I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
,
p
p
.
2
7
2
5
~
2
7
3
2
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
5
9
1
/
i
j
ec
e
.
v
1
1
i
4
.
pp
2
7
2
5
-
2
7
3
2
2725
J
o
ur
na
l ho
m
ep
a
g
e
:
h
ttp
:
//ij
ec
e.
ia
esco
r
e.
co
m
I
m
pa
ct
of
sens
o
rl
es
s
neura
l dir
ect
t
o
rque contro
l
i
n a
fuel
cell
traction s
y
ste
m
B
enha
mm
o
u Ais
s
a
1
,
T
édj
in
i H
a
m
za
2
,
G
uet
t
a
f
Ya
cine
3
,
No
ur
M
o
ha
m
ed
4
1,
3,
4
L
IM
A
Lab
o
ra
to
ry
,
No
u
r
Ba
c
h
ir
Un
iv
e
rsity
c
e
n
ter,
El
Ba
y
a
d
h
,
A
l
g
e
ria
1
,2
S
m
a
rt
G
rid
e
s a
n
d
Re
n
e
w
a
b
le E
n
e
rg
ies
(S
G
RE)
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
,
Tah
ri
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
Be
c
h
a
r,
Alg
e
ria
Art
icle
I
nfo
AB
ST
RAC
T
A
r
ticle
his
to
r
y:
R
ec
eiv
ed
Au
g
3
0
,
2
0
1
9
R
ev
i
s
ed
Feb
1
8
,
2
0
2
1
A
cc
ep
ted
Feb
2
7
,
2
0
2
1
Du
e
to
th
e
re
li
a
b
il
it
y
a
n
d
re
la
ti
v
e
l
y
lo
w
c
o
st
a
n
d
m
o
d
e
st
m
a
in
ten
a
n
c
e
re
q
u
irem
e
n
t
o
f
th
e
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
a
c
h
in
e
m
a
k
e
it
o
n
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
st
wid
e
ly
u
se
d
m
a
c
h
in
e
s
in
in
d
u
str
ial
a
p
p
l
ica
ti
o
n
s.
T
h
e
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
is
o
n
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
p
ro
b
lem
s
in
th
e
trac
ti
o
n
sy
ste
m
,
re
se
a
rc
h
e
rs
we
n
t
to
n
e
w
p
a
th
s
in
ste
a
d
th
e
c
las
sic
a
l
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
rs
a
s
P
I
c
o
n
tro
l
ler,
th
e
y
in
teg
ra
ted
th
e
a
rti
f
icia
l
in
telli
g
e
n
t
f
o
r
it
s
y
ield
.
T
h
e
c
las
si
c
a
l
D
T
C
is
a
m
e
th
o
d
o
f
sp
e
e
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
b
y
u
sin
g
sp
e
e
d
se
n
so
r
a
n
d
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ll
e
r
,
i
t
a
c
h
iev
e
s
a
d
e
c
o
u
p
led
c
o
n
tr
o
l
o
f
th
e
e
lec
tr
o
m
a
g
n
e
ti
c
to
rq
u
e
a
n
d
th
e
s
tato
r
f
lu
x
in
th
e
st
a
ti
o
n
a
ry
f
r
a
m
e
,
b
e
sid
e
s,
th
e
u
se
o
f
sp
e
e
d
se
n
so
rs
h
a
s
se
v
e
ra
l
d
ra
w
b
a
c
k
s
su
c
h
a
s
th
e
f
ra
g
il
it
y
a
n
d
th
e
h
ig
h
c
o
st
,
f
o
r
th
is
re
a
so
n
,
th
e
s
p
e
c
ialists
w
e
n
t
to
p
ro
p
o
se
a
n
e
stim
a
to
rs
a
s
Ka
l
m
a
n
f
il
ter
.
T
h
e
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
is
a
n
e
w
r
e
n
e
w
a
b
le
e
n
e
rg
y
,
it
h
a
s
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
th
e
trac
ti
o
n
sy
st
e
m
s
a
s
train
,
b
u
s.
T
h
is
p
a
p
e
r
p
re
se
n
ts
a
n
im
p
ro
v
e
d
c
o
n
t
ro
l
u
si
n
g
DT
C
b
y
i
n
teg
ra
te t
h
e
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
stra
te
g
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
u
se
sp
e
e
d
se
n
so
r
(
se
n
so
r
les
s
c
o
n
t
ro
l
)
t
o
re
d
u
c
e
o
v
e
rtak
in
g
a
n
d
c
u
r
re
n
t
rip
p
le
a
n
d
sta
ti
c
e
rro
r
in
t
h
e
sy
st
e
m
b
e
c
a
u
se
th
e
P
I
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
h
a
s
so
m
e
p
ro
b
lem
s
li
k
e
th
is;
a
n
d
re
d
u
c
e
t
h
e
c
o
st w
it
h
u
se
a
re
n
e
w
a
b
le en
e
rg
y
a
s f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
.
K
ey
w
o
r
d
s
:
Fu
el
ce
ll
s
I
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ir
ec
t to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
Sen
s
o
r
les
s
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
T
éd
j
in
i H
a
m
za
S
m
ar
t G
r
id
es a
n
d
R
en
e
w
ab
le
E
n
er
g
ie
s
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
T
ah
r
i M
o
h
a
m
ed
Un
i
v
er
s
it
y
B
ec
h
ar
,
A
l
g
er
ia
E
m
ail:
ted
j
in
i_
h
@
y
ah
o
o
.
f
r
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
Fro
m
th
e
n
e
w
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
is
f
u
el
ce
l
l
b
ec
au
s
e
h
y
d
r
o
g
e
n
c
y
c
le
is
a
g
o
o
d
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
tal
l
y
e
n
er
g
y
c
y
c
le
an
d
en
ab
led
t
y
p
e
[
1
]
.
T
h
e
b
u
r
n
in
g
o
f
h
y
d
r
o
g
en
an
d
o
x
y
g
e
n
is
an
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
,
th
is
co
m
b
u
s
tio
n
p
r
o
d
u
cts
t
h
e
elec
tr
icit
y
,
w
ater
,
an
d
h
ea
t
t
h
is
i
s
th
e
f
u
el
ce
l
l
p
r
in
cip
le
[
2
-
4]
.
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
t
r
o
l
s
tr
ateg
y
(
DT
C
)
d
r
iv
i
n
g
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
AC
m
o
to
r
s
is
th
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
to
b
e
a
f
av
o
r
ite
s
tr
ateg
y
f
o
r
à
f
u
el
ce
ll
tr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
e
p
i
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
h
as
s
o
m
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
in
its
co
n
tr
o
l
[
5,
6]
.
T
h
e
u
s
es
o
f
Kal
m
an
f
ilter
s
as
esti
m
ate
s
tates
b
ased
o
n
lin
ea
r
d
y
n
a
m
ica
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
s
tate
s
p
ac
e
f
o
r
m
at
T
o
av
o
i
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
p
ee
d
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
[
7
].
T
h
is
p
r
o
b
le
m
led
to
t
h
e
r
e
s
ea
r
ch
o
n
ar
tif
ic
ial
in
telli
g
e
n
t
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
d
esi
g
n
e
d
to
s
o
lv
e
th
is
p
r
o
b
lem
a
n
d
im
p
r
o
v
ed
th
e
s
tr
ate
g
ie
r
esu
l
ts
[
8
]
.
I
n
th
is
w
o
r
k
a
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
tr
ate
g
y
,
w
e
s
u
g
g
e
s
t
to
p
u
t
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
in
th
e
p
lace
o
f
tr
ad
itio
n
al
P
I
co
n
tr
o
l
l
er
th
at
g
en
er
ate
s
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
c
an
ce
late
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
b
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ci
n
g
o
f
Kal
m
a
n
f
i
lter
,
co
n
s
eq
u
e
n
tl
y
w
e
ca
n
r
elea
s
e
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
an
d
o
b
tain
o
n
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
ith
o
u
t
o
v
er
tak
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
m
o
r
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
cu
r
r
en
ts
r
ip
p
l
e
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
2
5
-
2732
2726
2.
F
UE
L
C
E
L
L
D
E
VIC
E
S
Af
ter
W
o
r
ld
W
ar
I
I
th
e
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
s
tar
ted
.
A
l
k
ali
n
e
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
(
A
FC
)
a
n
d
p
r
o
to
n
ex
ch
a
n
g
e
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
s
(
P
E
MFC
)
w
er
e
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
f
o
r
s
p
ac
e
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
.
I
n
t
h
e
en
d
1
9
6
0
s
,
th
e
w
o
r
ld
s
tar
t
to
d
o
m
an
y
d
e
v
elo
p
e
m
e
n
ts
in
t
h
is
w
a
y
as
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
p
h
o
s
p
h
o
r
ic
ac
id
f
u
el
ce
lls
(
P
AFC
)
,
h
i
g
h
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
m
o
lte
n
ca
r
b
o
n
ate
(
MCF
C
)
,
an
d
s
o
lid
o
x
id
e
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
(
SOF
C
)
.
Fu
el
ce
ll
s
ar
e
class
i
f
ied
as
p
o
w
er
g
en
er
ato
r
s
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
y
ca
n
o
p
er
ate
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
l
y
,
o
r
f
o
r
as
lo
n
g
a
s
f
u
e
l
an
d
o
x
id
an
t
ar
e
s
u
p
p
lied
.
T
h
e
v
alu
e
s
o
f
th
e
t
y
p
ical
o
p
er
atio
n
te
m
p
e
r
atu
r
e
an
d
e
f
f
icien
c
y
ar
e
t
th
e
m
ai
n
co
n
d
itio
n
s
o
f
f
u
el
ce
lls
a
p
p
licatio
n
,
Fig
u
r
e
1
p
r
esen
ts
th
e
f
u
e
l
ce
lls
to
p
o
lo
g
y
[
9
-
11]
.
T
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
f
u
el
ce
ll
an
d
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
o
m
ain
as
tr
ain
b
u
s
g
as
s
tati
o
ns
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fu
el
ce
ll
to
p
o
lo
g
ies
an
d
its
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
tr
ac
tio
n
v
eh
ic
le
3.
T
H
E
C
L
ASS
I
CA
L
DI
RE
C
T
T
O
RQ
U
E
CO
N
T
RO
L
D
T
C
B
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
DT
C
s
ch
e
m
e
[
14
],
th
er
e
ar
e
tw
o
h
y
s
ter
e
s
i
s
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
r
ec
eiv
eth
e
er
r
o
r
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
an
d
flu
x
s
i
g
n
al
s
.
T
h
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
o
u
tp
u
t
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
th
e
s
tato
r
flu
x
p
o
s
itio
n
s
ec
to
r
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
s
elec
t
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
f
r
o
m
a
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tab
le
th
at
g
en
er
ates
p
u
ls
e
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
i
n
v
er
ter
p
o
w
er
s
w
i
tch
e
s
[
1
5
,
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
th
r
ee
p
h
a
s
e
i
n
v
er
ter
co
n
tr
o
lled
w
i
th
s
i
x
p
o
w
er
s
w
itc
h
es
,
t
h
is
s
w
itc
h
es
ar
e
t
h
e
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
to
cr
ea
t
e
th
e
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ec
to
r
Vs.
T
h
e
B
o
o
lean
s
tates
e
x
p
r
ess
io
n
o
f
i
t
is
(
=
,
,
)
.
W
h
er
e:
=
1
m
ea
n
s
u
p
s
w
itc
h
i
s
clo
s
ed
an
d
d
o
w
n
s
w
i
tch
d
o
w
n
i
s
o
p
en
ed
,
th
en
=
0
m
ea
n
s
u
p
s
w
itc
h
is
o
p
en
ed
an
d
d
o
w
n
s
w
itc
h
i
s
clo
s
ed
.
T
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
ca
n
b
e
ca
lcu
lated
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
th
is
th
r
ee
B
o
o
lean
v
ar
iab
les
a
n
d
d
c
v
o
lta
g
e
,
as
(
1
)
.
T
h
e
n
e
x
t
c
y
cle
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
s
itio
n
s
o
f
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
to
r
Vs
(
Sa,
Sb
,
Sc)
[
17
-
1
9
]
as sh
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
=
√
2
3
[
+
2
/
3
+
4
/
3
]
(
1
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
T
h
e
p
o
s
s
ib
le
p
o
s
itio
n
s
v
o
ltag
e
Vs
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
a
ct
o
f sen
s
o
r
less
N
D
TC
in
a
fu
el
ce
ll tr
a
ctio
n
s
ystem
(
B
e
n
h
a
mmo
u
A
is
s
a
)
2727
3
.
1
.
Sta
t
o
r
f
lux
co
ntr
o
l
Af
ter
m
o
d
eli
n
g
t
h
e
i
n
d
u
ctio
n
m
ac
h
in
e
,
t
h
e
s
tato
r
f
lu
x
is
e
s
ti
m
ated
b
y
(
2
)
.
∅
=
∫
(
−
)
(
2
)
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
R
s
is
n
e
g
li
g
ib
le
r
elativ
e
to
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
Vs,
on
a
ti
m
e
i
n
ter
v
al
b
et
w
e
en
T
k
an
d
T
k
+1
,
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
a
s
a
m
p
lin
g
p
er
io
d
T
e,
(
Sa
,
Sb
,
Sc)
a
r
e
f
ix
ed
,
w
e
ca
n
s
a
y
:
∅
(
+
1
)
=
∅
(
)
+
.
(
3
)
∆
∅
=
∅
(
+
1
)
−
∅
(
)
=
.
(
4
)
3
.
2
.
E
lect
ro
m
a
g
net
ic
t
o
rque
co
nt
ro
l
E
q
u
atio
n
(
5
)
s
h
o
w
s
h
o
w
ca
n
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
b
y
t
h
e
an
g
le
b
et
w
ee
n
s
tato
r
an
d
r
o
to
r
f
l
u
x
e
s
v
ec
to
r
s
[
2
0
,
2
1
].
T
h
e
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
r
eq
u
ir
es
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
t
h
e
a
n
g
le
θ
s
r
f
o
r
o
b
tain
ed
th
e
ac
ce
p
tib
ale
r
esu
lts
.
=
.
.
s
in
(
)
(
5
)
3
.
3
.
DT
C
s
w
it
ching
t
a
b
le
lo
o
k
-
u
p
tab
le
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
T
ak
ah
a
s
h
i
s
h
o
w
s
th
a
t
th
e
B
o
o
lean
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
es
o
f
t
h
e
t
w
o
h
y
s
t
er
esi
s
co
m
p
ar
ato
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
f
lu
x
to
u
r
q
u
e
an
d
th
e
a
n
g
le
o
f
th
e
v
ec
to
r
(
s
ec
to
r
)
a
r
e
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
p
o
s
itio
n
v
e
cto
r
to
ch
o
o
s
e
th
e
ap
p
r
o
p
r
iate
v
o
ltag
e
v
ec
t
o
r
to
s
av
e
th
e
r
e
f
er
en
ce
s
p
ee
d
v
alu
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
[
18
-
2
2
]
.
T
ab
le
1
.
D
T
C
s
w
itc
h
i
n
g
tab
le
N
1
2
3
4
5
6
∆
∆
1
1
0
V
2
V
7
V
3
V
0
V
4
V
7
V
5
V
0
V
6
V
7
V
1
V
0
0
1
0
V
3
V
0
V
4
V
7
V
5
V
0
V
6
V
7
V
1
V
0
V
2
V
7
4.
K
AL
M
AN
F
I
L
T
E
R
AND
I
T
S AL
G
O
RI
T
HM
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
f
o
r
m
an
d
r
eq
u
ir
e
s
m
a
l
l
c
o
m
p
u
t
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
p
o
w
e
r
a
r
e
s
o
m
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
s
t
i
c
s
o
f
K
a
lm
a
n
f
ilter
[
2
3
]
,
it
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
s
tag
e
s
in
its
alg
o
r
ith
m
p
r
ed
ictio
n
a
n
d
u
p
d
ate.
‘
C
o
r
r
ec
tio
n
’
,
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
,
h
as
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
u
s
e
s
o
f
‘
p
r
ed
ictio
n
’
an
d
‘
u
p
d
ate’
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t liter
at
u
r
e
[
2
4
]
.
T
h
e
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
alg
o
r
it
h
m
a
s
(
6
)
-
(
1
1
)
.
P
r
ed
ictio
n
:
⏞
−
=
⏞
−
1
+
+
−
1
(
6
)
−
=
−
1
+
+Q
(
7
)
Up
d
ate
:
⏞
=
−
⏞
−
(
8
)
=
−
(
+
−
)
−
1
(
9
)
⏞
+
=
⏞
−
+
̆
(
10
)
+
+
(
1
−
)
−
1
(
11
)
5.
NE
URA
L
N
E
T
WO
RK
S P
R
I
NCIP
L
E
A
r
ti
f
icial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
(
ANN)
is
o
n
e
o
f
m
a
n
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
e
a
t
u
r
e
s
o
f
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
l
l
e
g
e
n
t
[
2
5
,
26
]
.
T
h
e
n
e
u
r
o
n
is
t
h
e
b
a
s
i
c
e
l
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
n
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
w
h
i
c
h
h
a
s
a
s
u
m
m
e
r
a
n
d
a
n
a
c
t
i
v
a
t
i
o
n
f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n
[
2
6
]
as sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
n
eu
r
o
n
is
g
iv
e
n
b
y
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
2
5
-
2732
2728
=
Ø
(
∑
.
+
=
1
)
(1
2
)
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
Fo
r
en
s
u
r
e
b
est
r
es
u
lt
a
n
d
f
a
s
t
co
n
v
er
g
e
n
ce
it
m
u
s
t
to
u
s
e
th
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
eq
u
atio
n
[
2
7
]
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
eq
u
at
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
as
(
1
3
)
,
(
1
4
)
.
(
)
=
1
∑
(
)
−
(
)
)
²
=
1
(1
3
)
(
+
1
)
=
(
)
−
Ə
(
)
Ə
(
)
+
ɑ
∆
(
)
(1
4
)
6.
NE
URA
L
N
E
T
WO
RK
D
I
R
E
CT
T
O
R
Q
UE
CO
N
T
RO
L
T
h
e
b
asic
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
(
N
DT
C
)
m
et
h
o
d
f
o
r
tr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
is
p
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
4
.
T
h
e
ar
tif
icial
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
r
ep
lace
s
t
h
e
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
;
th
e
in
p
u
ts
o
f
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
ar
e
th
e
e
r
r
o
r
b
etw
ee
n
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
ef
er
en
ce
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
f
r
o
m
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
,
t
h
e
d
er
iv
ati
v
e
er
r
o
r
,
an
d
elec
tr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ll
er
o
u
t
p
u
t
la
y
er
h
as
o
n
e
n
e
u
r
o
n
.
T
h
is
n
eu
r
o
n
g
iv
e
s
th
e
e
lectr
o
m
ag
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
.
T
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
f
o
r
esti
m
a
te
th
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
to
av
o
id
T
h
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
s
p
ee
d
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
T
h
e
DC
/AC
in
v
er
ter
is
co
n
n
eted
b
y
f
u
el
ce
ll
s
y
s
t
e
m
th
at
r
r
ec
iv
e
its
i
m
p
u
l
s
es
f
r
o
m
s
w
i
tch
i
n
g
tab
le
th
at
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
t
w
o
h
y
s
ter
esi
s
an
d
s
ec
to
r
f
l
u
x
ca
lcu
latio
n
,
in
t
h
is
w
o
r
k
t
h
er
e
is
an
co
m
p
ar
i
s
o
n
b
et
w
en
c
lass
ical
DT
C
b
ased
o
n
th
ese
n
P
I
c
o
n
tr
o
ller
w
it
h
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
n
e
u
r
al
n
e
w
o
r
k
b
ase
d
o
n
ANN
in
t
h
e
attr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
f
u
el
s
el
s
o
u
r
c
e.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Di
r
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l
m
o
d
el
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
a
ct
o
f sen
s
o
r
less
N
D
TC
in
a
fu
el
ce
ll tr
a
ctio
n
s
ystem
(
B
e
n
h
a
mmo
u
A
is
s
a
)
2729
7.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
T
o
s
h
o
w
th
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
s
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
co
n
tr
o
l
w
it
h
n
eu
r
al
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
co
n
tr
o
l
w
e
u
s
e
t
h
e
MA
T
L
A
B
S
i
m
u
li
n
k
to
ta
k
e
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
o
f
t
h
e
N
DT
C
m
o
d
el
Fi
g
u
r
es
5,
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
b
et
w
ee
n
class
ical
DT
C
,
an
d
N
DT
C
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
(
s
en
s
o
r
less
)
an
d
th
e
s
p
ee
d
er
r
o
r
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
6
.
Fig
u
r
es
7
a
n
d
8
an
d
p
r
esen
t
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
ea
ch
co
n
tr
o
l
t
y
p
e
.
T
h
e
th
e
f
u
e
l
ce
ll
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
f
o
r
o
b
tain
3
3
0
V
in
th
e
in
p
u
t o
f
in
v
er
ter
ar
e
m
en
tio
n
e
d
in
F
ig
u
r
e
9
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Sen
s
o
r
les
s
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
l
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
s
;
(
a)
DT
C
,
(
b
)
ND
T
C
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
Sp
ee
d
er
r
o
r
;
(
a)
D
T
C
,
(
b
)
NDT
C
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
u
r
r
e
n
t o
f
in
d
u
ctio
n
m
o
to
r
;
(
a)
D
T
C
,
(
b
)
ND
T
C
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
2
5
-
2732
2730
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
E
lectr
o
ma
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e;
(
a)
DT
C
,
(
b
)
NDT
C
Fig
u
r
e
9.
Fu
el
ce
ll
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
c
es
T
h
e
s
p
ee
d
an
d
f
l
u
x
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
th
at
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
ar
e
th
e
s
a
m
e.
W
e
ap
p
lied
a
r
esis
t
i
n
g
to
r
q
u
e
o
f
2
N.
m
at
0
s
ec
.
T
h
e
Fig
u
r
e
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
s
p
ee
d
r
esu
lts
,
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
ap
p
lied
in
p
o
s
itiv
e
tr
en
d
b
et
w
e
n
th
e
t
i
m
e
o
f
0
s
ec
a
n
d
2
s
ec
is
ab
o
u
t
1
5
0
0
r
p
m
,
at
t
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
2
s
e
c
th
e
s
p
ee
d
v
al
u
e
is
r
ed
u
ce
d
to
1000
r
p
m
i
n
t
h
e
o
p
p
o
s
i
t
e
t
r
e
n
d
f
o
r
t
e
s
t
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
a
n
d
K
a
l
m
a
n
f
i
l
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
o
r
.
T
h
e
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
e
s
t
im
e
i
n
D
T
C
a
n
d
N
D
T
C
a
r
e
0
.
5
s
ec
,
0
.
0
5
s
ec
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
it
m
ea
n
s
th
at
N
DT
C
h
a
s
th
e
s
m
ale
s
t r
es
p
o
n
s
es ti
m
e.
I
n
th
e
c
u
r
r
en
t
r
es
u
lts
,
t
h
e
s
t
ar
tin
g
c
u
r
r
en
t
i
n
DT
C
ar
r
iv
e
to
3
0
A
an
d
N
DT
C
h
as
2
0
A
.
I
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
elec
t
r
o
m
a
g
n
etic
to
r
q
u
e
it
ca
n
n
o
ti
ce
th
at
th
e
to
r
q
u
e
'
s
r
ip
p
les
w
i
th
N
DT
C
d
ir
ec
t
i
s
r
ed
u
ce
d
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
class
ica
l
DT
C
an
d
t
h
e
tr
aj
ec
to
r
y
o
f
to
r
q
u
e
is
estab
li
s
h
ed
q
u
ick
l
y
i
n
N
DT
C
.
T
h
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
r
ec
iv
e
t
h
e
d
ef
er
en
ce
.
T
h
e
last
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
r
es
u
lts
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
i
n
p
u
t
o
f
P
I
co
n
tr
o
ller
a
n
d
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
ller
(
s
p
ee
d
co
n
tr
o
ller
)
th
er
e
is
v
is
u
al
er
r
o
r
in
DT
C
in
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
ec
o
n
d
an
d
in
v
is
u
al
i
n
N
DT
C
.
A
ll
r
es
u
lts
o
f
s
i
m
u
lati
o
n
w
er
e
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
it
m
ea
n
s
t
h
at
Kal
m
an
f
ilte
r
i
s
u
s
ed
in
t
h
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
y
te
m
,
an
d
it c
a
n
a
ls
o
n
o
tice
t
h
at
it c
an
u
s
e
f
e
u
l c
ell
as so
u
r
c
e
o
f
in
v
er
ter
.
8.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
s
h
o
w
s
t
h
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
r
es
u
lts
b
et
w
ee
n
cla
s
s
ical
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
m
o
d
er
n
o
n
e
ap
p
lied
o
n
th
e
tr
ac
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
n
ec
ted
b
y
f
u
el
ce
ll
w
it
h
o
u
t
s
p
ee
d
s
en
s
o
r
.
T
h
e
b
est
r
esu
lt
o
f
t
h
e
Kal
m
a
n
f
ilter
i
n
d
icate
s
th
at
it c
a
n
s
o
l
v
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
o
f
s
p
ee
d
s
e
n
s
o
r
in
t
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
,
af
ter
t
h
e
v
is
u
al
d
ef
f
er
e
n
ce
b
et
w
e
n
DT
C
an
d
NDT
C
,
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
s
s
h
o
w
t
h
at
th
e
d
i
r
ec
t
to
r
q
u
e
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
tr
o
l
h
as
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
t
h
an
DT
C
,
esp
ec
iall
y
w
i
th
t
h
e
ad
v
a
n
ta
g
e
o
f
r
ed
u
cin
g
cu
r
r
en
t
r
ip
p
le
w
h
i
ch
ca
n
r
e
v
er
s
e
an
d
d
eg
r
ad
e
th
e
f
u
n
ct
io
n
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
f
u
el
ce
l
l.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
T
h
e
au
th
o
r
s
ar
e
th
an
k
f
u
l
to
th
e
Gen
er
al
Dir
ec
tio
n
o
f
Scien
ti
f
ic
R
esear
ch
a
n
d
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ical
Dev
elo
p
m
e
n
t,
DG
R
SDT
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
a
r
esear
c
h
g
r
a
n
t
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
mp
a
ct
o
f sen
s
o
r
less
N
D
TC
in
a
fu
el
ce
ll tr
a
ctio
n
s
ystem
(
B
e
n
h
a
mmo
u
A
is
s
a
)
2731
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
A
.
Ku
larn
i
a
n
d
S
.
G
id
d
e
y
,
“
M
a
t
e
r
ials Iss
u
e
s
a
n
d
Re
c
e
n
t
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
ts
in
M
o
lt
e
n
Ca
rb
o
n
a
te F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
s,
”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
o
li
d
S
ta
te
El
e
c
tro
c
h
e
mistry
,
v
o
l.
1
6
,
p
p
.
3
1
2
3
-
3
1
4
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
]
M
.
Uz
u
n
o
g
lu
a
n
d
M
.
S
.
A
la
m
,
“
D
y
n
a
m
ic
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
,
De
sig
n
,
a
n
d
S
im
u
latio
n
o
f
a
Co
m
b
in
e
d
P
E
M
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
a
n
d
Ultra
c
a
p
a
c
it
o
r
S
y
ste
m
,
f
o
r
S
tan
d
-
A
lo
n
e
Re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
En
e
r
g
y
Co
n
v
e
rs
io
n
,
v
o
l.
2
1
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
7
6
7
-
7
7
5
,
2
0
0
6
.
[3
]
N.
Be
h
z
a
d
,
H.
M
.
A
li
re
z
a
,
B.
A
n
d
re
a
,
R.
F
a
b
io
,
C.
A
n
d
re
a
,
“
M
a
th
e
m
a
ti
c
a
l
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
p
a
ra
m
e
tri
c
stu
d
y
o
n
a
3
0
k
Wel
h
ig
h
tem
p
e
ra
tu
re
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
b
a
se
d
re
sid
e
n
ti
a
l
m
icro
c
o
g
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
p
lan
t,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l
.
4
0
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
5
6
9
-
1
5
8
3
,
2
0
1
5
.
[4
]
S
.
V
.
M
a
d
h
a
v
i
a
n
d
G
.
T
.
Ra
m
Da
s,
“
V
a
riab
le
stru
c
t
u
re
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
a
n
i
s
o
l
a
t
e
d
b
o
o
s
t
c
o
n
v
e
r
t
e
r
u
s
e
d
i
n
f
u
e
l
c
e
l
l
a
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
s
,
”
I
n
t
e
r
n
a
t
i
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
r
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
(
I
J
E
C
E
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
6
,
p
p
.
4493
-
4
5
0
6
,
2
0
1
9
.
[5
]
O.
Dw
y
e
r
a
n
d
A
id
a
n
,
“
Ha
n
d
b
o
o
k
o
f
P
I
a
n
d
P
ID co
n
tro
l
ler t
u
n
in
g
r
u
les
,
”
Imp
e
ria
l
c
o
ll
e
g
e
p
re
ss
,
2
0
0
9
.
[6
]
A.
A
l
e
k
s
a
n
d
r
a
n
d
O.
P
e
re
g
u
d
o
v
a
,
“
No
n
-
li
n
e
a
r
P
I
re
g
u
lato
rs
in
c
o
n
tr
o
l
p
ro
b
lem
s
f
o
r
h
o
lo
n
o
m
ic
m
e
c
h
a
n
ica
l
s
y
ste
m
s,
”
S
y
ste
ms
S
c
ien
c
e
&
Co
n
tro
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
1
2
-
1
9
,
2
0
1
8
.
[7
]
K.
Yo
u
n
g
jo
o
a
n
d
H.
Ba
n
g
,
“
In
tr
o
d
u
c
ti
o
n
t
o
Ka
l
m
a
n
f
il
ter an
d
it
s a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
I
n
T
e
c
h
Op
e
n
,
2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
C.
Ro
sa
rio
,
D.
F
ra
n
c
e
s
c
o
,
L
.
Ro
b
e
rto
,
S
.
A
d
o
lf
o
,
a
n
d
T
.
A
l
f
re
d
o
,
“
M
o
d
e
li
n
g
W
a
v
e
f
o
r
m
Disto
rti
o
n
P
ro
d
u
c
e
d
b
y
Hig
h
S
p
e
e
d
A
C
L
o
c
o
m
o
ti
v
e
Co
n
v
e
rters
,
”
2
0
0
3
IEE
E
B
o
l
o
g
n
a
Po
we
r
T
e
c
h
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
,
Bo
l
o
g
n
a
,
Italy
, v
o
l.
3
,
2
0
0
3
,
p
p
.
7
.
[9
]
L
.
Ja
m
e
s,
“
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
S
y
ste
m
s E
x
p
lain
e
d
,
”
S
e
c
o
n
d
Ed
i
ti
o
n
,
2
0
0
3
.
[1
0
]
A
.
Ba
lb
a
y
a
n
d
C.
S
a
k
a
,
“
S
e
m
i
-
m
e
th
a
n
o
ly
sis
re
a
c
ti
o
n
o
f
p
o
tas
siu
m
b
o
r
o
h
y
d
rid
e
w
it
h
p
h
o
sp
h
o
ric
a
c
id
f
o
r
e
ff
e
c
ti
v
e
h
y
d
ro
g
e
n
p
ro
d
u
c
ti
o
n
,
”
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
r
o
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
3
,
n
o
.
4
6
,
pp.
2
1
2
9
9
-
2
1
3
0
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
1
]
D
.
Hu
iw
e
n
,
L
.
Qi
,
C.
Yo
u
lo
n
g
,
Z.
Ya
n
a
n
,
C.
W
e
iro
n
g
,
“
No
n
li
n
e
a
r
c
o
n
tro
ll
e
r
d
e
sig
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
c
a
sc
a
d
e
a
d
a
p
ti
v
e
slid
in
g
m
o
d
e
c
o
n
tro
l
f
o
r
P
EM
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
a
ir
su
p
p
ly
s
y
ste
m
s
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
E
n
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
4
,
n
o
.
3
5
,
p
p
.
1
9
3
5
7
-
1
9
3
6
9
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
2
]
D.
Ha
rt,
F
.
L
e
h
n
e
r,
S
.
Jo
n
e
s,
J.
Le
w
is,
“
T
h
e
F
u
e
l
C
e
ll
In
d
u
str
y
Re
v
ie
w
,
”
E4
tec
h
,
2
0
1
9
.
[
On
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
a
il
a
b
le
:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
a
f
h
y
p
a
c
.
o
rg
/d
o
c
u
m
e
n
ts/p
u
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s/ra
p
p
o
rts/T
h
e
F
u
e
l
Ce
ll
In
d
u
stry
Re
v
ie
w
2
0
1
9
.
p
d
f
.
[1
3
]
A
z
u
k
i
A
.
S
.
,
Az
a
h
M
.
,
Ha
n
n
a
n
M
.
A
.
,
Hu
ss
a
in
S
.
,
“
A
5
0
k
W
P
E
M
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
In
v
e
rter
-
Ba
se
d
Distri
b
u
ted
G
e
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
S
y
st
e
m
f
o
r
G
rid
Co
n
n
e
c
ted
a
n
d
Isla
n
d
in
g
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
T
ENC
ON
2
0
0
9
-
2
0
0
9
IEE
E
Reg
i
o
n
1
0
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
,
S
in
g
a
p
o
re
,
2
0
0
9
,
p
p
.
1
-
5.
[1
4
]
B.
G
a
sb
a
o
u
i,
A
.
Na
sri,
O.
A
b
d
e
lk
h
a
lek
,
J.
G
h
o
u
il
i,
A
.
G
h
e
z
o
u
a
n
i,
“
Be
h
a
v
io
r
P
EM
f
u
e
l
c
e
ll
f
o
r
4
W
D
e
lec
tri
c
v
e
h
icle
u
n
d
e
r
d
iff
e
re
n
t
sc
e
n
a
rio
c
o
n
sid
e
ra
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Hy
d
ro
g
e
n
En
e
rg
y
,
v
o
l.
4
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
5
-
5
4
3
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
5
]
A
.
M
il
o
u
d
i
,
E.
A
.
A
l
Ra
d
a
d
i,
A
.
Dra
o
u
,
Y.
M
i
lo
u
d
,
“
A
V
a
riab
le
G
a
in
P
I
Co
n
tro
l
ler
Us
e
d
f
o
r
S
p
e
e
d
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
a
Dire
c
t
T
o
rq
u
e
Ne
u
ro
F
u
z
z
y
Co
n
tro
ll
e
d
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
a
c
h
i
n
e
Driv
e
,
”
T
u
rk
ish
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
4
9
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
6
]
A
.
O.
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
,
M
.
E.
A
b
d
a
ll
a
h
,
a
n
d
G
.
A
.
A
b
d
e
l
A
z
i
z
,
“
Hi
g
h
-
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
e
lev
a
to
r
trac
ti
o
n
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
r
e
c
t
t
o
r
q
u
e
c
o
n
t
r
o
l
l
e
d
i
n
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
m
o
t
o
r
d
r
i
v
e
,
”
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
E
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
r
i
n
g
&
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
1
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
pp.
1156
-
1165
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
7
]
M
.
De
p
e
n
b
r
o
k
,
“
Dire
c
t
se
lf
-
c
o
n
tro
l
(DSC)
o
f
in
v
e
rter
f
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
a
c
h
in
e
,
”
IEE
E
T
r
a
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
P
o
we
r
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
4
2
0
-
4
2
9
,
1
9
8
8
.
[1
8
]
T
a
k
a
h
a
sh
i
a
n
d
T
.
No
g
u
c
h
i,
“
A
n
e
w
q
u
ick
re
sp
o
n
se
a
n
d
h
ig
h
e
ff
i
c
ien
c
y
c
o
n
tro
l
stra
teg
y
o
f
a
n
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
In
d
u
stry
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
,
v
o
l
.
IA
-
2
2
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
8
2
0
-
8
2
7
,
1
9
8
6
.
[1
9
]
P
im
k
u
m
w
o
n
g
,
N
a
ro
n
g
rit
,
a
n
d
M
i
n
g
-
S
h
y
a
n
Wan
g
,
“
On
li
n
e
S
p
e
e
d
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
A
rti
f
icia
l
Ne
u
r
a
l
Ne
t
w
o
rk
f
o
r
S
p
e
e
d
S
e
n
so
rles
s
Dire
c
t
T
o
rq
u
e
Co
n
tr
o
l
o
f
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
t
o
r
b
a
se
d
o
n
C
o
n
sta
n
t
V
/F
Co
n
tr
o
l
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
,
”
E
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
8
,
2
0
1
8
,
A
rt.
n
o
.
2
1
7
6
.
[2
0
]
Z.
Zh
a
n
g
,
B.
W
u
,
J.
Ka
n
g
,
L
.
Lu
o
,
“
A
M
u
lt
i
-
P
u
r
p
o
se
Ba
lan
c
e
d
T
ra
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
r
f
o
r
Ra
il
w
a
y
T
ra
c
ti
o
n
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r De
l
ive
ry
,
v
o
l.
2
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
7
1
1
-
7
1
8
,
2
0
0
9
.
[2
1
]
S
.
Yo
u
se
f
i,
M
.
M
.
H.
Biy
o
u
k
i
,
A
.
Zab
o
li
,
H.
A
.
-
A
b
y
a
n
e
h
,
“
Diffe
re
n
t
H
y
b
rid
F
il
ters
C
o
n
f
ig
u
ra
ti
o
n
s
Im
p
a
c
t
o
n
a
n
A
C
2
5
k
V
El
e
c
t
ric
T
ra
in
’s
Ha
rm
o
n
ic
M
it
ig
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
5
2
0
t
h
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l
Po
w
e
r
Distrib
u
ti
o
n
Ne
two
rk
s Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
(
EP
DC)
,
Zah
e
d
a
n
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
2
8
7
-
2
9
2
.
[2
2
]
T
a
n
g
,
Qid
i
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Im
p
ro
v
e
d
sw
it
c
h
in
g
-
tab
le
-
b
a
se
d
DT
C
stra
teg
y
f
o
r
th
e
p
o
st
-
f
a
u
lt
th
re
e
-
lev
e
l
NP
C
in
v
e
rter
-
f
e
d
in
d
u
c
ti
o
n
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
s
,
”
IET
El
e
c
tric P
o
we
r A
p
p
li
c
a
t
io
n
s
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
7
1
-
8
0
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
3
]
R.
Hu
a
n
g
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Ca
li
b
ra
ti
n
g
p
a
ra
m
e
ters
o
f
p
o
w
e
r
s
y
ste
m
st
a
b
il
it
y
m
o
d
e
ls u
sin
g
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
d
e
n
se
m
b
le
Ka
l
m
a
n
f
il
ter,
”
IEE
E
T
ra
n
sa
c
ti
o
n
s
o
n
Po
we
r S
y
st
e
ms
,
v
o
l.
3
3
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
8
9
5
-
2
9
0
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[2
4
]
P
.
P
a
lac
k
y
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Co
n
tro
l
A
lg
o
rit
h
m
s
o
f
P
ro
p
u
lsi
o
n
Un
it
w
it
h
In
d
u
c
ti
o
n
M
o
t
o
rs
f
o
r
El
e
c
tri
c
V
e
h
icl
e
,
”
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
s
in
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
1
4
,
n
o
.
2
,
pp.
69
-
7
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
5
]
K.
F
a
rh
a
n
a
,
M
.
Ra
h
m
a
n
,
M
.
T
.
A
h
m
e
d
,
“
A
n
in
tru
sio
n
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
s
y
ste
m
f
o
r
p
a
c
k
e
t
a
n
d
f
lo
w
b
a
se
d
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
u
sin
g
d
e
e
p
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
a
p
p
ro
a
c
h
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
E
lec
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
m
p
u
ter
E
n
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
5
,
p
p
.
5
5
1
4
-
5
5
2
5
,
2
0
2
0
.
[2
6
]
T
.
T
.
Ng
u
y
e
n
,
“
T
h
e
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
-
b
a
se
d
c
o
n
tr
o
l
sy
ste
m
o
f
d
ire
c
t
c
u
rre
n
t
m
o
to
r
d
riv
e
r
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
, v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
4
4
5
-
1
4
5
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
B.
Ha
sa
n
,
S
.
A
lan
i,
M
.
A
.
S
a
a
d
,
“
S
e
c
u
re
d
n
o
d
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
b
a
se
d
o
n
a
rti
f
icia
l
n
e
u
ra
l
n
e
tw
o
rk
f
o
r
w
irele
ss
se
n
so
r
n
e
tw
o
rk
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
Co
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
1
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
5
3
6
-
5
4
4
,
2
0
2
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
2
5
-
2732
2732
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
B
e
n
h
a
m
m
o
u
Aiss
a
D
o
c
to
ra
l
st
u
d
e
n
t
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
c
o
ll
a
b
o
ra
ti
o
n
w
it
h
No
u
r
El
b
a
c
h
ir
U
n
iv
e
rsity
c
e
n
ter,
El
Ba
y
a
d
h
,
A
lg
e
ria an
d
T
a
h
ri
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
Un
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
c
h
a
r,
A
l
g
e
ria.
Té
d
ji
n
i
H
a
m
z
a
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
G
R
E
lab
o
ra
t
o
ry
.
Re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
S
c
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
th
e
u
n
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Ib
n
Kh
a
l
d
o
u
n
T
iare
t
-
A
lg
e
ria
in
2
0
0
7
,
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
Bo
u
d
h
ia
f
o
f
Ora
n
(UST
O
-
M
B)
in
2
0
1
2
.
A
c
tu
a
ll
y
,
h
e
is
a
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
M
o
h
a
m
m
e
d
T
a
h
ri
u
n
iv
e
rsity
,
Be
c
h
a
r,
A
lg
e
ria.
Ya
c
i
n
e
G
u
e
tt
a
f
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
T
iare
t,
A
l
g
e
ria,
in
1
9
8
6
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
m
a
g
ister
a
n
d
th
e
P
h
D
d
e
g
re
e
s
(
w
it
h
h
o
n
o
rs)
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
,
in
2
0
1
2
a
n
d
i
n
2
0
1
6
,
f
ro
m
th
e
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
s
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
Ora
n
(UST
O
M
B),
A
lg
e
ria.
His
m
a
in
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
m
o
d
e
ll
in
g
a
n
d
sim
u
latio
n
o
f
th
e
p
o
w
e
r
e
lec
tro
n
ics
’
d
e
v
ice
s:
m
o
re
sp
e
c
i
f
ic
a
ll
y
th
e
a
n
a
ly
sis
a
n
d
d
e
sig
n
o
f
sw
it
c
h
e
d
m
o
d
e
p
o
w
e
r
su
p
p
ly
a
t
th
e
In
str
u
m
e
n
tatio
n
a
n
d
A
p
p
li
e
d
M
a
teria
ls
L
a
b
o
ra
to
ry
(
L
IM
A
)
,
w
h
o
is also
th
e
h
e
a
d
o
f
h
is
re
se
a
r
c
h
tea
m
f
ro
m
a
m
o
n
g
h
is f
o
u
r
tea
m
s.
No
u
r
M
o
h
a
m
e
d
m
e
m
b
e
r
o
f
S
G
RE
lab
o
ra
to
ry
.
Ac
tu
a
ll
y
,
h
e
is
a
p
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
o
f
e
l
e
c
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
in
NB
u
n
iv
e
rsity
c
e
n
ter,
El
B
a
y
a
d
h
,
A
lg
e
ria.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.