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[
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g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
d
ig
in
s
o
il
f
illed
i
n
co
n
tai
n
er
.
R
esi
s
tan
ce
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
ar
e
at
th
r
ee
lo
ca
tio
n
s
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
First
is
r
esis
tan
ce
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
its
elf
an
d
all
co
n
d
u
cto
r
s
an
d
lead
s
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
i
t
.
T
h
e
r
esis
tan
ce
is
g
e
n
er
all
y
v
er
y
lo
w
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
r
o
d
is
m
ad
e
o
f
f
r
o
m
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
an
d
lo
w
r
es
is
ta
n
ce
m
a
ter
ial
s
u
c
h
as
s
teel
o
r
co
p
p
er
.
Sec
o
n
d
is
th
e
co
n
tac
t
r
esis
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
ea
r
t
h
(
s
o
il)
to
th
e
elec
t
r
o
d
e.
T
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
al
m
o
s
t
n
eg
li
g
ib
le
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
f
r
ee
o
f
p
ain
t,
g
r
ea
s
e
an
d
is
i
n
f
ir
m
co
n
tact
w
it
h
t
h
e
ea
r
th
.
T
h
ir
d
is
t
h
e
r
esis
ta
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
ea
r
th
.
T
h
e
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
d
r
iv
en
in
to
ea
r
t
h
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
co
n
ce
n
tr
ic
s
h
e
lls
th
a
t
h
a
v
e
s
a
m
e
th
ic
k
n
e
s
s
.
S
h
ell
s
th
at
clo
s
e
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
elec
tr
o
d
e
g
iv
e
g
r
ea
te
s
t
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
r
esis
ta
n
ce
as
it
a
m
o
u
n
ts
o
f
ar
ea
is
s
m
al
lest
.
T
h
e
n
ex
t
ea
r
th
s
h
ell
th
at
lar
g
er
in
ar
ea
o
f
f
er
less
r
esis
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
is
r
a
d
iates
cu
r
r
en
t
in
al
l
d
ir
ec
tio
n
s
[
8
]
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
ai
m
s
i
n
a
n
al
y
zi
n
g
th
e
li
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
f
las
h
o
v
er
th
a
t
s
tr
ik
e
th
e
s
elec
ted
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
m
ater
ial
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
to
its
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
ch
e
m
ical
asp
ec
t.
T
h
e
b
est
m
ater
ia
l is d
eter
m
i
n
ed
,
in
p
er
f
o
r
m
w
e
ll a
s
n
ati
v
e
ea
r
th
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
m
ater
ial
u
s
e
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
r
o
d
is
m
ad
e
f
r
o
m
co
p
p
er
.
Kao
lin
an
d
b
au
x
it
e
is
u
s
ed
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
m
ed
iu
m
t
h
at
f
ill
in
p
o
r
tab
le
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ed
iu
m
is
1
9
.
5
cm
x
1
9
.
5
cm
x
1
1
.
5
c
m
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
C
o
m
p
o
n
e
n
ts
o
f
ea
r
t
h
r
esis
tan
ce
i
n
a
n
ea
r
th
elec
tr
o
d
e
[
8
]
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
Select
io
n o
f
G
ro
un
di
ng
M
a
t
er
ia
l
I
n
th
i
s
r
esear
ch
w
o
r
k
,
t
w
o
m
a
ter
ial
s
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
k
ao
li
n
an
d
b
au
x
i
te
,
ha
ve
b
ee
n
s
h
o
r
tlis
ted
t
o
b
e
u
s
ed
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ater
ia
l.
I
n
ea
r
th
p
er
s
p
ec
tiv
e,
a
m
ed
i
u
m
ac
t
t
o
allo
w
elec
tr
ic
ch
ar
g
e
to
f
lo
w
i
n
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
ca
tio
n
an
d
an
io
n
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ter
m
i
n
al
to
n
eg
a
tiv
e
ter
m
i
n
al.
Ma
t
er
ial
is
s
elec
t
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
its
r
esis
tiv
it
y
.
Kao
li
n
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
cla
y
g
r
o
u
p
ar
e
lo
w
i
n
r
esis
ti
v
it
y
d
u
e
to
its
ab
ilit
y
to
ab
s
o
r
b
3
7
%
o
f
w
ater
w
h
ile
th
e
b
au
x
ite
ab
le
to
ab
s
o
r
b
3
4
.
6
%
.
I
n
ch
e
m
i
ca
l
co
m
p
o
s
it
io
n
cr
iter
ia,
b
au
x
i
te
ar
e
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
r
ich
i
n
m
etal
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
Me
an
w
h
ile,
k
ao
li
n
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
m
an
y
n
o
n
-
m
e
tal
ele
m
e
n
t
s
in
i
ts
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
w
h
ic
h
g
o
o
d
as
in
s
u
lato
r
.
2
.
2
.
Sa
m
ple P
re
pa
ra
t
io
n f
o
r
T
esting
P
r
io
r
to
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
test
i
n
g
,
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
s
a
m
p
les
ar
e
ca
r
ef
u
ll
y
p
r
ep
ar
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
o
v
er
its
g
r
ain
s
iz
e
an
d
w
ater
co
n
te
n
t.
I
n
it
iall
y
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le
o
f
m
ater
ial
i
s
d
r
ied
in
an
o
v
e
n
at
1
0
5
o
C
f
o
r
4
8
h
o
u
r
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
i
s
t
h
en
cr
u
s
h
ed
u
s
i
n
g
cr
u
s
h
er
m
ac
h
in
e
to
ch
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
s
o
lid
s
tat
e
in
to
f
in
e
p
o
w
d
er
m
ater
ial.
T
h
e
cr
u
s
h
er
m
ac
h
i
n
e
w
it
h
6
b
all
b
ea
r
in
g
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
cr
u
s
h
er
cr
u
s
h
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
d
u
r
in
g
it
r
o
lled
.
T
h
e
f
i
n
e
p
o
w
d
er
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
ar
e
n
o
t
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
i
n
s
ize,
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
n
ee
d
to
b
e
s
ie
v
e
to
g
et
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
g
r
ai
n
s
ize
a
n
d
s
ep
ar
ate
i
m
p
u
r
it
y
ele
m
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
ater
ial,
b
y
u
s
in
g
s
ie
v
e
an
d
s
iev
e
s
h
ak
er
m
ac
h
i
n
e.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
i
s
f
i
n
all
y
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
i
n
a
s
m
all
co
n
tai
n
er
w
it
h
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
o
f
1
9
.
5
cm
x
1
9
.
5
cm
x
1
1
.
5
cm
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
s
h
o
w
s
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
4
0
–
3
1
4
6
3142
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Sa
m
p
le
test
i
n
g
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
2
.
3
.
L
ig
htning
F
la
s
ho
v
er
T
e
s
t
s
o
n M
a
t
er
ia
l
L
i
g
h
tn
i
n
g
f
la
s
h
o
v
er
test
is
co
n
d
u
cted
to
ev
alu
ate
elec
tr
ical
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
u
n
d
er
lig
h
t
n
i
n
g
co
n
d
itio
n
.
T
h
e
im
p
u
ls
e
i
s
g
e
n
er
ated
b
y
u
s
in
g
1
0
0
k
V
s
i
n
g
le
s
ta
g
e
tr
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
a
n
d
test
ar
r
an
g
e
m
e
n
t
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
,
ca
p
ab
le
o
f
p
r
o
d
u
cin
g
1
.
2
/5
0
u
s
w
a
v
e
s
h
ap
es
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
eq
u
i
v
a
len
t
to
n
at
u
r
al
li
g
h
t
n
i
n
g
co
n
d
i
tio
n
.
Hig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
r
ec
tif
ier
co
n
v
er
t
AC
s
o
u
r
ce
in
to
DC
w
h
ic
h
th
e
n
c
h
ar
g
ed
u
s
i
n
g
h
ig
h
v
o
lta
g
e
r
esi
s
to
r
a
n
d
c
ap
ac
ito
r
.
Me
asu
r
in
g
r
esis
to
r
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
c
h
ar
g
in
g
ca
p
ac
ito
r
is
u
s
ed
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
a
n
d
cu
r
r
e
n
t.
S
p
ar
k
g
ap
is
s
et
to
a
d
is
tan
ce
o
f
2
.
0
c
m
s
p
ar
k
g
ap
wh
ich
al
lo
w
s
ca
p
ac
ito
r
to
b
e
ch
ar
g
e
u
p
to
6
0
k
V.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Sin
g
le
s
ta
g
e
i
m
p
u
l
s
e
g
en
er
ato
r
co
n
s
i
s
t o
f
(
1
)
HV
T
est T
r
an
s
f
o
r
m
er
,
(
2
)
R
ec
tif
ier
,
(
3
)
C
h
ar
g
i
n
g
R
esi
s
to
r
,
(
4
)
Sm
o
o
th
i
n
g
C
ap
a
cito
r
,
(
5
)
C
o
n
n
ec
ti
n
g
R
o
d
,
(
6
)
Me
asu
r
i
n
g
R
esi
s
to
r
,
(
7
)
Sp
h
er
e
Gap
,
(
8
)
W
av
etail
R
esis
to
r
,
(
9
)
W
a
v
ef
r
o
n
t Re
s
is
to
r
,
(
1
0
)
L
o
ad
C
ap
ac
ito
r
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Ma
ter
ial
P
lace
m
e
n
t
2
.
4
.
M
o
rpho
lo
g
y
Cha
ra
c
t
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
M
a
t
er
i
a
l
P
h
y
s
ical
an
d
m
icr
o
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
ar
e
ex
a
m
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
Field
E
m
i
s
s
io
n
Sca
n
n
i
n
g
E
lectr
o
n
Mic
r
o
s
co
p
e
(
FESE
M)
.
E
ac
h
s
a
m
p
le
m
ater
ial
i
s
d
is
p
er
s
ed
o
n
d
o
u
b
le
s
id
ed
ca
r
b
o
n
ad
h
esiv
e
tap
e
th
at
af
f
i
x
ed
o
n
s
a
m
p
le
s
tu
b
s
an
d
co
ated
with
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
g
o
ld
-
p
allad
i
u
m
co
atin
g
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
m
icr
o
g
r
ap
h
an
d
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
i
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
u
s
i
n
g
FE
SEM
an
d
a
n
al
y
s
ed
in
ter
m
o
f
s
u
r
f
ac
e
m
at
er
ial
an
d
p
o
r
o
s
ity
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
E
C
E
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
ve
s
tig
a
tio
n
o
f P
o
ten
tia
l G
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
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o
mp
o
u
n
d
fo
r
P
o
r
ta
b
l
e
A
p
p
lica
tio
n
s
(
N
.
A
.
M.
Ha
s
n
i)
3143
2
.
5
.
Che
m
ica
l C
o
m
po
s
it
io
n o
f
M
a
t
er
ia
l
T
h
e
m
in
er
alo
g
ical
a
n
al
y
s
i
s
i
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
u
s
i
n
g
X
-
r
a
y
f
l
u
o
r
escen
ce
(
X
R
F)
w
h
ic
h
co
u
ld
r
ev
ea
l
ch
e
m
ical
ele
m
en
t in
th
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
m
ater
ial.
Ma
ter
ial
i
n
p
o
w
d
er
f
o
r
m
i
s
b
in
d
to
g
et
h
er
w
it
h
b
i
n
d
er
(
lico
w
a
x
)
.
I
t is
u
s
ed
to
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
e
n
t
h
e
f
in
e
p
o
w
d
er
w
h
e
n
m
o
ld
ed
in
to
p
allet
s
f
o
r
m
.
Oth
er
w
i
s
e,
t
h
e
m
a
ter
ial
co
u
ld
s
ca
tter
f
r
o
m
th
e
p
ellet
s
u
r
f
ac
e
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
u
s
e
s
co
n
ta
m
i
n
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
p
ec
tr
o
m
eter
s
c
h
a
m
b
er
.
T
h
e
m
ater
ial
i
s
f
in
al
l
y
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
in
to
s
m
all
p
allet
u
s
in
g
h
y
d
r
au
lic
b
e
n
ch
p
r
ess
m
a
ch
in
e
u
p
to
5
b
ar
p
r
ess
u
r
e.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
AN
AL
Y
SI
S
3
.
1
.
L
ig
htning
F
la
s
ho
v
er
T
e
s
t
s
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
is
th
e
co
n
d
itio
n
ch
an
g
es
a
f
ter
a
ce
r
tain
v
o
ltag
e
ap
p
l
y
to
w
ar
d
a
m
ater
i
al.
I
t
also
in
d
icate
s
t
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
m
ater
ial
ca
p
ab
le
to
h
a
n
d
le
b
ef
o
r
e
co
llap
s
e.
T
h
e
b
r
e
ak
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
is
in
v
er
s
el
y
co
n
d
it
io
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
i
n
s
u
lato
r
.
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
is
b
etter
if
lo
w
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
b
y
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
it
ab
le
to
g
r
o
u
n
d
th
e
lo
w
l
ig
h
t
n
in
g
s
tr
en
g
t
h
f
o
r
s
a
f
et
y
p
u
r
p
o
s
e.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
an
d
g
en
er
al
tr
e
n
d
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
f
o
r
b
au
x
ite
a
n
d
k
ao
lin
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
5
.
As
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
,
t
h
e
g
r
ap
h
is
p
lo
ttin
g
f
r
o
m
1
st
Sep
te
m
b
er
2
0
1
6
u
n
til
en
d
o
f
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
f
o
r
ev
er
y
w
ee
k
.
T
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
is
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
„
u
p
a
n
d
d
o
w
n
‟
m
et
h
o
d
.
Th
e
g
r
ap
h
tr
e
n
d
is
f
lo
ati
n
g
as
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
f
ac
to
r
g
iv
e
a
n
ef
f
ec
t
o
n
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e.
I
t
is
clea
r
th
at
b
au
x
ite
d
ep
icts
a
lo
w
er
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
ltag
e
le
v
el
i
f
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
k
ao
lin
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
ass
es
s
t
h
e
lif
e
s
p
a
n
o
f
g
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
m
ater
ial,
t
h
e
lig
h
tn
in
g
f
la
s
h
o
v
er
tes
t
is
co
n
ti
n
u
ed
i
n
t
h
e
p
er
io
d
in
ter
v
al
o
f
1
m
o
n
t
h
u
n
til
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
f
a
ils
.
Af
ter
f
i
v
e
m
o
n
th
s
,
b
o
th
m
a
ter
ials
s
till
w
o
r
k
w
el
l
as
g
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
T
h
e
li
f
e
s
p
an
o
f
b
au
x
ite
an
d
k
ao
li
n
is
f
o
u
n
d
to
b
e
b
etter
t
h
an
th
e
s
i
m
ilar
r
esear
c
h
w
o
r
k
[
1
0
]
u
s
in
g
b
r
ick
cla
y
w
h
ich
la
s
t o
n
l
y
f
o
r
th
r
ee
m
o
n
t
h
s
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
f
o
r
5
m
o
n
th
s
i
s
r
ec
o
r
d
ed
in
T
ab
le
1
.
B
au
x
ite
a
s
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
s
h
o
w
s
0
.
5
8
%
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
h
ich
ab
o
u
t
0
.
8
%
lo
w
er
t
h
an
k
ao
li
n
.
Nati
v
e
er
ath
is
t
h
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
f
o
r
t
h
is
t
w
o
m
ater
ial.
I
n
ad
d
i
tio
n
,
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
r
esu
lt
s
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ab
le
to
t
h
e
n
ativ
e
ea
r
t
h
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
it
b
ec
o
m
e
a
g
o
o
d
an
d
s
u
itab
le
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
g
r
o
u
n
d
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
test
to
ex
a
m
in
e
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
at
er
ial
f
o
r
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
lig
h
tn
in
g
s
tr
i
k
e.
T
h
e
m
ater
ia
l
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
g
e
th
er
to
air
t
er
m
in
a
l
a
n
d
co
u
n
t
th
e
to
tal
s
tr
ik
e
r
ec
eiv
e
ea
c
h
m
ater
ial
at
s
a
m
e
p
er
io
d
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
A
s
p
r
o
v
en
,
b
a
u
x
i
te
r
ec
eiv
e
s
3
2
s
tr
ik
es
w
h
ic
h
is
h
i
g
h
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
k
ao
li
n
,
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Gen
er
al
tr
en
d
o
f
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
v
o
lta
g
e
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
No
o
f
s
tr
ik
e
r
ec
eiv
e
s
T
ab
le
1
.
Ma
ter
ial
B
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
Vo
ltag
e
an
d
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
D
if
f
er
en
t
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
B
r
e
a
k
d
o
w
n
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
k
V
)
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
d
i
f
f
e
r
e
n
t
(
%
)
K
a
o
l
i
n
5
1
.
3
4
0
.
6
6
B
a
u
x
i
t
e
5
1
.
3
0
0
.
5
8
N
a
t
i
v
e
Ea
r
t
h
5
1
.
0
0
-
3
.
2
.
Cha
ra
ct
er
iza
t
io
n o
f
m
o
rpho
l
o
g
y
g
r
o
un
din
g
m
a
t
er
ia
l
T
h
e
p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
an
d
w
ater
h
o
ld
in
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
ca
n
b
e
ex
p
lai
n
ed
b
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
th
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
,
s
ize
an
d
ar
r
ag
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
o
r
es
o
f
th
e
m
ater
ial.
P
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
i
s
th
e
r
at
e
o
f
w
ater
m
o
v
es
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
w
h
i
le
th
e
w
ater
h
o
ld
i
n
g
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
t
h
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
m
ater
ial
to
h
o
ld
w
at
er
.
T
h
e
p
o
r
o
s
ity
m
a
y
af
f
ec
ted
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
il
te
x
t
u
r
e,
s
o
il
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e,
co
m
p
ac
tio
n
a
n
d
o
r
g
an
ic
m
atter
.
F
ig
u
r
e
7
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
k
ao
lin
w
it
h
s
m
al
l
p
o
r
o
s
it
y
ca
n
h
o
ld
v
er
y
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
ater
as
it
p
e
r
m
ea
b
ili
t
y
is
s
lo
w
.
I
t
s
o
lid
te
x
tu
r
e
(
in
d
ia
m
eter
)
ar
e
s
m
all
i
n
p
ar
ticle
s
ize,
f
ee
l
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
J
E
C
E
Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
6
,
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
1
7
:
3
1
4
0
–
3
1
4
6
3144
s
tick
y
a
n
d
h
ar
d
to
s
q
u
ee
ze
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
7
(
b
)
is
a
b
au
x
ite
w
it
h
m
e
d
iu
m
in
p
o
r
e
s
ize.
I
t
co
u
ld
h
o
l
d
m
ed
iu
m
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
w
a
ter
as it p
er
m
ea
b
ilit
y
is
m
o
d
er
ate.
T
h
is
m
o
r
p
f
o
lo
g
y
i
s
th
e
r
ea
s
o
n
f
o
r
its
lo
w
r
e
s
is
ti
v
it
y
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
FESE
M
m
icr
o
g
r
ap
h
s
o
n
s
tr
u
c
tu
r
e
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
(
a)
K
ao
lin
,
(
b
)
B
au
x
ite
3
.
3
.
M
a
t
er
ia
l El
e
m
ent
Co
m
po
s
it
i
o
n
R
ec
o
r
d
ed
ch
e
m
ical
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
b
ef
o
r
e
an
d
af
ter
i
m
p
u
ls
e
is
cr
u
cial
p
ar
t
in
an
al
y
zi
n
g
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
ele
m
e
n
t
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
.
E
lectr
o
s
tatic
is
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
co
n
tain
in
g
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
n
eg
a
tiv
e
c
h
ar
g
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
.
T
h
e
ch
ar
g
e
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
p
h
e
n
o
m
e
n
a,
clo
n
e
w
it
h
li
g
h
tn
i
n
g
b
eh
a
v
io
r
th
at
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
p
o
s
iti
v
e
an
d
n
e
g
ativ
e
c
h
ar
g
e
i
n
s
id
e
clo
u
d
b
ef
o
r
e
s
tr
ik
e
d
u
e
to
u
n
b
alan
ce
ch
ar
g
e
in
s
id
e
th
e
clo
u
d
.
Du
r
in
g
lig
h
t
n
i
n
g
s
tr
ik
e,
m
o
s
tl
y
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ch
ar
g
e
in
s
id
e
clo
u
d
s
it
u
ated
at
th
e
lo
w
er
s
id
e
o
f
t
h
e
clo
u
d
.
A
s
a
n
e
lectr
ical
p
o
ten
tial
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
ce
p
t,
cu
r
r
e
n
t
f
lo
w
s
f
r
o
m
p
o
s
iti
v
e
ch
ar
g
e
to
n
eg
a
ti
v
e
ch
ar
g
e.
I
t o
cc
u
r
s
if
t
h
e
b
r
ea
k
d
o
w
n
i
n
s
id
e
air
ac
h
ie
v
es.
As
it
s
tr
i
k
es
b
ec
au
s
e
to
b
ala
n
ce
b
ac
k
t
h
e
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
ch
ar
g
e
,
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
at
p
er
io
d
m
i
n
er
al
i
n
s
id
e
s
o
il
p
lay
i
m
p
o
r
tan
ce
r
o
le
as
ca
p
tu
r
e
as
m
u
ch
p
o
s
iti
v
e
io
n
.
C
ap
tu
r
in
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ca
lled
as
ca
tio
n
ex
c
h
an
g
e.
C
atio
n
io
n
ca
p
ac
it
y
is
ab
ilit
y
n
e
g
ati
v
e
io
n
in
s
id
e
m
in
er
al
s
o
il
t
o
h
o
ld
an
d
ab
s
o
r
b
th
e
p
o
s
it
iv
e
io
n
in
ac
h
ie
v
e
s
tab
ilit
y
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
p
o
in
t
ex
p
l
ain
t
h
e
r
ea
s
o
n
ea
ch
o
f
e
le
m
e
n
t
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
m
ater
ial
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
th
e
p
er
ce
n
ta
g
e
a
f
ter
co
n
d
u
cti
n
g
i
m
p
u
ls
e
o
r
lig
h
t
n
i
n
g
(
T
ab
le
2
)
.
E
lectr
ic
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
is
th
e
ab
ilit
y
o
f
a
m
ater
ial
to
co
n
d
u
ct
a
n
elec
tr
ic
cu
r
r
en
t.
I
t
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
ali
n
it
y
o
f
m
ater
ia
l.
Salt
i
s
t
h
e
n
atu
r
al
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
in
s
o
il
(
m
a
ter
ial)
an
d
w
ater
.
T
h
e
io
n
s
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
s
ali
n
atio
n
ar
e:
So
d
iu
m
,
Na+
,
P
o
tass
i
u
m
,
K+
,
C
alci
u
m
,
C
a2
+,
Ma
g
n
esi
u
m
,
Mg
2
+
an
d
C
h
lo
r
in
e,
C
l−.
T
o
co
n
d
u
ct
elec
tr
icit
y
,
a
s
u
b
s
tan
ce
s
n
ee
d
s
c
h
ar
g
ed
p
ar
ticles
f
r
ee
to
m
o
v
e
b
y
h
ea
ti
n
g
it
u
p
o
r
m
ak
e
t
h
e
s
u
b
s
ta
n
ce
s
i
n
aq
u
eo
u
s
a
n
d
liq
u
id
s
tate.
Min
ed
k
ao
lin
co
n
tai
n
s
s
il
ico
n
d
io
x
id
e,
SiO2
(
q
u
ar
tz)
as
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ta
m
i
n
a
n
t
w
h
ic
h
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
5
5
.
8
0
%
o
f
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
a
n
d
2
4
.
1
0
%
co
n
ce
n
tr
a
tio
n
o
f
al
u
m
in
iu
m
o
x
id
e,
A
l2
O3
.
S
iO2
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
s
ar
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
lid
as
t
h
eir
b
o
n
d
in
g
e
lectr
o
n
s
ar
e
s
tr
o
n
g
.
I
t
r
es
is
t
s
elec
tr
o
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
it
as
it
is
a
g
o
o
d
i
n
s
u
lato
r
.
Kao
lin
a
ls
o
b
u
i
ld
u
p
b
y
2
4
.
1
0
% c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
A
l2
O3
.
Me
tal
(
Al)
i
s
r
ea
ct
with
n
o
n
-
m
e
tal
(
O)
to
f
o
r
m
io
n
i
c
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
Me
tal
ca
n
lo
s
s
t
h
e
elec
tr
o
n
s
a
n
d
f
o
r
m
m
etal
ca
tio
n
w
h
ile
n
o
n
-
m
et
al
ar
e
elec
tr
o
n
eg
a
tiv
e
an
d
f
o
r
m
a
n
io
n
.
T
h
e
ca
tio
n
an
d
an
io
n
ar
e
co
m
b
i
n
e
to
g
eth
er
b
y
elec
tr
o
s
tat
ic
f
o
r
ce
o
f
att
r
ac
tio
n
k
n
o
w
n
a
s
io
n
ic
b
o
n
d
an
d
th
i
s
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
n
a
m
e
a
s
io
n
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
Kao
lin
h
a
v
e
t
w
o
io
n
t
h
at
r
esp
o
n
s
i
b
le
f
o
r
s
alin
atio
n
w
h
ich
i
s
K
an
d
Mg
.
B
au
x
ite
ar
e
t
h
e
m
ai
n
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
alu
m
i
n
i
u
m
.
I
t
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
3
2
.
2
0
%
o
f
A
l2
O3
an
d
2
9
.
0
0
%
o
f
ir
o
n
o
x
id
e,
Fe2
O3
.
Fe2
O3
ch
an
g
e
d
th
e
m
a
ter
ial
co
lo
u
r
f
r
o
m
w
h
ite
to
o
r
an
g
e.
I
t
m
aj
o
r
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
ar
e
in
io
n
ic
co
m
p
o
u
n
d
.
A
l2
O3
ar
e
h
i
g
h
i
n
th
er
m
a
l
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
f
o
r
ce
r
am
ic
m
ater
ial
a
n
d
in
s
o
l
u
b
le
i
n
w
ater
.
B
au
x
ite
h
av
e
an
io
n
t
h
at
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
s
ali
n
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
K.
T
ab
le
2
.
P
er
ce
n
tag
e
C
h
an
g
es
C
h
e
m
ical
Ma
ter
ia
l
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
P
e
r
c
e
n
t
C
h
a
n
g
e
s (%)
K
a
o
l
i
n
6
.
3
9
B
a
u
x
i
t
e
3
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0
0
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
li
m
itat
io
n
f
ac
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n
d
ev
elo
p
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w
it
h
a
s
p
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d
esig
n
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tr
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g
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m
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t
co
m
p
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cl
o
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c
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b
eh
av
e
s
lik
e
a
n
ea
r
th
ter
m
i
n
al
i
n
s
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D
G
E
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h
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f
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r
Gr
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ate
Stu
d
ies
UT
HM
f
o
r
p
ar
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y
s
p
o
n
s
o
r
ed
an
d
test
f
ac
i
liti
es a
t t
h
e
Hi
g
h
Vo
lta
g
e
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[
1
]
He
,
J.,
R.
Zen
g
,
a
n
d
B
.
Z
h
a
n
g
,
M
e
th
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
a
n
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
f
o
r p
o
we
r sy
ste
m g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
.
2
0
1
2
:
J
o
h
n
W
il
e
y
&
S
o
n
s.
[
2
]
IEE
E
G
u
id
e
f
o
r
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
n
g
S
tatio
n
G
ro
u
n
d
in
g
.
IE
EE
S
td
6
6
5
-
1
9
9
5
,
1
9
9
6
:
p
.
i.
[
3
]
IEE
E
Gu
i
d
e
fo
r
S
a
fety
i
n
AC
S
u
b
sta
ti
o
n
Gr
o
u
n
d
in
g
.
IEE
E
S
t
d
8
0
-
2
0
1
3
(Re
v
isio
n
o
f
IEE
E
S
t
d
8
0
-
2
0
0
0
/
In
c
o
rp
o
ra
tes
IEE
E
S
t
d
8
0
-
2
0
1
3
/C
o
r
1
-
2
0
1
5
)
,
2
0
1
5
:
p
.
1
-
2
2
6
.
[
4
]
Un
d
e
,
M
.
G
.
a
n
d
B.
E.
Ku
sh
a
re
,
“
Imp
a
c
t
o
f
se
a
so
n
a
l
v
a
ria
ti
o
n
o
f
so
il
re
sistivity
o
n
sa
fety
o
f
su
b
st
a
ti
o
n
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
sy
ste
m.
in
Co
mm
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
t
in
g
(
AR
T
Co
m
2
0
1
3
)
,
”
F
if
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
o
n
A
d
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
R
e
c
e
n
t
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
in
.
2
0
1
3
.
[
5
]
L
e
e
s,
F
.
,
“
L
o
ss
p
re
v
e
n
ti
o
n
in
th
e
p
ro
c
e
ss
in
d
u
stries
:
Ha
z
a
rd
id
e
n
ti
f
ica
ti
o
n
,
a
ss
e
ss
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
c
o
n
tro
l,
”
2
0
1
2
:
Bu
tt
e
rw
o
rth
-
He
in
e
m
a
n
n
.
[
6
]
V
ij
a
y
a
ra
g
h
a
v
a
n
,
G
.
,
M
.
Bro
w
n
,
a
n
d
M
.
Ba
rn
e
s,
“
Pra
c
ti
c
a
l
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
,
b
o
n
d
in
g
,
sh
ield
i
n
g
a
n
d
s
u
rg
e
p
ro
tec
ti
o
n
”
,
2
0
0
4
:
B
u
tt
e
rw
o
rth
-
He
in
e
m
a
n
n
.
[
7
]
Ha
ss
a
n
,
W
.
,
M
.
Ak
m
a
l,
a
n
d
M
.
Ka
m
r
a
n
,
“
Po
rt
a
b
le
a
n
d
c
o
mp
a
c
t
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
sy
ste
m.
In
P
o
we
r
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
UPEC),
”
2
0
1
3
4
8
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Un
iv
e
rsiti
e
s'
.
2
0
1
3
.
M
.
P
.
Br
o
w
n
a
n
d
K.
A
u
stin
,
A
p
p
l.
P
h
y
s.
L
e
tt
e
rs
8
5
,
2
5
0
3
–
2
5
0
4
(
2
0
0
4
).
[
8
]
Un
d
e
,
M
.
G
.
a
n
d
B.
E.
Ku
sh
a
re
,
“
Imp
a
c
t
o
f
se
a
so
n
a
l
v
a
ria
ti
o
n
o
f
so
il
re
sistivity
o
n
sa
fety
o
f
su
b
st
a
ti
o
n
g
ro
u
n
d
i
n
g
sy
ste
m,”
in
Co
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(A
R
T
Co
m
2
0
1
3
)
,
F
if
th
In
tern
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
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.
2
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[
9
]
Ca
rter,
M
.
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a
n
d
E
.
G
.
G
r
e
g
o
rich
,
“
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o
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m
p
li
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g
a
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f
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a
ly
sis,
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e
c
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Ed
it
i
o
n
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2
0
0
7
:
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RC P
re
ss
.
[
1
0
]
M
a
z
lan
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.
R.
,
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o
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ro
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rit
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p
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2
0
1
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iv
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ss
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On
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[
1
1
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Yo
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.
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1
9
8
0
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m
b
rid
g
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Un
iv
e
rsity
P
re
ss
.
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I
O
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RS
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r
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ro
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ss
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in
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lay
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(U
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rre
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n
g
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i
n
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h
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th
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i
n
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0
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ter
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n
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ss
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in
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n
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lay
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(U
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a
s
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n
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c
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d
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m
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ff
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n
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ll
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w
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2
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,
h
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m
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iv
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h
is
p
h
D
in
2
0
1
2
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rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
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lec
tu
re
r
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
T
u
n
Hu
ss
e
in
On
n
M
a
la
y
sia
(U
T
HM),
Ba
tu
P
a
h
a
t,
M
a
la
y
sia
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
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2
0
8
8
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I
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er
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–
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u
ss
e
in
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n
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ro
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rre
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t
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f
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n
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ss
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n
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lay
sia
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T
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tu
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h
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t,
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a
lay
si
a
in
th
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se
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ter
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p
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tro
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a
p
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b
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sin
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li
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is
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lso
th
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Dire
c
to
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f
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y
n
a
m
ic
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e
c
tri
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l
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L
ig
h
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Earth
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g
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o
lu
ti
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e
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ter
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rise
(
DEL
ES
).
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.