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
co
m
p
an
y
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7
4
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an
d
L
e
v
el
3
p
ar
en
t (
A
S3
3
5
6
)
[
20
]
,
[
21
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
A
n
in
s
ig
h
t in
to
i
n
tern
et
s
ec
to
r
in
I
r
a
q
(
R
u
a
a
A
ls
a
b
a
h
)
5141
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
C
A
S
N’
s
p
er
ce
n
t
ag
e
w
it
h
I
SP
(
I
P
v
4
an
d
I
P
v
6
)
[
2
1
]
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
T
h
is
p
r
esen
ted
as
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
to
in
itialize
th
e
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
ate
w
a
y
i
n
I
r
aq
.
A
s
d
is
cu
s
s
ed
b
elo
w
,
th
e
in
ter
n
e
t
g
a
te
w
a
y
,
w
h
et
h
er
it
h
as
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
o
r
ce
n
tr
al
to
p
o
lo
g
y
,
r
eq
u
ir
es
to
h
a
v
e
s
o
m
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
alitie
s
t
h
at
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
i
n
t
h
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
g
ate
w
a
y
w
it
h
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
la
y
er
.
Mo
C
s
h
o
u
ld
u
s
es
at
v
er
y
ea
r
l
y
s
tag
e,
th
e
b
o
r
d
er
g
ate
w
a
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
B
GP
)
,
w
h
ich
u
s
e
s
t
h
e
ASN
to
u
n
iq
u
el
y
id
e
n
ti
f
y
ea
ch
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
B
GP
m
a
n
a
g
es
th
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
p
ac
k
et
s
b
et
w
ee
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
a
th
s
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
I
t
is
a
p
ath
v
ec
to
r
p
r
o
to
co
l,
an
d
en
ab
led
A
S
in
b
o
r
d
er
r
o
u
tes
s
e
n
d
s
i
g
n
al
s
a
n
d
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ex
ter
n
al
in
ter
n
e
t
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
a
b
o
r
d
er
g
ate
w
a
y
p
r
o
to
co
l
(
B
GP
)
v
ia
I
GP
.
C
o
u
n
tr
ies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
p
r
o
tecte
d
f
r
o
m
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
ted
d
en
ial
o
f
s
er
v
ice
(
D
Do
S)
atta
ck
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
An
ti
-
D
Do
S
s
y
s
te
m
.
DDo
S
a
ttack
s
co
u
ld
b
e
eit
h
er
lo
ca
ll
y
o
r
co
m
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
e
t.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
lar
g
e
attac
k
s
,
a
c
lo
u
d
-
b
ased
A
n
ti
-
DDo
S
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
iti
g
atio
n
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
cu
r
it
y
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
i
n
ter
n
e
t
g
a
te
w
a
y
(
I
I
G)
m
u
s
t
i
n
cl
u
d
e
d
ata
p
ac
k
et
in
s
p
ec
tio
n
(
DP
I
)
s
y
s
te
m
.
DP
I
g
i
v
es
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
to
f
i
lter
w
eb
s
ites
b
ased
o
n
co
n
te
n
t
an
d
s
er
v
ices
(
e.
g
.
Vo
ice
o
v
er
I
P
)
w
h
ic
h
o
p
ti
m
iz
es
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
e
v
e
n
tu
al
l
y
.
Fi
n
a
ll
y
,
it
is
w
o
r
t
h
to
m
en
tio
n
t
h
a
t
a
lo
g
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
co
u
ld
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
ec
u
r
it
y
an
d
t
r
af
f
ic
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
as
w
e
ll b
y
an
al
y
zi
n
g
,
s
t
u
d
y
i
n
g
an
d
tr
ac
in
g
th
e
lo
g
s
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
cr
ea
te
f
u
t
u
r
e
u
p
g
r
ad
es
a
n
d
en
h
an
ce
m
e
n
ts
.
I
r
aq
s
h
o
u
ld
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
a
n
d
o
p
ti
m
ize
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
i
n
ter
n
e
t
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
b
y
s
ev
er
al
s
te
p
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
b
u
t
n
o
t li
m
ited
to
:
C
o
n
tr
o
lli
n
g
t
h
e
f
u
l
l b
an
d
w
id
th
o
f
in
ter
n
e
t tr
af
f
ic
co
m
i
n
g
in
to
I
r
aq
.
P
r
o
tectin
g
f
r
o
m
c
y
b
er
-
attac
k
s
an
d
eli
m
i
n
ati
n
g
f
r
au
d
u
s
in
g
s
ec
u
r
it
y
s
er
v
ice
s
s
u
c
h
a
s
An
t
i
-
DDo
S,
DP
I
,
an
d
lo
g
g
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
Of
f
er
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
b
ac
k
b
o
n
e
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
f
o
r
I
SP
s
an
d
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t sect
o
r
.
P
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
s
ec
u
r
e
d
ig
ital i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
o
r
e
-
co
m
m
er
ce
.
E
x
p
ec
tin
g
a
5
T
b
p
s
in
ter
n
et
tr
af
f
ic
in
t
h
e
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e
a
n
d
u
p
g
r
ad
e
th
e
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e.
B
u
ild
in
g
in
ter
n
et
e
x
ch
a
n
g
e
p
o
in
ts
(
I
XP
s
)
to
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t I
n
ter
n
e
t tr
af
f
ic
b
et
w
ee
n
lo
ca
l I
SP
s
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
(
A
S).
On
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
en
e
f
it
s
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
I
XP
is
w
h
e
n
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
I
SP
s
h
o
s
t
s
a
w
eb
s
ite
f
o
r
g
o
v
er
n
m
en
t/p
r
iv
ate
s
ec
to
r
s
; o
th
er
I
SP
s
ca
n
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
w
eb
s
ite
lo
ca
ll
y
w
i
th
o
u
t t
h
e
n
ee
d
to
r
eq
u
est it
f
r
o
m
o
u
ts
i
d
e
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
T
h
is
o
p
tim
izes
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
et
tr
a
f
f
ic
g
o
in
g
in
a
n
d
o
u
t
t
h
e
co
u
n
tr
y
.
H
o
w
e
v
er
,
I
SP
s
h
a
v
e
to
b
e
ab
le
t
o
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
tr
af
f
i
c
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
s
elv
e
s
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
lo
ca
l I
XP
[
1
4
]
.
I
n
s
u
m
m
ar
y
,
i
n
ter
n
a
tio
n
al
g
at
e
w
a
y
s
allo
w
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
to
in
ter
n
atio
n
al
ca
b
le
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
o
f
t
en
s
a
telli
t
e
o
r
s
u
b
m
ar
i
n
e)
to
o
r
g
an
ize
t
h
e
v
o
ice
an
d
d
ata
tr
a
f
f
ic.
I
r
aq
an
d
m
o
s
t
d
ev
elo
p
ed
co
u
n
tr
i
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
s
ev
er
al
r
ed
u
n
d
a
n
t
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
a
l
lin
k
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
o
f
te
n
av
aila
b
le
at
in
ter
n
et
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
p
o
in
t
s
to
r
ec
eiv
e
in
ter
n
e
t
tr
af
f
ic
to
Mo
C
’
s
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e.
Natio
n
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
th
e
n
co
n
n
ec
t
b
et
w
ee
n
I
G
an
d
ac
ce
s
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
in
ter
n
e
t ser
v
ice
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
ill
u
s
tr
ated
as th
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
I
I
G.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
202
1
:
5
1
3
7
-
5
1
4
3
5142
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fu
n
c
tio
n
o
f
a
n
i
n
ter
n
atio
n
al
g
ate
w
a
y
[
2
2
]
T
h
ese
p
o
in
ts
ar
e
ac
h
ie
v
ed
b
y
b
u
ild
i
n
g
a
r
o
b
u
s
t
I
I
G
w
it
h
m
o
d
er
n
s
ec
u
r
it
y
eq
u
ip
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
m
u
ltip
le
p
r
o
to
co
ls
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
ev
ice
s
b
r
an
d
s
m
a
k
e
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
co
m
p
li
ca
ted
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
a
la
y
er
ed
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
as
d
es
ig
n
ed
a
n
d
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
[
23
]
,
[
24
]
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
a
s
ca
lab
le
a
n
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
h
as t
h
r
ee
la
y
er
s
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
:
A
cc
e
s
s
la
y
er
(
A
g
g
r
eg
at
io
n
)
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ates
all
I
SP
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
o
b
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
is
la
y
er
.
T
h
e
I
SP
s
tr
af
f
ic
w
il
l e
ith
er
b
e
r
ed
ir
ec
ted
n
atio
n
all
y
o
r
in
ter
n
a
tio
n
all
y
.
Dis
tr
ib
u
tio
n
la
y
er
s
er
v
e
s
as
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
o
in
t
b
etw
ee
n
t
h
e
co
r
e
an
d
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
la
y
er
.
I
ts
k
e
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
s
ar
e
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
o
u
tin
g
,
f
il
ter
in
g
,
an
d
W
AN
ac
ce
s
s
t
o
d
eter
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H.
A
l
B
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ti
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G
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F
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lg
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.
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A
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In
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[8
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A
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]
C.
Av
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u
,
"
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w
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ICT
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in
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0
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.
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.
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ry
,
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E
-
G
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t
:
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Ca
se
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ro
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Res
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9
,
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o
.
2
,
2
0
1
3
,
A
rt.
n
o
.
3
0
7
.
[1
1
]
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.
Ra
sh
id
,
“
A
n
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rv
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w
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in
ter
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t
in
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q
,
”
HCU
|
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a
mb
u
r
g
,
RE
A
P
M
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ste
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,
T
h
e
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On
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e
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2
0
1
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.
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2
]
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p
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tes
t
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lo
b
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In
d
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x
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,
S
p
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c
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d
:
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c
.
1
5
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0
2
0
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
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a
b
le:
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tt
p
s:/
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sp
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tes
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lo
b
a
l
-
in
d
e
x
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ra
q
#
f
ix
e
d
.
[1
3
]
N.
G
e
l
v
a
n
o
v
sk
a
,
M
.
Ro
g
y
,
a
n
d
C.
M
.
Ro
ss
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o
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“
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
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tt
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m
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(
a
c
c
e
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d
Ja
n
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01
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2
0
2
1
).
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4
]
W
.
Ob
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e
,
"
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c
ss
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m
o
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re
p
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rt
.
,
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Eri
c
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,
2
0
1
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.
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c
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d
De
c
.
1
0
,
2
0
2
0
.
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On
l
i
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
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tt
p
s:/
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.
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rics
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n
.
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m
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/
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o
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rt
.
).
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5
]
H.
M
.
T
.
A
l
-
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il
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i,
S
.
k
.
J.
A
l
h
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.
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.
M
u
sta
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a
,
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M
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latio
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T
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c
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q
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a
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d
V
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S
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A
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Ne
t
w
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Ba
g
h
d
a
d
,
"
2
0
1
8
In
ter
n
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ti
o
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C
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n
fer
e
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W
ire
les
s
Co
mm
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o
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s,
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P
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Ne
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:
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P
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.
2
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.
[1
6
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H.
A
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siri
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d
N.
A
b
d
u
lb
a
q
i,
"
P
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d
p
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r
Ira
q
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to
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rt
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2
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In
ter
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p
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ICF
CN.2
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2
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.
[1
7
]
A
u
rth
e
r
D.
L
it
tl
e
,
”
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
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”
[
O
n
li
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e
]
.
A
v
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le
:
h
tt
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s://
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