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n
v
e
n
tio
n
al
e
n
er
g
y
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
(
DG)
w
i
l
l ser
v
e
as a
b
etter
alter
n
ati
v
e
[
2
,
7
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
v
i
llag
e
s
i
n
Nig
er
i
a
ar
e
n
o
t
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
th
e
g
r
i
d
[
8
-
1
0
]
.
T
h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
h
i
g
h
co
s
t
o
f
g
r
id
ex
ten
s
io
n
w
h
ich
m
ak
e
s
th
e
in
v
es
t
m
e
n
t
to
b
e
less
co
m
p
e
titi
v
e.
T
h
e
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
if
icatio
n
ag
en
c
y
(
R
E
A
)
h
a
s
class
i
f
ied
Ni
g
er
ia
as
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
p
o
ten
t
ial
ar
ea
s
w
h
er
e
o
ff
-
g
r
id
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
e
w
ab
le
e
n
er
g
y
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
elec
tr
i
f
icatio
n
[
8
,
9
]
.
Of
f
-
g
r
id
r
u
r
al
p
o
p
u
lace
d
eser
v
es
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le,
r
eliab
le
an
d
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
to
s
er
v
e
a
s
an
alter
n
at
iv
e
t
o
th
e
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tall
y
u
n
f
r
ie
n
d
l
y
a
n
d
e
x
p
en
s
i
v
e
po
w
er
s
u
p
p
lied
b
y
th
e
co
n
v
e
n
t
io
n
al
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
1
,
1
2
]
.
Nig
er
ia
i
s
n
at
u
r
all
y
b
les
s
ed
w
it
h
ab
u
n
d
an
t
R
E
S
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
e
an
d
r
ap
id
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
it
s
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
[
8
,
9
,
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
ab
u
n
d
an
t
R
E
S
(
h
ig
h
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
,
w
in
d
s
p
ee
d
s
,
h
ig
h
s
tr
ea
m
f
lo
w
s
o
f
r
i
v
er
s
an
d
ab
u
n
d
a
n
t
b
io
m
a
s
s
)
i
n
th
e
s
e
ar
ea
s
ca
n
b
e
h
ar
n
e
s
s
ed
to
f
o
r
m
a
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
a
r
eliab
le
an
d
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
at
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
s
t
in
th
e
r
u
r
al
a
r
ea
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
h
y
b
r
id
d
esi
g
n
to
b
e
o
p
tim
a
l
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
e
lectio
n
h
as
b
ee
n
a
m
aj
o
r
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
i
n
o
b
tain
i
n
g
r
el
iab
le
elec
tr
icit
y
at
a
m
in
i
m
u
m
co
s
t
.
H
y
b
r
id
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
(
HR
E
S)
n
ee
d
to
b
e
o
p
ti
m
al
i
n
s
izin
g
t
o
av
o
id
o
v
er
s
izi
n
g
w
h
ic
h
r
aise
s
th
e
co
s
t
o
r
u
n
d
er
s
izi
n
g
w
h
ich
m
a
y
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
r
el
iab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
[
1
4
,
1
5
]
.
Su
cc
i
n
tl
y
p
u
t,
o
p
ti
m
al
s
izi
n
g
h
elp
s
i
n
d
eter
m
i
n
in
g
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
co
s
t
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
[
1
6
-
1
7
]
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
av
ailab
le
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
t
e
m
(
HP
S)
m
o
d
els
ar
e
v
er
y
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e,
co
m
p
le
x
an
d
n
o
t
ea
s
i
l
y
ad
ap
tab
le
to
s
u
i
t
lo
ca
l
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
f
o
r
r
u
r
al
ele
ctr
if
icatio
n
[
1
8
,
1
9
]
.
Hen
ce
,
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
f
ea
s
ib
ili
t
y
o
f
i
n
te
g
r
atin
g
s
m
a
ll
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
(
SHP
)
p
lan
ts
i
n
to
a
n
e
x
is
ti
n
g
w
ate
r
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
a
m
a
n
d
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
SHP
-
So
lar
P
V
-
B
A
T
T
-
DG
HP
S
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
f
ea
s
ib
ili
t
y
as
s
es
s
m
en
t
a
n
d
o
p
tim
al
s
iz
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
r
en
e
w
ab
le
en
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
in
r
u
r
al
ar
ea
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
co
m
m
o
n
t
y
p
e
s
o
f
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
an
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
tio
n
o
f
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
HOM
E
R
,
R
E
T
Scr
ee
n
,
SO
L
E
S,
I
NSEL
,
T
R
A
NSY
S,
HYB
R
I
D2
,
I
MB
Y,
SOL
SIM
,
C
R
E
ST
,
R
A
P
SYS
a
n
d
S
A
M.
Ou
t
o
f
all
t
h
ese,
HOM
E
R
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
th
e
Nat
i
o
n
al
R
en
e
w
ab
le
E
n
er
g
y
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
is
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
[
5
-
7
,
2
0
-
2
2
]
.
So
m
a
n
y
w
o
r
k
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
o
n
H
R
E
S,
b
o
th
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
[
7
-
1
3
,
1
6
,
2
3
-
2
8
]
an
d
g
r
id
co
n
n
ec
ted
[
1
7
,
2
2
,
2
9
]
.
B
ar
ak
at
et.
al
[
2
2
]
ex
am
i
n
ed
th
e
v
ia
b
ilit
y
o
f
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
h
y
b
r
i
d
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
So
lar
P
V/W
in
d
an
d
B
io
m
as
s
in
a
r
u
r
al
v
i
llag
e
i
n
E
g
y
p
t
u
s
i
n
g
HO
ME
R
.
E
s
a
n
et.
al
[
7
]
co
n
d
u
cted
a
r
eliab
ilit
y
as
s
ess
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
o
f
f
-
g
r
id
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
So
lar
P
V
-
B
A
T
T
-
DG
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
a
r
u
r
al
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
L
ad
e
I
I
,
Nig
er
ia.
T
h
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
th
e
r
es
u
lts
f
r
o
m
HOM
E
R
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
was
v
alid
ated
u
s
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
o
u
ta
g
e
tab
le.
A
tech
n
o
-
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ea
s
ib
ili
t
y
s
tu
d
y
w
a
s
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
i
n
a
r
e
m
o
te
a
r
ea
o
f
B
an
g
l
ad
esh
b
y
Ma
s
r
u
r
et
al
.,
[
2
0
]
.
A
m
icr
o
g
r
id
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
So
lar
P
V,
W
in
d
,
DG
an
d
B
A
T
T
w
er
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
to
o
b
ta
in
th
e
o
p
ti
m
al
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
.
A
So
lar
P
V/W
in
d
/DG/B
A
T
T
h
y
b
r
id
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
w
a
s
s
e
lecte
d
as
th
e
b
est
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
f
o
r
th
e
v
i
llag
e.
T
h
e
s
tu
d
y
co
n
cl
u
d
ed
th
at
th
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
is
e
f
f
icie
n
t
i
n
e
m
is
s
io
n
r
ed
u
ctio
n
.
A
s
tu
d
y
to
id
en
t
if
y
t
h
e
b
est
s
o
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
a
r
e
c
y
cled
p
ap
er
m
il
l
lo
ca
ted
in
R
io
Gr
a
n
d
e
d
o
s
o
u
l,
So
u
th
er
n
B
r
az
il
f
o
r
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
(
1
9
-
2
2
h
o
u
r
s
)
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
b
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e
m
eth
o
d
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
co
s
t
at
p
ea
k
h
o
u
r
s
o
n
l
y
,
th
e
r
eliab
ilit
y
w
a
s
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
So
m
an
o
a
n
d
Sh
u
n
k
i
[
2
3
]
d
ev
elo
p
ed
a
h
y
b
r
id
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
SHP
an
d
So
lar
P
V
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
s
w
er
e
a
n
al
y
ze
d
f
o
r
co
s
t
-
e
f
f
ec
t
iv
e
n
es
s
.
T
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
o
f
DG
o
r
b
io
m
a
s
s
w
a
s
n
o
t c
o
n
s
id
er
ed
as a
n
alter
n
ati
v
e
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
ca
s
e
o
f
n
o
n
-
a
v
ailab
ilit
y
o
f
R
E
S a
t a
p
ar
ticu
lar
ti
m
e.
S
o
m
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
s
a
l
s
o
u
s
e
d
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
i
g
e
n
c
e
m
e
t
h
o
d
s
f
o
r
t
h
e
i
r
w
o
r
k
s
[
3
,
5
,
1
2
,
1
4
-
1
9
,
2
1
-
2
4
,
2
9
,
3
0
]
.
A
n
e
w
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
w
as
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
Og
u
n
j
u
y
i
g
b
e
et.
al
[
1
2
]
u
s
in
g
s
m
all
s
p
l
it
-
d
ie
s
el
g
en
er
ato
r
s
in
s
tead
o
f
a
s
in
g
le
b
ig
DG.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
G
A
)
w
a
s
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
.
Sal
k
u
ti
[
3
1
]
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
an
o
p
tim
al
o
p
er
atio
n
o
f
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ec
ted
m
icr
o
g
r
id
s
co
n
s
is
ti
n
g
o
f
w
i
n
d
,
So
lar
P
V,
B
A
T
T
s
y
s
te
m
,
e
lectr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
a
n
d
d
em
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
s
e.
Si
m
u
la
tio
n
s
w
er
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
in
g
G
A
M
S
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
J
y
o
t
h
i
et
al
[
2
4
]
c
o
n
d
u
cted
a
r
esear
ch
o
n
o
p
t
im
a
l
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
o
n
a
s
t
a
n
d
-
a
l
o
n
e
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
PV
/
B
A
T
T
s
y
s
t
e
m
c
o
n
s
i
s
t
i
n
g
o
f
S
o
l
a
r
P
V
a
r
r
a
y
,
B
A
T
T
,
i
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
a
n
d
A
C
l
o
a
d
s
u
s
i
n
g
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
e
r
p
o
i
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
e
r
(
M
P
P
T
)
t
e
c
h
n
i
q
u
e
i
n
a
M
A
T
L
A
B
/
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i
m
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l
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t
.
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h
e
w
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p
r
o
p
o
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e
d
a
n
o
p
t
im
a
l
e
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e
r
g
y
m
a
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g
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m
e
n
t
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
d
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
o
f
t
h
e
S
o
l
a
r
PV
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
E
v
en
t
h
o
u
g
h
,
s
e
v
er
al
au
t
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r
s
h
av
e
w
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r
k
ed
o
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HP
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h
n
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y
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v
er
y
f
e
w
p
ap
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
o
n
P
u
m
p
ed
h
y
d
r
o
-
SHP
-
So
lar
P
V
-
B
A
T
T
-
DG
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
i
n
g
w
ater
s
u
p
p
l
y
i
n
f
r
ast
r
u
ctu
r
es
[
5
,
7
,
1
0
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
2
1
4
-
6
2
2
4
6216
T
h
e
lev
el
o
f
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
s
d
escr
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ed
ab
o
v
e
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ep
e
n
d
s
lar
g
el
y
o
n
t
h
e
ass
u
m
p
t
io
n
s
m
ad
e
[
4
]
.
L
o
o
k
in
g
cr
iticall
y
at
t
h
e
af
o
r
e
m
en
t
io
n
e
d
r
elate
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w
o
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s
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it
ca
n
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e
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ee
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h
at
m
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t
o
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t
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w
o
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t
u
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ies
o
n
HP
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h
a
v
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b
ee
n
d
esig
n
ed
to
s
i
m
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late
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n
d
/o
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p
tim
ize
P
V,
w
i
n
d
,
D
G,
e.
t.c
.
Ver
y
f
e
w
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
-
b
ased
m
o
d
els
(
ex
ce
p
t
HOG
A
an
d
H
OM
E
R
)
h
a
v
e
p
r
o
v
i
s
io
n
s
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll
h
y
d
r
o
elec
tr
ic
en
er
g
y
co
m
p
o
n
en
t.
T
h
is
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
id
er
ed
th
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
p
o
in
t
s
:
Feasib
ilit
y
o
f
P
u
m
p
ed
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
an
d
i
n
teg
r
atio
n
o
f
s
m
al
l
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
(
SHP
)
p
lan
ts
i
n
to
an
e
x
is
t
in
g
w
ater
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
a
m
.
Desig
n
o
f
an
o
p
ti
m
al
HP
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m
o
d
el
th
at
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
th
e
s
ize
a
n
d
th
e
t
y
p
e
o
f
HP
S
co
m
b
i
n
ati
o
n
s
th
at
is
m
o
s
t
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
an
ar
ea
w
i
th
d
u
e
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
to
co
s
t a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Da
t
a
a
cquis
it
io
n a
nd
de
s
cr
iptio
n o
f
t
he
s
t
ud
y
a
re
a
Data
f
o
r
w
a
ter
s
u
p
p
l
y
a
n
d
d
e
m
an
d
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
E
k
iti
Sta
te
W
ater
C
o
r
p
o
r
atio
n
,
A
d
o
-
E
k
iti.
R
eser
v
o
ir
ca
p
ac
it
y
,
r
iv
er
h
ea
d
,
f
lo
w
g
a
u
g
e
h
ei
g
h
ts
,
s
tr
ea
m
f
lo
w
r
ate
an
d
cli
m
ate
d
ata
w
er
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
b
en
in
-
o
w
en
a
r
iv
er
b
asi
n
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
au
t
h
o
r
it
y
(
B
OR
D
A)
B
en
in
-
cit
y
an
d
Ak
u
r
e
A
ir
p
o
r
t
Me
teo
r
o
lo
g
ical
s
tatio
n
,
N
ig
er
ia
[
1
0
,
3
2
,
3
3
]
.
T
h
e
d
ata
u
s
ed
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
in
t
h
e
ap
p
en
d
ices
1
an
d
2
.
T
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
ar
ea
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
w
o
r
k
i
s
E
le
r
iv
er
w
ater
s
u
p
p
l
y
d
a
m
,
I
tap
aj
i
-
E
k
iti
(7
o
4
9
’N,
5
o
2
3
’
E)
,
Nig
er
ia.
T
o
tal
an
n
u
al
r
ai
n
f
all
r
an
g
es
b
et
w
ee
n
1
3
5
0
-
1
4
0
0
m
m
,
wh
il
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
r
an
g
es
b
et
w
ee
n
3
2
o
C
-
35
o
C
(
d
r
y
s
ea
s
o
n
)
a
n
d
2
1
o
C
-
22
o
C
(
w
et
s
ea
s
o
n
)
[
1
0
]
.
T
h
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
f
o
r
th
e
ar
ea
w
as
o
b
tain
ed
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
q
u
e
s
tio
n
air
es.
T
h
e
d
ail
y
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
th
e
s
tu
d
y
ar
ea
is
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Dail
y
av
er
a
g
e
lo
ad
p
r
o
f
ile
f
o
r
d
r
y
(
J
an
u
ar
y
,
2
0
1
9
)
an
d
r
ain
in
g
(
Sep
te
m
b
er
,
2
0
1
9
)
s
ea
s
o
n
s
f
o
r
I
tap
aj
i E
k
iti
2
.
2
.
F
e
a
s
ibi
lity
s
t
ud
y
o
f
SH
P
inte
g
ra
t
io
n a
nd
RE
S
ev
a
l
ua
t
io
n
T
h
e
f
ea
s
ib
lili
t
y
s
tu
d
y
w
as
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
in
o
r
d
e
r
to
m
a
k
e
u
n
b
iased
tech
n
ica
l
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
ec
is
io
n
o
n
th
e
v
iab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
a
m
.
T
h
e
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
ad
o
p
ted
w
a
s
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
u
it
ab
le
h
ea
d
w
ith
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
a
s
u
s
tain
ab
le
h
i
g
h
f
lo
w
r
ates
w
it
h
s
teep
g
r
ad
ien
t
s
f
o
r
SHP
g
en
er
atio
n
.
Si
n
ce
th
e
d
a
m
w
a
s
alr
ea
d
y
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
w
ater
s
u
p
p
l
y
,
th
e
h
ea
d
an
d
s
tr
ea
m
f
lo
w
w
as
ad
o
p
ted
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
d
u
r
atio
n
c
u
r
v
e
(
FD
C
)
-
h
y
d
r
o
g
r
ap
h
w
it
h
d
ail
y
d
ata
w
a
s
co
m
p
iled
f
o
r
th
e
p
ast th
ir
t
y
y
ea
r
s
(
1
9
8
9
-
2
0
1
9
)
[
3
3
]
.
2
.
3
.
P
um
ped
hy
ro
po
w
er
s
t
o
ra
g
e
(
P
H
S)
s
y
s
t
em
P
u
m
p
ed
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
w
er
s
to
r
ag
e
ca
n
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
u
s
ed
to
m
it
ig
ate
th
e
e
f
f
ec
t
o
f
in
ter
m
i
n
en
c
y
in
o
th
e
r
R
E
S
li
k
e
So
lar
P
V,
w
i
n
d
an
d
o
th
er
s
.
I
t
is
th
e
lo
w
est
co
s
t
e
n
er
g
y
o
p
tio
n
[
3
4
]
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
f
o
r
1
MW
r
ate
d
p
o
w
er
to
b
e
r
aised
to
a
r
ated
h
ea
d
in
an
u
p
p
er
r
eser
v
o
ir
,
th
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
f
lo
w
r
ate
i
s
ca
lcu
lated
as in
(
1
)
[
3
4
]
.
=
×
×
×
ℎ
(
1
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
F
ea
s
ib
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a
n
d
o
p
tima
l d
esig
n
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f a
h
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r
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er sys
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fo
r
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B
a
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d
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a
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6217
T
h
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u
p
p
er
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ir
r
e
q
u
ir
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o
lu
m
e
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s
as g
iv
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=
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(
2
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T
h
e
m
ea
n
i
n
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s
o
f
all
t
h
e
s
y
m
b
o
ls
ar
e
as g
iv
e
n
i
n
th
e
n
o
m
e
n
c
latu
r
e
(
p
p
.
9
)
.
2
.
4
.
M
a
t
he
m
a
t
ica
l
m
o
del
s
o
f
t
he
H
P
S
co
m
p
o
nent
s
T
h
e
s
tep
s
to
ac
h
ie
v
e
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
ea
ch
h
y
b
r
id
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m
p
o
n
en
t
ar
e
as
o
u
tli
n
ed
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
u
b
-
s
ec
tio
n
s
.
2
.
4
.
1
.
S
m
a
ll
hy
dro
po
w
er
(
SH
P
)
g
ene
ra
t
o
r
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t o
f
th
e
SHP
u
n
it is
g
i
v
en
a
s
in
(
3
)
[
2
3
]
.
S
H
P
h
w
a
t
e
r
n
e
t
P
g
H
Q
(
3
)
2
.
4
.
2
.
So
la
r
ph
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
(
P
V)
mo
del
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
P
V
ce
ll,
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
l
ated
as in
(
4
)
[
2
9
]
.
=
−
[
]
[
1
+
(
−
)
]
(
4
)
2
.
4
.
3
.
B
a
t
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er
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nk
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o
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h
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atter
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(
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a
p
o
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t in
ti
m
e
t,
is
ca
lc
u
lated
as i
n
(
5
)
[
1
6
]
.
()
1
B
batt
BUS
Pt
C
t
C
t
t
V
(
5
)
(
)
is
as in
(
6
)
B
g
i
P
t
E
t
E
t
(
6
)
T
h
e
v
alu
e
is
p
o
s
iti
v
e
w
h
en
t
h
e
b
atter
y
i
s
ch
ar
g
in
g
.
2
.
4
.
4
.
Diesel
g
ener
a
t
o
r
(
DG
)
m
o
de
l
T
h
e
d
iesel
g
en
er
ato
r
i
s
a
n
e
n
er
g
y
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n
v
er
s
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
f
r
o
m
f
u
el
to
elec
tr
icit
y
w
i
th
a
co
n
v
er
s
io
n
ef
f
icien
c
y
o
f
,
s
o
th
at
it c
a
n
b
e
d
escr
ib
ed
as in
(
7
)
[
2
5
,
3
0
]
.
=
(
7
)
A
lin
ea
r
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
a
s
s
u
m
ed
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
el
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
ate
(
F)
in
litre
s
/
h
o
u
r
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
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y
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e
DG
[
2
5
,
3
0
]
g
iv
en
in
(
8
)
.
0
.
2
4
6
(
0
.
0
8
4
1
5
)
/
o
u
t
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g
e
n
F
P
P
l
i
t
r
e
s
h
o
u
r
(
8
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h
e
f
u
el
co
s
t,
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
late
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
f
o
r
m
u
la
a
s
in
(
9
)
()
f
u
e
l
d
i
e
s
e
l
s
C
C
F
R
(
9
)
2
.
5
.
O
pti
m
a
l
des
ig
n c
rit
er
i
a
f
o
r
t
he
H
P
S
m
o
del
2
.
5
.
1
.
P
ro
ble
m
f
o
r
m
ula
t
io
n
T
h
e
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
h
er
e
i
s
an
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
is
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ed
i
n
a
tec
h
n
ical
o
r
r
eliab
ilit
y
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
w
as
m
o
d
eled
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
lo
s
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
(
L
P
SP
)
an
d
to
tal
an
n
u
ali
s
ed
co
s
t
s
y
s
te
m
(
AC
S)
.
T
h
e
AC
S
is
a
s
g
i
v
en
in
eq
u
a
tio
n
(
1
0
)
[
1
4
,
2
9
,
3
5
]
w
h
ile
t
h
e
L
P
SP
[
1
4
,
2
9
]
is
as e
x
p
r
ess
ed
i
n
(
1
0
)
a
n
a
n
a
n
a
n
a
n
A
C
S
C
C
R
C
M
C
F
C
E
C
(
1
0
)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
6
2
1
4
-
6
2
2
4
6218
m
in
L
SHP
PV
SOC
D
G
L
P
P
P
P
P
L
PSP
P
(
1
1
)
T
h
is
is
s
u
b
j
ec
t to
an
in
eq
u
alit
y
co
n
s
tr
ain
t a
s
(
1
2
)
M
i
n
M
a
x
L
P
S
P
L
P
S
P
L
P
S
P
(
1
2
)
R
eliab
ilit
y
ev
al
u
atio
n
is
ca
r
r
ie
d
o
u
t in
th
e
w
o
r
s
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
a
s
g
i
v
en
i
n
(
1
3
)
(
)
(
)
LR
P
t
P
t
(
1
3
)
2
.
5
.
2
.
Co
ns
t
ra
ints
I
n
o
r
d
e
r
t
o
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
e
o
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
,
a
l
l
t
h
e
c
o
n
s
t
r
a
i
n
t
s
i
n
e
q
u
a
t
i
o
n
s
(
1
4
-
1
8
)
m
u
s
t
b
e
s
a
t
i
s
f
i
e
d
[
3
3
]
.
P
o
w
er
b
alan
ce
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t,
(
)
1
S
H
P
P
V
B
A
T
T
D
G
d
P
t
P
t
P
t
P
t
R
P
t
(
1
4
)
B
atter
y
ca
p
ac
it
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
t
,
SOC
m
in
≤
SOC
(
t
)
≤
SOC
m
a
x
(
1
5
)
No
n
-
n
e
g
ati
v
it
y
co
n
s
tr
ai
n
ts
,
0
≤
N
PV
,
P
≤
N
PV
,
Pm
a
x
(
1
6
)
0
≤
N
SHP
≤
N
S
PV
max
(
1
7
)
0
≤
N
B
AT
,
P
≤
N
B
AT
,
Pm
a
x
(
1
8
)
2
.
5
.
3
.
Ass
u
m
ptio
n
s
I
t is ass
u
m
ed
th
at
t
h
e
HP
S
w
il
l
w
o
r
k
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
f
o
r
t
w
e
n
t
y
-
f
o
u
r
h
o
u
r
s
d
ail
y
T
h
e
elec
tr
ical
lo
ad
an
d
th
e
R
E
S a
r
e
co
n
s
tan
t
w
ith
in
o
n
e
-
h
o
u
r
ti
m
e
s
tep
2
.
6
.
O
ptim
iza
t
io
n
pro
ce
du
r
e
I
n
p
u
t
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
ar
e
th
e
in
s
tall
atio
n
co
s
t
,
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
co
s
ts
,
o
p
er
atio
n
an
d
m
ain
ten
a
n
ce
co
s
ts
o
f
a
ll
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
,
d
is
co
u
n
t
r
ate,
t
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
,
li
f
eti
m
e
o
f
a
ll
t
h
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
an
d
lif
eti
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
j
ec
ts
,
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
o
f
all
th
e
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
,
h
o
u
r
l
y
lo
ad
d
e
m
an
d
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
ite
an
d
th
e
h
o
u
r
l
y
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
d
at
a.
T
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
at
h
e
m
atica
l
m
o
d
els
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
i
n
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
s
ec
tio
n
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
i
m
u
la
tin
g
th
e
HP
S.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
SHP
t
u
r
b
in
e
w
er
e
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
(
3
)
tak
in
g
t
h
e
a
v
er
ag
e
s
tr
ea
m
f
lo
w
s
as
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
e
p
o
w
er
o
u
tp
u
ts
f
r
o
m
th
e
So
lar
PV
-
ar
r
ay
s
w
er
e
ca
lc
u
lated
at
an
h
o
u
r
l
y
b
a
s
is
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
o
wer
eq
u
atio
n
(
4
)
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
h
o
u
r
l
y
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
v
alu
e
s
as
th
e
i
n
p
u
t.
T
h
e
r
en
ew
ab
le
en
er
g
y
w
as
ad
d
ed
to
g
eth
er
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
i
th
t
h
e
h
o
u
r
l
y
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
b
atter
y
b
an
k
an
d
t
h
e
DG
o
p
er
ate
d
e
p
en
d
in
g
o
n
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
to
tal
R
E
S
is
eq
u
al,
le
s
s
o
r
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
th
e
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
.
T
h
e
f
lo
w
ch
ar
t
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
i
m
u
latio
n
i
s
as s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
.
Gen
etic
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
G
A
)
w
as
u
ti
lized
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
t
o
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
.
GA
is
v
er
y
f
le
x
ib
le
a
n
d
h
a
s
b
etter
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
th
a
n
cla
s
s
ical
m
et
h
o
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
o
u
r
d
ec
is
io
n
v
ar
iab
les
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ar
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
S
HP
tu
r
b
i
n
es,
(
N
S
HP
)
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
P
V
-
p
an
els,
(
N
PV
)
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
b
atter
y
b
an
k
a
n
d
t
h
e
D
G
ca
p
ac
it
y
n
u
m
b
er
,
(
P
DG
)
.
T
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
s
DG
B
A
T
T
PV
S
H
P
P
N
N
N
,
,
,
.
T
h
e
an
n
u
al
p
o
w
er
s
u
p
p
l
y
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
r
ep
ea
ted
ly
f
o
r
ea
ch
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
u
n
til
it
r
ea
c
h
ed
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
e
n
er
atio
n
a
f
ter
s
etti
n
g
th
e
i
n
it
ial
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
ev
er
y
g
e
n
er
atio
n
,
th
e
b
e
s
t
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
w
as
p
r
eser
v
ed
an
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
w
it
h
th
e
b
est
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
n
ex
t
g
e
n
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
b
est
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
i
n
t
h
e
f
i
n
al
g
en
er
ati
o
n
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
.
G
A
b
ased
MA
T
L
A
B
m
-
f
i
le
co
d
e
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
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o
p
ti
m
al
co
n
f
i
g
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r
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o
f
s
m
all
h
y
d
r
o
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p
h
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to
v
o
ltaic
-
d
iese
l
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
o
f
t
h
e
ca
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
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F
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fo
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a
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a
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6219
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t
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b
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Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t
o
f
t
h
e
h
y
b
r
id
p
o
w
er
s
y
s
te
m
m
o
d
el
2
.
7
.
M
o
del
v
a
lid
a
t
io
na
nd
pe
rf
o
r
m
a
nce
ev
a
lua
t
io
n
o
f
t
he
H
P
S
m
o
de
l
HOM
E
R
i
s
t
h
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m
o
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t
co
m
m
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m
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a
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s
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n
d
v
a
lid
atio
n
tes
t
f
o
r
s
ta
n
d
alo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
[
5
,
7
,
2
3
,
3
5
]
.
T
h
e
HP
S
m
o
d
el
w
as
t
h
en
v
alid
ated
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
it
s
r
esu
lts
w
it
h
th
at
o
f
HOM
E
R
,
u
s
i
n
g
it
as
a
b
en
ch
m
ar
k
[
3
6
]
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
w
as
d
o
n
e
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t.
T
h
e
d
at
a
p
u
b
lis
h
ed
b
y
An
i
an
d
Nze
ak
o
[
1
3
]
w
er
e
u
s
ed
a
s
th
e
v
al
id
atin
g
d
ata.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
m
ea
s
u
r
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t
h
e
d
i
f
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er
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ce
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et
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t
h
e
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elo
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ed
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o
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o
f
co
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r
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n
(
r
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d
r
o
o
t
m
ea
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s
q
u
ar
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er
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r
(
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t
h
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es
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o
f
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t
w
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m
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els.
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h
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n
e
w
m
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el
w
as
th
e
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ap
p
lie
d
to
th
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s
e
s
t
u
d
y
ar
ea
to
ev
alu
ate
it
s
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er
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o
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ce
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3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
3
.
1
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F
e
a
s
ibi
lity
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t
ud
y
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll hy
dro
po
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er
pla
nt
inte
g
r
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t
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t
w
as
o
b
s
er
v
ed
th
at
d
u
r
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g
t
h
e
r
ain
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g
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o
n
(
A
p
r
il
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er
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er
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w
er
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en
o
u
g
h
h
y
d
r
o
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r
ce
s
to
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e.
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h
e
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m
f
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e
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its
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e
a
k
o
f
1
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,
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0
0
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/S in
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te
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er
.
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h
e
h
y
d
r
o
p
o
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er
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tial i
s
to
g
en
er
ate
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at
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m
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ate
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/
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ated
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th
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t
h
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ef
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cit
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s
4
1
4
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5
(
6
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k
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o
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y
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m
p
le
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e
n
t t
h
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p
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w
it
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e
w
ab
le
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y
s
o
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r
ce
-
s
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lar
P
V.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
0
:
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2
1
4
-
6
2
2
4
6220
3
.
2
.
H
P
S
m
o
del v
a
lid
a
t
io
n r
esu
lt
s
T
h
e
o
p
tim
al
s
izi
n
g
r
es
u
lt
s
f
o
r
b
o
th
HOM
E
R
an
d
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
lated
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
e
d
f
r
o
m
HOM
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R
s
h
o
w
ed
a
g
o
o
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
(
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t
(
r
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is
0
.
8
8
w
h
ile
th
e
r
o
o
t
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
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is
0
.
0
0
1
)
w
ith
th
o
s
e
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
litt
le
d
if
f
er
e
n
ce
in
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
is
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
th
e
g
en
er
ato
r
s
.
Ho
w
e
v
er
,
th
e
s
e
d
o
n
o
t
h
a
v
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
r
es
u
lt
s
.
Ge
n
er
all
y
,
th
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
th
o
s
e
o
b
tai
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
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.
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h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
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g
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v
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h
ig
h
er
p
r
io
r
it
y
to
t
h
e
h
y
d
r
o
tu
r
b
in
e
t
h
a
n
t
h
e
s
o
lar
p
an
el
d
u
e
to
th
e
h
i
g
h
er
co
s
t
o
f
s
o
lar
p
an
el.
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h
is
is
esp
ec
iall
y
m
o
r
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ec
o
n
o
m
ica
l
w
h
e
n
a
d
am
-
b
ased
SHP
is
u
s
ed
.
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h
e
d
ev
elo
p
ed
m
o
d
el
is
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m
p
le,
m
o
r
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n
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n
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e
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f
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t.
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ab
le
1
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n
r
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lts
D
e
scri
p
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n
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ER
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v
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7
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p
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3
.
Appl
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t
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f
t
he
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de
l t
o
t
he
s
t
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y
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re
a
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t
a
pa
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tim
al
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lt
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th
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t
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n
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p
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esen
ted
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n
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ab
le
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w
h
ile
t
h
e
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v
er
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e
m
o
n
th
l
y
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tr
ic
p
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er
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tio
n
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th
e
th
r
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y
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m
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in
at
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er
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as
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r
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ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
es 3
-
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T
ab
le
2
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Op
tim
al
s
iz
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g
r
es
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lt
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o
r
th
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r
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y
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Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
n
th
l
y
av
er
a
g
e
ele
ctr
ic
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
o
lar
p
v
-
b
att
-
d
g
h
y
b
r
id
s
y
s
te
m
at
p
ea
k
lo
ad
d
em
a
n
d
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
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.
(
B
a
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a
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Mo
n
th
l
y
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er
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ic
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d
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n
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th
e
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y
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at
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em
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d
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Mo
n
th
l
y
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er
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g
e
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ctr
ic
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d
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at
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d
3
.
3
.
1
.
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y
brid
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m
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ina
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f
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r
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[1
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A
.
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p
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sli,
“
A
k
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v
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w
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n
e
x
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ti
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n
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a
su
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u
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,
”
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
2
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p
.
5
9
3
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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(
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6223
[2
]
D.
S.
As
h
o
k
,
“
Op
ti
m
i
z
e
d
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
-
b
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se
d
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2,
pp.
1
1
5
5
-
1
1
6
4
,
2
0
0
7
[3
]
S.
K.
Ra
m
o
ji
a
n
d
B.
J.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
l
siz
in
g
o
f
a
P
V
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w
in
d
h
y
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rid
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n
e
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y
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ti
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a
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h
m
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n
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h
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g
lea
rn
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g
b
a
se
d
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Av
a
n
c
e
d
Res
e
a
rc
h
in
El
e
c
trica
l
,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
I
n
stru
me
n
t
a
ti
o
n
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
34
-
5
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[4
]
T.
R.
Ay
o
d
e
le
a
n
d
A
.
S
.
O.
O
g
u
n
ju
y
ig
b
e
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
th
ica
l
m
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th
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d
so
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ly
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h
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rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y,
v
o
l.
9
p
p
.
57
-
6
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[5
]
A.
A
c
a
k
p
o
v
i,
“
Orig
in
a
l
f
ra
m
e
w
o
rk
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
izin
g
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
su
p
p
ly
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
2
,
pp.
1
-
1
0
,
2
0
1
6
.
[6
]
M.
Kd
a
ir
A
b
d
,
“
Eco
n
o
m
ic
v
iab
il
it
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
f
it
a
b
il
it
y
a
ss
e
s
s
m
e
n
ts
o
f
W
ECS
,”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
and
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
2
2
0
-
1
2
2
8
,
2
0
2
0
.
[7
]
A.
B.
Esa
n
,
A.
F.
A
g
b
e
tu
y
i,
O.
Og
b
o
re
d
a
,
K.
Og
b
e
i
d
e
,
A
.
A.
Aw
e
lew
a
a
n
d
A
.
E.
A
f
o
lab
i,
“
Re
li
a
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il
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islan
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rid
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ATT
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m
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ty
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ica
l
ru
ra
l
c
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
in
Nig
e
ria
,”
He
li
y
o
n
, p
p
.
1
-
1
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[8
]
Nig
e
ria
En
e
rg
y
F
o
ru
m
,
“
Ac
c
e
ler
a
ti
n
g
a
c
c
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le
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rg
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r
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ll
-
sc
a
li
n
g
u
p
su
sta
in
a
b
le
ru
r
a
lele
c
tri
f
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c
a
ti
o
n
in
Nig
e
ria,
”
L
a
g
o
s,
1
7
th
-
1
8
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h
A
p
ril
,
2
0
1
8
.
[9
]
D.
E.
Ba
b
a
t
u
n
d
e
,
O.
M.
Ba
b
a
t
u
n
d
e
,
M.
U.
Em
o
z
e
m
u
w
ire,
I.
H.
De
n
w
ig
we
,
T.
E.
Ok
h
a
re
d
ia
a
n
d
O.
J.
Om
o
d
o
ra
,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
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tem
f
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f
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m
f
a
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il
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y
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
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rin
g
(
IJ
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)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
4
-
2
8
8
3
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
0
]
B.
A
d
e
b
a
n
ji
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
h
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rid
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
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m
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
ru
ra
l
e
lec
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
,
”
a
n
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n
p
u
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li
s
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e
d
Ph
.
D
th
e
sis
su
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mitt
e
d
t
o
th
e
De
p
a
rtme
n
t
o
f
E
lec
tro
n
ic
a
n
d
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
in
e
e
r
in
g
,
L
a
d
o
k
e
Akin
to
la
Un
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
Og
b
o
m
o
so
,
N
ig
e
ria
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
1
]
A.
Be
lu
c
o
,
C.
P
.
Co
lv
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ra
,
I.
E.
T
e
x
e
ira
a
n
d
A
.
B
e
lu
c
o
,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
it
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d
y
f
o
r
p
o
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g
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ra
ti
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n
d
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r
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g
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P
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rs
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h
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rid
s
y
ste
m
in
a
re
c
y
c
l
e
d
p
a
p
e
r
m
il
l
,
”
Co
mp
u
ta
ti
o
n
a
l
W
a
ter
,
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
2
,
p
p
.
45
-
53,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
2
]
A.
S.
O.
O
g
u
n
ju
y
ig
b
e
,
T
.
R.
Ay
o
d
e
le,
a
n
d
O.
A.
Ak
in
o
la,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
a
ll
o
c
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
siz
in
g
o
f
P
V
/w
in
d
/s
p
li
t
-
DG
/B
ATT
h
y
b
rid
sy
st
e
m
f
o
r
m
in
im
izin
g
li
f
e
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y
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le
c
o
st,ca
rb
o
n
e
m
is
sio
n
a
n
d
d
u
m
p
e
n
e
rg
y
o
f
re
m
o
te
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
b
u
il
d
in
g
,
”
A
p
p
li
e
d
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
9
,
p
p
.
1
5
3
-
1
7
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
3
]
V
.
A
.
A
n
i,
a
n
d
A
.
N.
Ns
e
a
k
o
,
“
P
o
ten
ti
a
ls
o
f
o
p
ti
m
ize
d
h
y
b
rid
s
y
st
e
m
in
p
o
w
e
rin
g
o
ff
-
g
rid
m
a
c
ro
b
a
se
tran
s
m
it
ter
sta
ti
o
n
site
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
v
o
l.
3,
p
p
.
8
6
1
-
8
7
1
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
4
]
P
.
S
u
h
a
n
e
,
S
.
Ra
n
g
n
e
k
e
r
a
n
d
A
.
M
it
tel,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
siz
in
g
o
f
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
u
sin
g
a
n
t
c
o
lo
n
y
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Re
n
e
wa
b
le E
n
e
rg
y
Res
e
a
rc
h
,
vo
l.
4,
p
p
.
6
8
3
-
6
8
8
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
T.
Ho
n
e
rica
a
n
d
H.
T
a
w
a
n
d
a
,
“
A
tec
h
n
ica
l
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
o
p
t
im
izin
g
P
V
/
d
ies
e
l/
b
a
tt
e
ry
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
sy
ste
m
s
,
”
CS
IR
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
S
c
ien
c
e
re
a
l
a
n
d
Rel
e
v
a
n
t
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
p
p
.
23
-
34,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
6
]
Ko
u
tr
o
u
li
s,
E.
,
Ko
l
o
k
o
sa
,
D.,
P
o
ti
ra
k
is,
A
.
,
a
n
d
k
a
laitza
k
is,
K.,
“
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
siz
in
g
o
f
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
p
h
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic/w
in
d
-
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r
sy
ste
m
s u
sin
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
,
”
S
o
l
a
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
8
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
2
-
1
0
8
8
,
2
0
0
6
[1
7
]
R
.
J.
Ku
m
a
r
a
n
d
M
.
S.
Ka
lav
a
t
h
i,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
siz
in
g
o
f
S
a
ti
n
Bo
w
e
rb
ird
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
In
n
o
v
a
ti
v
e
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Exp
lo
rin
g
g
ri
d
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
h
y
b
ri
d
PV
/
win
d
/
b
a
t
ter
y
p
o
we
r
sy
ste
m
u
sin
g
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
4,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
8
]
H.
Hild
e
b
ra
n
d
,
”
P
lan
n
in
g
to
o
l
f
o
r
sm
a
ll
h
y
d
ro
p
o
w
e
r
d
e
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
,
”
Pre
se
n
ted
a
t
th
e
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
Un
ive
rs
it
y
o
f
Ge
o
rg
ia
i
n
T
b
il
is
o
n
b
e
h
a
lf
o
f
UN
ES
CO a
t
th
e
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Hy
d
ro
p
o
we
r A
ss
o
c
ia
ti
o
n
,
pp.
23
-
5
7
,
1
9
9
7
.
[1
9
]
T.
Kh
a
ti
b
,
A
.
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
a
n
d
K.S
o
p
ia
n
,
“
A
so
f
t
wa
re
to
o
l
f
o
r
o
p
ti
m
a
l
siz
in
g
o
f
P
V
sy
ste
m
s in
M
a
la
y
sia
,
”
M
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
S
im
u
la
ti
o
n
s in
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
1
-
11,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
0
]
H.
M
a
sru
r,
H.
O.
R.
H
o
w
lad
e
r,
M.
E.
L
o
f
ty
,
K.
R.
Kh
a
n
,
J.
M.
G
e
rre
ro
a
n
d
T
.
S
e
n
jy
u
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
te
c
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
e
n
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
su
it
a
b
il
it
y
o
f
a
n
iso
late
d
m
icro
g
rid
sy
ste
m
lo
c
a
ted
in
a
re
m
o
te
islan
d
o
f
Ba
n
g
lad
e
sh
,”
S
u
sta
in
a
b
il
it
y
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
p
p
.
1
-
2
7
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
1
]
O.
S
k
a
rste
in
a
n
d
K.
Ulh
e
n
,
“
De
s
ig
n
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
s
w
it
h
re
sp
e
c
t
t
o
lo
n
g
term
d
ies
e
l
sa
v
in
g
in
w
in
d
/d
ies
e
l
p
lan
ts
,
”
W
in
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
13
,
p
p
.
1
36
-
1
4
2
,
1
9
8
9
[2
2
]
S.
Ba
ra
k
a
t,
M.
M.
S
a
m
y
,
M.
B.
Et
e
ib
a
a
n
d
W
a
b
i,
“
V
iab
il
it
y
stu
d
y
o
f
g
rid
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
P
V
/w
in
d
/
b
io
m
a
ss
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
s
m
a
ll
v
il
lag
e
in
Eg
y
p
t,
”
v
o
l.
2,
n
o
.
2,
p
p
.
1
-
5,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
3
]
G.
Z.
S
o
m
a
n
o
a
n
d
G
.
S
h
u
n
k
i,
“
De
sig
n
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
li
n
g
o
f
h
y
b
rid
PV
-
m
icro
h
y
d
ro
p
o
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
c
a
se
stu
d
y
Ji
m
m
a
z
o
n
e
,
”
Ame
ric
a
n
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
t
ric
a
l
Po
we
r
a
n
d
En
e
rg
y
S
y
ste
m,
v
o
l.
2,
p
p
.
43
-
48,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
V.
M
.
Jy
o
th
i,
T.
V.
M
u
n
i
a
n
d
S
V
NL
L
a
li
th
n
a
,
“
A
n
o
p
ti
m
a
l
e
n
e
rg
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
P
V
/b
a
t
tery
sta
n
d
a
lo
n
e
,”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
ri
n
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
6,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
2
5
3
8
-
2
5
4
4
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
5
]
A
.
V
a
h
a
b
z
a
d
e
h
,
F
.
S
e
p
a
ri,
M.
S
a
m
k
u
sh
a
n
d
M
.
Ja
f
a
ri
”
Op
ti
m
a
l
s
izin
g
o
f
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
re
so
u
rc
e
s
f
o
r
e
le
c
tri
c
it
y
d
istan
t
r
u
ra
l
a
re
a
s o
f
Ira
n
,
”
CIRD
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
-
L
is
b
o
n
,
p
p
.
2
9
-
3
0
,
2
0
0
7
[2
6
]
S.
A.
S
h
e
z
e
n
,
S.
J.
W
e
i,
M.
A.
Ki
b
ria,
K.
R.
Ullan
,
R.
S
a
id
u
,
W.
T.
Ch
o
n
g
a
n
d
R.
K.
A
k
it
u
r,
“
P
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
a
n
o
ff
g
rid
w
in
d
-
PV
-
DG
-
B
ATT
h
y
b
rid
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
f
e
a
sib
le
f
o
r
re
m
o
te
a
re
a
,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Clea
n
e
rPro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4,
n
o
.
1,
p
p
.
1
2
1
-
1
3
2
,
2
0
1
6
.
[2
7
]
K.
M
e
ru
g
a
p
e
ru
m
a
l,
D.
A
ja
y
a
n
d
P
.
Ra
j,
“
F
e
a
sib
il
it
y
d
e
sig
n
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
-
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
l
y
sis
o
f
h
y
b
rid
re
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
ru
ra
l
e
lec
tri
f
ica
ti
o
n
,”
S
o
la
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
8
8
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
8
-
1
0
8
3
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
2
8
]
O
.
K
o
u
r
,
“
T
e
c
h
n
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
i
c
a
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
o
f
a
h
y
b
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
:
A
c
a
s
e
s
t
u
d
y
f
o
r
a
v
i
l
l
a
g
e
i
n
I
n
d
i
a
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
f
o
r
R
e
s
e
a
r
c
h
i
n
A
p
p
l
i
e
d
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
6
,
n
o
.
5
,
pp.
2043
-
2
0
4
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
9
]
Hu
n
g
x
in
g
,
“
Op
ti
m
a
l
siz
in
g
m
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
sta
n
d
-
a
lo
n
e
h
y
b
r
id
s
o
lar
-
w
in
d
sy
st
e
m
w
it
h
L
P
S
P
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
b
y
u
sin
g
g
e
n
e
ti
c
a
lg
o
rit
h
m
,
”
S
o
la
r E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
8
2
,
p
p
.
3
5
4
-
3
6
7
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
0
]
A.
K.
Da
u
id
,
“
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
h
y
b
rid
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
c
o
n
sistin
g
o
f
w
in
d
tu
rb
i
n
e
,
P
V,
sto
ra
g
e
b
a
tt
e
r
y
a
n
d
d
ies
e
l
g
e
n
e
ra
to
r;
D
e
sig
n
,
o
p
ti
m
iza
ti
o
n
a
n
d
e
c
o
n
o
m
ica
l
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
on
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
n
e
rg
y
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
pp.
56
-
6
1
,
2
0
1
1
.
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