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1.
I
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[
1
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.
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R
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2.
L
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R
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VI
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W
B
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ap
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[
3
]
.
A
n
W
L
A
N
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
th
e
ar
ea
of
co
v
er
ag
e
le
s
s
th
an
10km
w
h
ic
h
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
b
et
w
ee
n
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
to
b
u
ild
i
n
g
.
I
n
W
ir
eles
s
L
A
N,
M
A
C
u
s
es
co
n
ten
t
io
n
ac
ce
s
s
,
so
th
e
d
e
v
ice
co
m
p
ete
s
w
i
th
all
o
t
h
er
d
ev
i
ce
s
on
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
atte
n
t
io
n
on
r
an
d
o
m
b
asis
to
p
as
s
d
ata
th
r
o
u
g
h
.
Data
s
e
n
t
an
d
r
eq
u
ested
by
d
ev
ice
s
clo
s
er
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
ac
ce
s
s
p
o
in
t
(A
P
)
co
n
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tan
tl
y
i
n
ter
r
u
p
t
an
d
ev
en
cr
o
w
d
o
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t
d
ata
s
en
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d
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y
d
ev
ices
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ar
t
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er
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w
a
y
f
r
o
m
th
e
A
P
.
A
ls
o
,
th
e
m
o
r
e
d
e
v
ice
s
s
ee
k
in
g
ac
ce
s
s
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
th
e
lo
w
er
th
e
q
u
alit
y
of
t
h
e
s
ig
n
al.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
if
we
ac
ce
s
s
th
e
I
n
ter
n
e
t
w
it
h
a
W
ir
eles
s
r
o
u
ter
h
o
o
k
ed
u
p
to
lo
ca
l
ca
b
le
TV
co
m
p
a
n
y
’
s
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
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er
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ice
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f
o
r
in
s
tan
ce
,
a
n
d
th
e
co
m
p
a
n
y
also
o
f
f
er
s
Vo
I
P
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Vo
ice
o
v
er
I
n
ter
n
et
P
r
o
to
co
l)
p
h
o
n
e
s
er
v
ice,
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
p
eo
p
le
w
h
o
ar
e
o
n
li
n
e,
w
atc
h
in
g
T
V,
an
d
talk
in
g
on
th
e
p
h
o
n
e
in
th
e
ac
ce
s
s
ar
ea
,
t
h
e
w
ea
k
er
t
h
e
s
i
g
n
al
an
d
th
e
s
lo
w
er
of
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
s
p
ee
d
.
VOI
P
&
I
PT
V
a
r
e
d
if
f
ic
u
lt
to
m
ai
n
tai
n
f
o
r
lar
g
e
n
u
m
b
er
of
u
s
er
s
.
E
n
cr
y
p
tio
n
is
n
o
t
en
ab
led
in
w
ir
eles
s
L
A
N
.
T
h
is
m
ea
n
s
t
h
e
A
cc
e
s
s
P
o
in
t
t
y
p
ica
l
ly
d
ef
a
u
lt
to
an
o
p
en
m
o
d
e.
W
ir
eless
L
A
N
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ca
n
b
e
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
an
d
u
s
ed
to
re
ad
an
d
co
p
y
d
ata
(
in
cl
u
d
in
g
p
er
s
o
n
al
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
)
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
o
v
er
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
en
n
o
en
cr
y
p
t
io
n
i
s
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
w
ir
ele
s
s
en
cr
y
p
tio
n
s
tan
d
ar
d
,
W
ir
ed
E
q
u
iv
alen
t
P
r
iv
ac
y
or
W
E
P
,
h
as
b
ee
n
s
h
o
w
n
to
b
e
b
r
ea
k
ab
le
ev
e
n
w
h
en
co
r
r
ec
tl
y
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ed
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
n
o
s
ec
u
r
it
y
p
r
o
v
id
ed
in
w
ir
eles
s
L
A
N
s
y
s
te
m
.
W
ir
eless
L
A
N
u
s
e
s
O
FDM
tech
n
iq
u
e
to
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
in
ter
n
e
t
ac
ce
s
s
d
at
a
r
ate
up
5
4
Mb
p
s
.
T
h
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
sp
e
ed
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
in
I
E
E
E
8
0
2
.
1
1
a
ar
e
6,
1
2
an
d
2
4
Mb
p
s
w
it
h
o
p
tio
n
al
s
p
ee
d
s
u
p
to
5
4
M
bps
[
4
]
W
iMA
X
o
f
f
er
s
s
i
g
n
i
f
ican
t
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t
s
o
v
er
W
ir
eless
L
A
N,
an
d
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
m
o
r
e
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
is
th
e
s
p
ec
i
f
icatio
n
m
a
k
i
n
g
8
0
2
.
1
6
a
a
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
u
s
es
a
s
ch
ed
u
lin
g
M
AC
(
Me
d
ia
A
cc
ess
C
o
n
tr
o
l)
.
T
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
tatio
n
o
n
l
y
h
a
s
to
co
m
p
ete
o
n
ce
(
f
o
r
i
n
itial
e
n
t
r
y
i
n
to
th
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
)
.
Af
ter
t
h
at,
it
is
allo
ca
ted
a
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
b
y
th
e
b
ase
s
tat
io
n
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
s
lo
t
ca
n
en
lar
g
e
an
d
co
n
s
tr
ict,
b
u
t
it
r
e
m
ain
s
ass
ig
n
ed
to
th
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
tat
io
n
m
ea
n
i
n
g
t
h
at
o
th
er
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
ar
e
n
o
t
s
u
p
p
o
s
ed
to
u
s
e
it
b
u
t
tak
e
th
eir
t
u
r
n
.
U
n
li
k
e
8
0
2
.
1
1
a,
E
v
en
s
i
n
ce
its
in
v
e
n
tio
n
b
y
E
d
w
i
n
A
r
m
s
tr
o
n
g
i
n
1
9
1
7
[
6
]
,
th
e
s
u
p
er
h
eter
o
d
y
n
e
ar
ch
itect
u
r
e
h
as
d
o
m
i
n
ated
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
p
r
ac
tical
r
ad
io
.
T
h
is
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
u
s
e
s
t
w
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
co
n
v
er
s
i
o
n
s
tep
s
:
f
ir
s
t
th
e
r
ec
eiv
ed
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
is
co
n
v
er
t
ed
to
an
in
ter
m
ed
iate
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
,
an
d
a
f
ter
s
o
m
e
a
m
p
li
f
icatio
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d
f
ilter
i
n
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t
h
e
I
F
is
co
n
v
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ted
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b
aseb
an
d
.
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te
th
at
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
d
o
w
n
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co
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io
n
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p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
t
w
ice
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
I
(
in
-
p
h
a
s
e)
an
d
Q
(
q
u
ad
r
atu
r
e)
o
u
tp
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t.
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h
is
is
n
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e
s
s
ar
y
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ec
a
u
s
e
t
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d
o
w
n
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co
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v
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p
er
a
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n
n
o
t
tell
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
ab
o
v
e
an
d
b
elo
w
t
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ca
r
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ies,
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th
e
y
en
d
u
p
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p
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f
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ch
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n
th
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ca
r
r
ier
is
co
n
v
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ted
to
ze
r
o
f
r
eq
u
en
c
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T
h
is
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
th
e
s
id
e
b
an
d
ca
n
b
e
p
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eser
v
ed
b
y
d
o
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g
t
w
o
f
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if
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t
p
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ca
r
r
ies
t
h
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s
c
h
ed
u
li
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
is
s
tab
le
u
n
d
er
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
8
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
201
8
:
2
5
4
–
2
5
8
256
o
v
er
lo
ad
an
d
o
v
e
r
-
s
u
b
s
cr
ip
tio
n
.
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t
is
a
l
s
o
m
u
c
h
m
o
r
e
b
an
d
w
id
t
h
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f
icie
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h
e
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ch
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li
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
al
s
o
all
o
ws
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
to
co
n
tr
o
l
Qu
alit
y
of
Ser
v
ice
by
b
al
an
cin
g
t
h
e
ass
i
g
n
m
en
ts
a
m
o
n
g
th
e
n
ee
d
s
of
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
cr
ib
er
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
is
d
is
tan
ce
a
n
d
ar
ea
of
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v
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ag
e.
W
iMAX
p
r
o
v
id
es
u
p
to
30km
(
1
8
.
6
4
1
m
ile
s
)
in
ev
er
y
d
ir
ec
tio
n
f
o
r
f
i
x
ed
s
t
a
ti
o
n
s
an
d
3
to
1
0
m
ile
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f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
s
tatio
n
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.
It
allo
w
s
t
h
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co
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n
ec
t
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t
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b
et
w
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n
u
s
er
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it
h
o
u
t
d
ir
ec
t
lin
e
of
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ig
h
t.
W
iM
A
X
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
i
x
ed
,
n
o
m
ad
ic,
p
o
r
t
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
,
ev
en
tu
all
y
,
m
o
b
i
l
e
w
ir
eles
s
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
[
5
]
.
W
ir
eless
can
be
u
s
ed
f
o
r
a
n
u
m
b
e
r
of
ap
p
licatio
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s
in
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t
m
ile
b
r
o
ad
b
an
d
ac
ce
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s
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h
o
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p
o
t
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d
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ll
u
la
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b
ac
k
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au
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f
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ca
r
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n
d
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d
en
ter
p
r
is
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co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
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.
W
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X
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
f
r
eq
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e
n
c
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r
a
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g
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2
-
11
GHz,
of
w
h
i
ch
m
o
s
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p
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eq
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m
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s
.
T
h
e
8
0
2
.
1
6
a
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
i
m
p
r
o
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e
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u
p
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m
an
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f
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of
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1
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ar
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id
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.
W
iM
AX
s
p
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if
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t
h
e
t
h
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d
ata
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ate
up
to
7
0
Mb
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s
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w
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ld
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x
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OFD
M
tech
n
iq
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as
w
el
l
as
w
ir
ele
s
s
L
A
N
m
o
d
u
latio
n
tech
n
iq
u
e
[
5
]
.
2
.
2
.
RF
T
ra
ns
m
it
t
er
A
r
c
h
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A
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icr
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s
m
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s
tar
ts
w
it
h
a
ca
r
r
ier
a
g
e
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er
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d
a
s
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f
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m
p
l
if
ier
s
.
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t a
ls
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d
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lato
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y
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tag
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ier
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258
4
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CO
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d
v
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
Vo
l
3
,
No
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[3
]
S
a
e
id
Ya
sa
m
i,
M
a
g
d
y
Ba
y
o
u
m
i
“
F
o
r
w
a
rd
Bo
d
y
Bias
in
g
Te
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s
in
Cu
rre
n
t
F
o
ld
e
d
CM
OS
L
N
A
in
S
u
b
t
h
re
sh
o
ld
Re
g
io
n
f
o
r
Bio
m
e
d
ica
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
"
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
c
ien
ti
fi
c
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
.
2
0
1
4
.
PP
-
1
4
4
1
-
1
4
4
8
.
[4
]
M
.
P
o
z
a
r,
Da
v
id
,
“
M
icro
w
a
v
e
a
n
d
RF
W
irele
ss
S
y
ste
m
,
”
T
h
ird
A
v
e
n
u
e
,
N.Y.J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s,
in
2
0
0
1
.
[5
]
G
o
n
z
a
lez
,
G
u
il
lerm
o
.
M
icro
w
a
v
e
T
ra
n
sisto
r
Am
p
li
f
ier.
1996.
[6
]
Oth
m
a
n
A
.
R,
Ha
m
id
o
n
A
.
H,
T
in
g
J.T
.
H
a
n
d
M
u
sta
f
fa
M
.
F
.
"
Hig
h
Ga
in
C
a
sc
a
d
e
d
L
o
w
No
ise
Amp
li
fi
e
r
Us
in
g
T
-
M
a
tch
in
g
Ne
two
rk
,
"
4
th
IS
BC 2
0
1
0
.
[7
]
W
e
b
e
r,
W
u
e
z
h
a
n
W
a
n
g
a
n
d
Ro
b
e
rt.
"
De
sig
n
o
f
a
CM
OS
L
o
w
N
o
i
se
Amp
li
fi
e
r
(
L
NA)
a
t
5
.
8
GH
z
a
n
d
it
s
S
e
n
sit
ivit
y
An
a
lys
is,
"
11
th
NA
S
A
S
y
m
p
o
siu
m
2
0
0
3
.
[8
]
IEE
E
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
o
c
iety
a
n
d
IE
EE
M
icr
o
w
a
v
e
T
h
e
o
r
y
Tec
h
n
iq
u
e
a
n
d
S
o
c
iety
.
P
a
rt
1
6
A
ir
In
t
e
rfa
c
e
F
o
r
F
ix
Bro
a
d
b
a
n
d
W
irele
ss
S
y
st
e
m
,
IEE
E
S
tan
d
a
rd
8
0
2
.
1
6
.
2
0
0
4
[9
]
In
d
e
r
J.Ba
h
l
.
F
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tals o
f
RF
a
n
d
M
icro
w
a
v
e
T
ra
n
sisto
r
Am
p
li
f
ier.
2
0
0
9
[10]
A
b
u
B
a
k
a
r
Ib
ra
h
im
,
a
n
d
A
h
m
a
d
Za
m
z
u
ri,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
m
icro
w
a
v
e
L
N
A
Ba
s
e
d
o
n
L
a
d
d
e
r
M
a
tch
in
g
Ne
tw
o
rk
”
,
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
2
0
1
6
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
Abu
B
a
k
a
r
Ibra
h
i
m
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
t
h
e
B.
S
c
d
e
g
re
e
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r
d
e
g
r
e
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
in
1
9
9
8
a
n
d
2
0
0
0
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
I
a
m
r
e
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
D
i
n
El
e
c
tro
n
i
c
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
)
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
ik
a
l
M
a
la
y
sia
M
e
lak
a
in
y
e
a
r’s
2
0
1
3
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
lo
w
n
o
ise
a
m
p
li
f
ier,
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
u
e
n
c
y
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
,
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
a
l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
I
a
m
,
w
o
rk
s at S
u
lt
a
n
Id
ris
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
P
e
ra
k
o
f
M
a
la
y
sia
Em
a
il
:
b
a
k
a
r@
fsk
ik
.
u
p
si.ed
u
.
m
y
As
h
a
r
d
i
Ab
a
s
re
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
Eg
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
lec
tro
n
ic
e
n
g
in
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e
rin
g
f
ro
m
u
n
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
He
rtf
o
rsh
ire
in
1
9
9
9
a
n
d
m
a
ste
r
d
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g
re
e
in
S
c
ien
c
e
M
e
c
h
a
tro
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ic
f
ro
m
Un
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e
rsiti
Isla
m
A
n
tar
a
b
a
n
g
s
a
(UIA
)
in
2
0
1
4
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
P
h
D
i
n
A
rti
f
ice
In
telli
g
e
n
c
e
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
rs
it
y
o
f
Bra
d
f
o
rd
in
y
e
a
r
’s
201
1
.
Re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
l
u
d
e
s
th
e
d
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v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ro
b
o
ti
c
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ra
d
io
F
re
q
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n
c
y
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o
m
m
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n
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ti
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n
S
y
ste
m
,
In
stru
c
ti
o
n
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l
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
En
g
in
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rin
g
T
e
c
h
n
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lo
g
y
,
w
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e
s
s
Co
m
m
u
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ica
ti
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T
e
c
h
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ica
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V
o
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ti
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E
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Ed
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ti
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rre
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w
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rk
s
a
t
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lt
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Id
ris
Ed
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c
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ti
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n
Un
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rsity
,
P
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ra
k
o
f
M
a
la
y
si
a
Em
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il
:
a
sh
a
rd
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ik
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u
p
si.ed
u
.
m
y
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