Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
8
, No
.
6
,
Decem
ber
201
8
, p
p.
4755
~
4762
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v
8
i
6
.
pp
4755
-
47
62
4755
Journ
al
h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ia
es
core
.c
om/
journa
ls
/i
ndex.
ph
p/IJECE
Novel B
acteria F
o
ra
ging Optim
ization
for
Energ
y
-
e
ffi
cient
Commu
nicati
on i
n Wireless S
ens
or Netw
or
k
Hema
vath
i
P
1
,
N
anda
kum
ar
A
N
2
1
Jain
Univer
si
t
y
,
India
2
Depa
rtmen
t of
Com
pute
r
Scie
n
ce
and Engi
ne
ering,
New Hori
zo
n
Coll
ege
o
f
Eng
ine
er
ing, Indi
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Dec
28
, 201
7
Re
vised
Ju
l
17
,
201
8
Accepte
d
J
ul
29
, 2
01
8
Optimiza
ti
o
n
technique
s
base
d
on
Sw
arm
-
int
el
l
ige
nc
e
has
bee
n
rep
orte
d
t
o
have
signif
icant
bene
fi
ts
towa
rds
addr
essing
comm
unic
at
io
n
issues
in
W
ire
le
ss
Sensor
Network
(W
S
N).
W
e
rev
ie
wed
the
m
ost
do
mi
nant
sw
arm
int
ellige
n
ce
t
ec
h
nique
ca
l
le
d
as
Bacte
ri
a
Forag
ing
Optimiz
at
io
n
(BFO
)
to
find
tha
t
the
r
e
are
ver
y
l
ess
signifi
ca
nt
m
odel
towa
rds
addr
essing
the
proble
m
s
in
W
S
N.
The
r
efo
re
,
th
e
proposed
pap
e
r
int
roduc
ed
a
n
ovel
BF
O
al
gorit
hm
which
m
ai
nta
ins
a
ver
y
good
balanc
e
bet
wee
n
th
e
co
m
puta
ti
onal
and
comm
unic
ation
demands
of
a
sensor
node
u
nli
ke
th
e
conv
en
ti
onal
BF
O
al
gorit
hm
s.
Th
e
signifi
c
ant
con
tr
ibut
ion
of
the
pr
oposed
stud
y
is
t
o
m
ini
m
iz
e
the
i
te
r
at
iv
e
st
eps
and
inc
lusi
on
of
m
ini
m
izati
on
o
f
both
rec
e
ivi
ng
/
tra
nsm
it
ta
n
ce
po
wer
in
en
ti
re
da
ta
aggr
egation
p
roc
ess.
Th
e
stud
y
ou
tc
om
e
when
compare
d
with
standa
rd
en
erg
y
-
eff
i
cient
a
l
gorit
hm
was
found
to
offe
r
superior
net
wor
k
li
fetim
e
in
te
r
m
s
of
highe
r
res
idua
l
en
erg
y
as
well
as
data
tra
nsm
ission pe
r
form
anc
e.
Ke
yw
or
d:
Ba
ct
erial
f
orag
ing
Energy e
ff
ic
ie
ncy
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
Sw
arm
intel
li
gen
ce
W
i
reless se
nso
r netw
ork
Copyright
©
201
8
Instit
ut
e
o
f
Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Hem
avathi P
Dep
a
rtm
en
t of
Com
pu
te
r
Scie
nce
and
Eng
inee
ring
,
Ba
ng
al
or
e
I
ns
ti
tute o
f
Tec
hnol
og
y,
Ban
galo
re
, In
dia
Em
a
il
:
he
m
avathi.resea
rch@
gm
ai
l.co
m
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
W
i
reless
S
ens
or
Netw
ork
(
WSN)
has
bee
n
a
dom
inant
top
ic
of
resea
rc
h
in
wireless
ne
twork
from
m
or
e
than
a
de
cade
ow
i
ng
to
it
s
on
go
i
ng
researc
h
c
halle
ng
e
s
an
d
it
s
e
nd
le
ss
op
portu
niti
es
[1
]
.
The
re
ar
e
var
i
ou
s
resea
rc
h
pro
blem
s
ass
ociat
ed
with
WSN
e.
g.
sec
uri
ty
issues
[2
]
,
routin
g
iss
ues
[3
]
,
e
ne
rg
y
iss
ues
[4
]
,
traff
ic
-
relat
ed
issues
[5
]
,
des
ign
iss
ues
[6
]
,
et
c.
I
n
par
al
le
l
to
the
pro
blem
s,
there
is
al
so
var
i
ou
s
res
earch
-
base
d
so
l
ution
that
has
been
c
on
sist
e
ntly
evol
vin
g
t
o
so
l
ve
t
his.
O
wing
to d
esi
gn
c
on
st
raints
of
a
s
en
sor n
ode
,
an
opti
m
iz
at
io
n
-
base
d
so
l
ution
is
the
m
os
t
pr
efe
rr
e
d
a
ppr
oach
in
a
ddres
sing
iss
ues
in
WSN.
O
ut
of
var
i
ous
form
s
of
resea
rch
te
ch
niques
in
op
ti
m
iz
ation
[
7],
swa
rm
-
i
ntell
igence
ba
s
ed
opti
m
iz
at
io
n
is
now
becom
ing
a
tren
d
owin
g
to
fo
ll
owin
g
benefit
s:
inclusio
n
of
c
ogniti
ve
a
nd
s
ocial
intel
li
gen
ce
that
off
ers
bette
r
gr
a
nula
rity
in
so
lvi
ng
th
e
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pro
blem
s,
bette
r
converge
nce
perform
ance
com
par
ed
to
oth
er
non
-
bi
o
in
sp
ire
d
te
chn
iq
ues
and
sim
pler
interp
retat
ion
of outc
om
es o
wing t
o i
ts
m
at
ch
wi
th
certai
n
li
ving
orga
nism
[
8].
Am
on
g
al
l
this,
the
pro
pose
d
resea
rch
work
has
e
m
ph
asi
zed
on
us
in
g
Ba
ct
eria
Foragi
ng
Op
ti
m
iz
ation
(
BFO),
w
hic
h
is
base
d
on
f
or
a
ging
beh
a
viour
of
a
bacte
ria
[
9].
T
he
f
unda
m
ental
strat
egy
of
t
he
BFO
al
go
rithm
is
to
pe
rm
it
th
e
cel
l
i.e.
bacte
ria
f
or
a
ggre
ga
ti
ng
stoc
hastic
al
ly
the
swar
m
an
d
le
adi
ng
it
to
the
po
sit
io
n
of
optim
a
as
m
eans
to
process
in
form
ation
within
a
se
nsor
node
.
In
or
der
to
do
this,
the
re
ar
e
seq
uen
ces
of
operati
ons
bei
ng
perform
ed
by
the
BF
O.
Th
e
first
operati
o
n
is
know
n
as
chemotaxis
w
hi
ch
th
e
syst
e
m
de
-
rate
s
the
cel
lula
r
c
os
t
ow
i
ng
to
t
he
nearness
to
oth
e
r
bacteria
w
hile
the
m
ov
em
ent
of
t
he
cel
ls
is
carried
ou
t
t
owar
ds
t
he
pro
cessed
surface
cost
one
by
on
e
.
T
his
oper
at
ion
is
highly
it
erati
ve
in
orde
r
t
o
accom
p
li
sh
bette
r
ou
tc
om
e.
T
he
seco
nd
oper
at
ion
is
cal
le
d
as
reprod
uctio
n
w
hich
m
eans
the
con
ti
nuat
ion
of
a p
a
rtic
ular ba
ct
eria t
o nex
t
ge
ner
at
io
n
i
f
the
y were
w
it
nes
s
ed
to
do wel
l o
ver a sam
ple peri
od
of
ti
m
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4755
-
4762
4756
The
thir
d
ope
rati
on
is
cal
le
d
as
el
imina
ti
on
-
disp
e
rs
al
wh
e
re
the
syst
e
m
rej
ect
s
the
cel
ls
and
consi
ders
acce
pting
no
vel
sa
m
ples
of
ra
ndom
or
igin
with
an
incl
us
io
n
of
ve
ry
m
ini
m
al
pro
bab
il
it
y.
A
ty
pical
BFO
al
gorith
m
is
or
i
gin
al
ly
m
eant
fo
r
s
olv
in
g
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pro
blem
with
co
ntin
uous
functi
on.
O
wing
to
it
s
recursive
op
e
r
at
ion
,
it
al
ways
works
on
a
giv
e
n
lo
op
s
i
n
order
to
c
onstruct
va
rio
us
f
orm
of
exp
li
ci
t
searc
h
op
e
rati
on
[10]
.
The
desi
gn
process
al
so
us
es
dif
fer
e
nt
fo
rm
s
of
co
eff
ic
ie
nts
f
or
m
od
el
ing
swa
rm
ing
env
i
ronm
ent
e.g
. d
e
pth
an
d
w
idth o
f
at
tract
ing
sig
nal, w
idt
h
of
re
pella
nt
s
ign
al
, and
heig
ht
of r
e
pelle
nt sign
al
.
The
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
con
ce
pt
co
ns
ide
rs
that
he
igh
t
of
re
pella
nt
sign
al
is
alw
ay
s
equ
i
valent
to
dep
th
of
at
tract
ive
sign
al
.
A
doption
of
a
sm
al
ler
ste
p
siz
e
i
n
desig
ning
BF
O
is
ve
ry
com
m
on
fo
r
co
ntin
uing
the
sea
rc
h
f
or
an
el
it
e
ou
tc
om
e.
Conve
ntio
nal
BFO
al
gorith
m
a
lso
co
ns
id
ers
r
ejecti
ng
t
he
half
of
cel
l
popula
ti
on
ex
cusively
durin
g
t
he
re
pr
oductio
n wh
ic
h
a
re r
e
porte
d
t
o hav
e
lo
wer h
eal
th sig
nals.
The
co
nce
pt
of
BFO
was
al
r
eady
us
e
d
in
so
lvin
g
va
rio
us
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
-
base
d
pro
blem
s.
Howe
ver,
insp
it
e
of
s
uc
h
po
te
ntial
con
c
ept
of
opti
m
izati
on
,
it
s
util
izati
on
to
wards
WSN
is
ye
t
to
be
wit
nesse
d
a
s
there
is
no
sta
nd
a
r
d
researc
h
w
ork
or
any
be
nc
hma
rk
e
d
m
od
el
be
ing
eve
r
repo
r
te
d
to
be
us
in
g
BFO
in
WSN.
So
m
e
of
t
he
res
earc
h
at
te
m
pts
of
BFO
to
wards
WSN
are
m
ai
nly
to
pe
rfo
rm
sel
ect
ion
of
CH
with
no
pa
rtic
ular
fo
c
us
on
it
s
it
erati
ve
op
e
rat
ion
.
T
her
e
f
or
e
,
the
pro
po
se
d
resea
rch
w
ork
intr
oduces
a
te
chn
iq
ue
wh
ic
h
enh
a
nces
the
conve
ntion
al
BFO
al
gorith
m
in
or
de
r
t
o
opti
m
iz
e
bo
t
h
c
om
pu
ta
ti
onal
an
d
c
omm
u
nicat
ion
perform
ance
of
a
cel
lular
no
de.
The
pri
m
e
idea
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
pa
pe
r
is
al
so
to
m
i
nim
iz
e
the
am
ount
of
energy
de
pleti
on
by
m
aking
us
e
of
it
s
it
e
rati
ve
operati
on
involve
d
in
enh
a
nced
BF
O
desig
n
pri
nc
iple.
Sect
ion
1.1
di
scusses
a
bout
the
existi
ng
li
te
ratur
es
w
her
e
diff
e
re
nt
te
chn
iq
ues
of
BFO
in
dif
fer
e
nt
op
ti
m
iz
ation
issues
a
re
disc
usse
d
f
ollo
wed
by
discuss
i
on
of
resea
rch
pro
blem
s
in
Sect
i
on
1.2
a
nd
pro
pos
e
d
so
luti
on
in
1.3.
Sect
io
n
2
di
scusses
a
bout
propose
d
op
t
i
m
iz
ation
al
gorithm
i
m
ple
m
e
ntati
on
f
ollo
w
ed
by
discuss
i
on
of
r
esult analy
sis i
n
Sect
io
n 3. Fi
nally
, th
e c
oncl
us
ive
r
em
ark
s
are
prov
i
ded in
Secti
on 4.
1.1.
Back
ground
This
sect
ion
di
scusses
the
e
xisti
ng
re
searc
h
ap
proac
hes
us
e
d
for
im
ple
m
enting
the
ty
pica
l
swar
m
intel
li
gen
ce
of
Ba
ct
eria
Fora
ging
Op
ti
m
iz
a
t
ion
(BF
O)
.
G
upta
et
al
.
[
11]
hav
e
prese
nted
a
stu
dy
w
her
e
BF
O
was
us
e
d
for
m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
de
gr
ee
of
c
olor
in
orde
r
t
o
e
nhance
the
qua
nt
iz
at
ion
proce
s
s
of
a
c
ol
or
e
d
i
m
age.
Dasgu
pta
et
al.
[12]
hav
e
en
han
ce
d
the
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
BFO
in
orde
r
to
so
lve
the
opti
m
i
m
iz
at
ion
prob
le
m
s
associat
ed
wit
h
high
-
dim
ension
al
d
at
a. Che
n
et
al. [
13
]
h
a
ve
ad
dr
esse
d
the conv
e
rgenc
e issue o
f
co
nv
entional
BFO
by
inc
orporati
ng
the
a
uto
m
at
ic
fine
tun
i
ng
of
r
un
l
eng
t
h
durin
g
e
xecu
ti
on
o
f
an
al
gorithm
.
Wei
et
al
.
[14]
hav
e
pres
ented
an
a
dap
t
ive
BFO
al
gor
it
h
m
al
on
g
with
co
nv
e
ntio
nal
search
opti
m
i
zat
ion
te
chn
i
que
in
order
to
e
nhan
ce
the
accurac
y
of
searc
h.
S
i
m
i
la
r
directi
on
of
ada
ptivene
ss
has
bee
n
a
lso
i
m
ple
m
ent
ed
by
Nasir
et
al
.
[
15]
co
ns
ide
rin
g
dif
fer
e
nt
f
or
m
s
of
m
od
al
it
i
es
in
be
nch
m
ark
i
ng
proce
ss.
Panda
a
nd
Nai
k
[16]
hav
e
im
ple
m
e
nted
a
c
r
os
s
-
over
m
echan
is
m
of
gen
et
ic
al
gorithm
fo
r
i
m
pr
ovin
g
the
operati
ons
in
BF
O
te
chn
iq
ue.
Ma
ng
a
ra
j
et
al
.
[
17]
ha
ve
us
e
d
B
FO
f
or
en
ha
ncing
the
desi
gn
proce
ss
in
vo
l
ve
d
i
n
a
nten
na.
Ma
o
et
al
.
[18]
hav
e
com
bin
el
y
us
ed
pa
rtic
le
swar
m
op
tim
izati
on
al
ong
w
it
h
BFO
in
orde
r
to
im
pr
ove
the
op
ti
m
iz
ation
pe
rfor
m
ance
in
vo
l
ved
in
desi
gn
of
num
erical
functi
on.
Mon
a
j
em
i
et
al
.
[19]
ha
ve
app
li
ed
diffusi
on
a
dapt
ion
f
or
m
od
el
ing
the
m
otivit
y
con
cept
of
bacteria
in
or
der
to
in
vestig
at
e
the
networ
ks
of
bacteria
.
Si
m
il
ar
app
ro
a
ch
of
a
dap
ta
ti
on
al
ong
with
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
in
rep
r
oductio
n
s
te
p
is
carried
out
by
Daas
et
al
.
[20].
BF
O
al
gorithm
was
al
so
re
porte
d
to
be
use
d
f
or
optim
iz
ing
the
traf
fic
pe
rfor
m
ance
unde
r
the
congesti
on
sta
te
as
seen
in
w
ork
of
Jai
n
et
al
.
[21].
Usa
ge
of
BFO
was
repor
te
d
to
be
us
ed
f
or
retai
nin
g
un
i
form
ou
tp
ut
of
po
wer
i
n
gr
i
d
syst
em
as
seen
in
t
he
w
ork
of
Mi
shra
et
al
.
[
22
]
.
M
unoz
et
al
.
[23]
ha
ve
pr
ese
nted
a
br
ie
f
discuss
i
on
of
us
i
ng
the
com
plex
functi
on
s
in
vo
l
ve
d
in
BFO
us
i
ng
sta
ti
st
ic
al
analy
sis.
Ok
aem
e
and
Z
anch
et
ta
[
24]
ha
ve
us
e
d
BF
O
for
opti
m
iz
ing
the
perf
or
m
ance
of
the
c
on
t
rol
le
r
desig
n
involve
d
in
el
ect
rical
dr
ives.
BF
O
w
as
al
so
repor
t
ed
to
be
us
e
d
fo
r
el
ect
ric
veh
ic
le
s
f
or
e
nh
a
ncin
g
the
energy
eff
ic
ie
ncy
as
s
een
in
the
w
ork
of
Sam
anta
et
al
.
[25].
BF
O
al
gorithm
s
hav
e
al
so
bee
n
inv
e
sti
gated
in
sens
or
netw
ork
a
par
t
f
ro
m
o
ther
opti
m
iz
at
ion
p
r
oblem
s.A
ri et al
.
C
.
S
a
m
a
n
t
a
et
.
al
.
Ha
ve
us
ed
BFO
al
gorith
m
fo
r
assist
in
g
in
m
ob
il
e
sensing
op
e
rati
on
in
W
irel
es
s
Sensor
Net
wor
k
(
WSN)
[26]
.
Lal
wa
ni
an
d
Das
ha
ve
us
e
d
BFO
f
or
pe
rfor
m
ing
sel
ect
ion
of
t
he
cl
ust
er
head
m
ai
nly
ta
rg
et
ing
to
im
pr
ove
the
r
outi
ng
pe
rfor
m
ance
[
27]
.
T
he
te
ch
ni
qu
e
prese
nted
y
Li
et
al
have
ne
a
rly
us
e
d
the
si
m
ilar
m
echan
is
m
of
BF
O
al
ong
with
quant
um
com
pu
ti
ng
f
or
enh
a
ncib
f
it
s
sta
bili
ty
rate
du
ri
ng
conve
rg
e
nce
of
the
outc
om
e
[28]
.
Pit
chaim
anickam
and
Ra
dh
a
kri
shnan
ha
ve
ha
ve
ap
plied
BFO
te
c
hni
qu
e
on
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d
sel
ect
ion
pr
ocess
us
in
g
sim
ulatio
n
-
base
d
a
ppr
oach
w
her
e
t
he
stud
y
ou
tc
om
e
sh
ows
en
ha
nced
protoc
ol
op
e
ra
ti
on
.
Usa
ge
of
BFO
wa
s
al
s
o
re
ported
in
t
he
w
ork
of
Z
ha
o
et
al
.
[
30]
in
the
a
rea
of
r
obotics
us
in
g
na
nor
obots.
The
refo
re,
this
back
gr
ound
in
form
at
ion
even
tuall
y
prov
e
d
that
BFO
was
inv
est
igat
ed
f
or
m
ul
ti
ple
case
s
tud
ie
s
of
opti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
obl
e
m
s.
The
ne
xt
sect
ion
outl
ine
s
the
issues
as
so
ci
at
ed
with
e
xisti
ng
researc
h w
ork.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Novel
Bacteri
a F
ora
ging
Op
ti
miza
ti
on f
or
E
ner
gy
…
(
He
m
ava
t
hi P
)
4757
1.2.
The Pro
blem
The
si
gn
i
ficant
r
esea
rch p
robl
e
m
s ar
e as
fo
ll
ow
s:
a.
A
ty
pical
BF
O
al
gorithm
su
f
fer
s
from
conve
rg
e
nce
prob
le
m
s
as
well
as
it
inv
ol
ve
s
too
m
uch
it
erati
ve
ste
ps
i
n
it
s s
ub
-
op
e
ra
ti
on
s t
hat h
as
not b
ee
n f
ound t
o be a
ddresse
d.
b.
Stud
ie
s
t
ow
a
r
ds
a
pp
ly
in
g
B
FO
al
go
rithm
towa
rd
s
opti
m
iz
ing
the
pe
rfor
m
ance
of
WSN
is
le
ss
exp
l
or
e
d
as
com
par
ed
to
oth
e
r op
ti
m
iz
a
ti
on
pro
b
le
m
s.
c.
Ther
e
are
fe
w
resea
rch
im
pl
e
m
entat
ion
s
to
wards
bala
ncing
the
com
pu
t
at
ion
a
nd
c
omm
un
ic
at
ion
perform
ance in
W
S
N usi
ng BFO
al
gorithm
.
d.
Ther
e
is
no
si
ng
le
resea
rc
h
work
t
hat
confirm
l
y
m
ini
m
i
ze
the
dissipat
ed
powe
r
of
s
ens
or
no
des
durin
g data a
ggre
gatio
n p
r
oc
ess u
si
ng BF
O.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
pro
blem
s
ta
teme
nt
of
the
pr
opos
e
d
stu
dy
c
an
be
sta
te
d
as
“
Maint
ain
in
g
a
unif
orm
ba
l
ance
betwe
en
t
he
c
omp
uta
ti
onal
perform
an
ce
of
BF
O
al
gor
it
hm
and
op
ti
ma
l
e
ner
gy
-
ef
f
ic
ie
nt
da
t
a
de
li
ver
y
perform
an
ce
in
WS
N i
s
chall
eng
i
ng to
desi
gn
and
i
mp
le
me
nt.
”
1.3.
The Pro
posed
So
lu
tio
n
Exten
ding
ou
t
pr
i
or
wor
k
[
31]
,
the
propos
ed
syst
em
aims
to
pe
rfor
m
optim
iz
at
ion
of
the
ene
rg
y
perform
ance
of
the
se
nsor
no
de
in W
S
N
by m
ini
m
iz
ing
the
it
erati
ve
ste
ps i
n
or
der
to off
e
r
fa
ste
r
c
onve
r
gen
ce
pe
r
form
ance
in
Ba
ct
eria
F
oragi
ng
O
pti
m
i
zat
ion
.
Fig
ur
e
1
highli
gh
ts
the
syst
em
mo
del
of
t
he
propose
d
op
ti
m
iz
ation
.
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
C
l
u
s
t
e
r
i
n
g
P
a
r
a
m
e
t
e
r
s
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
F
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
c
h
e
m
o
t
a
c
t
i
c
s
t
e
p
s
r
e
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
s
t
e
p
s
e
l
i
m
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
-
d
i
s
p
e
r
s
a
l
s
t
e
p
s
s
w
i
m
m
i
n
g
s
t
e
p
s
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
B
a
c
t
e
r
i
a
l
F
o
r
a
g
i
n
g
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
f
o
r
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
i
n
g
E
n
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
p
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
H
U
p
d
a
t
e
J
c
c
A
p
p
l
y
J
c
c
L
i
m
i
t
s
U
p
d
a
t
e
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
J
c
c
M
i
r
r
o
r
E
f
f
e
c
t
A
p
p
l
y
P
o
s
i
t
i
o
n
L
i
m
i
t
s
E
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
C
o
s
t
U
p
d
a
t
e
P
e
r
s
o
n
a
l
,
g
l
o
b
a
l
B
e
s
t
n
o
d
e
-
t
o
-
C
H
C
H
-
B
S
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
E
T
X
M
i
n
i
m
i
z
e
E
R
X
O
p
t
i
m
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
Figure
1. Pro
pose
d
Syst
em
Mod
el
Figure
1
highl
igh
ts
that
syst
e
m
ta
kes
inp
ut
of
net
w
ork
an
d
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pa
ram
et
ers
of
the
W
SN
a
nd
const
ru
ct
s
a
no
vel
bacteria
l
forag
i
ng
opti
m
izati
on
te
chn
i
que
in
or
de
r
to
con
s
ecuti
vely
con
st
ru
ct
a
m
ec
han
ism
that
can
opti
m
al
l
y
sel
ect
a
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d
in
orde
r
to
en
su
re
that
it
pe
rfor
m
s
m
ini
m
iz
at
ion
of
th
e
energy
dissipati
on
wit
h
res
pect
to
both
transm
it
ta
nce
and
receivi
ng
energy.
T
he
pro
posed
syst
e
m
no
t
only
m
i
nim
iz
es
the
it
erati
ve
ste
ps
of
opti
m
izati
on
but
al
so
r
edu
ce
s
the
tran
sm
it
ta
nce
ener
gy
twic
e
in
each
ste
p
s
that
res
ults
in
sign
ific
a
nt
im
pro
vem
ent
of
netw
ork
li
feti
m
e
as
well
as
it
retai
ns
a
good
bala
nce
betwee
n
ene
r
gy
and
thr
oughput. T
he
n
e
xt secti
on i
ll
us
trat
es ab
out al
gorithm
i
m
p
lem
entat
ion
.
2.
ALGO
RITH
M
I
MPLEME
NTATIO
N
This
par
t
of
t
he
pap
e
r
ou
tl
ines
the
op
ti
m
i
zat
ion
al
go
rith
m
fo
r
bacteria
l
forag
i
ng.
T
he
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
basically
intro
duced
a
cor
e
opti
m
izati
on
al
gorith
m
that
is
us
ed
fo
r
tw
o
m
oti
ves
i.e.
i)
pe
rfor
m
ing
op
ti
m
iz
ation
a
nd
ii
)
m
ini
m
izati
on
of
e
nerg
y
factor
in
volv
ed,
a
nd
ii
i)
sel
ect
ion
of
a
n
ef
fect
ive
cl
us
te
r
heads.
This secti
on il
lustrate
s t
he
c
ore al
gorithm
b
y spli
tt
ing
it
in
t
wo sub
-
m
od
ul
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4755
-
4762
4758
2.1.
Algori
t
h
m for B
act
eri
al F
oragin
g
O
pt
im
iz
at
ion
It
has
bee
n
al
read
y
fou
nd
th
at
con
ve
ntio
na
l
us
age
of
bac
te
rial
fo
ra
ging
beh
a
viour
cal
ls
fo
r
m
uch
slow
e
r
c
onve
r
gen
ce
rate
i
nsp
it
e
of
it
s
el
it
e
outc
om
es.
The
r
efore,
t
he
esse
ntial
fo
c
us
of
t
he
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
is
to
ens
ure
that
conve
rg
e
nce
ra
te
is
sp
eed
ene
d
up
f
or
faster
decisi
on
m
aking
durin
g
op
ti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
ocess
.
Th
e
al
gorithm
takes the inp
ut of
N
(Num
ber
of
No
des
),
p
(pr
obabili
ty
o
f
selec
ti
ng
C
H)
,
E
o
(
In
it
ia
li
zed E
ne
rg
y)
, N
c
(Num
ber
of
C
hem
otact
ic
Ste
ps
)
,
N
re
(
Nu
m
ber
of
re
pro
duct
ive
ste
ps
)
,
N
ed
(Num
ber
of
el
i
m
inati
on
-
dis
per
sal
ste
ps
)
,
N
s
(Nu
m
ber
of
swim
m
ing
ste
ps
),
S
(Num
ber
of
Ba
ct
eria)
wh
ic
h
after
processi
ng
yi
el
ds
an
ou
tc
om
e
of
cost
best
(
best cost
o
f
ro
uting). The si
gn
i
ficant
steps o
f
the
algorit
hm
s ar
e as
foll
ow
s:
Algori
th
m
for
Bact
eri
al F
or
ag
in
g Op
timi
zat
i
on
Inpu
t
: N
, p, E
o
, N
c
, N
re
, N
ed
, N
s
, S
Out
p
ut
: c
os
t
best
St
ar
t
1.
i
nit N, p
, E
o
,
N
c
,
N
re
,
N
ed
,
N
s
, S
2.
For
i=
1:S
3.
C
om
pu
te
b
ac
(pos, J
cc,
co
st)
4.
If
bac(
c
ost
best
)<co
st
gbest
5.
gbest
bac
(
best)
6.
End
7.
cost
best
[N
ed
*N
re
*N
c
]
8.
F
or
l=
1:N
ed
9.
F
or
k=
1:N
re
10.
Fo
r
j
=
1:Nc
11.
For
i=
1:S
12.
u
pdat
e J
cc
13.
A
pply
J
cc
li
m
it
s
14.
U
pdat
e posi
ti
on
15.
J
cc
E
ff
ect
16.
A
pply
Po
sit
ion
Lim
it
s
17.
If
bac
(c
os
t
best
)<
cost
best
18.
gbe
st
ba
c(Best
)
19.
End
20.
E
n
d
21.
End
22.
E
nd
23. c
os
t
best
gb
est
End
The
al
gorithm
com
pu
te
s
nu
m
ber
of
cl
us
te
r
head
Nch
to
be
pr
od
uct
of
prob
a
bili
ty
p
and
nu
m
ber
of
nodes
N.
T
he
var
ia
ble
at
trib
ute
of
bacteria
l
forag
i
ng
e.
g.
siz
e
(V
size
)
,
m
i
nim
u
m
(V
m
in
)
and
m
axi
m
u
m
(V
m
ax
)
values
a
re
init
ia
li
zed.
The
lo
wer
bound
V
m
i
n
and
upper
bo
und
V
m
ax
is
init
ia
li
zed
to
be
0
and
100
re
sp
e
c
ti
vely
.
A
struct
ur
e
of
bacteria
bac
is
con
side
re
d
by
po
sit
ion
pos
,
cost,
obj
ect
i
ve
fu
nctio
n
J
cc
,
be
st
po
sit
ion
a
nd
cost
(pos
best
,
c
os
t
best
).
F
or
al
l
num
ber
of
bacteria
(
S)
in
Line
-
2,
t
he
c
os
t
of
bact
eria
is
com
pu
t
ed
with
resp
ect
to
it
s
nu
t
rient
f
unct
ion
c
o
ns
ide
rin
g
it
s
res
pecti
ve
posit
ion
.
Th
is
m
akes
the
process
le
ss
it
erati
ve
com
par
ed
t
o
conve
ntion
al
a
ppr
oach
a
nd
m
akes
the
c
onve
rg
e
nce
fa
ste
r.
If
the
best
c
os
t
of
th
e
bacteri
a
is
found
le
ss
tha
n
cost
of
t
he
global
be
st
tha
n
be
st
value
of b
a
ct
eria
is
al
locat
e
d
as g
lo
bal b
e
st
(Line
-
5). The
com
pu
ta
ti
on
o
f
bes
t
cost
is
carrie
d
ou
t
by
pro
du
ct
of
i)
Nu
m
ber
of
el
im
inati
on
-
disp
e
rsal
ste
ps
,
ii
)
Nu
m
ber
of
reprod
uctive
s
te
ps
,
and ii
i) Num
ber
of
C
hem
otactic Steps
(Line
-
7).
The
al
gorithm
than
a
pp
ly
a
ve
ry
un
i
qu
e
ste
ps
of
non
-
recursive
el
im
inatio
n
disp
e
rsal
ste
p
(Li
ne
-
8)
,
reprod
uctive
s
te
p
(Line
-
9),
and
c
hem
otactic
ste
p
(Line
-
10).
T
he
upda
ti
ng
of
the
obj
ect
iv
e
functi
on
J
cc
(Line
-
12)
,
ap
pl
yi
ng
the
lim
its
of
J
cc
(Line
-
13),
up
datin
g
po
sit
io
nal
inf
orm
ation
(Line
-
14),
an
d
ap
pl
yi
ng
po
sit
io
nal
li
m
its
(Line
-
15).
If
the
best
c
os
t
of
the
bacteria
i
s
f
ound
le
ss
th
an
the
c
os
t
of
the
global
best
gb
e
st
than
the
be
st
so
luti
on
of
the
bacteria
is
consi
der
e
d
as
the
global
best
(Li
ne
-
18).
T
his
pr
ocess
of
opti
m
iz
at
ion
is
app
li
ed
f
or
eff
ic
ie
nt
sel
ect
ion
of
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
wh
e
re
a
ne
arest
no
de
is
exp
l
or
e
d
for
th
e
al
l
the
cl
us
te
r
no
de.
Fo
r
al
l
the
num
ber
of
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d,
t
he
dist
ance
f
ro
m
al
l
the
cl
us
te
r
node
to
it
s
resp
ect
ive
m
e
m
ber
no
de
is
com
pu
te
d
f
ollow
e
d
by
rem
ov
al
of
pri
orl
y
sel
ect
ed
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
a
nd
sea
rcgh
f
or
nea
re
st
no
de
to
c
onsecuti
ve
cl
us
te
r head
s.
2.2.
Algori
t
h
m for O
pt
im
iz
ing Ener
gy
and p
os
itio
n
of
CH
This
al
gorithm
is
m
ai
nly
res
pons
i
ble
for
optim
iz
ing
the
energy
facto
r
of
the
sens
or
node
a
nd
t
o
perform
sel
ecti
on
of
cl
us
te
r
he
ad
co
ns
i
der
in
g
it
s
po
sit
ion
al
i
nfor
m
at
ion
.
T
he
al
gorithm
ta
k
es
the
input
of
node
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N:
20
88
-
8708
Novel
Bacteri
a F
ora
ging
Op
ti
miza
ti
on f
or
E
ner
gy
…
(
He
m
ava
t
hi P
)
4759
po
sit
io
n
(
x
node
,
y
node
)
that
after
processi
ng
gen
e
rates
an
outc
om
e
of
E
OTX
(O
ptim
iz
ed
Transm
i
tt
ed
E
nergy)
,
E
ORX
(O
ptim
iz
e
d
Re
cei
ve
d
E
ne
rg
y)
,
pos
(s
ol
best
)(
be
st
posit
io
n
of
CH
).
T
h
e
ste
ps
in
vo
l
ved
in
this
al
gorith
m
are
as foll
ows:
Algori
th
m
for
Op
timi
z
ing Energ
y and p
osi
tion
of CH
Inpu
t
: x
node
, y
n
ode
Out
p
ut
:
E
OTX
, E
ORX
, s
ol
best
St
ar
t
1.
For
i=
1:N
2.
2
2
)
(
)
(
CH
n
o
d
e
CH
n
o
d
e
y
y
x
x
d
3.
E
TX
ϕ
TX
(
d
, P
L
)
4.
E
OTX
(i)
E(i)
-
E
TX
5.
E
RX
μ
RX
(P
L
)
6.
E
ORX
(CH
(
idc)=E
(CH
(idc
))
-
E
RX
7.
F
or
j
=1:C
H
8.
E
TX
= ϕ
TX
(
d,
P
L
*P
c
ount
(j))
9.
E(C
H(j
))
E(C
H(j
))
-
E
TX
10. so
l
best
f
(
bac, xyt
em
, V
max
, V
m
in
, V
size
,
gbest
, E
, BS
(x,y),
s
pee
d)
11. CH
g
(
pos(s
ol
best
),
Nc
h, xy,
D
id
,
E)
12. pos
(so
l
best
)
x
(C
H), y(C
H)
13.
End
14.
End
End
The
al
gorithm
m
ai
nly
e
m
ph
asi
zes
on
tw
o
diff
e
re
nt
op
e
ra
ti
on
s
i.e.
pe
rfo
rm
ing
node
-
to
-
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
(Li
ne
-
1
t
o
Li
ne
-
6) an
d
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d
-
to
-
base
sta
ti
on
co
m
m
un
ic
at
ion
(Line
-
7
to
Line
12)
in
o
r
de
r
to
app
ly
opti
m
iz
at
ion
pr
oc
ess
durin
g
co
m
ple
te
sta
ges
of
data
ag
gregati
on.
For
a
ll
the
no
des
(
Line
-
1),
Eucli
dea
n
distance
d
is
com
pu
te
d
bet
ween
t
he
node
po
sit
ion
(
x
node
,
y
node
)
and
cl
us
te
r
hea
d
posit
ion
(
x
CH
,
y
CH
)
(Line
-
2).
The
stud
y
us
es
sta
nd
a
r
d
first
ord
er
rad
i
o
-
e
nerg
y
m
od
el
ϕ
TX
in
orde
r
t
o
c
ompu
te
the
t
ran
s
m
ittance
energy
E
TX
(Line
-
3),
w
her
e
t
he
tran
sm
i
tt
ance
energy
is
lower
e
d
on
eac
h
it
erati
on
r
ound
(Li
ne
-
4)
in
orde
r
to
com
pu
te
the
optim
iz
ed
tran
s
m
ittance
ene
rgy
E
OTX
.
Sim
il
a
rly
,
the
al
gorithm
al
so
com
pu
te
s
recei
ving
energ
y
of
t
he
cl
us
te
rhead
(
Line
-
5)
f
ollow
e
d
by
co
m
pu
ta
ti
on
of
optim
iz
ed
receivin
g
e
nergy
E
ORX
(Line
-
6).
I
t
can
be
al
so
seen
t
hat
com
pu
ta
ti
on
of
both
optim
ized
tra
ns
m
ittance
and
receivi
ng
e
ne
rg
y
is
c
arr
ie
d
out
co
nsi
der
in
g
or
i
gin
al
data
pa
cket
P
L
.
The
nex
t
phase
of
the
i
m
ple
m
ent
at
ion
of
the
al
gorithm
con
siders
on
ly
the
cl
us
te
r
heads (
Line
-
7 onwa
rd
s
).
The
com
pu
ta
ti
on
of
tra
ns
m
it
t
ance
ene
r
gy
E
TX
is
carried
out
for
al
l
the
cl
us
te
rh
ea
ds
only
con
si
der
i
ng
distance
betw
een
the
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d
a
nd
bas
e
sta
ti
on
d
,
da
ta
pac
ket
P
L
,
an
d
nu
m
ber
of
cl
us
te
r
hea
ds
P
count
(Line
-
8).
Eve
n
in
this
ste
p,
th
e
al
gorithm
per
f
or
m
s
m
ini
m
i
zat
ion
of
the
t
r
ansm
ittance
en
erg
y
E
TX
.
T
herefo
re,
the
pro
po
se
d
s
yst
e
m
per
fo
rm
s
d
ual
ste
ps
m
i
nim
iz
at
ion
of
transm
it
ta
nce
e
nergy
that
signi
ficantl
y
m
axi
m
iz
es
the
net
wor
k
li
f
et
i
m
e.
Fu
rthe
r,
the
al
gorit
hm
app
li
es
a
cl
us
t
erin
g
f
unct
ion
f
on
the
basis
of
bacteria
l
for
agin
g
with
res
pect
to
bacteria
bac,
xy
tem
p
a
var
ia
ble
to
el
i
m
inate
died
no
de
co
nsi
der
in
g
posit
io
n
of
al
l
nodes
wh
ic
h
is
ab
ou
t
t
o
c
om
ple
te
dep
le
te
it
s
ene
rg
y,
V
m
a
x
,
V
m
in
,
gb
e
st
,
ene
rg
y,
posit
ion
of
bas
e
sta
ti
on
,
an
d
sp
ee
d
(Line
-
10)
.
This
is
co
ns
id
ered
as
best
s
olu
ti
on.
A
noth
er
op
ti
m
al
fu
nc
ti
on
g
is
co
nst
ru
ct
ed
in
Li
ne
-
11
that
co
nsi
ders
the
be
st
po
sit
io
n
as
per
fora
ging
al
gorithm
,
nu
m
ber
of
cl
us
te
r
he
ad,
ide
ntit
y
of
die
d
no
de
D
id
,
an
d
energy
E.
T
herefo
re,
Li
ne
-
11
is
con
si
der
e
d
a
s
the
first
lo
gic
al
conditi
on
for
the
sel
ect
io
n
of
cl
us
te
r
head.
Th
e
seco
nd
l
og
ic
al
conditi
on
f
or
t
he
sel
ect
io
n
of
cl
us
te
r
head
is
carried
out
on
the
basis
of
po
sit
ion
with
res
pect
t
o
best
s
olu
ti
on
s
ol
best
.
A
cl
os
er
look
int
o
this
a
lgorit
hm
sh
ows
that
pro
pose
d
syst
e
m
m
a
inly
co
ntribute
s
to
wards
i)
m
ini
m
iz
es
t
he
it
erati
ve
st
eps
of
bacteri
al
forag
i
ng
pr
ocess,
ii
)
offe
r
m
ulti
ple
conditi
on
s
f
or
s
el
ect
ing
cl
us
te
rh
ea
d,
ii
i)
optim
iz
e
the
m
echan
ism
of
first
orde
r
ra
dio
-
e
nergy
m
od
el
ing
f
or
reli
a
ble
energy
com
pu
ta
ti
on
to fur
t
her cl
ai
m
the appli
cab
il
ity i
n
real
-
ti
m
e senso
rs.
3.
RESU
LT
A
N
ALYSIS
As
th
e
propos
ed
syst
em
fo
c
us
es
on
op
ti
m
i
zat
ion
i
n
WSN
the
refo
re
th
e
assessm
ent
is
car
ried
out
with
re
sp
ect
t
o
netw
ork
li
fe
tim
e
as
well
as
com
m
un
ic
at
ion
perform
a
nce.
For
this
pur
po
se
,
we
c
on
si
der
resid
ual
e
nerg
y
as
well
as
thr
ough
pu
t
i
n
order
to
asses
s
the
e
ne
rg
y
perform
ance
and
data
ag
gr
e
gati
on
perform
ance
in
WSN.
T
he
stud
y
ou
tc
om
e
is
assessed
f
or
100
sens
or
nodes
with
0.0
5%
prob
a
bil
it
y
of
sel
ect
ion
of
cl
ust
erh
ea
d,
0.5
J
ou
le
of
init
ia
li
zed
ene
rg
y,
a
nd
2
00
0
bits
of
d
a
ta
pack
et
siz
e.
The
at
tribit
es
of
the
bacteria
l
foragi
ng
are
100
c
hem
otact
ic
ste
ps
,
4
re
pro
du
ct
i
on
ste
ps
,
2
ste
ps
of
el
i
m
inatio
n
-
disp
e
rsal,
a
nd
4
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4755
-
4762
4760
ste
ps
of
swim
m
ing
ove
r
100
bacteria
.
T
he
stud
y
al
s
o
c
on
siders
wi
dth
of
at
tract
ant
sig
nal
as
0.9
9,
de
pth
of
at
tract
ant sig
na
l t
hat is g
e
ne
rated
by b
act
e
ria
as 1.5
, a
nd h
i
ght o
f rep
el
la
nt
sign
al
betwee
n t
wo b
act
e
ria a
s 2
.
0.
The
st
ud
y
outc
om
e
con
side
r
s
com
par
in
g
i
ts
ou
tc
om
e
with
the
sta
nd
a
r
d
LE
ACH
al
gorithm
for
ben
c
h
m
ark
in
g
Fr
om
the
st
ud
y
outc
om
e
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
2
a
nd
Figure
3
,
it
sh
ows
that
pr
opos
e
d
op
ti
m
iz
ation
te
chn
i
qu
e
s
offe
rs
ex
pone
ntial
ly
bette
r
ou
tc
om
e
as
co
m
par
ed
to
existi
ng
LEACH
.
Fig
ur
e
2
sh
ows
sust
ai
na
nce
of
no
des
i
n
LE
AC
H
is
only
ti
ll
700
rounds
with
ste
e
p
decli
natio
n
of
power
w
he
re
as
the
pro
po
se
d
syst
e
m
of
fers
quit
e
a
pr
e
dicti
ve
pa
tt
ern
of
li
near
patte
rn
of
e
nergy
diss
ipati
on.
Figure
3
s
how
s
that
increase
d
in
th
rou
ghput
is
lim
it
ed
till
30
0
it
erati
on
s
an
d
than
al
l
the
no
des
dies
by
70
0
r
ounds;
how
ever,
pro
po
se
d
syst
em
of
fer
s
sig
nif
ic
ant
li
near
be
hav
i
our
of
th
r
oughput
e
nh
a
nc
e
m
ent.
He
nce
,
pr
opos
e
d
syst
e
m
is
highly
reco
m
m
end
ed
for
an
y
fo
rm
of
e
m
e
rg
e
ncy
-
base
d
app
li
cat
io
ns
or
any
oth
e
r
app
l
ic
at
ion
s
w
her
e
powe
r
dem
and
s
are
t
oo
high
i
n
WSN.
Hen
ce
,
pro
po
s
ed
syst
em
pro
ved
t
o
off
e
r
bette
r
al
gorithm
per
f
or
m
ance
with
r
espect t
o
e
nergy o
ptim
iz
at
ion
.
Figure
2
.
Com
par
at
ive
Analy
sis of Resi
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3
.
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
8
, N
o.
6
,
Dece
m
ber
201
8
:
4755
-
4762
4762
BIOGR
AP
HI
ES OF
A
UTH
ORS
Hem
ava
th
i
P
obta
in
ed
B.
E
fro
m
Manipa
l
Instit
ute
of
Techno
log
y
,
Manip
al
(
Univer
sit
y
of
MA
HE),
India.
She
completed
M.T
ec
h
from
Dr.
Am
bedka
r
Inst
it
ute
of
Te
chno
l
og
y
B
anga
lo
re,
(VTU)
India.
H
er
ar
ea
s
of
in
te
r
est
ar
e
W
ireless
Sensor
Networ
ks,
Adhoc
Ne
tworks.
Curre
nt
l
y
she
is pur
suing
Phd unde
r
J
ai
n
U
nive
rsit
y
,
Bang
a
lore
.
Dr.
Nanda
kum
a
r
A
N
obt
ai
ned
his
B.
Sc
in
197
2,
BE
degr
ee
in
1976
both
fro
m
unive
rsit
y
of
M
y
sore,
India
a
nd
Ph.D
from
Berha
npur
un
ive
rs
ity
in
the
y
e
ar
2
008
aft
e
r
ge
tt
ing
M.T
e
ch
from
Univer
sit
y
Of
R
oorke
e
(pr
ese
nt
IIT
ROO
RKEE)
in
the
y
ea
r
199
0.
He
is
workin
g
as
Profess
or,
New
horiz
on
C
oll
eg
e
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
in
th
e
de
par
tment
of
Co
m
pute
r
scie
nc
e
and
engi
n
ee
r
ing,
Banga
lor
e.
His
rese
arc
h
is
in
t
he
fi
el
d
of
Im
age
proc
essing,
pat
t
ern
r
e
cogni
t
i
on,
interne
t
of
thi
ngs a
nd
other
s.
He is
a
li
f
e
m
e
m
ber
of
ISTE
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.