Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2016
, pp
. 17
51
~
1
765
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
,
D
O
I
:
10.115
91
/ij
ece.v6
i
4.1
054
6
1
751
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Behavioral
Inten
t
ion t
o
Use I
o
T
Health Device: The Rol
e
of
Perceived Usefulness, Facilitat
ed Appropriation, Big Five
Person
al
ity T
r
ait
s
, and Cultural Value Orient
ati
o
ns
To
mmy
Pra
yog
a, J
unema
n A
b
ra
ha
m
Department o
f
P
s
y
c
holog
y
,
B
i
na
Nusantara Univ
ersity
, Indon
esia
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
Mar 20, 2016
Rev
i
sed
May 18
, 20
16
Accepted
May 30, 2016
As one of the biggest techno
log
y
brea
kthroughs, Internet of Thin
gs (IoT) has
been gain
ing attentions from industries.
Especially
in the h
ealthcare sector,
IoT health
dev
i
ces hav
e
a gr
eat impa
ct on
ind
i
vidual’s
health-
r
egulation.
Through man
y
beneficial featu
r
es fro
m tracking sleep patterns
to calories
intak
e
m
easure,
individua
ls will
gain a b
e
tt
er un
derstanding of
t
h
eir bod
y t
o
keep th
em
heal
th
y. However
,
benefi
ts do not immediately
equal users’
acc
eptan
c
e
.
In
t
h
is
s
t
ud
y, we
s
e
ek to
find v
a
riables th
at we pro
pose could
predic
t user’s intention to use I
o
T heal
th devi
c
e
and integr
at
e them
into a
theore
tic
al m
odel. W
e
anal
yz
e
d
us
er’s
techno
log
y
ac
cept
a
nc
e
from
the
perspective of
Technolog
y
Acceptance Model, u
s
ing
Perceiv
e
d Usefulness
as
the m
a
in predi
c
tor for Behavior
al Inten
tion
.
W
e
also int
e
grat
e
Personali
t
y
Trai
ts and Fa
ci
lita
ted
Appropri
a
tion
as fa
ctor
s to det
e
rm
ine
Perce
i
ved
Usefulness, and finally
using Cultural Va
lue Orientations at th
e individu
al
leve
l,
we se
ek to
det
e
rm
ine
the
a
n
tec
e
dents o
f
Fa
cili
tat
e
d Approp
riation
.
Th
e
research
design
was predic
tive
correl
a
t
i
onal w
ith pa
th an
al
ysi
s
statisti
ca
l
techn
i
que.
Parti
c
ipants of
this stu
d
y
we
r
e
186
college stud
ents (75
males, 111
females; mean = 20.86
y
ears old, sta
ndard dev
i
ation = 2
.
01
y
e
ars) across
Greater J
a
k
a
rta
.
The res
u
lts
s
howed that P
e
rc
ei
ved Us
efulnes
s
can predi
c
t
Behavior
al Inten
tion to use th
e d
e
vice
. However
,
Personality
Traits are found
to be
irre
levan
t
in pr
edi
c
ting
Perce
i
ved Us
efulness. Onl
y
Facil
ita
te
d
Appropriation
predicts Perceived Us
efulness
. Among cultural v
a
lues
proposed, only
the Long-term Orientation
pr
edicts user’s tenden
c
y
to
eng
a
ge
in Facilitated A
ppropriation. Also, we
did not f
i
nd an
y
corr
elation between
age
and B
e
ha
vioral
Inten
tion
,
P
e
rc
eiv
e
d U
s
efulnes
s
,
and
F
aci
lit
ated
Appropriation
.
Keyword:
A
p
p
r
op
r
i
ation
In
tern
et o
f
th
ing
s
Perso
n
a
lity and
cu
ltu
re
Psy
c
hot
ec
h
nol
ogy
Technol
ogy ac
ceptance
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Jun
e
m
a
n Ab
ra
ham
,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
Psy
c
hol
o
g
y
,
Bin
a
Nu
san
t
ara Un
iv
ersity,
Jl
. Kem
a
ng
gi
san
Il
i
r
I
I
I
n
o
.
4
5
,
Pal
m
erah, D
K
I
Jaka
rt
a
11
4
8
0
,
In
d
onesi
a.
Em
a
il: j
u
n
e
m
a
n
@
b
i
nu
s.ac.id
1.
INTRODUCTION
We are
no st
ra
nge
r t
o
t
h
e
ph
r
a
se, “Tech
n
o
l
o
gy
m
a
kes our l
i
fe bet
t
e
r—
or
easi
e
r, o
r
m
o
re effi
ci
ent
.
”
It is th
e situ
atio
n as
we seek
n
e
w ways to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
ou
r
l
i
f
e wi
t
h
dai
l
y
t
echn
o
l
o
gi
cal
a
d
vance
s
, i
nve
nt
i
ons
a
n
d
in
no
v
a
tion
s
. Th
e id
ea o
f
a syste
m
th
at le
t
u
s
attain
h
i
g
h
e
r obj
ectiv
e in
life with
less an
d
less effo
rt h
a
s
becom
e
i
n
sepa
rabl
e i
n
m
oder
n
hum
an s
o
ci
et
y
.
Al
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e id
ea is sim
p
le, th
e
p
h
rase i
t
self con
t
ain
s
al
m
o
st
in
fin
ite
p
o
s
sib
i
lities o
f
wh
at
we can
d
o
wit
h
techno
log
i
es ju
st b
y
sim
p
l
y
q
u
e
sti
o
n
i
n
g
th
e techno
log
y
in
u
s
e,
whi
c
h pa
rt
of
ou
r l
i
f
e i
t
coul
d im
pro
v
e, a
n
d t
h
e ext
e
nt
i
t
m
a
kes l
i
f
e bet
t
e
r or effi
ci
en
t
.
Thi
s
arg
u
m
e
nt
of
p
o
s
sib
ilities w
a
s b
a
sed
on
t
h
e gro
und
-b
reak
ing
id
ea
o
f
th
e In
terconnected
N
e
twork o
f
Th
ing
s
o
r
IoT
technologies. It is a concept
reflecting a connecte
d
se
t of
anyone, a
n
ything, any
tim
e, a
n
yplace any se
rvice
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
51
–
1
765
1
752
an
d
an
y n
e
t
w
ork
[1
]. Th
e id
ea was to
g
i
v
e
an
y ob
j
ect
th
e cap
a
b
ilities o
f
i
d
en
tifying
, sensin
g, n
e
twork
i
n
g
and
pr
ocessi
ng
wi
t
h
ot
he
r
ob
ject
s
ove
r a
net
w
o
r
k
t
o
acc
om
pl
i
s
h som
e
pur
p
o
ses
[
2
]
.
C
u
r
r
ent
l
y
, Io
T i
s
t
hor
ou
g
h
l
y
appl
i
e
d a
nd
bei
ng
devel
ope
d i
n
eve
r
y
area of
l
i
f
e and i
n
d
u
st
ry
. One
o
f
th
e m
o
st i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
areas th
at we
will d
i
scu
ss i
n
th
is
art
i
cle is th
e applicatio
n
of
IoT in
t
h
e
Health
care
syste
m
s. In
h
e
alth
care system
s, Io
T is
m
a
i
n
ly b
u
ilt to
access and
an
alyze th
e larg
e s
cal
e o
f
h
ealth
inform
at
io
n
b
y
tak
i
n
g
ad
v
a
n
t
ag
e of its h
i
g
h
p
o
t
en
tial featu
r
es of flex
i
b
ility, ad
ap
tab
ility, h
i
g
h
sp
eed
and
co
st sh
ri
n
k
a
g
e
[3
]. For ex
am
p
l
e, th
e cu
rrently o
p
e
rating
co
op
erativ
e m
e
d
i
cal d
i
agno
sis
m
u
lti-ag
en
t syste
m
cal
led
CMDS
(Contract Net
Based Medica
l Diagnosis
Syste
m
) can so
lve flexi
b
ly a
large
variety
of m
e
dical diagnosis
problem
s
[4] because it
has m
o
re
aut
o
nomy for hum
a
n and a
r
tificial in
telligence a
g
ents to c
o
operate and
so
lv
e pr
ob
lem
s
[5
].
Io
T
d
e
v
i
ces do
no
t on
ly b
e
n
e
fit h
ealth
i
n
stitu
tio
n
s
an
d
med
i
cal p
a
tien
t
b
u
t
also
t
o
t
h
e h
ealt
h
y
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l. Health
track
ers,
fo
r ex
am
p
l
e in
th
e fo
rm
o
f
built-in
ap
ps, arm
b
an
d
and
ch
ip
s are th
e ex
am
p
l
es o
f
IoT
devices c
o
m
m
only
used to help i
ndi
vid
u
a
ls in self-re
gu
lating their hea
lth. To self
-re
g
u
late
m
eans to plan,
cont
rol a
nd ca
rry out consci
ous
be
havi
or
consistently
to accom
p
lish a goal [6]. In
the context
of
health
beha
vi
o
r
,
i
t
m
a
y
t
a
ke f
o
rm
s such
as
ha
vi
n
g
a di
et
t
o
reac
h
cert
a
i
n
s
uga
r l
e
vel
s
,
b
ody
s
h
ape
or
b
o
d
y
w
e
i
ght
.
It
relies g
r
eatly on
th
e ab
ility o
f
in
d
i
v
i
du
al to
main
tain
th
e beh
a
v
i
o
r
on
an
o
n
-g
o
i
n
g
b
a
sis, th
eir approp
ri
atio
n
o
f
k
nowledg
e to
ex
ecu
te th
e task
and
to
eng
a
ge in
h
ealth
goa
l
-
di
rect
e
d
beh
a
vi
o
r
[7]
.
Al
l
o
f
t
h
ese pr
ocesse
s can
b
e
en
h
a
n
c
ed
an
d facilitated
by Io
T d
e
v
i
ces.
Th
e
r
o
le
Io
T
h
ealth
d
e
v
i
ces m
a
y p
l
ay is pr
ov
id
i
n
g bod
y h
ealth inf
o
r
m
at
io
n
,
go
al
su
gg
estion,
track
ing
d
i
et prog
ress, tim
el
i
n
e m
i
lesto
n
e
s
b
y
presen
tin
g
clearer criteria an
d
po
sitiv
e
o
u
t
co
m
e
s fo
r t
h
em
to
hol
d o
n
t
o
r
e
ach t
h
e
goal
.
For e
x
am
pl
e, i
f
y
o
u
r
b
ody
expe
ri
ences a
n
y
u
nus
ual
ch
ange
s suc
h
as
fast
er
h
eart
b
eat,
rise in
b
l
o
o
d
sug
a
r o
r
b
l
ood
p
r
essu
re,
th
e d
e
v
i
ce will track
it and
record
it, and send
sign
als t
o
y
our
ph
o
n
e t
o
n
o
t
i
f
y
y
ou sug
g
est
i
ng sa
fet
y
act
i
ons y
ou c
oul
d enga
ge i
n
, i
n
f
o
r
m
i
ng y
o
u
r
do
c
t
ors, y
o
u
r
fam
i
l
y
and
fri
en
ds [
8
]
.
He
re, by
I
o
T de
vi
ces, kn
o
w
i
n
g y
o
u
r
bo
dy
co
n
d
i
t
i
ons i
s
su
bs
eque
nt
l
y
fol
l
o
wed
by
enga
gi
ng i
n
a
h
ealth
n
e
g
o
tiatio
n
as th
e
d
e
vice acts as a co
n
s
u
lting
o
r
neg
o
tiating
p
a
rt
y with
altern
at
iv
es
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d
to
th
e
user
. U
s
ers
ha
ve t
h
e
free
d
om
t
o
ch
o
o
se
th
e altern
ativ
es o
r
ev
en
ask
fo
r o
t
h
e
r
altern
ativ
es
(in
s
tead
o
f
eng
a
g
i
ng
in
step
s
prov
ided
). Th
e nego
t
i
atio
n
process
in
vo
lv
es
p
s
ycho
log
i
cal pro
c
esses (p
er
cep
tion
,
cog
n
ition
,
po
wer,
i
n
fl
ue
nce,
em
ot
i
ons, c
o
m
m
uni
cat
i
ons, a
n
d et
hi
cs)
of
t
h
e
us
ers,
w
h
i
c
h i
n
fl
uence
st
rat
e
gy
use
d
by
t
h
em
to
deal
and
reas
on
wi
t
h
(
1
) t
h
e i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on an
d
opt
i
o
ns
pr
o
v
i
d
ed by
t
h
e
de
v
i
ce, and
(
2
) t
h
e o
u
t
c
om
e of t
h
at
n
e
go
tiatio
n [9
], wh
ich ev
en
tually i
m
p
acts th
eir d
ecision
on
th
eir self-regu
latio
n
.
Im
agi
n
e i
f
y
o
u
coul
d kee
p
t
r
a
c
k o
f
t
h
e c
h
em
i
cal
co
m
pone
n
t
s i
n
y
our
bl
o
o
d
, c
h
an
ge h
o
w
y
ou sl
eep
every
day
o
r
ni
ght
an
d gai
n
m
o
re pe
rs
onal
u
nde
rst
a
n
d
i
n
g o
f
y
o
u
r
bo
dy
. I
m
agi
n
e y
ou k
n
o
w
ho
w m
u
ch wei
g
ht
yo
u
ar
e
g
a
in
ing
o
r
l
o
sing
, t
h
e nu
m
b
er
o
f
calo
r
i
es you
con
s
u
m
e an
d bu
rn
, and
f
i
n
a
lly, k
now
how
m
u
ch
you
ar
e pro
g
r
e
ssing
tow
a
rd
s your
h
ealt
h
go
als.
Th
ese ar
e
o
n
l
y
a f
e
w
ex
am
p
l
es of
th
e im
p
act I
o
T h
ealth dev
i
ces
wo
ul
d
ha
ve i
n
ou
r l
i
v
es
. It
ca
n c
h
an
ge i
ndi
v
i
dual
’
s
co
nst
r
u
a
l
abo
u
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
im
m
e
di
at
e behavi
or
co
nse
q
u
e
nce
s
to
b
e
m
o
re co
nsisten
t
and
less d
i
stan
t with their m
o
re
abst
ra
ct
and
fu
rt
he
r
ul
t
i
m
a
t
e
heal
t
h
goal
(com
pare
al
so
with
[7
]),
lettin
g
p
e
op
le k
now h
o
w
t
h
ey
ar
e pr
og
r
e
ssing
an
d
h
o
w
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant it is.
As
p
r
o
m
isin
g
as it so
und
s, i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tin
g
Io
T in
h
ea
lth
care sector still n
eed
s to
ov
ercome th
e issu
e
of a
ccepta
nce
by intende
d
us
ers.
We a
r
e
not talking a
b
out
the
devices
and system
s
that are found i
n
medical
in
stitu
tio
n
s
,
b
u
t rath
er th
e
b
e
neficial Io
T
h
ealth
dev
i
ces th
at
are m
o
re
o
p
tion
a
l (p
eo
p
l
e can cho
o
se to
o
r
no
t
t
o
have i
t
)
s
u
c
h
a
s
heal
t
h
t
r
ac
ke
rs.
A de
vi
ce o
r
sy
st
em
m
a
y
pos
sess t
r
em
endo
us
be
nefi
t
s
f
o
r
pe
opl
e
wh
o
seek
better health, but the lack of acceptan
ce m
a
y hinder its purpose. In endorsi
ng ne
w technologies to the users
,
consideri
n
g fac
t
ors t
h
at influe
nces acce
ptanc
e
woul
d
help
t
o
prom
ote
the use of
IoT heal
thcare de
vices.
The be
st way to look at that i
ssue is from
the pers
pective of T
echnology Accepta
nce Model
or T
A
M
[10]. TAM
has
been t
h
e m
o
st widely accept
e
d m
odel in
explaining psychological
and e
nvi
ronm
ental factors
that affect individual’s tec
h
no
logy acce
ptance a
nd a
d
option [11].
Accordi
n
g to TAM
,
the
outc
o
m
e
com
pone
nt tha
t
indicates acceptance is Be
havioral Inte
n
tion (BI), whic
h
signifies
i
ndi
vidual’s inte
nt
ion to
use t
h
e t
ech
n
o
l
ogy
be
fo
re e
x
h
i
bi
t
i
ng act
ual
u
s
i
n
g
be
ha
vi
or
[
12]
.
Si
m
p
l
y
pu
t
,
i
f
i
n
di
vi
dual
’
s B
I
i
s
hi
g
h
e
r
,
t
h
e
ten
d
e
n
c
y to
u
s
e th
e tech
no
logy is also
h
i
gh
er.
As p
r
ofessi
ona
l
s
wh
o u
n
d
erst
and t
h
e be
ne
fi
t
IoT
devi
ces
have
o
n
heal
t
h
, t
h
e h
o
p
e i
s
o
f
co
urse
t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze beh
a
vi
o
r
al
i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n
t
o
use t
h
e
devi
ce.
H
o
wev
e
r, as
t
h
e
r
e i
s
great
di
ve
rsi
t
y
i
n
re
act
i
ons
t
o
m
a
ny
di
ffe
re
nt
t
ech
n
o
l
o
gi
es wi
t
h
di
ffe
rent
fu
nct
i
o
ns
[1
3]
, i
n
t
r
o
d
u
ci
n
g
new
t
ech
nol
ogi
es
t
o
fi
t
peo
p
l
e
’s
nee
d
and
b
e
accepted
is ve
ry
challengi
ng. The dive
rse re
actions
m
a
y
come from
the di
ffe
rence i
n
indi
vidual’s
personality,
envi
ronm
ent, culture
values a
nd
othe
r factors. By taking into
account and
unde
rstanding these factors,
we can
base
furthe
r ac
tions i
n
im
prov
ing tec
h
nol
ogi
es and t
h
e acce
ptance
of thes
e
factors
[14].
Th
e purpo
se
of th
is stud
y is to
ou
tlin
e so
me o
f
th
e con
s
idered
im
p
o
r
tan
t
p
r
ed
icto
rs of in
d
i
v
i
du
al’s
beha
vi
o
r
al
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
use
Io
T heal
t
h
de
vi
c
e
s i
n
t
o
a t
h
e
o
re
t
i
cal
m
odel
.
We gat
h
er
ed a
dol
escent
s
(
1
2
-
18
-y
ear-
ol
d
)
an
d y
o
u
n
g
a
dul
t
s
(
1
8-
3
5
-y
ear
-
o
l
d
)
at
t
e
ndi
ng
col
l
e
ge
acro
ss
wel
l
-
k
n
o
w
n-
IT
(i
nf
o
r
m
a
ti
on t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
)-
ca
m
puses in
Greater Ja
karta t
o
pa
rtic
ip
ate in th
e stud
y. Th
e r
eason
to
samp
le th
is d
e
m
o
graphic are: tee
n
age
r
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Beha
vio
r
a
l
In
t
e
n
tio
n to
Use Io
T
Hea
lth
Device: Th
e R
o
le
of Perceived
Us
efulness
.... (Tommy
Pr
ayoga)
1
753
an
d
y
o
ung
adults in
co
lleg
e
are th
e larg
est user of internet and sm
art gadgets,
and they
also play a rol
e
in the
t
r
en
d an
d vi
ral
i
t
y
of
m
a
ny
l
a
t
e
st
t
echnol
o
g
i
e
s [1
5]
. Seco
n
d
, as t
h
er
e are
no age
rest
ri
c
t
i
ons i
n
en
r
o
l
l
m
ent
,
even the
stude
n
ts in bac
h
elor’s
pr
ogram
have a la
rge
age
va
riety. Any
indi
viduals with decent high school
d
i
p
l
o
m
a th
at fits in
to
th
e categ
ory of
teenagers and young
adults can e
n
ro
ll in
th
e IT st
u
d
y
p
r
o
g
ram
i
f
th
ey
pass t
h
e selection process.
We will start
b
y
d
i
scu
ssi
n
g
t
h
e Beh
a
v
i
o
r
al
In
ten
tio
n
in
Tech
no
log
y
Accep
t
an
ce Mod
e
l. As o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
st
prom
i
n
ent
m
odel
t
h
at
has been t
e
s
t
ed, ap
pl
i
e
d, re
fi
ne
d an
d val
i
d
at
ed
m
a
ny
t
i
mes i
n
expl
ai
ni
n
g
t
h
e
acceptance of diffe
re
nt
technologies
[
16], t
h
e key c
o
m
ponent
of T
A
M i
s
th
e be
ha
vioral intention
(B
I) to
us
e
technology.
Am
ong m
a
ny
fact
or
s t
h
at
i
n
f
l
uence B
I
i
n
t
h
e
m
odel
,
perce
i
ved
use
f
ul
nes
s
(P
U)
has
bee
n
vi
e
w
e
d
as
th
e m
a
in
p
r
ed
i
c
to
r
of
BI. Peop
le
w
h
o
i
n
tend to
u
s
e a
p
a
r
ticu
l
ar
tech
no
logy end
u
p
using th
is tech
no
logy to
a
l
a
rger e
x
t
e
nt
(
t
han t
h
ose w
h
o d
o
n
o
t
)
, a
n
d
t
hose pe
o
p
l
e
are w
ho
fi
n
d
a t
echn
o
l
o
gy
us
eful
[
17]
. Pe
rc
ei
ve
d
usef
ul
ne
ss can
be de
fi
ne
d as
t
h
e ext
e
nt
t
o
whi
c
h a pe
rso
n
bel
i
e
ves t
h
at
usi
n
g a pa
rt
i
c
ul
ar sy
st
em
w
oul
d b
e
hel
p
ful
an
d e
n
hance
per
f
o
rm
ance [
10]
.
In
t
h
e context
of IoT healt
h
de
vices, use
r
s that
percei
ve a de
vice as
u
s
efu
l
m
ean
s see th
at it b
e
n
e
fits th
eir
h
ealth
an
d thu
s
h
e
lp
ing
th
em
achiev
e
th
eir h
eal
th
go
als,
resu
ltin
g
i
n
m
o
re likely acceptance
and
use. In t
h
is st
udy, we
pro
pose PU as
the
prim
ary ant
ecedent
that
pre
d
i
c
ts BI.
Th
us, we
fo
r
m
our fi
rst
hy
pot
hesi
s, “
O
ne
’s Percei
ved
Usef
ul
ne
ss t
o
war
d
s I
o
T
hea
l
t
h
Devi
ce can
pre
d
i
c
t
hi
s/
her
B
e
ha
vi
oral
Int
e
nt
i
o
n t
o
use t
h
e
devi
c
e” (
H
1
)
.
Next
,
we se
ek t
o
det
e
rm
i
n
e wh
at
i
n
fl
uence
s
Percei
ved
Usef
ul
ne
ss. I
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s pe
rso
n
al
charact
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s or
t
r
ai
t
s
co
ul
d i
n
fl
ue
nce t
h
ei
r pe
rcept
i
o
n
of
t
ech
nol
og
y
usef
ul
nes
s
[
18]
.
We s
u
gg
est
t
h
at
Perceive
d
Use
f
ul
ness is s
u
bjective
and pe
rsonal, and
we
pr
opose
that, in the c
o
ntext of acce
pting new
tech
no
log
y
, it
co
u
l
d
b
e
d
e
termin
ed
b
y
b
a
sic in
d
i
v
i
du
al
d
i
fferen
ces, th
at
is p
e
rson
ality.
In
recen
t
years, m
a
n
y
in
formatio
n
system
st
u
d
i
es
h
a
v
e
i
n
co
rpo
r
ated p
e
rso
n
a
lity traits in
attem
p
ts to
explain use
r’s technology
acceptance [1
4] which
has also
been dem
onstrat
ed by
num
erous studies
(e.g. [13]
-
[14],[19]). The
reason to exa
m
ine pers
onality traits
in the
study of tech
nology acceptance is because the basi
c
conce
p
t underl
ying the m
odel places signifi
cant foc
u
s on
indivi
dual
’
s re
actions [
20] in which
pers
onality
traits is expect
ed t
o
play an im
portant role i
n
in
flue
ncing the
decision t
o
accept the
technol
ogy. T
h
e T
h
eory
of Reasoned
Action a
s
the
basis fo
r tec
hnology accepta
nce m
odel also ex
plicitly incorporated pe
rsonality
traits as an ext
e
rnal
varia
b
le
affecting a
n
i
n
dividu
al
’s
b
e
l
i
e
f t
o
war
d
s
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
[2
0]
-[
21]
.
B
a
sed
o
n
t
hos
e
p
r
op
o
s
ition
s
, i
t
’s log
i
cal to
assu
m
e
th
at th
e ro
le
o
f
p
e
rso
n
a
lity h
e
re is in
flu
e
n
c
i
n
g
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
al’s
b
e
lief o
f
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
’s
u
s
eful
ness. M
o
r
e
ove
r, as
t
h
e
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
users
of t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
gy
m
a
y
vary
gre
a
t
l
y
, di
ffere
nt
i
a
t
i
n
g
p
e
rson
ality regard
i
n
g techn
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
e and
accep
tan
c
e is imp
o
rtan
t t
o
d
o
[2
2
]
.
Fro
m
th
e
p
e
rsp
ectiv
e
o
f
traits, to
ou
r know
ledg
e, t
h
e
b
e
st con
cep
t
u
alizatio
n
o
f
p
e
rson
ality is th
e
Fiv
e
-Facto
r
M
o
d
e
l
of p
e
rso
n
ality [2
3
]
, also
called
t
h
e “Big
Fiv
e
M
odel.” Go
ldb
e
rg
d
e
sign
ed
it in 19
82
,
whi
c
h l
a
t
e
r be
cam
e
t
h
e basi
s
of
pr
o
posi
n
g t
h
at
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’
s
charact
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s can
be desc
ri
bed
re
gar
d
i
n
g
t
h
ei
r
sco
r
es
o
n
five p
e
rson
ality do
m
a
in
s in
clu
d
i
n
g
op
en
n
e
ss,
co
n
s
cien
tiou
s
n
e
ss,
ag
reeab
l
eness, ex
trav
ersi
o
n
and
neuroticis
m
[24]. Som
e
researches t
h
at study the i
m
pact of personality tr
aits on technology acceptance were
com
p
iled [19],
and am
ong those studies, the
r
e was a va
rious de
gree
of
prediction from
each va
riable towa
rds
percei
ved
usef
ul
ness
of m
a
ny
di
ffere
nt
ki
n
d
s o
f
t
ech
nol
o
g
i
e
s. Th
us
, i
n
t
h
i
s
st
udy
, t
h
e aut
h
ors a
r
e al
so g
o
i
n
g
to
ex
am
in
e th
e
ab
ility o
f
all fi
v
e
v
a
riab
les in
in
flu
e
n
c
ing
p
e
rceiv
e
d
u
s
efu
l
ness of
IoT
h
ealth
d
e
v
i
ces.
We
will first
d
i
scuss th
e
Op
enn
e
ss trait. The op
enn
e
ss trait d
e
lin
eates th
e tenden
c
y to
b
e
im
agi
n
at
i
v
e, i
nde
pe
nde
nt
, a
nd i
n
t
e
rest
ed i
n
va
ri
et
y
rat
h
er t
h
at
p
r
act
i
cal
, con
f
orm
i
ng ro
ut
i
n
e [
2
5]
, and i
t
characte
r
izes an indi
vidual’s
approach
to
ne
w situations
[17]. Inte
rest
in novelty fosters
the willingnes
s
to
bui
l
d
u
p
i
n
i
n
t
e
nt
i
on t
o
u
s
e n
e
w t
ech
nol
ogy
, m
a
ki
ng pe
op
l
e
wi
t
h
d
o
m
i
n
a
nt
o
p
en
ness t
r
ai
t
t
e
nd t
o
we
l
c
om
e
no
vel
si
t
u
at
i
o
n
s
o
r
o
b
j
ect
bet
t
e
r [
13]
.
Fo
r e
x
am
pl
e, wh
en th
ey are i
n
trod
u
c
ed
with
n
e
w techno
log
i
es th
at
p
r
ov
id
e n
e
w ways to
regu
late th
eir h
ealth
, they will b
e
less
lik
ely to
h
e
sitate an
d
m
o
re lik
ely to
try th
e
m
th
an
l
e
ss ope
n i
ndi
v
i
dual
s
.
We a
r
g
u
e t
h
at
as
‘o
pe
n’ i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
i
s
m
o
re cu
ri
o
u
s
and
wel
c
om
i
n
g, t
h
ey
a
r
e al
s
o
m
o
re
receptive to
ne
w technol
ogy,
even s
o
whe
n
the technol
ogy
is beneficial to
som
e
thing as pivotal and
personal
as health. Thus, we hypothes
ize, indi
v
i
du
al with
h
i
gh
er
Op
enn
e
ss trait is
m
o
re lik
ely
to
p
e
rceiv
e
Io
T
h
ealth
devi
ce t
o
b
e
u
s
eful
.
In
ot
her
wo
rd
s, “O
ne’
s
Ope
nne
ss t
r
ai
t
can pre
d
i
c
t
hi
s/
her Pe
rcei
ve
d Use
f
ul
ness t
o
wa
r
d
s
IoT
health devi
ce” (H2).
Th
e secon
d
trait we are
go
in
g to
d
i
scu
s
s
is Agreea
blene
ss. It ca
n
be s
een as t
h
e tendency t
o
be
hel
p
ful
a
n
d t
o
t
r
ust
[
25]
.
A
g
re
eabl
e
ness
i
s
as
soci
at
ed
wi
t
h
c
o
m
p
l
i
a
nce, m
odest
y
,
a
n
d
t
e
n
d
e
r-m
i
nded
n
ess
[2
6]
.
Th
ey are m
o
re lik
ely to
b
e
acco
mm
o
d
a
tin
g an
d
coo
p
e
rativ
e po
sitiv
ely wh
en
co
nsid
erin
g
a
n
e
w techn
o
l
o
g
y
[
2
0
]
. For
ex
am
p
l
e, to
ach
ie
v
e
th
eir
go
als an
d
attain
the b
e
n
e
f
its th
at th
e tech
no
logy p
r
ov
id
es, they w
ill
eag
erly try t
o
u
n
d
e
rstand
th
e features
, b
e
prep
ared
t
o
u
tiliz
e it, wo
rk
with th
e m
a
n
u
a
ls an
d in
stru
ction
s
, and
use the technol
ogy accordingly. Deva
raj,
Eas
l
ey and Crant [20] indeed fou
nd a di
rect effe
ct of Agreea
bleness
o
n
Perceiv
e
d
Usefu
l
n
e
ss. Pun
noo
se [19
]
also
foun
d
th
at
ag
reeab
l
en
ess
has a sign
ifican
t po
sitiv
e
d
i
rect effect
on PU.
We a
r
gue
that the
tende
ncy to cooperate a
n
d to
accomm
odate would m
a
ke them
welcom
e
helpful
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
51
–
1
765
1
754
tech
no
log
y
b
e
tter. Th
is is
du
e to
t
h
e reason
t
h
at Io
T
de
vice, especially hea
lth tracke
r
, are
not m
e
rely a tagge
d
devi
ce,
but
rat
h
er a ne
got
i
a
t
o
r part
y
t
o
m
a
k
e
deci
si
ons a
n
d achi
e
ve
goal
s
. If t
h
ey
can
wo
rk
wi
t
h
—m
eani
n
g i
f
tech
no
log
y
can b
e
app
lied
in
a way th
at alig
n
s
with
th
ei
r ch
aracteristic—th
e
y will p
e
rceiv
e
th
e tech
no
l
o
g
y
as
u
s
efu
l
. Th
u
s
, we arg
u
e
in
th
i
s
stu
d
y
, ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
l with
h
i
gher ag
reeab
l
en
ess trait will b
e
m
o
re lik
ely
to
p
e
rcei
v
e
IoT health de
vices
as
useful because
the
be
neficial nature
of t
h
e de
vices
towa
rds t
h
eir
health pair
well with
the accomm
odating and cooperative nature
of agreeable in
dividuals. In other
word
s, “One’s
Agreeableness
trait can
pre
d
ic
t his/her Pe
rceived Us
ef
ulness
towa
rds
IoT
health de
vice” (H3).
The t
h
i
r
d t
r
ai
t
we p
r
op
ose c
o
ul
d
pre
d
i
c
t
pe
r
cei
ved
use
f
ul
n
e
ss i
s
Ext
r
ave
r
si
on
. T
h
e t
r
ai
t
i
s
associ
at
ed
wi
t
h
warm
t
h
,
grega
r
i
o
us
nes
s
, assert
i
v
e
n
es
s and exci
t
e
m
e
nt
seeki
n
g [
27]
. I
n
t
h
e cont
e
x
t
of t
ech
nol
ogy
acceptance
,
extraversion has
been asso
ciate
d
positively with PU
[17],[22],[24]. The
r
e is a lot of ene
r
gy and
read
i
n
ess in th
e trait of ex
trav
er
ted
t
h
at
will o
v
e
rco
m
e do
ub
ts ab
ou
t
u
s
ing
tech
no
l
o
g
y
[13
]
. Ex
trav
erted
i
ndi
vi
dual
s
wi
l
l
be m
o
re l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
percei
ve
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
as
usef
ul
i
f
t
h
ey
coul
d asse
rt
t
h
em
sel
v
es t
h
r
o
ug
h i
t
[22
]
.
We argue it is also
po
ssib
le fo
r an ind
i
v
i
du
al t
o
assert th
em
selv
es th
rou
g
h
an
IoT h
ealth dev
i
ce, as it
d
o
e
sn’
t
on
ly ser
v
e
p
e
rson
al health
in
fo
r
m
ati
o
n
t
h
at m
i
g
h
t
b
e
pr
ev
iou
s
ly u
nkn
own
to
t
h
e u
s
ers (
s
u
c
h
as b
l
ood
press
u
re, lung capacity and s
l
eep patterns), but it also a
llo
ws
u
s
ers to
i
n
teract so
cially with
o
t
h
e
r users in
sh
ari
n
g d
a
ta, co
m
p
etin
g
an
d
ach
iev
i
ng a
g
o
al to
g
e
t
h
er.
Thu
s
, we propo
se th
at ex
trav
erted
ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls will
al
so
percei
v
e
IoT
heal
t
h
d
e
vi
ce as
use
f
ul
.
I
n
ot
her
words, “One’s
E
x
traversion
trait
can
predict
his/her
Perceive
d Use
f
ulness
towards
IoT health de
vice”
(H4).
The
ne
xt
t
r
ai
t
we ar
e g
o
i
n
g t
o
di
scuss
i
s
C
ons
ci
ent
i
o
usne
ss. C
o
nsci
e
n
t
i
o
usn
e
ss i
s
a t
r
ai
t
associ
at
e
d
with
self-d
iscip
lin
e, d
e
lib
eratio
n,
dutiful
ness, orde
r, com
p
etence,
and ac
hievem
ent striving
[23].
Co
n
s
cien
tio
us in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls are in
trin
sically m
o
t
i
v
a
ted
to
a
c
hieve life’s objectives,
perform
at high level and
t
a
ke act
i
ons t
o
im
pro
v
e t
h
ei
r
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce whene
v
e
r
possi
ble. Those cha
r
act
eri
s
t
i
c
s coul
d al
so
be ap
pl
i
e
d t
o
main
tain
h
ealth
. C
o
n
s
cien
tiou
s
ness ind
i
v
i
du
als are
ru
le
fo
llo
wers,
p
e
rsisten
t
, thu
s
are b
e
tter at fo
llo
wi
n
g
d
i
rection
s
and
find
p
r
opo
sed
tech
no
log
y
is easier to
b
e
accep
ted
[22
]
, due to
th
eir n
a
ture to
fo
llow con
c
rete,
cl
ear i
n
st
ru
ct
i
ons
. T
h
i
s
t
r
ai
t
has a st
ro
n
g
i
n
fl
ue
nce o
n
p
e
rcei
ve
d use
f
u
l
ness o
f
t
ech
n
o
l
o
gy
[2
0]
,[
2
4
]
. W
e
su
gg
est th
is
find
ing
is du
e to
t
h
e n
a
t
u
ral tenden
c
y of a con
s
cien
tio
u
s
i
n
d
i
vid
u
a
l to
m
a
in
tain
ord
e
r and
stru
gg
le
for
g
o
a
ls, thu
s
, if techno
log
y
can
b
e
ap
p
lied
in
a
way th
at al
ig
n
s
with
t
h
eir
ch
aracteristics, it will b
e
p
e
rceiv
e
d
as use
f
ul
.
Io
T
heal
t
h
de
vi
c
e
, al
on
g
wi
t
h
i
t
s
abu
nda
nt
feat
ure
s
an
d
bene
fi
t
,
p
r
o
v
i
des i
n
f
o
rm
ation a
n
d
in
str
u
ction
s
on
ho
w
t
o
attain
th
em
. W
ith th
o
s
e in
st
r
u
ctio
n
s
th
at ar
e clear
an
d
con
c
r
e
te enoug
h to
b
e
u
n
d
e
rstoo
d
p
r
actically,
co
n
s
ci
en
tio
us in
d
i
v
i
du
als will
fin
d
th
e d
e
v
i
ce
m
o
re u
s
efu
l
. Mo
reo
v
e
r, our argumen
ts
were
su
p
p
o
r
t
e
d
by
S
v
en
dse
n
et
al
. [
17]
st
at
i
n
g
t
h
at
C
o
nsci
ent
i
o
u
s
nes
s
ca
n i
n
fl
ue
nce B
e
havi
oral
Int
e
nt
i
on,
b
u
t
onl
y
t
h
r
o
ug
h
t
h
e
m
e
di
at
i
o
n
of bel
i
e
f, s
u
ch as Percei
v
e
d Use
f
ul
ness,
especi
al
l
y
i
n
a “m
ore per
s
on
al
”
appl
i
cat
i
o
n c
o
nt
ext
,
suc
h
a
s
i
n
Io
T
heal
t
h
de
vi
ce. T
h
us,
we
ar
gue
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y
,
i
n
d
i
vi
dual
wi
t
h
h
i
ghe
r
co
nscien
tiou
s
ness trait will p
e
rceiv
e
IoT h
ealth
d
e
vices as m
o
re u
s
efu
l
. In
o
t
h
e
r word
s, “On
e
’s
Conscie
n
tious
ness t
r
ait can
predict
his/her Percei
ve
d Usefulness
towa
rds
IoT health de
vice”
(H5).
Th
e fi
n
a
l trait we are go
ing to
d
i
scu
ss is
Neuro
ticis
m
.
It is co
mm
o
n
l
y
lin
k
e
d
with
an
x
i
ety and
in
security, an
d in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l wit
h
do
m
i
n
a
n
t
n
e
u
r
o
ticis
m
trait
is
m
o
re lik
ely
to
h
a
ve less self-esteem
an
d
self-
efficacy [22].
Whe
n
face
d with “rela
tively
new technologies” they are un
fam
i
liar with, like IoT,
ne
urotic
i
ndi
vi
dual
s
a
r
e
m
o
re l
i
k
el
y
not
t
o
use i
t
t
o
a
voi
d u
n
cert
a
i
n
out
c
o
m
e
or ri
sk [
19]
, s
u
c
h
as
fai
l
i
ng t
o
un
d
e
rst
a
n
d
the device
’s purpose,
wasting unneces
sary
tim
e
and
ene
r
gy, or e
v
e
n
t
h
e
de
vices e
n
ded
up affecting or
chan
gi
n
g
t
h
ei
r
l
i
v
es i
n
a nega
t
i
v
e way
.
M
o
r
e
ove
r,
neu
r
ot
i
c
i
ndi
vi
dual
s
ar
e l
e
ss l
i
k
el
y
t
o
percei
ve a
de
vi
ce t
o
be
usef
ul
[2
0]
.
Pu
n
n
o
o
se
[
1
9
]
arg
u
ed
t
h
at
t
h
i
s
i
s
due
t
o
t
h
e ge
neral
i
zat
i
o
n
fr
om
t
h
ei
r n
e
gat
i
v
e
vi
ew
t
o
wa
r
d
s
situ
atio
n
s
in
life. Neuro
tic in
div
i
d
u
a
ls
will seek
stab
le and
m
o
re fix
e
d
in
fo
rm
atio
n
to
com
f
o
r
t th
eir in
secu
rity.
A
lth
oug
h th
e
tech
no
log
y
th
ey ar
e unf
am
i
l
i
a
r
w
i
t
h
of
fe
rs g
r
eat b
e
n
e
fits, if it re
quires
doing ce
rtain ne
w
effo
rts, th
ey will b
e
less lik
ely to
p
e
rceiv
e
i
t
as u
s
ef
u
l
.
In
o
t
h
e
r word
s, “On
e
’s
Neu
r
o
ticis
m
trait can
p
r
ed
ict
his/her Pe
rceived
Usefulne
ss t
o
wa
rds IoT
he
alth de
vice” (H6).
Asid
e
fro
m
p
e
rson
ality traits, an
o
t
h
e
r im
p
o
r
tan
t
ele
m
en
t th
at we wan
t
to
in
tegrate in
to
t
h
is stud
y is
th
e co
n
c
ep
t of app
r
o
p
riation
and
facilitat
i
o
n
in
influ
e
ncin
g
p
e
rceiv
e
d u
s
efu
l
n
e
ss. App
r
op
riation
,
as an
im
portant
sign of technology
accepta
nce, c
a
n
be
defi
ne
d a
s
the im
provis
ation i
n
using t
echnology i
n
ways it
was no
t d
e
si
g
n
ed
to
b
e
, to
fit
th
e u
s
er’s
n
eed [27
]
. On
th
e oth
e
r h
a
nd
, Tech
no
log
y
Facilitatio
n
can
b
e
d
e
fined
as th
e facilitatin
g
cond
itio
n
s
th
at sup
port the lik
elih
oo
d
of tech
no
log
y
b
e
in
g
u
s
e
o
r
approp
riated [2
8
]
, lik
e
t
echn
o
l
o
gy
,
ne
t
w
o
r
ks
, a
n
d
pe
ers’
hel
p
.
Unl
i
k
e
ot
he
r st
udi
es o
n
al
r
eady
po
p
u
l
a
r
appl
i
cat
i
o
ns, n
e
t
w
o
r
ks
, an
d devi
ces t
h
at
d
i
ffere
nt
i
a
t
e
facilitation and appropriation in e
x
plai
ning technology acceptance
,
in pers
onal IoT
health
devices suc
h
a
s
men
tio
n
e
d in
t
h
e
p
r
ev
iou
s
sectio
n
,
we
v
i
ew
th
e way tech
nolo
g
y
will b
e
app
r
op
riated
b
y
i
t
s u
s
er is in
separab
l
e
fr
om
t
h
e faci
l
i
t
a
t
i
on o
f
t
h
e d
e
vi
ce. T
h
i
s
i
s
base
d o
n
t
h
e a
r
g
u
m
e
nt
by
B
o
st
r
o
m
,
Anso
n
,
an
d C
l
awso
n
[2
9]
statin
g
th
at t
h
e tech
no
l
o
g
y
i
t
self will provid
e
fac
ilitatio
n cap
ab
ilities, an
d users, throu
g
h
t
h
e tech
no
log
y
,
co
u
l
d
tak
e
advan
t
ag
e
of th
is cap
a
b
ility. Th
e
si
m
p
lest fo
rm
o
f
facilitatio
n
co
u
l
d
b
e
a
g
u
i
de for the feat
u
r
es, no
t
t
o
m
e
nt
i
on Io
T
devi
ces
, al
so s
e
rves t
h
e
pu
rp
ose as a
ne
got
i
a
t
o
r i
n
hel
p
i
ng
t
h
e use
r
t
o
m
a
ke a d
eci
si
on
o
n
w
h
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Beha
vio
r
a
l
In
t
e
n
tio
n to
Use Io
T
Hea
lth
Device: Th
e R
o
le
of Perceived
Us
efulness
.... (Tommy
Pr
ayoga)
1
755
to do
with the
de
vice and their health
. Rather t
h
an seeing facilitations
as
antecede
n
ts to a
ppropriation, we
p
r
op
o
s
e th
at it is a p
a
rt o
f
th
e ap
p
r
op
riation
p
r
o
ces
s. Here, we u
s
e th
e term “Facilita
te
d
Ap
propriatio
n
”
t
o
d
e
scri
b
e
th
is pro
cess better.
Facilitated
App
r
op
riatio
n
can
b
e
seen
as a
m
o
re co
m
p
rehen
s
iv
e and
syste
m
atic
ap
pro
p
riatio
n. Th
e ap
propriatio
n
is influ
e
n
c
ed
b
y
fact
o
r
s t
h
at facilitate, n
a
m
e
l
y
in
fo
rm
atio
n
,
g
u
i
d
e
lines an
d
o
t
h
e
r ways
o
f
ap
pro
p
riatio
n.
Th
erefo
r
e, m
o
re v
a
riety an
d
v
e
rsatile alternativ
es o
f
app
r
o
p
riatin
g
i
n
meetin
g
g
o
a
l
’
s en
d o
c
cu
rs as
u
s
er’s
creativ
ity is h
e
igh
t
en
ed
b
y
th
e facilitat
i
o
n
.
Unde
rstanding technology ac
ceptan
ce a
s
appropriation m
e
ans
recogniz
ing that a
use
r
i
s
an active
agent
wh
o ca
n
adapt
t
ech
n
o
l
ogy
t
o
s
e
r
v
e p
e
rso
n
al
o
r
s
h
ar
ed g
o
al
s
whe
n
neede
d
[3
0]
.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e
ri
g
h
t
am
ount
o
f
in
form
at
io
n and
sup
p
o
r
ts (facilitatio
n
s
), app
r
op
riation h
a
s th
e
po
ten
tial to
g
i
v
e
ad
d
ition
a
l
v
a
lues and
b
e
n
e
fits to
the d
e
v
i
ces asi
d
es fro
m
h
o
w
it is d
e
si
g
n
e
d. Th
is is b
ecau
s
e wh
ile engag
i
ng
in
facilitated
ap
pro
p
riatio
n, u
s
ers are in
sp
i
r
ed
to
see and
h
a
v
e
ad
d
ition
a
l featu
r
es on
th
e d
e
v
i
ce, ex
cl
u
s
iv
ely d
ealing
with
t
h
ei
r p
r
obl
em
s or
ot
he
r
pers
o
n
al
p
u
r
p
oses.
For
exam
pl
e,
usi
n
g sl
ee
p pat
t
ern t
r
ac
ker
n
o
t
onl
y
t
o
at
t
a
i
n
bet
t
e
r
sleep
, bu
t also
to
p
l
an
sch
e
du
l
e
s an
d
activ
ities ah
ead, and
ev
en
to
allo
cate th
e en
erg
y
spen
t to
fo
cu
s on task
s
u
s
ers wish
to acco
m
p
lish
.
W
e
p
r
op
ose th
at i
f
users
feel
th
ey are facilitated
to app
r
op
riat
e IoT
h
ealth
dev
i
ce,
th
ey wou
l
d
b
e
m
o
re lik
ely to
v
i
ew th
e tech
no
log
y
as u
s
efu
l
. In
o
t
h
e
r
words, “On
e
’s
Facilitated
App
r
op
riation
can
pre
d
ict his/
her Percei
ved
Useful
ne
ss towards
IoT
health de
vice” (H7).
The fi
nal element we feel essential to be
incl
ude
d in our m
odel to explain
use
r’s
acceptance is
Cu
ltu
ral Orientatio
n
s
.
Wh
ile in
th
e p
r
ev
iou
s
sectio
n
s
we
a
r
g
u
e
d
t
h
at
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s bel
i
e
f
of t
h
e t
ech
nol
ogi
e
s
percei
ved
usef
ul
ness i
s
i
n
fl
u
e
nced
by
i
nnat
e
fact
ors, s
u
c
h
as t
r
ai
t di
spos
i
t
i
ons, bel
i
e
fs
and t
e
n
d
e
n
cy
t
o
act
up
o
n
i
t
by
t
h
ei
r ow
n way
(t
o ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e
)
, he
re we p
r
op
ose t
h
ose i
nnat
e
pe
rs
onal
fact
ors
,
i
n
t
u
rn
, are
i
n
fl
ue
nce
d
by
m
acro fact
o
r
s,
t
h
at
i
s
the culture
.
All those factors that
were depe
ndent on social conte
x
t and
envi
ronm
ent are the m
a
nifestations
of cul
t
ure [31]. He
re, we argue th
at culture impacts what ki
nd
of
in
fo
rm
atio
n
an in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
g
e
t, v
a
lu
e, and
h
o
ld
on
to
wh
en
u
s
ing
th
e techn
o
l
o
g
y
,
wh
ich
will b
e
v
e
ry lik
ely to
i
n
fl
ue
nce
ho
w
he/
s
he a
p
p
r
op
ri
at
e t
h
e t
echn
o
l
o
gy
. To e
x
pl
ain
th
e ro
le that cu
ltu
re p
l
ay
s in
th
is con
t
ex
t, we
n
eed to u
s
e t
h
e len
s
o
f
th
e Ho
fsted
e
’s C
u
ltu
ral
Di
m
e
n
s
io
n
th
at d
i
fferen
tiates
cu
ltures reg
a
rd
i
n
g
a
few
di
m
e
nsi
ons, s
u
ch as col
l
ect
i
v
i
s
m
,
power
di
st
ance, m
a
scul
i
n
i
t
y
degree, l
o
n
g
-t
erm
ori
e
nt
at
i
on an
d t
e
n
d
e
n
cy
t
o
avoi
d
unce
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
[
32]
i
n
i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
l
e
vel
.
Th
e first facto
r
o
f
cu
ltu
ral
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
we th
ou
gh
t could
in
fluen
ce t
ech
no
log
y
approp
riation
is
co
llectiv
is
m
.
In
d
i
v
i
du
als in co
llectiv
istic cu
ltu
re are in
ter-d
ep
end
e
n
t
, m
e
an
ing
th
at activ
ities su
ch
as
work,
shari
ng i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on an
d i
n
t
r
o
duci
ng
o
b
je
ct
s are d
o
n
e t
o
ge
ther
betwee
n s
o
cial circles and at all com
m
unity
l
e
vel
s
[3
3]
. C
o
l
l
ect
i
v
e i
ndi
v
i
dual
s
val
u
e
m
e
m
b
er part
i
c
i
p
at
i
on, s
o
ci
al
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p,
and st
ri
vi
n
g
t
o
war
d
s
a
share
d
goal [34] in daily acti
v
ities
or whe
n
faced with
ne
w cha
nge
s. Du
e to their characteristics, we argue
th
at co
llectiv
e in
d
i
v
i
du
als will b
e
m
o
re l
i
k
ely to
sh
are an
d
d
i
scu
ss inform
at
io
n
abou
t tech
no
log
y
, h
e
n
c
e
trig
g
e
ring
and
rein
forcing
th
e facilitated
approp
riation
.
Fo
r ex
am
p
l
e, upon
find
ing
a n
e
w
w
a
y to u
s
e
certain
featu
r
es
o
n
the d
e
v
i
ce, they will b
e
m
o
re lik
ely to
tell th
eir
p
eers and
co
horts,
o
r
u
pon
facing
p
r
o
b
l
em
s,
finding soluti
ons togethe
r
through appropri
ating the de
vic
e
. The pr
oble
m
s
will be lik
ely to conve
rs
e about
am
ong
c
o
l
l
ect
ive i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
s,
e.g
.
c
o
nsi
d
e
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
s
a
n
d
co
ns
o
f
t
h
e I
o
T
de
vi
ce.
On
t
h
e
ot
her
han
d
,
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
with
lo
wer co
llectiv
ity, o
r
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
listic in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls, will b
e
less lik
ely to
sh
are in
fo
rm
atio
n
[3
5
]
am
ong m
e
m
b
ers, m
a
ki
ng t
h
e
m
l
e
ss be dri
v
e
n
t
o
t
r
y
out
o
r
app
r
op
ri
at
e t
h
e t
echnol
ogy
.
In
ot
her w
o
rds
,
“One
’
s
d
e
gree of Co
llectiv
is
m
can
p
r
ed
ict h
i
s/h
e
r Facilitated
App
r
op
riatio
n
tend
en
cy toward
s Io
T health
d
e
v
i
ce”
(H
8)
.
Asid
e fro
m
co
l
l
ectiv
is
m
,
we p
r
opo
se th
at Power
Distance
—the powe
r gap
b
e
tween
au
th
ority/p
erson
i
n
cha
r
ge a
n
d
sub
o
r
di
nat
e
s/
peo
p
l
e
i
n
s
o
ci
et
y
—
m
i
ght
i
n
f
l
uence
ho
w i
n
di
vi
d
u
al
ap
p
r
o
p
ri
at
e t
ech
nol
ogy
.
It
descri
bes h
o
w
m
u
ch i
n
fl
uenc
e one pa
rt
y
i
n
t
h
e di
ffe
re
nt
hi
erarc
h
y
has t
o
war
d
s an
ot
he
r i
n
det
e
rm
i
n
i
n
g
t
h
ei
r
beha
vi
o
r
i
n
al
l
aspect
of soci
al
l
i
f
e [36]
. Th
e hi
ghe
r ga
p
m
eans
m
o
re u
n
eq
ual
p
o
we
r
di
st
ri
b
u
t
i
o
n
,
an
d l
o
we
r
hierarc
h
y s
o
ciety
m
e
m
b
er should c
o
m
p
ly wi
th
h
i
gh
er-u
ps.
Power
d
i
stan
ce
is also associa
t
ed with the
de
gre
e
of a
u
t
o
nom
y
indi
vi
d
u
al
s ha
v
e
i
n
m
a
i
n
t
a
i
n
i
ng s
o
ci
et
y
’
s
ord
e
r [3
7
]
.
Altho
ugh
no
t n
ecessarily li
mited
to
th
e
h
i
gh
er-up
s
, we
arg
u
e
th
at indiv
i
d
u
a
l th
at ju
stifies a h
i
g
h
e
r
p
o
wer d
i
stan
ce will b
e
less
li
k
e
ly to
ap
p
r
opriat
e
tech
no
log
y
, as
th
ey will b
e
mo
re
su
scep
tib
le to
in
stru
ction
s
o
r
ex
am
p
l
e p
r
o
v
i
d
e
d. Fo
r exa
m
p
l
e, in
u
s
ing
new
tech
no
log
y
, t
h
ey will b
e
m
o
re lik
ely to
u
s
e it as how t
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
r-up
s i
n
p
l
ace u
s
e it,
o
r
in
stru
ct th
em
on
ho
w to
use i
t
,
as l
e
ss a
u
t
o
nom
i
c
t
hou
ght
a
nd act
c
o
u
l
d be e
xpect
e
d
.
In
ot
he
r w
o
r
d
s
,
“O
ne’s
de
gre
e
of P
o
wer
Di
s
t
ance
can
pre
d
ict his/
her Facilitated Appropriatio
n tende
ncy
towards IoT health device”
(H9).
The
ne
xt
fact
or t
h
at
we
p
r
op
ose c
o
ul
d
pre
d
i
c
t
use
r
’
s
ap
pr
op
ri
at
i
o
n
i
s
t
h
e m
a
scul
i
n
i
t
y
. Thi
s
di
m
e
nsi
on
or
o
r
i
e
nt
at
i
o
n
d
o
es
n
o
t
re
fer t
o
t
h
e m
a
l
e
or
fem
a
l
e
dom
i
n
ance i
n
a s
o
ci
et
y
n
o
r
expl
ai
n
s
a
n
y
g
e
nde
r-
related differe
n
ces [31], rat
h
er it depicts the degree to
wh
ich
m
a
scu
lin
e traits lik
e au
th
ority, assertiv
en
ess,
perform
a
nce, and
success are
pre
f
erred
t
o
fe
minine charact
eristics like pe
rson
al relationships, quality of life
,
servi
ce an
d we
l
f
are [
35]
. I
ndi
vi
d
u
al
s w
ho es
po
use m
a
scul
ine value
s
em
p
h
asize work
goals such as earnings
,
ad
v
a
n
cem
en
t, co
m
p
etitiv
en
ess, p
e
rform
a
n
ce,
and
asser
tiv
en
ess
[3
1
]
.
We
argu
e t
h
at th
ese ch
aracteristics are
man
i
fested
in
th
eir b
e
h
a
v
i
o
r
, in
clu
d
i
n
g
on h
o
w ind
i
v
i
d
u
al will ap
p
r
opriate tech
no
log
y
. In
d
i
v
i
du
al
s th
at
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
51
–
1
765
1
756
H1
H2
H3
H4
H5
H6
H7
H8
H
9
H10
H11
H12
H13,
H14,
H15,
H16,
H17,
H18
H19,
H20,
H21,
H22,
H23
H24
H25
H26
p
r
i
o
ritize adv
a
n
cem
en
t an
d
perfo
r
m
a
n
ce are exp
ected
to max
i
mize th
e fun
c
tio
n in
a tech
no
log
y
an
d
will b
e
m
o
re likely to
search
for way
s
to ap
propriate it so that the
y
will reach their goal or
pe
rform
better. On the
othe
r ha
nd, individuals
with lowe
r
m
a
sculinity degree are associated
w
ith vol
unta
r
y s
t
atus-accord to those
who
refrain from
using or s
h
owing
powe
r, and a
reluct
ance
to use power, or
to
accept authority when it i
s
en
acted
in
powerfu
l ways [38
]
. We
argu
e
i
n
d
i
v
i
du
als with
lower m
a
scu
lin
ity traits will b
e
less lik
ely to
u
s
e
their ‘power’ to m
a
ximize
the use of
IoT
de
vices. They are
m
o
re likely to
fo
llo
w
wh
at are to
ld
o
n
h
o
w to
u
s
e
th
e d
e
v
i
ce
b
y
th
e
o
r
ig
i
n
al in
st
ru
ction
;
th
erefo
r
e, th
ey
w
ill b
e
less lik
ely to
ap
pro
p
riate. In o
t
h
e
r
words, “On
e
’s
d
e
gree
o
f
Mascu
lin
ity can
pred
ict h
i
s/h
e
r Facilitated
Ap
prop
riation
tenden
c
y toward
s
Io
T
h
ealth
d
e
v
i
ce”
(H
10
).
The
ne
xt
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
we
pr
o
p
o
se t
o
b
e
a
b
l
e
t
o
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
’s
A
p
p
r
o
p
ri
at
i
o
n i
s
t
h
e
di
m
e
nsi
on
of
Un
certain
t
y Av
o
i
d
a
n
c
e. It is a co
n
c
ep
t d
e
scrib
i
ng
ind
i
v
i
du
al’s attitu
d
e
t
o
ward
s risk
and
un
certain
sti
m
u
l
i,
whet
her pe
ople feel threatened a
n
d
he
nce
t
r
y
t
o
av
oi
d i
t
[3
9]
.
In
di
vi
d
u
al
wi
t
h
hi
ghe
r t
e
n
d
e
n
cy
t
o
avo
i
d
u
n
c
ertain
ty wi
ll requ
ire m
o
re stru
ctu
r
es and
g
u
i
d
e
lin
e i
n
a situ
atio
n to red
u
c
e th
eir
u
n
certain
ty [3
5
]
. Th
ey
wou
l
d
prefer stab
le situ
atio
n
s
, trad
itio
n
a
l way, an
d
are less
lik
ely to
seek
a n
e
w
way to
d
eal with
th
i
ngs. An
in
d
i
v
i
d
u
a
l
wit
h
lower
u
n
c
ert
a
in
ty avo
i
d
a
n
c
e ten
d
en
cy
will b
e
co
m
f
o
r
table in
n
o
v
e
l sit
u
atio
ns, su
ch
as n
e
w
tech
no
log
y
and
will b
e
m
o
re lik
ely to
u
s
e t
ech
no
log
y
i
n
new
ways; fo
r ex
am
p
l
e, try to
u
s
e
b
l
ood
p
r
essu
re or
b
l
oo
d sug
a
r track
er t
o
test th
eir limit o
f
su
g
a
r in
tak
e
(or ou
ttak
e
) or
ev
en th
eir ex
ercise li
m
it, wh
ich
is
pot
e
n
t
i
a
l
l
y
dan
g
er
o
u
s.
Th
us,
we a
r
g
u
e t
h
at
i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s t
e
nde
ncy
t
o
a
v
o
i
d t
h
e
u
n
ce
rt
ai
n ca
n
pre
d
i
c
t
t
h
ei
r
t
e
nde
ncy
t
o
ap
pr
o
p
ri
at
e t
echnol
ogy
. I
n
ot
h
e
r wo
r
d
s, “O
n
e
’s de
gree o
f
Unce
rt
ai
nt
y
A
voi
dance ca
n pre
d
i
c
t
his/her Facilitated Appropriation tenden
cy
t
o
wards IoT health
de
vice” (H11).
The
fi
nal
c
u
l
t
u
ral
di
m
e
nsi
o
n
we
pr
o
pose
i
s
t
h
e L
o
n
g
-
T
er
m
Ori
e
nt
at
i
on.
It
ca
n
be see
n
as
val
u
i
n
g
pr
os
pect
of t
h
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
, a
n
d
de
em
i
ng act
i
o
ns
uni
m
port
a
nt
f
o
r t
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
-
t
e
r
m
achi
e
vem
e
nt
[
40]
.
I
ndi
vi
d
u
a
l
s
i
n
a
soci
et
y
t
h
at
va
l
u
e l
o
ng
-t
erm
ori
e
nt
at
i
on
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
onl
y
see
the future,
but
also t
h
e c
onc
om
itant influe
nce
of
prese
n
t
a
nd t
h
e
past
[
4
1]
. The
y
pre
p
are
f
o
r t
h
e f
u
t
u
re
fr
om
no
w, a
n
d c
u
r
r
e
n
t
ef
fo
rt
an
d r
e
sou
r
ces a
r
e i
n
v
e
st
ed
in
so
m
e
th
in
g
t
h
at will
b
e
ob
tain
ed ah
ead
,
su
ch as t
h
ei
r
health
go
als.
We arg
u
e
th
at t
h
is ch
aracteristic also
appl
i
e
s t
o
ac
hi
evi
n
g t
h
ei
r
hea
l
t
h
g
o
al
usi
n
g
IoT
devi
ce,
as
an i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
l
o
n
g
-
t
e
rm
ori
e
n
t
ed i
n
di
vi
dual
wo
ul
d
b
e
ab
le to see t
h
e
fu
t
u
re b
e
n
e
fit an
d b
e
m
o
re
co
mmitted
.
Health
go
als are
u
s
ually ach
ieved
b
y
long
term
an
d
peri
odi
cal
e
f
f
o
rt
, s
u
c
h
as
l
o
si
ng
wei
g
ht
,
gai
n
i
n
g m
a
ss, sl
e
e
p
bet
t
e
r a
n
d l
o
we
ri
n
g
bl
o
o
d
sug
a
r i
n
t
a
ke
,
whi
c
h i
s
u
n
a
ttain
ab
le with
sh
ort-term
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
p
l
an
n
i
n
g
. Th
es
e
go
als certain
ly alig
n
with
ind
i
v
i
du
als with
a lo
n
g
-
term
o
r
ien
t
atio
n
.
For th
em
, th
e clearer t
h
e futu
re
g
o
a
l is
, the m
o
re th
ey wi
ll in
v
e
st th
eir en
erg
y
to
ach
i
ev
e it,
e.g
.
throug
h facilitated
ap
p
r
op
riation
.
We
propo
se th
at
l
o
ng
-term
o
r
ien
t
ed
ind
i
v
i
d
u
a
ls
will b
e
m
o
re lik
ely t
o
m
a
xim
i
ze t
h
e
app
r
op
ri
at
i
on
of any
gi
ven
I
o
T heal
t
h
devi
ce t
o
fi
t
t
h
ei
r goal
.
I
n
ot
he
r w
o
r
d
s, “
O
ne
’s d
e
gree
of
Long-Term
Orientation ca
n
pre
d
ict his/he
r Facilitate
d Appropriation te
nde
ncy to
wards IoT health
device”
(H
12
).
Fi
gu
re
1.
Hy
po
t
h
et
i
cal
M
odel
Long-Term
Orienta
tion
Masculinit
y
Uncerta
int
y
Avoidance
Facili
tat
e
d
Appropriation
Conscientiousnes
A
g
reeabl
e
nes
s
Openness
P
e
rceiv
e
d
Usefulness
Behavior
al
Intention
Power Distance
Collec
tivism
Extrav
ers
i
on
Neurotic
is
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Beha
vio
r
a
l
In
t
e
n
tio
n to
Use Io
T
Hea
lth
Device: Th
e R
o
le
of Perceived
Us
efulness
.... (Tommy
Pr
ayoga)
1
757
On
t
h
e
m
odel
abo
v
e,
ar
r
o
ws
i
ndi
cat
e
pre
d
i
c
t
i
on m
a
de
on e
ach
hypothesis
. Als
o
, as
we
wante
d
t
h
is
m
odel
t
o
expl
a
i
n pl
au
si
bl
y
t
h
e B
e
havi
oral
I
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n, t
h
e
r
e
are a fe
w hy
p
o
t
h
eses
we
wo
ul
d l
i
k
e t
o
t
e
st
.
Fi
rst
,
Percei
ve
d Use
f
ul
ness as on
e of t
h
e i
n
-
b
e
t
ween va
ri
abl
e
s i
n
t
h
i
s
st
ud
y
shoul
d be a
b
l
e
t
o
m
e
di
ate t
h
e
relationship be
tween each pe
rsonality traits and Facilitated
Appropriation, m
eaning t
h
at
in order to t
o
use a
n
IoT
heal
t
h
De
vi
ce, i
ndi
vi
d
u
a
l
wi
t
h
aforem
ent
i
one
d t
r
a
its an
d
ap
propriatio
n
tend
en
cy
m
u
st
b
e
liev
e
th
at th
e
d
e
v
i
ce is
u
s
eful first, t
h
en
th
ey will u
s
e th
e t
ech
no
log
y
. If t
h
ey
d
o
n
’
t
feel
it as u
s
efu
l
, they will no
t
h
a
ve the
in
ten
tio
n to u
s
e it. Th
e h
y
p
o
t
h
e
ses
fo
rm
ed
are as
fo
llo
w.
H1
3: “
O
ne’s
Ope
n
ness t
r
ai
t
s
can i
n
f
l
u
e
n
c
e
hi
s/
her Beh
a
vi
or
al
Int
e
nt
i
on
but
o
n
l
y
t
h
ro
u
gh t
h
e
medi
ation
of P
e
rceived Usefulness.”
H1
4:
“
O
ne’s
Agree
abl
e
n
ess
t
r
ai
t
s
c
a
n
i
n
f
l
uence
hi
s/
her
Beh
a
vi
or
al
I
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n
but
o
n
l
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
medi
ation
of P
e
rceived Usefulness.”
H15
:
“On
e
’s
Extra
version
t
r
a
its can
i
n
fluen
ce
h
i
s/h
e
r Beh
a
v
i
o
ra
l In
ten
tio
n bu
t
o
n
l
y th
roug
h the
medi
ation
of P
e
rceived Usefulness.”
H1
6:
“
O
ne’s
C
onsci
e
n
t
i
o
u
s
ness t
r
ai
t
s
c
a
n
i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
hi
s/
her B
e
h
a
vi
or
al
I
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n
b
u
t
onl
y
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e me
di
at
i
o
n
of
Percei
ve
d
U
s
ef
ul
ness
.”
H1
7:
“
O
ne’s
N
e
urot
i
c
i
s
m
t
r
ai
t
s
ca
n i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce
hi
s/
her
Be
havi
o
r
a
l
I
n
t
e
nt
i
on
b
u
t
onl
y t
h
ro
u
g
h
t
h
e
medi
ation
of P
e
rceived Usefulness
H18
:
“On
e
’s
ten
d
e
n
cy to
en
gag
e in
Fa
ci
lita
ted
Ap
propria
tio
n
ca
n
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
h
i
s/h
e
r Beh
a
v
i
o
ra
l
In
ten
tio
n bu
t
on
ly th
rou
g
h
t
h
e med
i
a
tion
o
f
Perceived
Usefuln
e
ss.”
Seco
nd
, we al
so pr
o
p
o
s
e cul
t
u
ral
val
u
e ori
e
nt
at
i
ons i
n
t
h
e
i
ndi
vi
dual
l
e
ve
l
coul
d ha
ve an i
n
fl
ue
nc
e
on
pe
rcei
ve
d
usef
ul
ne
ss an
d
event
u
al
l
y
ha
ve an i
m
pact
on t
h
ei
r
beha
v
i
oral
i
n
t
e
nt
i
o
n.
Ho
we
ver
,
t
h
e
effect
cul
t
u
re
ha
s
on
pe
rcei
ve
d
use
f
ul
ness m
u
st
b
e
m
e
di
at
ed by
t
h
e t
e
nde
ncy
t
o
a
p
p
r
o
p
r
i
a
t
e
.
W
e
ar
g
u
e t
h
a
t
t
h
e
p
e
rcei
v
e
d
techn
o
l
o
g
y
u
s
efu
l
ness is ob
tain
ed th
ro
ugh
th
e
percep
tion
o
f
successfu
lly facilitated
ap
propriatio
n
,
wh
ich
is stro
ng
ly affected
b
y
cu
ltu
ral v
a
lu
es. So
, to
s
ee c
u
l
t
u
re
’s eff
ect
on i
n
di
vi
dual
’
s
bel
i
e
f, an i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
m
u
st h
a
v
e
th
e ten
d
e
n
c
y to approp
riate the tech
no
log
y
first.
Thu
s
,
we
fo
rm
ad
d
ition
a
l
h
ypo
th
eses:
H
1
9
:
“On
e
’
s
d
e
gree o
f
C
o
llectivism
ca
n
i
n
flu
en
ce h
i
s/her Perceived
U
s
efu
l
n
e
ss
b
u
t
o
n
l
y t
h
rough
th
e med
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Fa
cilita
ted
App
r
op
ri
a
tio
n.”
H
2
0
:
“On
e
’s deg
r
ee o
f
Po
wer D
i
sta
n
ce can
in
flu
en
ce
h
i
s/h
e
r Perceived
U
s
efu
l
n
e
ss
b
u
t
only th
ro
ugh
th
e med
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
Fa
cilita
ted
App
r
op
ri
a
tio
n.”
H2
1:
“O
ne
’s d
e
gree of
M
a
sc
ul
i
n
i
t
y
can i
n
f
l
u
ence
hi
s/
her
Percei
ved U
s
ef
ul
ness
b
u
t
o
n
l
y
t
h
ro
ug
h t
h
e
med
i
a
tio
n o
f
Fa
cilita
ted
Ap
pro
p
r
i
a
tion
.
”
H2
2: “
O
ne’s
d
e
gree of
U
n
cer
t
a
i
n
t
y
Avoi
d
a
n
ce can i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce hi
s/
her Per
cei
ved Usef
ul
n
e
ss but
o
n
l
y
th
roug
h th
e
med
i
a
tion
o
f
Fa
cilita
ted
App
r
opria
tio
n.”
H2
3:
“
O
ne
’s
d
e
gree
of
Lo
n
g
-
t
erm Ori
e
nt
at
i
on c
a
n i
n
f
l
u
e
n
ce hi
s/
her
Per
cei
ved Usef
ul
n
e
ss b
u
t
o
n
l
y
th
roug
h th
e
med
i
a
tion
o
f
Fa
cilita
ted
App
r
opria
tio
n.”
Fo
r t
h
e m
o
d
e
l to
b
e
p
l
au
sib
l
e, we n
e
ed
to
con
f
irm
th
at ev
ery actin
g
p
r
ed
icto
r in
th
e m
o
del p
r
opo
sed
can
p
r
ed
ict th
e
criterio
n
variables sig
n
i
fican
tly.
H24
:
“All Perso
n
a
lity tra
its a
n
d
Fa
cilita
ted
Ap
p
r
op
ria
tion
can
si
mu
ltan
e
ou
sly
p
r
ed
ict Perceived
Usef
ul
ness.
”
H25
:
“All cu
ltu
ra
l
o
r
ien
t
a
tion
d
i
men
s
ion
s
ca
n simu
ltan
e
ously p
r
ed
ict Fa
cilita
ted
App
r
o
p
ria
tio
n.”
Last bu
t no
t least, b
a
sed
on
t
h
e
v
a
riab
les integ
r
ated in
to th
is stud
y,
we
p
r
op
o
s
e a th
eoretical
m
o
d
e
l
t
o
ex
pl
ai
n
use
r’s B
e
ha
vi
oral
Int
e
nt
i
o
n i
n
usi
n
g
IoT
hea
l
t
h
De
vi
ce. B
a
sed
on
t
h
e a
r
g
u
m
e
nt
s
m
a
de eac
h
h
ypo
th
esis, Figu
re 1 is th
e
v
i
su
al rep
r
esen
tatio
n of
t
h
e m
ode
l
,
wi
t
h
a
r
r
o
ws i
ndi
cat
i
n
g
pre
d
i
c
t
i
ons.
H2
6:
“Al
l
vari
abl
es
use
d
i
n
t
h
i
s
st
u
d
y ca
n
be use
d
t
o
ex
p
l
ai
n use
r
’s Be
havi
o
r
a
l
Int
e
nt
i
on i
n
usi
n
g
IoT
h
e
al
t
h
devi
ce by t
h
e t
h
eor
e
t
i
c
al
mo
del
pr
op
ose
d
.”
2.
R
E
SEARC
H M
ETHOD
2.
1.
Particip
an
ts and
desi
gn
Th
e sam
p
le fo
r th
is stu
d
y
was 1
8
6
co
lleg
e
st
u
d
e
n
t
of m
a
n
y
d
i
fferen
t
facu
lties an
d
/
o
r
st
u
dy p
r
o
g
ram
s
fr
om
wel
l
-
kno
wn
-I
T cam
puses (m
ost
of t
h
e
m
cam
e
from
B
i
na Nu
sant
ar
a Uni
v
ersi
t
y
, J
a
kart
a, a
n
d M
u
l
t
i
m
e
di
a
Nu
san
t
ara
Un
i
v
ersity, Tang
erang
,
in In
don
esia), su
ch
as hu
m
a
n
ities, art, co
m
p
u
t
er scien
ce, engin
eer,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
51
–
1
765
1
758
psy
c
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o
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o
gy
, an
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u
si
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ss m
a
nagem
e
nt
. The
r
e we
re 7
5
m
a
l
e
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
and
1
11
fem
a
le part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
(
M
ean
of a
g
e =
2
0
.
8
6
y
ears ol
d;
St
a
nda
r
d
de
vi
at
i
o
n
of a
g
e =
2.
0
1
y
ears;
R
a
nge
of
age
= 1
2
-
3
0
y
ears
ol
d
)
re
crui
t
e
d
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
co
n
v
e
n
i
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nce sam
p
l
i
ng t
e
c
h
ni
q
u
e.
Al
m
o
st
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of t
h
em
are sm
art
p
h
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use
r
s,
and
ha
ve acc
o
unt
s i
n
v
a
ri
o
u
s
so
cial n
e
two
r
k
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ng
sit
e
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ly a little p
o
r
tion
of
1
1
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h
eard
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T
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ealth
t
r
acker
d
e
v
i
ce.
Th
e d
e
si
g
n
o
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p
r
ed
ictiv
e co
rrelatio
n
a
l with
p
a
th
an
alysis statistica
l
tech
n
i
q
u
e
, as we
seek to analyz
e the pre
d
iction relations
hip
betwee
n eac
h
h
ypo
th
esized
variab
les in
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l. Here,
we
u
s
e
the psychologi
cal scales in a
que
stionnaire t
o
gather
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
’
s
res
p
o
n
d
. H
o
weve
r, t
h
i
s
st
udy
di
d
no
t
ask
p
a
rticip
an
ts’ resp
ond
s as a
u
s
er in
th
e act
ual
use o
f
t
ech
n
o
l
ogy
,
b
u
t
rat
h
e
r
t
h
ro
u
gh
re
vi
ewi
n
g o
n
e
of t
h
e l
a
t
e
st
IoT
heal
t
h
de
v
i
ce descri
bed
.
The m
a
i
n
reas
on
f
o
r
usi
n
g
a
descri
pt
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e hy
pot
het
i
cal
si
t
u
at
i
on i
n
s
t
ead o
f
e
m
p
l
o
y
in
g
an
actu
a
l tech
no
log
y
was to
ob
tain
a larg
e and
rep
r
esen
tativ
e sa
m
p
le with
ou
t in
curring
p
r
oh
ib
itiv
e
co
sts [17
]
. Aft
e
r p
a
rticip
an
ts
h
a
d co
m
p
reh
e
n
d
e
d
t
h
e feat
ur
es of
IoT d
e
vice, th
ey were
ask
e
d
to
fill in
th
eir
respon
se t
o
th
e qu
estion
n
a
ire.
Th
e
d
e
tail of the tex
t
and
ho
w
it is u
s
ed will be d
e
tailed
i
n
the n
e
x
t
section
.
2.
2.
Ma
teri
al
s an
d
Proce
dure
We
used the c
r
iteria of C
r
onbach’s
Al
pha
≥
0
.
6
0
0
as th
e i
n
d
e
x of in
tern
al
con
s
isten
c
y to d
e
term
in
e
the reliability of each
psychol
ogical scale, a
nd i
nde
x
of c
o
rrected item
-
tot
a
l correlations
≥
0.250
to
deter
m
in
e
th
e ite
m v
a
lid
ities. To
test th
e reliab
ility
an
d
v
a
lid
ity o
f
the
m
easu
r
em
en
t
in
stru
m
e
n
t
, th
is stu
d
y
recru
ited
75
stu
d
e
n
t
s acro
s
s facu
lties for in
stru
m
e
n
t
s t
r
y-ou
t
p
h
a
se.
Th
e
q
u
e
stio
nnaires g
i
v
e
n to p
a
rticip
an
t were all
translated into
Indonesia
n
a
n
d ada
p
ted to
fit the healt
h
c
ont
ext; all qu
estionnai
r
es passe
d the
reliability
(each
p
r
esen
ted in
p
a
ren
t
h
e
ses) and
ite
m
v
a
lid
ity te
st.
B
e
havi
oral
I
n
t
e
nt
i
on a
n
d Per
cei
ved U
s
ef
ul
n
e
ss con
s
t
r
uct
s
were m
easured
usi
n
g t
h
e ada
p
t
a
t
i
on
of
a
m
odel used in
the study of c
o
nsum
er accept
a
nce of IoT
by Gao a
n
d Bai
[42].
We a
d
apt
e
d and reworked the
ite
m
s
o
n
th
e su
b
s
cales to fit
th
e con
t
ex
t of
th
is stud
y.
Fi
r
s
t, w
e
add
e
d
a
n
a
rr
atio
n (
i
n
In
don
esian langu
ag
e)
d
e
scri
b
i
ng
the
featu
r
es an
d u
t
ilit
y o
f
a n
e
w
health
tr
ack
er dev
i
ce, UP3
b
y
th
e
co
m
p
an
y
Jawbon
e,
as
fo
llo
w.
UP3 by
JAWBONE
One of the latest techno
log
y
br
eakthroughs in th
e health sect
or is UP3
health sensor by
Jawbon
e (see Figure 2). It’s a
wristband with
a screen
th
at
contains
man
y
health
-supporting features
. Using Blu
e
tooth, we
can s
ynchronize it with
other
smart devices and applications
to provi
d
e
th
e u
s
er with
tremen
dous
health ben
e
fits. First,
it has the
ability
of
A
c
t
i
v
ity
T
r
acking
that tr
ack and prov
ide information a
bou
t our a
c
tivi
t
i
e
s
,
s
u
ch as
s
t
eps
t
a
k
e
n, ex
erc
i
s
e
don
e and
calor
ies
b
u
rned.
Advanced Sleep
is
for tracking s
l
eeping s
t
ag
e and
c
y
cle
,
to optim
i
ze s
l
eep p
a
tt
ern.
Smart Alarm
in
forms about the most
suitable sleeping
time
and wak
e
s
user in
the right
time to
provid
e
f
r
eshest waking
experien
ce.
Another unique
featur
e is
Food Logging
that m
eas
ures
calor
ies
i
n
take
, s
canning
restauran
t
barco
d
e that shows rating in
calor
ies and nutr
ition to h
e
lp user
form a better
eating pattern
.
Smart Coach
is good for motivating
and directing
the user
to achi
e
ve the g
o
al. Also, the lo
nger we use the device, th
e m
o
re it understand
s our pattern an
d lifest
y
le
and will fi
t
updates and sug
g
estions according
to our recor
d
s. The featur
e
Today I Will
ch
allenges user to
do certain ben
e
ficial
act
iviti
es
, s
u
ch
as
cons
um
e vita
mins and drink more water.
He
art Health
is used to track primar
y
org
a
n function like
heart
and
liv
er;
Id
l
e
A
l
e
r
t
is
to r
e
mind user if
they stay
in
activ
e, like sitting for
too
long.
UP3 does not o
n
ly
ben
e
fit health, but it can be
seen as a so
cial device as information and progress can be shared from
users to users,
challenging
each other
in
ach
ieving go
als and
get rewards us
ing th
e
Duel
feature. UP3 wor
k
s b
y
com
p
aring indiv
i
duals
in th
e s
a
m
e
categor
y in r
eal t
i
m
e
s
o
that
the fe
ature work
s
accura
tel
y
.
Ot
her te
chnic
a
l fe
a
t
ures
in
this 29 gram band are: the 168
hours lasti
ng b
a
tter
y
withou
t ch
arging, waterproo
f
, au
tomated B
l
uetooth up
load
,
record
data shar
ing, saving and ev
en r
e
moving,
m
iles
t
one & s
t
re
aks
t
h
at es
t
i
m
a
te d
i
s
t
ance
towards
a
goal,
and F
i
na
ll
y i
t
c
a
n
connect to
user’s
social media
as
posting,
tweetin
g and
anoth
e
r m
e
thod of
sharing
information is
available.
(
adapted from
:
h
ttp://www.ebay
.it/itm/Jawbone-U
P3-S
ty
lish-Fitn
ess-Tracker-Blu
etoot
h-S
y
nc-H
ealth-Sleep-Activity-
/171845748006 )
Figure 2. Jawbo
n
e UP3
(
source
: https://www.y
outube.
c
om
/watch?
v
=lLgdD3lAEhI)
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Beha
vio
r
a
l
In
t
e
n
tio
n to
Use Io
T
Hea
lth
Device: Th
e R
o
le
of Perceived
Us
efulness
.... (Tommy
Pr
ayoga)
1
759
We th
en ask
e
d th
e
p
a
rticip
ant to
fi
v
e
respon
se t
o
4
item
s
t
ate
m
en
ts fo
r
BI (
α
=
0.
8
9
1
)
an
d
6 i
t
e
m
state
m
ents for
PU (
α
= 0.947
) th
at is related
to
th
e tex
t
. Ex
am
p
l
es o
f
th
e ite
m
s
were: “I will u
s
e UP3
p
r
od
u
c
t”
an
d “I’m
willi
n
g
to u
s
e
UP3 produ
ct” for
BI; and
“Ov
e
ra
ll, I
feel th
e
UP3
p
r
od
u
c
t i
s
b
e
n
e
ficial to
me” an
d
“Using
UP3
produ
ct will i
m
p
r
ov
e my h
ealth
qu
ality sig
n
i
fican
tly” fo
r
PU. Th
e
p
a
rti
c
ip
an
t was ask
e
d
t
o
indicate their response in a
g
reem
ent to
ward each statem
ent by choosi
ng t
h
e
one of the s
e
ven
verbal res
p
onse
Likert scales from
“
St
rongl
y di
sa
gree
” (s
core of
1) t
o
“
S
t
ro
ng
ly ag
ree
” (
s
core
of
6)
. N
o
ne o
f
t
h
e i
t
e
m
s
were
om
it
t
e
d
fr
om
the val
i
d
at
i
o
n p
r
oces
s.
T
h
e ra
n
g
e of
co
rrected ite
m
-
to
tal co
rrelatio
n
s
is
0
.
6
8
9
to 0.904
.
Perso
n
a
lity traits were m
eas
u
r
ed
u
s
ing
The Big
Fiv
e
Inv
e
n
t
o
r
y (B
FI-4
4) [43
]
. Th
e
q
u
e
stio
nn
aire
ori
g
inally cont
ained 44 ite
m
s
in total, but we only
select
ed ite
m
s
from
each tr
ait: Agreeableness
(9 i
t
e
m
s),
Ope
n
ness (
1
0
i
t
e
m
s
), C
ons
ci
ent
i
ous
ness
(9 i
t
e
m
s
), Ext
r
ave
r
si
o
n
(
8
i
t
e
m
s
) and Ne
ur
ot
i
c
i
s
m
(8 it
em
s).
Thr
o
ug
h
val
i
d
at
i
on
pr
ocess,
5 i
t
e
m
s
were om
it
t
e
d fr
om
C
onsci
e
n
t
i
o
u
s
ness scal
e
(
α
= 0.
85
0
)
,
4 i
t
e
m
s
from
Ext
r
a
v
ersi
on (
α
= 0.7
9
2
)
,
2 i
t
e
m
s
from
Openne
ss Scal
e (
α
= 0.841), 6 from
the Agre
eableness scal
e (
α
=
0.
76
0
)
, a
n
d
4
f
r
om
t
h
e Ne
u
r
o
t
i
c
i
s
m
scal
e (
α
=
0
.
7
2
9
)
,
resultin
g
2
3
ite
m
s
in
to
tal.
Particip
an
t
were ask
e
d
t
o
indicate a sc
ore from
1 (“
D
o
not
descri
b
e
m
e
at
al
l
”) t
o
6
(“
Describe me very
well
”) towards e
v
ery st
ate
m
ent
or
p
h
rase
re
ga
rdi
ng t
h
em
sel
v
es, suc
h
as “
I
am
a qui
et
pe
r
s
on
” desc
ri
bi
n
g
E
x
t
r
av
ersi
on
, “I
have a
n
a
c
t
i
v
e
im
agi
n
at
i
on” d
e
scri
bi
n
g
Op
en
ness;
“I’m
unorga
n
ized” a
n
d
“I’m
lazy” (
unf
avo
r
a
b
l
e
i
t
e
ms
; reverse
dl
y sc
ore
d
)
descri
bi
n
g
C
o
nsci
ent
i
o
us
nes
s
;
“I’m
em
oti
onal
l
y
st
abl
e
and
n
o
t
eas
i
l
y
angere
d”
(
unfav
o
r
able i
t
ems;
reversedly sc
ored
)
desc
ri
bi
n
g
Neu
r
ot
i
c
i
s
m
,
an
d “
I’m
fo
r
g
i
v
i
n
g”
desc
ri
bi
n
g
Ag
reea
bl
eness.
The
ra
nge
o
f
co
rrected
item
-
to
tal co
rrelation
s
for each
p
e
rso
n
ality su
b
s
cales is 0
.
29
9 to
0
.
8
3
9
.
Facilitated
Ap
p
r
op
riatio
n
were
m
easu
r
ed
usin
g
th
e ad
ap
t
a
tio
n
o
f
facili
tatio
n
an
d
app
r
op
riatio
n
m
easure o
f
t
h
e
st
udy
of Li
n [
28]
. Li
ke t
h
e
p
r
evi
ous i
n
st
ru
m
e
nt
, we al
so adapt
e
d an
d re
wo
rd
ed t
h
e i
t
e
m
s
t
o
fi
t
t
h
e st
udy
co
nt
ext
and
use
d
t
h
e sam
e
descri
pt
i
on o
f
t
h
e s
a
m
e
pro
duct
.
Ada
p
t
e
d
were
si
x i
t
e
m
s
m
e
asuri
n
g
facilitated
ap
p
r
o
p
riatio
n
(
α
= 0.
87
3
)
. Exam
pl
es of t
h
e i
t
e
m
s
were “I u
n
d
e
r
st
an
d t
h
e i
n
f
o
rm
ati
on gi
ve
n
by
t
h
e
p
r
od
u
c
t t
o
h
e
lp
m
e
with
m
y
h
ealth go
als” and
“I
w
ill use th
e
p
r
od
u
c
t
to
regu
late my sleep
p
a
ttern.” Th
e
p
a
rticip
an
t was ask
e
d
t
o
ind
i
cate th
eir respo
n
s
e in
agre
e
m
ent towa
rd e
ach statem
en
t b
y
choo
sing
the on
e
of
the se
ven
verbal res
p
onse
Likert
scales from
“
St
rongl
y
di
sag
r
ee
”
(sc
o
re
o
f
1)
to
“
St
r
o
ngl
y
a
g
ree
”
(s
core
o
f
6
)
. Non
e
of th
e ite
m
s
were omit
ted
fro
m
th
e v
a
lid
ation
process. The ra
nge
of
c
o
rrect
ed ite
m
-
to
tal co
rrelatio
n
s
is 0
.
58
0 to
0
.
78
0.
Fi
nal
l
y
, we
m
e
asure
d
c
u
l
t
u
ral
val
u
e
ori
e
nt
at
i
ons
(i
n i
ndi
vi
d
u
al
l
e
vel
)
f
r
o
m
usi
n
g
t
h
e
com
b
i
n
at
i
o
n
of
subscales from Pers
onal Cult
ural
Or
i
e
nt
at
i
o
ns i
n
st
rum
e
nt
s
[4
4]
an
d C
u
l
t
u
ral
Val
u
e Scal
e o
r
C
V
SC
AL
E [
45]
.
Mascu
lin
ity was
m
easu
r
ed
u
s
in
g
Perso
n
a
l C
u
ltu
ral Orien
t
atio
n
s
on
ly. Th
ere were 15
item
s
m
easu
r
in
g
Power
Distan
ce,
15
ite
m
s
m
easu
r
ing
Un
certain
t
y Avo
i
d
a
n
ce,
14 ite
m
s
fo
r Co
l
l
ectiv
is
m
,
1
0
ite
m
s
fo
r Mascu
lin
ity
an
d 8 ite
m
s
f
o
r Long
-
T
er
m
O
r
ien
t
atio
n. Th
ro
ugh
v
a
lid
a
tion
p
r
o
cess, 5 item
s
were o
m
it
t
e
d
fro
m
Co
llec
tiv
is
m
subscale (
α
=
0.
79
1
)
,
6 f
r
om
Po
wer
Distance subscale (
α
= 0.
82
6
)
,
1 f
r
o
m
t
h
e M
a
scul
i
n
i
t
y
subscal
e
(
α
=
0.
72
9
)
,
whi
l
e
no i
t
e
m
s
were
om
it
t
e
d i
n
Lon
g
-
Term
Ori
e
nt
at
i
on s
u
bsc
a
l
e
(
α
=
0.
76
4) a
n
d U
n
cert
a
i
n
t
y
Avoida
nce s
u
bscale (
α
= 0
.
8
6
1
)
, resu
ltin
g
in 5
0
item
s
in
to
t
a
l. Ex
am
p
l
e o
f
th
e ite
m
s
were “I feel stressed
ou
t
if I can
no
t p
r
ed
ict th
e ou
tcome o
f
a situ
atio
n
”
for
Unce
rt
ai
nt
y
Av
oi
da
n
ce, “The
wel
l
-
bei
n
g o
f
a g
r
o
up i
s
m
o
re im
port
a
nt
t
h
an i
ndi
vi
dual
’
s wel
l
-
be
i
ng” f
o
r C
o
l
l
e
ct
i
v
i
s
m
,
“Lon
g-t
e
rm
and caref
ul
pl
an
ni
n
g
i
s
my
p
r
i
o
rity” for Lo
ng-term
Orien
t
atio
n
,
“Person
in
h
i
gh
er
p
o
sitio
n
shou
ld
no
t ask
a
p
e
rson
with
l
o
wer po
sition
for a
dvice”
for Powe
r
Distance, a
n
d
“Me
n
are
m
o
re logical in s
o
lv
ing problem
,
and wom
e
n
are m
o
re
in
tu
itiv
e” for
Mascu
lin
ity. Th
e
rang
e
o
f
corrected
item
-
to
tal co
rrelatio
n
s
is 0
.
30
7 to
0
.
69
2.
3.
R
E
SU
LTS AN
D ANA
LY
SIS
The
dem
ogra
p
hi
c des
c
ri
pt
i
o
n
s
o
f
t
h
e
pa
rt
i
c
i
p
ant
s
o
f
th
is st
u
d
y
are as
fo
llo
w: t
h
ere
were 75
m
a
le an
d
11
1 fem
a
l
e
part
i
c
i
p
ant
s
,
wi
t
h
44%
of t
h
em
16 t
o
2
0
-y
ear
s
-
ol
d, 5
4
%
of t
h
em
21 t
o
2
4
-
y
ears-
ol
d an
d
2% o
f
t
h
em
25
t
o
3
0
-
y
ears-
ol
d
.
Al
l
1
8
6
part
i
c
i
p
a
n
t
s
p
o
ssesse
d
g
a
dget
s
, s
u
c
h
as
sm
art
pho
nes,
and
si
m
i
l
a
r de
vi
ces.
R
e
gar
d
i
n
g
heal
t
h
t
r
acke
r
,
9
1
%
t
h
o
u
ght
i
t
i
s
hel
p
ful
fo
r ac
h
i
evi
n
g
pe
rs
ona
l
heal
t
h
g
o
al
s,
89
% bel
i
e
ve
d i
t
coul
d
ch
ang
e
p
e
o
p
l
e’s h
ealth p
a
ttern
, and
9
0
% tho
ugh
t it w
ill rev
o
l
u
tio
n
i
ze th
e h
ealth
care syste
m
s. A
lth
ough
8
7
%
of t
h
em
had searche
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
i
on abo
u
t
heal
t
h
-
r
el
at
ed i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on onl
i
n
e and
35
% h
a
d hea
r
d a
b
o
u
t
heal
t
h
tr
ack
ers technolo
g
y
,
on
ly 13
% h
a
d
actu
a
lly
used
it.
Assu
m
p
tio
n
test for
p
a
th analysis resu
lt sh
owed
th
at t
h
e d
a
ta is
free
fro
m
h
e
tero
sced
asticity, all
in
d
e
p
e
nd
en
t v
a
riab
les are
free fro
m
m
u
l
tico
llin
earity, an
d
t
h
e d
a
ta
d
i
stribu
tio
n
is
no
rm
a
l
. For Path
Analysis,
we looked at e
ach
pre
d
iction’s
path coe
ffici
ent m
a
gnitude
and
t
-
v
al
u
e
si
gn
if
ican
ce u
s
i
n
g LI
SREL 8.8.
Fo
r
α
at
t
h
e 0.
05 l
e
vel
,
we
use
d
t
= |1.96| as a critical value for judgi
ng
statistical s
i
gnificance of the pat
h
co
efficien
ts [46
]
(see
Figu
re 3
)
. We
will p
r
esen
t each
v
a
lu
e in
a
fo
rm
at o
f
: (
co
efficien
t
estima
tion
,
t-
v
a
lu
e
).
R
M
SEA i
ndi
c
a
t
e
s a val
u
e of
0.0
1
6
(
RM
SE
A
< 0
.
05
),
with
P
-v
alu
e
0.400
(
P-v
a
lue
> 0
.
05
)
of
χ
2
=
21
.9
9;
al
l
i
ndi
cat
es t
h
i
s
m
odel
has a goo
d
fi
t
and can be
used t
o
ex
pl
a
i
n B
e
havi
oral
Int
e
nt
i
o
n
.
H26 wa
s
supp
orte
d b
y
empirical d
a
ta
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE
Vo
l. 6
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
016
:
17
51
–
1
765
1
760
In
t
h
i
s
st
udy
,
we fo
u
n
d
t
h
at
Percei
ve
d Use
f
ul
ness
can pred
ict Beh
a
v
i
oral In
ten
tio
n in
a po
stiv
e
way
(
β
= 0.
68
,
t
= 15
.6
8,
t
> 1
.
96)
.
H1
was suppor
ted by em
pirical data
. For Percei
v
e
d Usef
ul
ne
ss,
w
e
onl
y
foun
d
sign
ifican
t p
o
sitiv
e p
r
ed
ictio
n
fro
m
Facilitated
App
r
op
riatio
n
(
β
= 0.60,
t
= 16.30
,
t
> 1
.
96); wh
ile
Extra
v
ersi
on (
=
-0
.0
2,
t
= -0.38,
t
< -1.96),
Agreea
bleness
(
=
0.
0
2
,
t
= 0.30
,
t
< 1.
96
),
C
onsci
e
n
t
i
o
u
s
s
n
ess
(
= 0.05
,
t
= 0.88
,
t
< 1.96
),
N
e
uro
ticis
m
(
=
-0
.0
2,
-
0
.
3
3
,
t
< -
1
.
9
6)
, an
d
Ope
n
ness
(
=
-0
.03
,
t
= -0.84,
t
<
-1
.9
6)
can
not
pre
d
i
c
t
P
U
.
H7
was s
upp
or
te
d b
y
em
pirical data. H
2
−
H6
were
not suppor
ted by
the data.
The e
ffect size
s are
shown in
Equation 1 bel
o
w.
Th
ere
are n
o
sig
n
i
fican
t
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
of Facilita
ted
App
r
o
p
riatio
n b
y
Un
certain
t
y Av
o
i
d
a
n
c
e (
=
0.
00
,
t
= 0.00,
t
< 1.
9
6
),
P
o
w
e
r Dista
n
ce
(
=
0.
04
,
t
= 0.77,
t
< 1.96
), C
o
llectiv
is
m
(
=
0.
08
,
t
= 1.03,
t
<
1.
96
) an
d M
a
s
c
ul
i
n
i
t
y
(
=
0.05
,
t =
0.
82
,
t
< 1
.
96
). Faci
litated
Ap
pro
p
riatio
n
is on
ly p
r
ed
icted
b
y
Lon
g
-
Term
Orien
t
atio
n in
a
p
o
s
itive way
(
=
0.
2
4
,
t
= 2.6
6
,
t
> 1
.
96
).
H12 w
a
s s
upp
orte
d
by e
m
pirical
data.
H8
−
H11
were
not s
upp
orte
d b
y
the d
a
ta
.
As th
e co
ro
llary o
f
th
e abov
e
find
ing
s
, it is k
n
o
wn
th
at Faci
litated
Ap
pro
p
riatio
n
an
d
all Perso
n
a
lity
traits can
no
t sim
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly p
r
ed
ict Perceiv
e
d
Us
ef
u
l
ness,
an
d al
l
C
u
l
t
u
ral
O
r
i
e
nt
at
i
ons
ca
n
n
o
t
si
m
u
ltan
e
o
u
s
ly
pred
ict Facilitated
App
r
op
riatio
n
.
H24
−
H25 were not suppor
t
ed
by e
m
pirical data.
We also
foun
d
th
at on
ly Facilitated
App
r
o
r
p
r
iatio
n
h
a
s an
i
n
d
i
rect effect
on BI
(
To
ta
l effect =
0.
40
,
t
= 11
.3
0,
t
>
1
.
9
6
); wh
ile Ex
trav
ersion
(
To
ta
l
= -0.01,
t
=
-0.38,
t
<
-1.96), Agreeable
ness (
To
ta
l =
0.
02
,
t
=
0.
30
,
t
<
1.
96
),
C
o
n
s
ci
ent
i
o
us
sness
(
To
ta
l =
0.
05
,
t
= 0.
88
,
t
< 1.
9
6
),
Ne
ur
ot
i
c
i
s
m
(
To
ta
l =
-0
.01
,
t =
-0.
3
3
,
t
<
-1
.9
6)
,
and
O
p
enn
e
s
s
(
To
ta
l =
-0
.02
,
t
= -0
.8
4,
t
<
-
1
.
9
6
)
d
o
not
.
O
n
l
y
Lon
g
-
T
erm
Ori
e
nt
at
i
on
(
To
ta
l =
0.
10
,
t
= 2.59,
t
> 1.
9
6
)
has
a
n
i
n
di
rect
e
ffec
t
on
Pe
rcei
ve
d
Usef
ul
l
n
ess;
w
h
i
l
e
U
n
cert
a
i
n
t
y
Av
oi
da
nce
(
Total
=
0.
00
,
t
= 0
.
00
,
t
< 1.
9
6
),
P
o
we
r Distance
(
Tot
a
l =
0.
02
,
t
= 0.77
,
t
< 1.9
6
), Co
llectiv
ism
(
To
ta
l =
0.
05
,
t
=
1.
03
,
t
< 1
.
96), and
Masculin
ity (
To
ta
l =
0.0
3
,
t
= 0.82,
t
< 1.96) do not. This means that Perc
eive
d
Usefu
lln
ess
o
n
ly
m
e
d
i
ates Fa
cilitated
Ap
p
r
op
riation
,
and
Facilitated
Ap
pro
p
riatio
n
o
n
l
y
med
i
ates Lo
ng-Term
Ori
e
nt
at
i
on.
H18 and
H23 were
s
upported by empiri
c
al data.
H13
−
H
1
7, and H19
−
H22 were not
supp
orte
d b
y
the d
a
ta
.
Fig
u
re 3
.
Path an
alysis
resu
lts:
t
-value
(
left
) and
coe
fficie
n
t
esti
m
a
tio
n
(
ri
ght
)
LISR
EL
Est
i
m
at
es (M
axi
m
um
Li
kel
i
hood
)
TAM_BI = 0.68*TAM_PU, Errorvar.= 4.31 , R
2
= 0.58
TAM_PU = 0.60*FAC_APP - 0.015*EXTRA + 0.023*AGREE + 0.052*CONS -
0.019*NEURO - 0.025*OPEN, Errorvar.= 5.16 , R
2
= 0.61
FAC_APP = 0.042*POWER + 0.00*UNCERTAI + 0.079*COLLECT + 0.24*LTO +
0.052*MASCUL, Errorvar.= 20.26, R
2
= 0.094
Equ
a
tio
n 1. Pat
h
an
alysis result b
y
LISREL:
Reg
r
essi
o
n
equatio
n
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.