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f
m
ai
n
te
n
a
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ce
a
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d
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s
tal
latio
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[
1
].
UW
SN
is
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
y
s
te
m
w
it
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p
o
llu
tio
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a
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d
ex
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r
atio
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[
2
]
.
T
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Ma
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en
v
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m
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t
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s
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ex
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3
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.
Ma
n
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to
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f
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ac
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s
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[
4
].
L
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m
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co
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[
5
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.
Th
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s
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ir
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t
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r
j
u
m
p
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lg
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r
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m
(
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d
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b
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co
m
b
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n
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n
g
th
e
w
o
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f
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j
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m
p
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w
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an
d
th
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SR
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[
6
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.
T
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m
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R
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alg
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n
u
m
b
er
o
f
j
u
m
p
s
in
ea
c
h
p
ath
as
in
th
e
S
R
J
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
a
n
d
,
ac
co
r
d
in
g
l
y
,
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
Mo
h
a
m
ed
a
n
d
J
a
w
h
ar
[
7
]
,
pr
esen
t
s
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
b
in
at
io
n
o
f
w
ir
in
g
w
it
h
ac
o
u
s
tic
a
n
d
r
ad
io
s
ig
n
al
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
r
eli
ab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
to
co
m
p
ar
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
,
m
e
et
h
ar
s
h
u
n
d
er
w
ater
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
,
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
co
n
ti
n
u
it
y
f
o
r
n
et
wo
r
k
,
an
d
t
h
e
s
ec
u
r
i
t
y
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
e
j
u
m
p
in
g
o
r
r
ed
ir
ec
t p
r
o
to
co
l (
SR
J
)
is
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
t
h
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
a
lg
o
r
i
th
m
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
ed
T
s
u
n
g
-
T
e
L
ai
p
r
o
v
id
ed
a
m
o
b
ile
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
y
s
te
m
to
d
ep
lo
y
in
d
ep
en
d
en
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
to
m
o
n
i
to
r
p
ip
elin
es.
T
r
io
p
s
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
b
y
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
f
ir
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
f
r
o
m
a
ce
n
tr
al
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
lo
ca
ted
at
th
e
p
ip
elin
e
s
o
u
r
ce
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
if
f
u
s
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
i
th
i
n
t
h
e
t
u
b
e.
T
r
io
p
u
s
Net
r
ep
lace
s
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ce
n
tr
al
r
ep
o
s
ito
r
y
i
f
i
ts
b
atter
y
i
s
lo
w
o
r
ex
p
er
ien
ce
s
a
f
au
lt.
Z
a
h
id
[
8
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
d
y
n
a
m
ic
n
o
d
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
alg
o
r
it
h
m
w
h
er
e
a
s
ite
is
as
s
ig
n
ed
to
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
in
a
f
ast
a
n
d
ef
f
ic
ien
t
m
a
n
n
er
w
i
t
h
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
a
lo
ca
lizati
o
n
s
ch
e
m
e.
T
h
is
m
et
h
o
d
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
p
tio
n
f
o
r
d
ea
lin
g
w
i
th
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eo
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ti
n
g
t
h
e
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
a
n
d
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
b
y
w
h
ich
n
e
w
n
o
d
es
ca
n
b
e
ea
s
il
y
ad
d
ed
.
Mo
h
s
in
Mu
r
ad
p
r
o
v
id
ed
an
al
y
ze
d
s
tu
d
y
o
f
u
n
d
er
w
ater
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
ap
p
licatio
n
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
U
A
W
S
N
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
to
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
co
n
tr
o
l
all
u
n
d
er
w
a
ter
ar
ea
s
,
in
c
lu
d
i
n
g
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
p
ip
eli
n
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
li
n
ea
r
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
a
ll
m
et
h
o
d
s
p
r
esen
ted
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
s
en
t
to
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
s
in
k
,
th
er
e
f
o
r
e,
to
th
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
ce
n
ter
.
Z
ah
o
o
r
Ah
m
ed
a
n
d
Ka
m
alr
u
l
n
i
za
m
A
b
u
B
ak
ar
[
9
]
p
r
esen
ted
an
e
n
h
a
n
ce
d
al
g
o
r
ith
m
f
o
r
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
o
f
a
li
n
ea
r
p
ip
elin
e
u
s
in
g
a
n
u
n
d
er
w
a
ter
w
ir
ele
s
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
E
UL
W
SND)
.
T
h
is
s
t
u
d
y
i
s
t
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
t
h
e
s
tr
ate
g
ies
f
o
r
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
li
n
ea
r
u
n
d
er
w
ater
s
e
n
s
o
r
d
ata,
as
it
w
a
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
ith
o
t
h
er
s
tr
a
teg
ies
tak
i
n
g
i
n
to
co
n
s
id
er
atio
n
t
h
e
h
eter
o
g
e
n
eit
y
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es a
n
d
th
e
l
i
n
ea
r
it
y
o
f
th
e
u
n
d
er
w
ater
p
ip
elin
es.
3.
RE
L
AYIN
G
A
L
G
O
RI
T
H
M
F
O
R
L
I
NE
AR
WI
RE
L
E
SS
SE
NSO
R
NE
T
WO
RK
I
n
th
i
s
s
ec
tio
n
,
s
o
m
e
r
o
u
ti
n
g
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
t
h
at
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
f
ail
u
r
es
i
n
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
ar
e
r
ev
ie
w
ed
to
k
n
o
w
h
o
w
ea
c
h
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
an
d
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
r
o
u
t
in
g
p
ac
k
ets
to
t
h
e
s
i
n
k
s
[
1
0
]
.
3
.
1
.
J
u
m
p a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
J
A)
T
o
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
d
is
co
n
n
ec
tio
n
w
it
h
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es,
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
a
n
d
d
o
u
b
le
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
to
r
ea
ch
th
e
ac
t
iv
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
t
h
at
f
o
llo
w
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
I
f
m
u
ltip
le
co
n
s
ec
u
tiv
e
li
n
k
s
ar
e
m
is
s
i
n
g
,
in
t
h
is
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
m
i
g
r
atio
n
n
o
d
es
ca
n
u
s
e
a
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
m
u
ltip
le
x
o
f
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
r
an
g
e
to
b
y
p
ass
d
is
ab
led
n
o
d
es
an
d
ac
c
ess
th
e
ac
ti
v
e
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
a
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
b
ase
d
o
n
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
v
ar
iab
le
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
ts
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
d
is
ab
led
.
I
f
n
o
ac
tiv
e
m
o
d
u
le
i
s
r
ea
ch
ed
,
th
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
is
d
r
o
p
p
ed
.
3
.
2
.
Redire
ct
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
RA)
T
h
is
r
o
u
ti
n
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
i
f
f
e
r
s
b
ec
au
s
e
it
r
elies
o
n
m
es
s
ag
e
r
ed
ir
ec
t
i
n
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
i
n
s
tead
o
f
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e.
T
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
elie
s
o
n
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
t
w
o
p
a
r
en
ts
t
h
at
ca
n
r
o
u
t
e
th
e
m
es
s
ag
e
to
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
ite
e
n
d
i
f
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
ac
t
iv
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
d
ef
a
u
lt
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es i
n
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
,
t
h
e
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
w
ill d
r
o
p
.
3
.
3
.
S
m
a
rt
re
d
irec
t
o
r
j
u
m
p a
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
SRJ
)
T
h
is
alg
o
r
it
h
m
i
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
j
u
m
p
in
g
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
an
d
t
h
e
r
ed
ir
ec
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
f
ai
lu
r
e
s
it
u
atio
n
in
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es.
I
n
th
i
s
al
g
o
r
ith
m
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
s
av
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
th
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
d
ec
is
io
n
i
s
m
ad
e
b
y
r
e
la
y
n
o
d
es
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
i
n
ea
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
i
n
ea
c
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
j
u
m
p
s
in
ea
c
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
a
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
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2
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8
8
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8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
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r
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ea
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s
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ec
id
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i
r
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tio
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en
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o
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m
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tio
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o
r
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c
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ec
ti
on
to
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ea
ch
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in
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es
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en
t
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y
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h
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o
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e
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elay
n
o
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e,
w
h
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tu
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lcu
la
tes
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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ea
ch
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ir
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w
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e
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ela
y
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e
ch
o
o
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es
th
e
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n
u
m
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er
o
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o
p
s
.
If
th
e
n
o
d
e
f
ails
to
r
ea
ch
t
h
e
n
eig
h
b
o
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in
g
n
o
d
e
in
t
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l
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ec
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h
e
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ela
y
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o
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e
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ed
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ec
ts
t
h
e
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es
s
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h
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ite
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ec
tio
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ch
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h
e
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ec
o
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ar
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ar
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Fi
g
u
r
e
1
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
w
o
r
k
o
f
t
h
e
SR
J
alg
o
r
it
h
m
in
a
lin
ea
r
w
ir
eles
s
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
(
L
W
S
N)
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
L
W
SN b
ased
SR
J
al
g
o
r
ith
m
[
1
0
]
3
.
3
.
1
.
H
iera
rc
hica
l sens
o
r
net
w
o
rk
des
ig
n
T
h
e
SR
J
alg
o
r
ith
m
t
h
at
w
o
r
k
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
th
e
r
elati
o
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
c
h
ild
/p
ar
en
ts
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
th
r
ee
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
h
e
ter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es
th
at
ar
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
t
h
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
e
n
s
in
g
,
r
ela
y
in
g
,
a
n
d
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
s
in
k
u
p
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l c
en
ter
(
NC
C
)
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ch
i
ld
/p
ar
en
t
'
s
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
C
h
ild
/p
ar
en
t
's h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
[
1
1
]
B
asic
s
en
s
in
g
n
o
d
es
(
B
SNs
)
:
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ar
e
u
s
ed
i
n
s
e
v
er
al
ar
ea
s
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
alo
n
g
th
e
w
al
l
o
f
th
e
o
il
p
ip
eli
n
e
to
m
o
n
ito
r
f
o
r
leak
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
r
r
o
s
io
n
to
th
e
o
il
p
ip
elin
e.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
ar
e
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
e
an
d
s
en
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
to
t
h
e
AR
N
n
o
d
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
P
erfo
r
ma
n
ce
en
h
a
n
ce
me
n
t o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
etw
o
r
k
a
r
ch
itectu
r
e
fo
r
mo
n
ito
r
in
g
u
n
d
erw
a
ter
...
(
W
a
s
ee
m
M.
Ja
s
s
im
)
1417
Data
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
(
D
R
Ns):
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
th
is
n
o
d
e
is
to
r
ec
eiv
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
an
d
a
s
th
ese
n
o
d
es
d
ec
id
e
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
o
f
s
en
d
i
n
g
p
ac
k
et
s
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
b
o
t
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
T
h
ese
n
o
d
es
r
ela
y
i
n
g
p
ac
k
et
s
to
th
e
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
to
r
ea
ch
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
d
ata
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es
(
DDN)
o
n
th
e
t
w
o
s
id
es
o
f
th
e
o
il
p
ip
elin
e.
Data
d
is
s
e
m
i
n
atio
n
n
o
d
es
(
DDNs)
:
T
h
es
e
n
o
d
es a
r
e
u
s
ed
to
co
llect
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
r
ela
y
d
a
ta
n
o
d
es
a
n
d
s
en
d
t
h
e
m
to
t
h
e
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
(
s
in
k
)
i
n
o
r
d
er
to
s
en
d
d
ata
to
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l c
en
ter
(
NC
C
)
.
3
.
3
.
2
.
M
ess
a
g
es r
ela
y
ing
s
t
ra
t
eg
y
Fo
r
th
e
S
R
J
s
tr
ateg
y
,
t
h
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es r
ela
y
ed
d
ata
b
ased
o
n
e
n
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
b
o
t
h
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
t
h
u
s
,
ea
ch
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
h
as
a
p
r
i
m
ar
y
p
ar
en
t
(
DDN1
)
in
d
ef
a
u
lt
d
ir
ec
tio
n
an
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
p
ar
en
t
(
DDN2
)
in
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
[
1
3
,
14
]
.
Data
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
DR
N
r
ec
eiv
e
s
th
e
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
B
SN
s
w
h
er
e
DR
N
r
elay
in
g
d
ata
to
n
eig
h
b
o
r
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
n
o
d
e
is
n
o
t
ac
ti
v
e
i
n
t
h
e
d
ef
a
u
lt
d
i
r
ec
tio
n
,
th
e
j
u
m
p
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
w
o
r
k
ed
to
co
n
n
ec
t
th
e
o
th
er
D
R
Ns.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
n
o
av
ailab
le
n
o
d
es,
in
t
h
i
s
ca
s
e
,
th
e
DR
N
u
s
e
s
r
ed
ir
ec
t
s
tr
ate
g
y
.
E
ac
h
DR
N
h
as
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
n
ei
g
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
es.
T
h
e
r
ela
y
i
n
g
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
-
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
(
E
x
)
i
n
d
ef
au
lt
a
n
d
o
p
p
o
s
ite
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Fo
r
E
x
1p
<
E
x
2p
,
t
h
e
d
ir
e
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
is
to
w
ar
d
s
(
DDN1
)
,
else,
th
e
p
ac
k
et
w
ill
b
e
to
w
ar
d
s
(
DDN2
)
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ac
k
et
w
h
er
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
b
ased
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
h
o
p
s
i
n
ea
ch
d
ir
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e
,
ea
ch
n
o
d
e
s
h
o
u
ld
ca
lc
u
late
t
h
e
e
n
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
ed
i
n
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
to
c
h
o
o
s
e
th
e
lo
w
es
t
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
u
m
in
g
p
at
h
,
th
u
s
,
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
d
eli
v
er
y
o
f
p
ac
k
ets
to
th
e
p
ar
en
t.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
P
ac
k
ets d
ir
ec
tio
n
b
ased
o
n
en
er
g
y
-
co
n
s
u
m
ed
in
b
o
th
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
1
1
]
4.
P
RO
P
O
SE
D
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
Un
d
er
w
a
ter
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
d
ep
en
d
o
n
h
o
w
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
t
o
en
s
u
r
e
co
v
er
a
g
e
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
n
o
d
es
.
T
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
ch
e
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
o
d
es
f
o
r
a
1
,
0
0
0
m
eter
o
il
p
ip
eli
n
e
i
n
cl
u
d
es
th
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
2
5
m
eter
s
,
a
n
d
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
ev
er
y
5
0
m
e
ter
s
.
Fo
r
th
e
D
R
Ns
,
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
s
tar
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
i
n
t
5
0
m
eter
s
a
n
d
ar
e
d
ep
l
o
y
ed
e
v
er
y
1
0
0
m
eter
s
.
AR
Ns
ar
e
d
ep
lo
y
ed
s
tar
tin
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
o
in
t
1
0
0
m
eter
s
an
d
d
ep
lo
y
ed
e
v
er
y
2
0
0
m
eter
s
.
As
f
o
r
t
h
e
DD
Ns
,
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
en
t
s
c
h
e
m
e
is
at
p
o
in
t 0
m
eter
s
a
n
d
1
,
0
0
0
m
eter
s
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t o
f
h
eter
o
g
en
eo
u
s
n
o
d
es a
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
w
al
l
o
f
o
il p
ip
elin
e
b
y
d
eter
m
i
n
i
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
an
g
es o
f
th
e
s
e
n
o
d
es.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
D
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t sc
h
e
m
e
o
f
th
e
n
o
d
es
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
o
il p
i
p
elin
e
I
n
t
h
is
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
,
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
r
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ati
o
n
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
(
AR
N)
w
h
ic
h
ad
d
ed
to
a
h
ier
ar
ch
ic
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el.
F
ig
u
r
e
5
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
o
f
a
n
e
w
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
is
n
o
d
e
co
llects
an
d
s
e
n
d
s
d
ata
to
t
h
e
D
R
Ns
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
t
h
e
ac
ti
v
e
n
o
d
es
in
s
tead
o
f
o
ld
s
tr
ateg
y
w
h
i
ch
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
2
1
:
1
4
1
4
-
1423
1418
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
j
u
m
p
s
p
er
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
.
Net
w
o
r
k
d
ata
d
o
es
n
o
t
p
ass
th
r
o
u
g
h
A
R
N,
as
i
n
th
e
r
el
a
y
n
o
d
es,
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
d
ata
f
r
o
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
T
h
e
r
o
u
tin
g
o
f
d
ata
r
ec
eiv
e
d
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
b
y
t
h
e
A
R
N
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
d
ata
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es c
o
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
is
n
o
d
e
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
o
f
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el
I
n
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
h
ier
ar
ch
ical
n
et
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
el,
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
r
e
m
ai
n
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
i
f
t
h
e
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
f
a
il
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
lin
k
ed
w
it
h
th
e
(
AR
N
)
n
o
d
e
th
at
is
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
o
th
er
DR
Ns
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
h
ea
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
b
et
w
e
en
th
e
n
o
d
es
an
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
i
s
less
if
t
h
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
ar
e
lin
k
ed
to
th
e
A
R
N
n
o
d
es
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
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u
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6
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m
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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1419
5.
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t
h
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w
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s
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(
S
R
J
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d
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SR
J
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e
x
p
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.
1
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Av
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s
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F
ig
u
r
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7
.
T
h
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m
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f
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th
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f
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Fo
r
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y
a
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co
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n
ec
ted
to
t
h
e
AR
Ns.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
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t J
E
lec
&
C
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p
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Vo
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11
,
No
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2
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r
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1
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1423
1420
Fig
u
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SR
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r
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I
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I
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2
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1423
1422
ACK
NO
WL
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RE
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R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
N.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
I.
Ja
w
h
a
r,
J.
A
l
-
Ja
ro
o
d
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a
n
d
L
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
“
M
o
n
it
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rw
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ter
P
i
p
e
li
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e
s
Us
in
g
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n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
2
0
1
0
IEE
E
1
2
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
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Hi
g
h
-
Per
fo
rm
a
n
c
e
Co
mp
u
t
in
g
a
n
d
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
HPCC)
,
M
e
lb
o
u
rn
e
,
V
IC
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
-
3
5
3
.
[2
]
C.
M
.
G
.
G
u
ss
e
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
f
Un
d
e
r
w
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ter
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ss
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
,
”
J
CIS
,
v
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l.
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
2
4
2
-
2
5
5
,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
]
T
.
C.
Ya
n
g
,
“
P
ro
p
e
rti
e
s
o
f
u
n
d
e
rw
a
t
e
r
a
c
o
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stic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
c
h
a
n
n
e
ls
in
sh
a
ll
o
w
w
a
ter,”
T
h
e
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
t
h
e
Aco
u
stica
l
S
o
c
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o
f
Ame
ric
a
,
v
o
l.
1
3
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
9
-
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4
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[4
]
P
.
A
.
v
a
n
Walre
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
tretc
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d
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e
x
p
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l
Do
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p
ler
sp
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c
o
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o
m
m
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n
c
h
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n
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e
ls,”
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e
J
o
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r
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a
l
o
f
th
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Ac
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stica
l
S
o
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p
.
EL
3
2
9
–
EL
3
3
4
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2
0
1
0
.
[5
]
S.
Va
rsh
n
e
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
c
o
m
p
a
ra
ti
v
e
stu
d
y
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f
h
iera
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h
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ti
n
g
p
ro
to
c
o
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in
w
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ss
s
e
n
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e
tw
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rk
s
,
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2
0
1
5
2
n
d
In
ter
n
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t
io
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
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n
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n
Co
mp
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g
f
o
r
S
u
st
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in
a
b
le
Glo
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a
l
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me
n
t
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INDIACo
m)
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Ne
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2
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1
5
,
p
p
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1
0
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1
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2
3
.
[6
]
G
.
T
u
n
a
a
n
d
R.
Da
s,
“
T
ra
d
e
-
o
f
f
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
Un
d
e
rwa
ter
Ac
o
u
stic
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,
”
IOP
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
S
e
rie
s:
M
a
ter
ia
ls S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
En
g
in
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e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
3
5
,
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
-
6
.
[7
]
N.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
e
n
so
r
N
e
tw
o
rk
A
r
c
h
it
e
c
tu
re
s
f
o
r
M
o
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it
o
rin
g
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d
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rw
a
ter
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i
p
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li
n
e
s,”
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e
n
so
rs
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
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1
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p
p
.
1
0
7
3
8
-
1
0
7
6
4
,
2
0
1
1
.
[8
]
M
.
Z.
A
b
b
a
s,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
S
c
a
lab
le
No
d
e
s
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
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lg
o
rit
h
m
f
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e
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o
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o
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d
e
r
w
a
t
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r
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p
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li
n
e
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EL
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A
T
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ti
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o
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ti
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tro
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n
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o
l
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1
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o
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3
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p
p
.
1
1
8
3
-
1
1
9
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[9
]
Z.
A
h
m
e
d
a
n
d
K.
A
.
Ba
k
a
r,
“
A
n
En
h
a
n
c
e
d
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
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in
e
a
r
W
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re
les
s
S
e
n
so
r
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tw
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rk
De
p
lo
y
m
e
n
t
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trate
g
y
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o
r
Da
ta Co
ll
e
c
ti
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n
,
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n
t
e
rn
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
I
n
n
o
v
a
ti
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e
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
9
-
4
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
0
]
E.
F
.
F
a
rid
,
A
.
A
.
M
a
h
m
o
u
d
a
n
d
A
.
M
.
Ba
h
a
a
-
El
d
in
,
“
A
d
a
p
ti
v
e
S
m
a
rt
Re
d
irec
t
a
n
d
Ju
m
p
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
(
A
S
RJ)
f
o
r
W
irele
ss
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
2
0
1
5
T
e
n
t
h
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Co
m
p
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
&
S
y
ste
ms
(
ICCES
)
,
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iro
,
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y
p
t
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
4
7
-
2
5
2
.
[1
1
]
N.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
I.
Ja
w
h
a
r,
J.
A
l
-
Ja
ro
o
d
i
a
n
d
L
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
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M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
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d
e
rw
a
ter
P
i
p
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li
n
e
s
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in
g
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
2
0
1
0
IEE
E
1
2
t
h
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
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n
c
e
o
n
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g
h
-
Per
fo
rm
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n
c
e
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mp
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t
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g
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n
d
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mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
(
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,
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e
lb
o
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rn
e
,
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IC
,
2
0
1
0
,
p
p
.
3
4
6
-
3
5
3
.
[1
2
]
M
.
Zi
m
m
e
rli
n
g
,
“
En
e
rg
y
-
e
ff
icie
n
t
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
l
in
e
a
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
M
o
b
il
e
Ad
h
o
c
a
n
d
S
e
n
s
o
r
S
y
ste
ms
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
3
]
Z.
G
u
o
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
G
RE:
G
ra
d
e
d
Re
sid
u
a
l
En
e
rg
y
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s
e
d
L
i
f
e
ti
m
e
P
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l
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g
in
g
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
P
ip
e
l
in
e
M
o
n
it
o
rin
g
S
e
n
so
r,
”
in
2
0
0
8
Ni
n
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
P
a
ra
ll
e
l
a
n
d
Distri
b
u
te
d
Co
mp
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ti
n
g
,
Ap
p
li
c
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ti
o
n
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
,
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
-
2
1
0
.
[1
4
]
I.
Ja
w
h
a
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Da
ta
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
in
L
in
e
a
r
W
irele
s
s
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
t
w
o
rk
s
Us
in
g
Un
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
V
e
h
icle
s,”
2
0
1
4
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Un
ma
n
n
e
d
Ai
rc
ra
ft
S
y
ste
ms
(
IC
UAS
)
,
Orla
n
d
o
,
2
0
1
4
,
p
p
.
43
-
51
.
[1
5
]
M
.
Zi
m
m
e
rli
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
o
c
a
li
z
e
d
p
o
w
e
r
-
a
w
a
re
ro
u
ti
n
g
in
li
n
e
a
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s,”
in
CAS
E
M
ANS
,
2
0
0
8
.
[1
6
]
T
.
Ra
u
lt
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
E
n
e
rg
y
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
in
w
ir
e
les
s
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
s:
A
to
p
-
d
o
w
n
su
rv
e
y
,
”
Co
mp
u
ter
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
6
7
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
2
2
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
7
]
“
T
h
e
OMNe
T
+
+
/M
iX
iM
f
ra
m
e
wo
rk
-
Us
e
r
M
a
n
u
a
l
,
”
2
0
1
5
.
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/m
ix
i
m
.
so
u
rc
e
f
o
rg
e
.
n
e
t/
.
[1
8
]
P
r
o
a
k
is J
.
G
.,
“
Dig
it
a
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
,”
3
rd
e
d
.
,
Ne
w
Y
o
rk
,
M
c
Gr
a
w
Hill
,
1
9
9
5
.
[1
9
]
M
.
M
u
ra
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
u
rv
e
y
o
n
Cu
rre
n
t
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
A
c
o
u
stic
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,”
IJ
C
T
E
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
1
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
0
]
B.
Ha
sa
n
n
e
z
h
a
d
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
M
o
b
il
e
Hy
d
ro
a
c
o
u
stic
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
in
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
A
c
o
u
stic
S
e
n
so
r
Ne
tw
o
rk
s,”
M
a
ste
r
o
f
Co
m
p
u
ter
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ca
rleto
n
U
n
iv
e
rsity
,
Ott
a
wa
,
On
tario
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
A
b
d
e
lk
a
re
e
m
A
.
E
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ad
a
p
ti
v
e
ti
m
e
v
a
r
y
in
g
D
o
p
p
ler
s
h
if
t
c
o
m
p
e
n
sa
ti
o
n
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
f
o
r
OFDM
-
b
a
se
d
u
n
d
e
rw
a
ter
a
c
o
u
stic c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
s
,”
Ad
Ho
c
Ne
two
rk
s
,
v
o
l.
45
,
p
p
.
1
0
4
-
1
19
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
2
]
I.
M
a
th
W
o
rk
s,
“
M
ATLA
B:
th
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
o
f
t
e
c
h
n
ica
l
c
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
,”
De
sk
to
p
to
o
ls
a
n
d
d
e
v
e
lo
p
me
n
t
e
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
v
e
rs
io
n
7
,
v
o
l.
9
,
2
0
0
5
.
[2
3
]
A
b
d
e
lk
a
re
e
m
A
.
E
.
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
Im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
a
n
E
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
S
y
ste
m
f
o
r
S
o
f
twa
re
De
f
in
e
d
Ra
d
io
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
7
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
3
4
8
4
-
3
4
9
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
B.
S
.
Bo
r
o
w
sk
i,
“
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
o
f
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
e
stim
a
ti
o
n
to
u
n
d
e
rw
a
ter,
”
A
c
o
u
stic
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
P
h
D
th
e
sis,
S
tev
e
n
s
In
stit
u
te
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Ca
stle P
o
in
t
o
n
Hu
d
so
n
,
Ho
b
o
k
e
n
NJ
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
5
]
M
.
Ba
rb
e
a
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
Un
d
e
r
w
a
ter
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
s
with
Co
l
o
re
d
No
ise
A
p
p
ro
x
im
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
M
o
b
il
it
y
,
”
2
0
1
5
IEE
E
2
8
t
h
Ca
n
a
d
i
a
n
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
CCECE
)
,
Ha
li
fa
x
,
2015
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
2
-
1
5
3
7
.
[2
6
]
W
.
A
.
Ku
p
e
r
m
a
n
a
n
d
P
.
R
o
u
x
,
“
Un
d
e
rw
a
ter
A
c
o
u
stics
,
”
in
T
.
D.
Ro
ss
in
g
(e
d
),
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
Aco
u
stics
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
S
p
rin
g
e
r
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
2
0
1
4
.
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1423
B
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