Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp.
3948
~
39
56
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
D
O
I: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp
3948
-
39
56
3948
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
Solar
assisted
cooli
ng rule
in in
door air
qua
lity
Ali M.
Ba
niy
ounes,
Y
az
eed
Ya
sin
Gh
ad
i
Applie
d
Sc
ie
nc
e
Private
Univ
ersi
t
y
,
Jordan
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
12, 201
8
Re
vised A
pr 18, 2
019
Accepte
d
J
ul
17, 2
019
Indoor
ai
r
qualit
y
as
al
wa
y
s
is
the
ce
ntre
of
at
te
nt
ion
for
rese
arc
h
ers
,
arc
hi
te
c
t
devel
oper
s
and
publi
c
he
al
th
offi
ci
a
ls.
As
eve
r
y
-
one
know.
The
hum
an
exp
osure
to
a
v
ari
e
t
y
of
indoor
pollutant
s
and
the
h
igh
cost
o
f
ene
rg
y
are
the
m
oti
vat
ion
f
or
t
hese
kinds
of
studie
s.
Fungus
and
m
ould
growth
has
al
wa
y
s
be
en
a
proble
m
in
subtropic
a
l
cl
imat
e
ar
ea
s
due
to
the
high
te
m
per
a
ture
and
high
hu
m
idi
t
y
.
G
en
era
l
l
y
,
in
inst
it
ut
ional
buil
dings
,
m
ost
of
the
int
ern
al
he
at
loa
d
is
gene
rat
ed
b
y
hum
an
bod
y
and
the
rm
a
l
comfort
is a
chie
ved
with
extensi
ve
usage
of
re
c
ycl
ed ai
r
and ai
r
c
ondit
ioni
ng
.
The
m
ai
n
consi
der
ations
in
an
y
ai
r
condi
t
ioning
s
y
stem
e
con
om
isers
ar
e
base
d
on
the
usa
ge
of
r
ecy
c
l
ed
a
i
r
and
ai
r
ventil
ation.
The
cur
r
ent
pra
ctice
in
an
insti
tut
ion
al
buil
ding
cooling
s
y
stem
und
er
s
ubtropi
c
al
cl
ima
te
is
to
cur
b
the
m
ould
issue
b
y
ov
erc
oo
ling
la
rge
r
ec
i
rc
ula
ti
on
ai
rf
low
to
remove
m
oisture
cont
ent
from
the
a
ir,
which
is
conside
r
ed
as
an
expe
nsi
ve
pra
ctic
e.
The
use
of
a
sol
ar
desicca
n
t
coo
li
ng
s
y
st
em
to
r
educ
e
m
oistur
e
from
the
ai
r
and
to
improve
indoor
ai
r
qual
i
t
y
is
found
to
be
ec
onom
ic
al,
envi
r
onm
ent
all
y
frie
ndl
y
and
re
a
dily
a
chi
ev
abl
e
in
the
trop
ic
s.
T
his
te
chnol
og
y
i
s
the
future
al
t
ern
ative
to
t
he
conv
ent
ion
al
vapour
c
om
pre
ss
ion
cool
ing
s
y
stem
t
o
m
ai
nta
in
hum
an
the
rm
al
comfort
condi
t
ions
and
enha
nc
e
indoor
ai
r
quali
t
y
.
Solar
desi
cc
an
t
c
ooli
ng
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
re
a
lso
envi
ronm
ent
a
lly
fr
ie
ndl
y
and
en
erg
y
eff
icient.
Thi
s
pape
r
pre
sents
re
vie
w
on
a
solar
desic
c
ant
coolin
g
sy
st
em
and
it
s
eff
e
ct
on
ind
oor
ai
r
qu
al
i
t
y
.
It
first
in
troduce
s
the
issue
of
a
i
r
m
oisture
,
m
ould
growth
and
indoor
ai
r
qual
ity
and
t
hen
the
dev
el
o
pm
ent
and
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
th
ermal
l
y
activate
d
desicca
n
t
coo
ling technol
ogi
es
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Energy
Ind
oor
ai
r
qual
it
y
In
sti
tuti
onal
buil
din
g
Mou
l
d grow
t
h
So
la
r
d
esi
cca
nt
cooli
ng
Subtr
op
ic
al
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Ali M
.
Ba
niyo
un
e
s,
Applie
d Sci
enc
e Pr
i
vate U
nive
rsity
,
Al Ara
b
St
21, Am
m
an,
J
orda
n
.
Em
a
il
:
al
_you
ne
s@as
u.
e
du.jo
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
I
n
orde
r
to
prov
i
de
a
s
uitab
le
work
e
nvir
on
m
ent
for
th
e
occ
up
a
nts
of
an
i
ns
ti
tuti
onal
buil
ding
,
the
buil
di
ng
s
he
at
ing
a
nd
vent
il
at
ing
ai
r
co
ndit
ion
in
g
(
HVAC)
syst
em
m
us
t
prov
i
de
a
therm
al
com
fo
rt
le
ve
l
and
a
healt
hy
li
vin
g
en
vir
onm
ent
.
H
oweve
r,
t
he
m
ai
n
ta
sk
her
e
is
to
m
ai
ntain
the
opt
i
m
al
ind
oor
co
m
fo
rt
conditi
on
with
m
ini
m
al
ener
gy
co
nsum
ption
a
nd
m
ini
m
al
en
vironm
ental
ne
gative
im
pact.
Acc
ordin
g
to
[
1
]
the
qual
it
y
of
a
n
in
door
en
vir
on
m
ent
is
def
i
ned
by
f
our
re
qu
i
rem
ents
as
sh
ow
n
in
Fig
ure
1,
the
rm
al
com
fo
rt,
indoor
ai
r
qual
it
y,
li
gh
ti
ng
co
m
fo
rt
and
nois
e
protect
ion.
I
ns
ti
tuti
on
al
bu
i
ldings
co
ntain
diff
e
re
nt
functi
on
al
sp
aces.
H
ow
e
ver,
le
ct
ur
e
t
heatres,
li
br
a
r
ie
s
and
la
bor
at
or
ie
s
are
t
he
m
os
t
i
m
po
rtant
sp
a
ces
within
the
insti
tuti
ona
l
bu
il
ding
a
nd
they
are
us
ua
ll
y
the
la
rg
est
ai
r
-
co
ndit
ion
e
d
area
hosti
ng
t
he
daily
occ
u
pa
nts
’
act
ivit
y,
m
achiner
y a
nd inst
rum
ents as s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
2.
In
sti
tuti
onal
le
ct
ur
e
theat
re
s
and
li
braries
ha
ve
a
ve
ry
high
occ
upancy
de
ns
it
y
wh
ic
h
c
auses
a
ve
ry
high
inter
nal
he
at
gain
and
a
high
em
issi
on
of
bo
dy
odour
s,
water
va
pour
and
Ca
r
bone
dio
xi
de
CO
2
[
2
,
3
]
.
The
te
m
per
at
ure
of
hum
an
body
is
c
onsta
nt
with
36
-
37°
C
ind
e
pe
nd
e
nt
of
s
urrou
nd
i
ng
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
m
us
cl
e
ac
ti
vit
y.
The
hu
m
an
body
has
to
gi
ve
off
the
exc
ess
heat
to
the
env
ir
on
m
ent
by
m
eans
of
di
ff
ere
nt
heat
tra
ns
fe
r
m
echan
ism
s.
This
e
xcess
he
at
co
ns
ist
s
of
la
te
nt
a
nd
s
ensible
heat.
The
se
ns
i
ble
heat
is
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
So
l
ar
as
sist
ed
coo
li
ng
ru
le
i
n i
ndoor
air qu
alit
y
(
Ali
M.
Ba
ni
younes
)
3949
trans
ferred
by
m
eans
of
c
o
n
v
e
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
h
um
a
n
b
o
d
y
t
o
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
w
h
i
l
e
l
a
t
e
n
t
h
e
a
t
i
s
t
r
a
n
s
f
e
r
r
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
su
r
rou
nd
i
ng
with
dif
fu
si
on
of
va
pour
t
hro
ugh
s
kin,
e
vapor
at
io
n
of
wate
r
on
t
he
s
kin
s
urface
and
the
e
xh
al
e
d
ai
r
[
1
,
4
]
.
In
any
conditi
on
e
d
buil
dings,
th
e
total
load
equ
al
s
the
su
m
o
f
total
la
te
nt
load
a
nd
the total
se
ns
ib
le
load
a
s s
how
n
in
Fig
ure
3.
In
i
ns
ti
tuti
on
al
buil
dings,
ai
r
conditi
on
i
ng
is
an
im
po
rtant
m
eans
to
m
ai
ntain
a
com
fo
rt
able
in
door
env
i
ronm
ent
and
to
pro
vide
cl
ean
ai
r
to
the
occ
up
a
nt
s.
Howe
ver
,
t
he
s
u
pp
li
ed
c
oo
le
d
ai
r
is
of
te
n
con
ta
m
inate
d
with
m
ic
ro
bes,
vir
us
es
a
nd
f
ungus.
Fun
gal
infecti
ons
m
a
y
be
cause
d
by
discha
rg
e
of
spor
e
s
from
con
ta
m
in
at
ed
HVAC
unit
s
[
5
]
.
Hyp
o
fi
lt
ers
are
us
e
d
in
c
onju
nction
with
dam
per
s
t
o
e
nsure
the
qual
it
y
of
air
. Bu
t t
hey act
as a n
idu
s
for
the gr
ow
t
h
of
fu
ng
i
[
6
]
. As
fungus req
uir
ed
orga
nic sub
sta
nces and
m
oisture
for
the
gr
ow
t
h, the
gro
wth of
fun
gu
s
can
b
e
slow
e
d by el
im
inati
ng
t
he or
ga
nic m
at
erial
s
or m
oistur
e.
In
a
ddit
ion,
usi
ng
a
non
c
onve
ntion
al
H
VA
C
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
us
es
al
te
r
nativ
e
m
a
te
rial
s
and
ren
e
wa
ble
energy
res
ourc
es
can
la
r
gely
reduce
bu
il
di
ng
ene
r
gy
co
nsum
ption
an
d
e
nh
a
nce
in
door
ai
r
qual
it
y.
Som
e
of
t
hese
al
te
rn
at
ives
are
s
olar
a
bs
or
ption
c
oo
li
ng
a
nd
s
ol
ar
de
sic
cant
coo
li
ng
[
7
]
.
So
la
r
e
ne
rg
y
can
be
use
d
to
dr
i
ve
a
co
olin
g
process.
The
m
ai
n
com
po
ne
nts
of
s
ola
r
de
sic
cant
ai
r
co
ndit
ion
in
g
syst
e
m
are
a
dehum
idifie
r
wh
ic
h
co
ns
ist
s
of
a
r
otati
ng
wh
eel
that
co
nt
ai
ns
the
desic
cant
m
a
te
rial
and
a
n
eva
por
at
ive
coo
le
r
t
o
coo
l
dow
n
the
treat
ed
ai
r
to
near
a
m
bient
de
gr
e
es.
A
dd
it
io
nally
,
so
la
r
desicc
ant
co
oling
syst
e
m
s
is
an
op
e
n
cy
cl
e
syst
e
m
wh
ic
h
can
delive
r
a
dry
ness
e
nough
to
treat
7.
5
li
tr
e
of
wet
ai
r
pe
r
second
pe
r
pe
r
so
n
a
nd
the
pe
r
so
na
l
m
oistur
e
load
of
70
W
la
te
nt
(0.1
Lit
re
pe
r
hour)
[
8
,
9
]
.
T
he
ad
van
ta
ges
of
these
te
ch
nolo
gies
are
tha
t
these
m
at
erial
s
are
env
i
ronm
ental
ly
fr
ie
ndly
an
d
they
us
e
a
lo
w
-
gr
a
de
the
rm
al
energy.
Most
of
the
rese
arc
he
s
and
publica
ti
on
s
c
on
ce
r
ned
wit
h
ener
gy
pe
rfo
r
m
ance
of
insti
tuti
on
al
buil
di
ng
s
hav
e
c
onsidere
d
ene
rg
y
s
avin
gs
via
sp
eci
fic
c
onstr
uction
feat
ur
es
su
c
h
as
th
erm
al
insu
la
ti
on,
the
rm
al
m
ass,
sh
a
ding
[
10
]
and
H
VA
C
sy
stem
eff
ic
ie
ncy
a
nd
perform
ance
[
11
-
14
]
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
no
s
uch
stu
dy
in
vo
l
ving
t
he
s
olar
desicc
ant
co
olin
g
ha
s
bee
n
unde
rtake
n
in
Au
st
rali
an
sub
tro
pical
cl
i
m
ates.
Con
si
der
i
ng
it
s
econ
om
ic
and
en
vir
on
m
ental
ben
e
fits,
it
wil
l
be
us
e
fu
l
to
unde
rtake
a
stu
dy
on
s
olar
de
sic
cant
co
oli
ng
syst
em
wit
h
the
co
nventi
on
al
ai
r
co
ndit
ion
in
g
syst
e
m
s f
or v
a
r
iou
s
Australi
an
clim
at
es
.
Figure
1. I
ndoor
envir
on
m
ent quali
ty
g
r
oups
[
1
]
Figure
2. Buil
di
ng
s
source
of
heat g
ai
n
Figure
3. Co
ndit
ion
ed space
(sensible a
nd la
te
n
t l
oads)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3948
-
3956
3950
2.
INDOO
R
TH
ERM
AL
COMFO
RT
Ther
m
al
co
m
fo
rt
is
gen
e
rall
y
def
ine
d
as
com
bin
at
ion
s
of
indo
or
s
pace
env
ir
onm
ent
and
per
s
onal
factors
that
wi
ll
produce
the
rm
al
env
iro
nme
ntal
co
ndit
ion
s
acce
ptable
to
80
%
or
m
ore
of
the
occ
upants
within
a
sp
ace
[
15
]
.
ASHRA
E
Stand
a
rd
55
on
the
rm
al
co
m
fo
rt
is
cur
rent
ly
based
on
th
e
heat
balance
m
od
el
of
the
hum
an
body,
w
hich
a
s
su
m
es
that
ther
m
al
sensati
on
is
infl
uen
ce
d
by
var
i
ou
s
en
vir
on
m
ental
co
ndit
ion
s
(tem
per
at
ur
e,
hu
m
idit
y,
m
ea
n
rad
ia
nt
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
a
ir
sp
ee
d),
a
nd
two
per
s
onal
facto
rs
(acti
vi
ty
an
d
cl
oth
in
g)
[
16
]
.
Indoo
r
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
is
the
m
os
t
evide
nt
ind
ic
at
or
of
proper
the
rm
a
l
com
fo
rt.
For
bu
il
di
ng
coo
li
ng,
it
is
i
m
po
rtant
th
at
ou
r
bodies
are
capab
le
to
adap
t
to
var
io
us
seas
on
al
co
ndit
ions.
Th
us
the
appr
opriat
e
ind
oo
r
tem
perat
ur
es
are
between
20°
an
d
22°C
in
winte
r
and
26°
t
o
27
°C
in
su
m
m
er
wh
e
n
a
m
bient
tem
per
at
ur
e
is
a
bove
30°C
[
15
,
17
]
.
The
ai
r
hum
i
dity
is
def
ine
d
as
the
rati
o
of
water
va
po
ur
m
ass
(in
g or
kg)
ad
ded
to
t
he
m
as
s o
f
one
kilogr
a
m
o
f
dr
y ai
r
a
nd
the typic
al
v
al
ues
ar
e b
et
ween
5
to 20
g of
w
at
e
r
vapo
ur
/
kg
of
dry
ai
r
[
18
]
.
Va
lues
of
ai
r
hum
idit
y
are
give
n
in
ra
ng
e
between
0%
in
dr
y
ai
r
and
100%
in
ai
r
sat
ur
at
ed wit
h wate
r
va
pour.
W
it
h
the air tem
per
at
ur
e b
et
ween
20°C
-
26°C ai
r
hum
idi
ty
sh
ou
l
d
be
70 to
35%
or
t
he
m
oistur
e
con
te
nt
sho
ul
d
not
excee
d
11.5
g/kg
[
15
,
17
]
.
Ge
ner
al
ly
,
ai
r
hum
idit
y
a
ff
ect
s
the
la
te
nt
heat
trans
fer
f
r
om
h
um
an
bodies
to
the
s
urrou
nding
at
m
os
ph
e
r
e.
The
r
easo
n
wh
y
ai
r
hu
m
idit
y
in
any
con
di
ti
on
e
d
bu
il
di
ng
va
ries is becau
se
of d
iffe
re
nt sour
c
es o
f wat
er
va
pour s
uch
as
fro
m
h
um
an,
p
la
nt
s an
d
c
ooki
ng.
A
fte
r
al
l
ai
r
hu
m
idity
can
be
reduc
ed
by
co
oling
t
he
ai
r
belo
w
it
s
dew
point
us
ing
a
co
olin
g
de
vice
in
the
room
s
or
the
centr
al
ai
r
conditi
on
i
ng
unit
s.
I
n
bo
t
h
ca
ses
de
hum
idifi
cat
ion
inc
rease
s
the
el
ect
rici
ty
co
ns
um
ption
,
u
nless
a so
la
r
drive
n
c
oo
li
ng e
ngine
is u
se
d
i
ns
te
ad
of com
pr
ess
or
dr
i
ven co
olin
g sy
stem
s
[
19
,
20
]
.
Me
an
ra
diant
tem
per
at
ure
is
the
m
ean
tem
p
eratur
e
of
the
su
r
faces
that
s
urrou
nd
s
t
he
li
ving
sp
ace
.
It
has
a
str
ong
i
nf
l
uen
ce
on
ra
diate
d
he
at
transf
e
r
be
tween
t
he
hum
an
body
a
nd
it
s
s
urr
ound
i
ngs.
The
di
ff
e
ren
ce
betwee
n
the
indo
or
ai
r
te
m
per
at
ur
e
a
nd
m
e
an
ra
diant
te
m
per
at
ur
e
s
houl
d
not
be
great
e
r
than
2K
[
17
]
.
Durin
g
a
s
unny
day,
the
in
door
sur
faces
or
window
blin
ds
e
xpose
d
to
t
he
so
la
r
rad
ia
ti
on
can
war
m
up
t
o
50°C
a
nd
higher
,
w
hi
ch
can
be
di
sturbin
g.
Bri
ght
colo
ur
e
d
or
ref
le
ct
ive
ext
ern
al
wi
nd
ow
blind
s
are
a
good
s
ol
ution
f
or
dec
reasin
g
the
m
ean
rad
ia
nt
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
Th
e
ai
r
velocit
y
in
the
ro
om
aff
ect
s
the
convecti
ve
heat
losses
and
e
vapo
rati
on
of
water,
w
hich
we
a
re
r
el
eased
thr
ough
the
sk
i
n
an
d
sweat
glan
ds
.
D
ur
i
ng
the
heati
ng
seaso
n
our
bo
dies
feel
uncom
fo
rtable
w
it
h
ai
r
velocit
ie
s
ab
ov
e
0.1
5
m
/s;
conve
rsely
in
t
he
s
umm
er ti
me our b
odie
s are
co
m
fo
rta
ble
with
higher
v
el
ociti
es up to
0.
6
m
/s
[
1
]
.
2.
1.
In
teg
r
ate
d indica
t
ors o
f
ind
oor t
her
mal c
omfort
The
the
rm
al
com
fo
rt
pa
ra
m
et
ers
cou
l
d
be
e
valuate
d
with
the
pr
edict
ed
m
ai
n
vote
(P
M
V)
ind
ic
at
or
[
3
]
.
PMV
is
an
agr
ee
d
relat
ive
assessm
ent
s
cal
e
of
therm
al
co
m
fo
rt
in
ind
oor
e
nv
i
r
on
m
ent.
The
val
ues
of
PMV
are
in
th
e
range
betwee
n
-
3
(co
l
d)
,
-
2
(m
od
eratel
y
cold)
,
-
1
(
pleasan
tl
y
cold)
,
0
(
ne
utral)
,
+1
(
pleasa
ntly
war
m
),
+2
(
war
m
)
an
d
+3
(hot
e
nv
ir
on
m
ent).
Wh
e
n
PMV
e
qu
al
s
z
ero
it
m
eans
a
ne
utral
env
i
ronm
ent,
po
sit
ive
value
s
of
PMV
m
eans
a
w
arm
er
env
i
ronm
ent,
and
ne
gative
va
lues
of
PM
V
m
eans
a
col
der
en
vir
on
m
ent
[
3
,
21
]
.
The
PMV
va
lue
is
est
a
blishe
d
by
a
m
ath
em
atical
expr
ession
or
base
d
on
m
easur
em
ents
of
the
rm
al
com
fo
rt
par
am
eter
s
an
d
by
consi
der
in
g
the
ac
ti
vity
and
cl
othi
ng
of
the
occ
up
ancies
as in
(
1
)
[
3
,
22
]
.
L
M
e
t
P
M
V
]
e
x
p
[
(
1
)
wh
e
re
Me
t
is
m
et
abo
li
c
rate
and
L
is
dr
y
r
espirati
on
heat
loss.
The
PM
V
eq
uation
only
app
li
es
to
hu
m
ans
expose
d
f
or
a
long
pe
rio
d
to
con
sta
nt
co
nd
it
ion
s
at
a
co
nst
ant
m
e
ta
bo
li
c
rate.
The
P
MV
can
be
rel
at
ed
to
per
ce
ntage
of
no
t
sat
isfie
d pe
op
le
(PPD
)
in
an obse
r
ved r
oom
.
3.
INDOO
R
AI
R
Q
U
ALITY
Ind
oor
ai
r
qual
it
y
IA
Q
is
def
i
ned
as
the
sce
ner
y
or
nat
ur
e
of
ai
r
that
af
fe
ct
s
the
bu
il
di
ng
occ
upant’
s
healt
h
a
nd
wel
l
bein
g
be
caus
e
ex
po
s
ure
to
poll
utants
a
nd
s
om
e
bu
il
ding
m
at
erial
s
in
the
ai
r
m
ay
cause
a
high
healt
h
risk;
li
ke
resp
irat
or
y
il
lness.
I
n
ot
he
r
words,
an
acce
ptable
indo
or
a
ir
qu
al
it
y
is
def
ine
d
as
ai
r
in
wh
ic
h
there
a
re
no
know
n
co
ntam
i
nan
ts
at
har
m
fu
l
le
vels.
It
is
al
so
an
i
nd
ic
at
ion
of
how
ai
r
sat
isfie
s
the
therm
al
com
fo
rt,
no
rm
al
con
ce
ntrati
on
of
res
pirat
ory
gases,
s
uch
a
s
ox
y
gen
a
nd
c
arbo
n
dioxi
de,
and
acce
ptable
lim
it
s
of
ai
r
poll
utant
s
[
23
]
.
IAQ
is
determ
ined
by
a
co
ns
ta
ntly
ch
ang
i
ng
interact
ion
of
c
om
plex
fact
or
s
t
hat
a
ff
ect
the
ty
pes,
le
ve
ls
and
i
m
po
rta
nce
of
po
ll
uta
nt
s
in
the
indo
or
en
vir
onm
ent.
It
is
a
m
ajo
r
con
ce
rn
to
bu
il
din
g
dev
el
op
e
rs,
business
owne
rs,
bu
il
di
ng
m
anag
ers
,
te
nan
ts
a
nd
em
plo
ye
es
because
it
af
fe
ct
s
the
healt
h,
com
fo
rt
and
pro
duct
ivit
y
of
buil
ding
occupa
nts.
T
he
I
AQ
de
pends
on
bo
t
h
th
e
qu
al
it
y
of
t
he
o
ut
door
ai
r
and
on
the
stren
gth
of
e
m
issi
on
s
fr
om
ind
oor
ai
r.
I
n
orde
r
to
m
ain
ta
in
an
acce
pt
able
com
fo
rt
l
evel,
indo
or
s
pace
s
m
us
t
receive
a
su
f
fici
ent
qua
ntit
y
of
cl
ean
and
fr
es
h
outd
oor
ai
r
to
crea
te
an
acce
ptab
le
ind
oor
ai
r
qual
it
y.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
So
l
ar
as
sist
ed
coo
li
ng
ru
le
i
n i
ndoor
air qu
alit
y
(
Ali
M.
Ba
ni
younes
)
3951
Si
m
il
arly
,
to
sat
isf
y
healt
h
ve
ntil
at
ion
nee
ds,
indo
or
s
pac
es
m
us
t
receive
ai
r
that
is
fr
ee
fr
om
hazar
dous
chem
ic
al
o
r
m
i
crobiol
og
ic
al
c
on
ta
m
inants
[
24
]
.
4.
INDOO
R HU
MIDIT
Y
Subtr
op
ic
al
cl
im
at
e
char
act
er
iz
ed
by
it
s
high
relat
ive
hu
m
idit
y
as
in
Figu
re
4.
Hu
m
id
ity
con
tr
ol
in
indoor
en
vir
onm
ents
is
an
i
m
po
rtant
fact
or
of
I
A
Q.
I
n
the
con
te
xt
of
a
n
insti
tuti
on
al
buil
di
ng
unde
r
a
su
btr
opic
al
cl
i
m
a
te
,
ind
oor
ai
r
hu
m
idit
y
aff
ect
s
both
th
e
com
fo
rt
of
hu
m
ans
(staf
f
and
visit
or
s
),
li
br
ar
y
con
te
nts
(
book
s
and
f
urniture
)
a
nd
la
borat
ori
es
(m
achines
and
e
quipm
ents).
I
n
sit
uatio
ns
wh
e
re
the
i
ndoor
ai
r
is
too
dry
,
both
hum
ans
and
anim
a
ls
will
exp
e
rience
sy
m
pto
m
s
of
discom
fo
rt
that
sp
an
from
dr
y
sk
in
t
o
resp
i
rator
y
ir
rita
ti
on
.
Wh
e
n
th
e
ai
r
is
too
hu
m
id,
the
pro
ba
bili
ty
of
fungu
s
(m
ou
ld)
gro
wth
s
ub
sta
ntial
ly
rises
al
ong wit
h
a
n
i
ncr
ease
in dete
rior
at
io
n o
f
the
buil
ding m
at
erial
.
In
S
ubtr
op
ic
al
reg
i
on
s
,
the
a
ct
ual
hu
m
idit
y
le
vel
achieve
d
in
a
ven
ti
la
te
d
buil
ding
will
dep
en
d
on
the
outsi
de
ai
r
hum
idit
y,
ven
ti
la
ti
on
rate
,
and
rate
of
m
oistur
e
ge
ne
rati
on
withi
n
the
sp
ace
.
High
i
ndoo
r
hu
m
idit
y
is
a
m
ajo
r
co
ntri
butor
to
the
accu
m
ula
ti
on
of
m
oistur
e
in
the
buil
ding’s
e
nv
el
op
e
.
This
oft
en
resu
lt
s
in
dam
pn
ess
within
t
he
bu
il
din
g
an
d
s
ubse
qu
e
nt
healt
h
-
relat
ed
pro
bl
e
m
s
fo
r
the
occ
up
a
nts.
Du
rin
g
su
m
m
ert
i
m
e
a
nd
high
hum
idit
y
days,
deh
um
idifie
rs
m
us
t
be
in
place
to
dehum
idify
war
m
and
m
oist
ou
td
oor
ai
r
in
orde
r
to
m
ai
ntain sp
ace
hum
idity le
vels b
el
ow 60%.
Figure
4. Roc
kham
pto
n,
A
us
t
rali
a subtr
op
ic
al
clim
at
es
5.
SOLA
R DESI
CCA
NT COO
LING
SYST
EM
In
Austral
ia
,
the
pea
k
of
el
e
ct
ric
energy
con
s
um
ption
ha
pp
e
ns
i
n
su
m
m
er
as
a
resu
l
t
of
c
oo
li
ng
dem
and
by
bui
ldings.
Buil
di
ng
in
door
t
her
m
al
com
fo
rt
conditi
on
s
a
re
ach
ie
ved
by
us
in
g
conve
ntion
al
heat
pu
m
p
syst
e
m
s
(Mecha
nical
com
pr
esso
rs).
Bi
g
energy
bill
and
cl
i
m
at
e
change
crisi
s
f
or
ce
po
li
cy
m
aker
s
,
arch
it
ect
s
an
d
dev
el
op
e
rs
t
o
adopt
ne
w
a
nd
non
c
onve
ntion
al
al
te
r
nativ
es
li
ke
so
la
r
c
oo
li
ng
te
c
hnol
og
y
to
pro
vid
e
in
do
or
t
her
m
al
com
fo
rt.
S
olar
desiccant
c
oo
li
ng
te
c
hnol
og
y
c
on
sist
s
of
so
la
r
s
yst
e
m
,
dehum
idific
at
i
on
syst
em
and
a
cheap
chill
ing
syst
em
li
ke
an
evapo
rati
ve
coo
li
ng
syst
em
.
The
m
ai
n
c
on
ce
pt
of
desiccant
c
ooli
ng
syst
em
is
based
on
the
s
yst
e
m
capab
il
ity
of
rem
ov
in
g
or
reducin
g
va
pours
an
d
m
oistur
e
con
te
nts
ou
t
of
ai
r
usi
ng
a
physi
cal
so
rp
ti
on
pro
cess
[
25
]
.
I
n
gen
e
ral,
desi
ccant
m
at
erial
s
ha
ve
a
l
ow
m
oisture
con
te
nt
wh
ic
h
at
tract
s
v
a
p
o
u
r
a
n
d
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
o
u
t
o
f
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
a
i
r
a
n
d
t
h
i
s
i
s
a
s
a
r
e
s
ul
t
o
f
m
oi
s
t
u
r
e
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
e
d
a
i
r
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
c
c
a
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
.
C
o
n
t
i
n
u
o
u
s
a
i
r
d
e
h
u
m
i
d
i
f
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
m
a
k
e
s
d
e
s
i
c
c
a
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
s
a
t
u
r
a
t
e
d
,
a
n
d
c
a
nn
o
t
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
a
ga
i
n
u
n
l
e
s
s
i
t
i
s
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
e
d
.
F
or
t
h
i
s
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
a
n
d
i
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
u
s
e
t
h
e
d
e
s
i
c
c
a
n
t
m
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
g
a
i
n
a
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
s
r
e
q
u
i
r
e
d
f
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
c
e
s
s
.
G
e
n
e
r
a
l
l
y
,
t
h
i
s
t
h
e
r
m
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
a
n
b
e
s
u
p
p
l
i
e
d
b
y
g
a
s
o
r
s
o
l
a
r
.
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
e
x
p
l
a
i
n
s
t
he
o
p
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
c
o
n
c
e
p
t
o
f
d
e
s
i
c
c
a
n
t
c
o
o
l
i
n
g
t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
i
e
s
[
25
,
26
]
.
The
process
of
at
tract
ing
m
oistur
e
f
ro
m
the
ai
r
ca
n
be
done
us
i
ng
ads
orption
or
abs
orption
:
the
adsor
ption
process
is
a
physi
cal
pr
ocess
wh
e
re
the
pro
pe
rty
of
the
desi
ccant
m
at
erial
rem
ai
ns
un
cha
ng
e
d;
wh
il
e
with
a
bs
or
ption
pr
oc
ess,
the
phy
sic
al
char
act
e
risti
c
of
the
m
at
erial
changes
w
hile
at
tract
ing
m
oistur
e
[
25
]
.
Desicca
nt
m
at
erial
s
are
av
ai
la
ble
as
so
li
d
or
li
qu
i
d.
An
e
xam
ple
of
so
li
d
desicc
ant
ar
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
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8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3948
-
3956
3952
sil
ic
a
gel,
titanium
sil
ic
a
te
s,
cal
ci
u
m
chlor
id
e,
act
ivate
d
al
um
inas,
zeoli
te
(n
at
ural
an
d
syntheti
c),
m
ole
cula
r
sie
ve,
li
thium
chlor
i
de,
or
ga
nic
-
based
de
sic
cants,
poly
m
ers,
com
po
und
a
nd
c
om
po
sit
e
desicca
nt
s
[
27
]
.
Av
ai
la
ble
desi
ccant
syst
e
m
s
are
base
d
on
fi
ve
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s:
li
qu
id
s
pr
ay
towe
rs,
s
olid
pa
cked
t
ow
e
r,
r
otati
ng
horizo
ntal be
d, m
ult
iple vertic
al
b
ed
and
r
otati
ng
desiccant
wh
eel
[
28
]
.
Figure
5. O
perat
ion
c
on
c
ept
of
desiccant c
oo
li
ng
[
25
]
5.1
.
C
oo
li
n
g
p
rocess
Desicca
nt
co
ol
ing
pr
ocess
re
li
es
on
desicc
ant
m
at
erial
s
r
edu
ci
ng
the
ai
r
m
oistur
e
cont
ent
fo
r
ai
r
coo
li
ng
an
d
de
hu
m
idific
at
ion
.
I
n
desiccan
t
co
oling
syst
e
m
s,
desicca
nt
m
at
erial
dr
ie
s
the
sup
plied
ai
r
.
As
resu
lt
the
treat
ed
ai
r
be
com
es
un
a
voidably
wa
rm
as
in
Fi
gure
6.
In
ord
er
t
o
reduce
ai
r
s
ensibl
e
tem
per
at
ur
e
,
there
are
c
hea
p
ai
r
-
co
olin
g
te
chn
i
qu
e
s,
li
ke
evapo
rati
ve
co
oling
or
h
eat
exch
a
nger
wh
i
ch
are
dep
l
oyed
to
c
ool
the
de
hum
i
dified
ai
r
t
o
ne
ar
am
bient
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
In
sh
ort
th
e
produced
dr
y
ai
r
is
f
ur
th
er
coo
le
d
dow
n
to
a
near
am
bie
nt
tem
per
at
ur
e
s
or
to
nea
r
co
m
fo
rt
le
vel
and
then
the
co
ol
ed
ai
r
would
be
passed
to the c
onditi
on
ed
s
pace
[
20
,
29
]
.
Figure
6. Desic
cant cy
cl
e
[
30
]
The
eff
ic
ie
nc
y
of
a
desiccant
coo
li
ng
s
yst
e
m
can
be
evaluated
ba
sed
on
it
s
coef
fici
ent
of
perform
ance
COP
.
C
oe
ff
ic
ie
nt
of
pe
rform
ance
COP
is
kn
own
a
s
th
e
rati
o
bet
wee
n
th
e
c
oo
li
ng
capaci
ty
require
d
to
s
upply ai
r
c
onditi
onin
g,
Q
C
a
nd s
upply heat
i
np
ut n
ee
de
d for
r
egen
e
rati
on
Q
Re
as in
(
2
)
[
31
]
:
e
v
a
p
Q
r
e
g
h
r
e
g
m
c
o
o
l
h
m
h
e
a
t
e
r
e
v
a
p
Q
Q
C
Q
C
O
P
)
(
s
u
p
Re
(
2
)
wh
e
re
Q
evap
is
the
ene
rg
y
c
on
su
m
ed
by
the
evapo
rati
ve
c
oole
r,
η
heater
regenerati
on
heat
er
ef
fici
ency,
m
sup
is
the
m
ass
flow
of
s
upply
ai
r,
m
reg
is
the
m
ass
flo
w
of
th
e
reg
e
ner
at
io
n
ai
r,
Δh
coo
l
is
the
ent
halpy
di
ff
e
ren
t
betwee
n ou
tsi
de
and s
upply ai
r,
a
nd
Δh
reg
is t
he
e
nth
al
py
ris
e in the
h
e
at
er
for
the
r
e
ge
nerat
ion
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
So
l
ar
as
sist
ed
coo
li
ng
ru
le
i
n i
ndoor
air qu
alit
y
(
Ali
M.
Ba
ni
younes
)
3953
In
t
he
case
of
the
m
ass
flow
of
s
upply
ai
r,
i
t
is
sa
m
e
as
the
reg
e
ne
rati
on
ai
r
m
a
ss
flow
;
the
heate
r
eff
ic
ie
ncy is
=
1
an
d
the
eva
porati
ve
e
ne
rg
y
is neg
le
ct
ed
c
om
par
ed
to the r
egen
e
rati
on ene
rg
y t
he
n
the
COP of
the d
e
sic
cant c
oo
li
ng
will
b
e
expresse
d
as
in
(
3
):
r
e
g
h
c
o
o
l
h
C
O
P
(
3
)
In
t
he
case
of
s
olar
e
nerg
y
us
ed
to
re
gen
e
rate
the
desiccant
t
he
heater
ef
fici
ency
will
be
as in
(
4
)
[
32
]
.
(
4
)
wh
e
re
η
is
the
colle
ct
or
ef
fic
ie
ncy,
η
0
is
opti
cal
eff
ic
ie
ncy,
C
1,
C
2
are
colle
ct
or
heat
lo
ss
coeffic
ie
nt,
t
m
is
the
colle
ct
or
te
m
per
at
ur
e
an
d
t
a
is
the
am
bie
nt
te
m
per
at
ur
e.
The
n
the
coe
f
fici
ent
of
perform
ance
fo
r
the
so
la
r
desiccant c
ooli
ng is
def
ine
d
a
s
(
5
):
G
a
t
m
t
C
G
a
t
m
t
C
r
e
g
h
c
o
o
l
h
s
o
l
a
r
r
e
g
h
c
o
o
l
h
C
O
P
2
)
(
2
1
0
(
5
)
6.
ENERG
Y SA
VINGS
The
po
te
ntial
of
el
ect
ric
power
sa
ving
E
sa
ved
fo
r
pro
duci
ng
1
kW
co
oling
powe
r
ca
n
be
eval
uate
d
base
d
on
a
com
par
ison
between
a
co
nve
ntion
al
H
V
AC
syst
e
m
and
a
so
la
r
desicc
ant
coo
li
ng
s
yst
e
m
.
The p
otentia
l o
f
sa
vings is e
xpress
ed
b
y
(
6
)
[
31
]
:
C
o
n
v
C
Q
C
o
n
v
E
D
C
Q
d
E
C
o
n
v
C
Q
C
o
n
v
E
S
a
v
e
d
E
,
,
,
(
6
)
wh
e
re
E
Conv
is
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
syst
e
m
el
ect
ric
powe
r,
Q
C,
Conv
is
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
co
olin
g
sy
stem
capaci
ty
,
E
d
is
desiccant c
ooli
ng syst
em
electric powe
r
a
nd
Q
C, D
is desicca
nt cooli
ng syst
e
m
co
olin
g
ca
pa
ci
ty
.
7.
F
IN
ANCI
AL
ANALY
SIS
O
F SOL
AR D
E
SICCA
NT
C
OOLIN
G
The
cost of so
l
ar d
esi
ccant co
oling
syst
em
h
as
m
any i
m
po
rtant f
act
or
s to be conside
red
su
c
h
as so
la
r
colle
ct
or
s,
stora
ge
unit
,
pum
ps
,
blowe
rs,
c
ontrol
syst
em
,
pi
pes,
du
ct
s
,
hea
t
exch
a
ng
e
,
an
d
al
l
oth
e
r
eq
ui
pm
ent
associat
ed wit
h i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
s.
Instal
la
ti
on
c
os
t
s of s
olar
e
quip
m
ent
C
s
can
be
shown a
s the
s
um
o
f
tw
o
te
r
m
s as
sh
ow
n
in
(
7
)
, o
ne pr
oport
ion
al
to
c
ollec
tor
a
r
ea an
d
the
o
t
he
r
in
de
pende
nt
of colle
ct
or are
a
[
33
]
:
E
C
C
A
A
C
S
C
(7)
wh
e
re
C
A
is
c
ost
of
so
la
r
e
qu
i
pm
ent
area,
A
c
is
so
la
r
colle
ct
or’s
a
rea
a
nd
C
E
is
eq
uip
m
e
nt
co
st
in
dep
e
ndent
of
colle
ct
or’s
a
rea
.
The
s
olar
d
esi
c
cant co
olin
g
sy
stem
total
syste
m
instal
le
d
co
st can
be
cal
c
ulate
d
acc
ordin
g t
o
(
8
):
g
r
a
n
t
G
o
v
e
v
a
p
C
D
C
S
C
t
o
t
a
l
C
(
8
)
wh
e
re
C
D
is
de
sic
cant syst
em
cost,
C
evap
is ev
aporati
ve
c
oole
r
c
os
t an
d
G
ov
g
rant
is governm
ent gra
nts.
G
a
t
m
t
C
G
a
t
m
t
C
s
o
l
a
r
2
)
(
2
1
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3948
-
3956
3954
The
operati
on
cost
of
so
la
r
co
oling
syst
em
no
rm
ally
a
sso
ci
at
ed
with
so
la
r
ene
rg
y
ge
ner
at
io
n
process
.
It
is
a
con
ti
nu
ous
cos
t
including
the
cost
of
t
he
au
xili
ary
energy
nee
de
d
to
feed
pu
m
ps
,
bl
ow
e
rs
et
c
.
Her
e
in
Au
st
ra
li
a,
op
erati
on
c
os
t
m
or
e
li
kely
to
be
hit
by
gove
r
nm
ent
ta
x
changes
,
intere
st
rate
changes
and
gove
rn
m
ent
stim
ulu
s
pac
kages
w
hich
in
s
om
e
aspects
are
grante
d
f
or
gr
ee
n
pro
j
ect
s.
As
a
res
ult
of
t
his
im
pact the ann
ual cost
for sol
ar a
nd no
n
s
olar pr
ocess
t
o
m
e
et
an
e
nergy
ne
ed
ca
n be e
xpr
essed
i
n
(
9
)
[
32
]
:
y
g
r
a
n
t
G
o
v
t
a
x
I
t
a
x
E
C
I
n
s
u
r
Ma
pay
MG
F
Y
C
/
P
&
i
n
t
e
x
p
(
9
)
wh
e
re
F
exp
is
fu
el
e
xpense
s,
MG
pay
is
m
or
tga
ge
pa
ym
en
t,
Maint
&
In
su
r
is
m
ai
ntenan
ce
a
nd
ins
uranc
e
paym
ents,
C
E
i
s
par
asi
ti
c
energy
cost,
P
tax
is
pro
per
ty
ta
x,
Gov
grant/y
is
governm
ent
gr
ant
s
fo
r
the
ye
ar
a
nd
I
ta
x
is i
nco
m
e tax s
avin
gs
.
Howe
ver inc
om
e tax sav
i
ng
s
can be calc
ula
te
d
acco
r
ding t
o
(
10
)
[
32
,
33
]
:
dp
E
C
I
n
s
u
r
Ma
F
t
a
x
P
P
i
t
a
x
E
t
a
x
I
&
i
n
t
e
x
p
(
10
)
wh
e
re
E
tax
is e
f
fecti
ve
ta
x rate
,
i
P
is i
nterest
pa
ym
ent an
d
dp
is de
pr
eci
at
io
n.
Accor
ding to
the sam
e so
urce
[
32
]
s
olar sa
vi
ng can
b
e
d
e
fin
ed
as:
g
r
a
n
t
s
g
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
t
a
x
i
n
c
o
m
e
a
x
p
r
o
p
e
r
t
y
t
l
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
-
c
o
s
t
e
n
e
r
g
y
al
c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
n
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
-
e
m
a
i
n
t
e
n
a
n
c
a
n
d
i
n
s
u
r
a
n
c
e
l
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
-
p
a
y
m
e
n
t
m
o
r
t
g
a
g
e
l
i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
a
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
s
f
u
e
l
=
s
a
v
i
n
g
S
o
l
a
r
there
are
seve
ral
econom
ic
crit
eria’s
that
hav
e
been
propose
d
to
eva
luate
and
opti
m
iz
e
so
la
r
coo
li
ng
te
chnolo
gies,
t
hese
te
ch
nolo
gi
es
are
li
fe
cy
cl
e
savin
gs
LC
S
,
pr
ese
nt
w
or
th
facto
r
PWF
and
payba
ck
per
i
od
PB
[
32
,
34
,
35
]
.
Life
cy
cl
e
saving
s
of
a
so
la
r
desiccant
c
oo
li
ng
syst
em
com
par
ed
to
a
conve
ntion
al
sy
stem
can
be
def
i
ned
as
the
diff
ere
nce
bet
ween
the
sa
vin
gs
in
f
uel
co
st
and
the
incr
ease
of
the
ex
penses
that
oc
cur
as
a res
ult o
f
the
s
olar
syst
em
investm
ent as in
(
11
)
.
2
2
1
C
P
F
L
F
C
P
L
C
S
(
11
)
wh
e
re
C
F
is
th
e
unit
cost
of
de
li
ver
ed
co
nve
ntion
al
ene
rg
y
for
the
fi
rst
ye
ar
of
analy
sis,
L
is
the
an
nual
loa
d,
F
is t
he
an
nu
al
f
racti
on of loa
d
sup
plied b
y s
olar
e
nergy,
P
1
is t
he
facto
r
rel
at
ing
to
li
fe cy
cl
e fu
el
co
st sa
vings
in
the
first
ye
ar
a
nd
P
2
is
t
he
factor
relat
in
g
li
fe
cy
cl
e
ex
pe
nd
it
ures
occ
urr
ed
by
a
dd
it
io
na
l
capit
al
inv
e
s
t
m
ent
to the i
niti
al
cost
.
Worth
fact
or
i
s
de
fine
d
as
the
diff
e
re
nce
betwee
n
t
he
li
fe
cy
cl
e
co
st
of
a
c
onve
ntio
nal
f
uel
on
ly
syst
e
m
and
the
li
fe
cy
cl
e
cost
of
the
so
la
r
pl
us
au
xili
ary
en
erg
y
syst
em
[
32
,
35
]
.
Pr
e
sent
worth
fact
or
c
an
be
expresse
d
as
in
(
12
)
a
nd
(
13
)
:
N
j
j
d
j
i
d
i
N
P
W
F
1
)
1
(
1
)
1
(
)
,
,
(
(
12
)
d
i
N
N
d
i
N
d
i
i
d
1
1
1
1
1
(
13
)
w
hile Pay
back
per
i
od can
b
e
e
xpresse
d
as
in
(
14
)
[
36
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
So
l
ar
as
sist
ed
coo
li
ng
ru
le
i
n i
ndoor
air qu
alit
y
(
Ali
M.
Ba
ni
younes
)
3955
100
1
l
o
g
1
100
.
l
o
g
Ei
Ei
Ei
S
C
PB
(
14
)
wh
e
re
Ei
is
en
e
rg
y i
nf
la
ti
on.
Grow
i
ng
dem
and
f
or
ai
r
c
onditi
on
in
g
i
n
re
cent
ye
ars,
pa
r
ti
cularly
in
hot
an
d
hu
m
id
cl
im
at
es
li
ke
Au
st
rali
an’
s
s
ub
t
ropical
re
gi
on
s
hav
e
ca
use
d
a
sig
nifica
nt
inc
rease
i
n
dem
and
f
or
conve
ntion
al
e
nergy.
Conve
ntion
al
c
oo
li
ng
al
te
r
natives
w
hich
pow
ered
by
ren
e
w
able
energy
ha
ve
the
abili
ty
t
o
ha
ndle
the
issue
of
reducin
g
peak
el
ect
rici
ty
de
m
and
due
to
ai
r
-
conditi
on
i
ng.
T
he
ai
m
of
eco
nom
ic
a
l
and
perform
ance
analy
sis
is
to
dete
rm
ine
the
s
olar
desicc
ant
c
oo
li
ng
sy
stem
siz
es
in
c
onjun
ct
io
n
wit
h
lo
west
i
ns
ta
ll
at
ion
a
n
d
ope
rati
on
cost.
The
eq
ua
ti
on
s
m
entione
d
i
n
this
pa
pe
r
will
al
low
a
r
chite
ct
s,
de
sig
n
e
ngineer
s,
business
owners
a
nd
dev
el
op
e
rs
to
desig
n
a
nd
deliver
a
n
op
ti
m
um
coo
li
ng
syst
e
m
that
can
co
m
pete
with
the
conve
ntional
coo
li
ng
syst
e
m
s.
8.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
Ach
ie
ving
a
c
om
fo
rtable
a
nd
healt
hy
in
do
or
ai
r
e
nvir
onm
ent
is
esse
ntial
.
Re
centl
y
in
door
the
rm
al
com
fo
rt
an
d
in
door
ai
r
qual
it
y
IA
Q
ha
ve
im
pro
ved
due
to
t
he
avail
a
bili
ty
of
im
pr
oved
ai
r
-
c
oo
li
ng
te
c
hniqu
es
.
Sti
ll
healt
h
prob
le
m
s
that
relat
e
to
indoor
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
are
a
m
ajo
r
con
ce
r
n
due
t
o
co
ntam
inant
a
nd
po
ll
ute
d
ai
r.
T
hu
s
,
c
on
tr
ol
of
relat
ive
hum
i
dity
is
an
esse
ntial
aspect
of
m
ai
ntaining
in
door
ai
r
qual
it
y
in
an
ai
r
-
co
ndit
ion
e
d
sp
ace.
S
olar
desiccant
co
oli
ng
syst
em
s
ca
n
hel
p
to
pro
vi
de
indo
or
the
rm
al
co
m
fo
rt
le
ve
l,
m
ai
ntain
ind
oor
ai
r
qu
al
it
y
and
sa
ve
e
nergy
an
d
gas
e
m
issi
on
s
.
I
n
the
li
te
ratur
e
it
is
fo
un
d
that
desicca
nt
coo
li
ng
te
ch
no
log
ie
s
are
a
ble
to
offer
al
te
r
natives
to
the
conve
ntion
al
a
ir
conditi
on
i
ng
syst
e
m
s
by
us
ing
ren
e
wa
ble
ene
rg
y
res
ources
and
us
in
g
e
n
vi
ronm
ental
ly
fr
ie
ndly
m
ater
ia
ls.
Be
sides
,
desiccant
c
ooli
ng
te
chnolo
gy
is
a
si
m
ple
te
c
hnology
that
can
be
util
ise
d
with
ot
her
coo
li
ng
syst
em
to
i
m
pr
ov
e
their
perform
ance
a
nd
to
im
pr
ov
e
in
door
ai
r
qu
al
it
y.
The
e
ne
rg
y
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
t
he
s
ola
r
desiccant
co
ol
ing
syst
e
m
s
cou
ld
be
f
ur
t
her
im
pr
ove
d
thr
ough
a
lowe
r
re
ge
ne
rati
on
te
m
per
a
ture
a
ppr
oach,
m
or
e
eff
ic
ie
nt
so
la
r
therm
al
co
ll
ecto
rs
, m
ark
et
av
a
il
abili
ty
an
d
a l
ow
e
r
set
up cos
t.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
SO
LAIR,
“
Guidel
in
es:
req
u
ire
m
ent
s
on
th
e
d
esig
n
and
conf
igurat
ion
of
sm
al
l
and
m
edi
um
-
size
d
S
AC
appl
i
anc
es
,
”
2009.
[Onlin
e]
.
Avail
ab
le
f
rom
:
htt
p://ww
w.sola
i
r
-
proje
c
t.eu/
uplo
ads/media
/SOL
AIR_G
uide
li
nes
_EN.
pdf
.
[2]
Le
vin
H.
,
“
Crit
i
ca
l
Bui
ldi
ng
De
sign
Fact
ors
for
Indoor
Air
Qu
al
ity
and
Cli
m
ate:
Curre
nt
St
at
u
s
and
Predic
ted
Tre
nds,”
Indoor
Ai
r
,
vo
l. 1, no. 1, pp. 79
-
92,
1991
.
[3]
Bec
ker
R
.
,
I
.
G
oldbe
rge
r
,
and
M.
Paci
uk,
“
Im
proving
ene
rg
y
per
form
anc
e
of
school
buil
dings
whi
le
ensurin
g
indoor
a
ir
qu
al
i
t
y
ventilation
,
”
B
uil
ding
an
d
En
vir
onment
,
vol
.
42
,
no
.
9
,
pp
.
3261
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3276,
2007
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[4]
Stai
ger
H.
,
G.
La
sche
ws
ki,
an
d
A.
Grätz,
“
The
per
c
ei
v
ed
tem
per
at
ure
–
a
v
er
sati
le
inde
x
for
the
assess
m
ent
of
the
hum
an
the
r
m
al
envi
ronm
en
t.
Part
A:
sci
en
ti
fic
b
asic
s,
”
Int
ernati
onal
Jour
nal
of
Bi
ome
te
o
rology
,
vol
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no.
1
,
pp
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-
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76,
2012
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[5]
Kelka
r
U.,
A.M
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Bal,
and
S.
Kulkar
ni
,
“
Fungal
cont
amination
of
ai
r
condition
ing
unit
s
in
oper
ating
theatr
es
in
Indi
a,”
Journ
al
of
Hos
pit
al In
fe
c
ti
on
,
vol
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60
,
no.
1
,
pp
.
81
-
84
,
2005.
[6]
Sim
m
on
s
R.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Fungal
Col
oniz
a
ti
on
of
Air
Filt
ers
from
Hos
pit
al
s
,
”
Ame
rica
n
Industrial
Hyg
ie
ne
Associatio
n
Journal
,
vo
l. 58, no. 12, pp. 900
-
904,
1997
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[7]
Yu
B.
F.,
et
al
.
,
“
Revi
ew
of
rese
arc
h
on
ai
r
-
cond
it
ioni
ng
s
y
s
te
m
s
and
indo
or
ai
r
qual
ity
cont
rol
f
or
hum
an
hea
lt
h
,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of Re
frig
erati
on
,
vol. 32
,
n
o.
1
,
pp
.
3
-
20
,
2
009.
[8]
Li
u
W
.
,
e
t
al
.
,
“
Ene
rg
y
consum
pti
on
ana
l
y
sis
on
a
dedica
t
ed
outdoor
ai
r
s
y
s
te
m
with
rota
r
y
desic
c
ant
whee
l,”
Ene
rgy
,
vol
.
32
,
no.
9
,
pp
.
1749
-
1760,
2007
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[9]
Gandhida
san
P.
,
“
A
sim
pli
fie
d
m
odel
for
a
ir
d
e
hum
idi
fic
a
ti
on
with
li
qu
id
d
esicca
nt
,
”
Solar
en
e
rgy
,
vol
.
76
,
no
.
4,
pp.
409
-
416
,
20
04.
[10]
Norton
D.
I.
,
“
El
ement
ar
y
sch
ool
uti
lizes
sola
r
design
te
chni
q
ues
and
groundwat
er
cooling
sy
stem
for
ener
g
y
ef
ficien
c
y
,
”
ASH
RA
E
Journal
,
vo
l.
37
,
no
.
3
,
pp
.
5
0
-
52,
2004
.
[11]
Rosenbaum M.,
“
A gre
en
bui
ldi
n
g
on
c
ampus
,
”
A
SHRAE
Journal
,
vol. 44, no. 1, p
p.
41
-
44
,
2002
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[12]
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n
O.
A.,
W
.
J.
Fis
k,
and
M.
J.,
“
Mende
ll
,
As
socia
t
ion
of
Venti
l
at
ion
R
ate
s
and
CO2
Con
ce
ntr
at
ions
wi
th
H
e
a
l
t
h
a
n
d
O
t
h
e
r
R
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
i
n
C
o
m
m
e
r
c
i
a
l
a
n
d
I
n
s
t
i
t
u
t
i
o
n
a
l
B
u
i
l
d
i
n
g
s
,
”
I
n
d
o
o
r
A
i
r
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
2
2
6
-
2
5
2
,
1
9
9
9
.
[13]
Harri
m
an
L
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et
al
.
,
“
Eva
lu
at
ing
ac
t
ive
d
esicca
nt
s
y
stems
for
ven
t
il
ating
comm
erc
ia
l
buil
dings
,
”
A
SHRAE
Journal
,
vol.
41
,
no
.
10
,
p
p.
28
–
37
,
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r
S.
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“
Venti
l
at
ion
in
th
e
comm
erc
i
al
en
vironment,
”
AS
HRAE
Journal
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vol.
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,
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10
,
p
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–
6
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HRA
E
Standa
rd
5
5,
“
The
rm
a
l
env
ironmenta
l
condi
ti
ons
forhu
m
an
occ
up
ancy
,
”
A
.
In
c, E
di
tor
At
lant
a
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1992
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IS
S
N
:
2088
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8708
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t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
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4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3948
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3956
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[16]
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Dea
r,
R.
J.
and
G.
S.
Bra
ger
,
“
The
rm
al
c
om
fort
in
nat
ur
al
l
y
ven
ti
l
ated
buil
dings:
rev
isi
ons
to
AS
HR
A
E
Standa
rd
55
,
”
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nergy
and
Buildi
ngs
,
vol. 34, no.
6,
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,
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ems
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a
nd
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d
e
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ar,
“
Airc
ondit
ioni
n
g
in
Aus
tralia
I
-
Hum
an
The
rm
a
l
Fac
tors,
”
Arch
it
e
ct
ural
S
ci
en
c
e
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v
ie
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29
,
no.
3
,
pp
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67
-
75
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[18]
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ounes,
Al
i
M.,
et
al
.
"S
olar
desic
c
ant
coo
ling
and
indoor
air
qual
ity
for
inst
it
uti
on
al
bui
ldi
n
g
in
subtropic
a
l
cl
imat
e.
"
Procee
dings of
the IA
S
TED Int
ernati
on
al
Conf
ere
nce, P
ower
and
En
ergy
Syst
ems (
AsiaP
ES
2012)
,
2012
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[19]
Henning
H.
M.,
“
Solar
assisted
a
ir
conditioni
ng
o
f
buil
dings
an
o
ver
vie
w,
”
App
lied
Therm
al
Enginee
ring
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vo
l.
27
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no.
10
,
pp
.
1734
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1749,
2007
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[20]
Henning
H.
M.,
et
al
.
,
“
The
pot
ent
i
al
of
solar
e
ner
g
y
use
in
de
sicc
an
t
cooling
c
y
cles,”
Int
ernat
ional
Journal
o
f
Re
frig
erati
on
,
v
ol.
24
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no
.
3
,
pp
.
220
-
229,
2001
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[21]
Baniy
ounes,
Ali
M.
"Ren
ewa
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