Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
6, N
o
. 2
,
A
p
r
il
201
6, p
p
.
75
1
~
75
8
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
,
D
O
I
:
10.115
91
/ij
ece.v6
i
2.9
028
7
51
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Insights on E
x
ten
t
of
Eff
e
ctiven
ess, Trend, and
Gap in Existing
Fram
eworks
for e-P
r
ocurement S
y
st
em
N. Madh
usud
an
*,
L.
Manju
n
atha
Rao**
* Department of
Computer Scien
ce.
City
College, Bangalore, Ind
i
a
** Departmen
t
o
f
Master
of Computer
Applicatio
ns, Dr. Ambedk
ar Institute of
Technolog
y
,
Bang
alore, India
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received Sep14, 2015
Rev
i
sed
D
ec 15
, 20
15
Accepte
d Ja
n
5, 2016
With the advancement of technologi
es, th
e organization an
d business
applications are witnessed with the
increasing
trends to adopt cut edge
techno
logies
to normalize their business
process. However, th
is trend was not
obs
erved m
u
ch on the e-P
r
ocur
em
ent s
y
s
t
em
, where the
exis
ti
ng us
ers
s
til
l
place the purch
ase order using conventio
n
a
l web
-
based approach
that canno
t
address various ongoing challenges in
eProcurement s
y
stem. This paper
att
e
m
p
ts to re
view the
existi
ng tr
ends and
challenges of
web-based
e
P
roc
u
re
me
nt s
y
ste
m
a
nd disc
usse
s
that with the adop
tion
of cloud
computing as p
r
esent
trend
,
su
ch ongoi
ng
issues of ePro
curement can
b
e
addressed. The paper
d
i
scusses
the e
ffec
tiv
enes
s of the
existing
te
chniques
with int
e
rpre
ta
ti
on of r
e
search
g
a
p.
Keyword:
Clo
ud
e-auction
e-invoicing
e-Proc
urem
ent
Su
ppl
y
C
h
ai
n
M
a
nagem
e
nt
Copyright ©
201
6 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
N. M
a
dh
us
u
d
a
n
Ass
o
ciate Professor:
De
pt
of
Com
puter Scie
nce.
City Co
lleg
e
B
a
ngal
o
re,
I
n
d
i
a
E-Mail: nm
adhusuda
n
re
searc
h
@gm
a
il.co
m
1.
INTRODUCTION
E-P
r
oc
urem
ent
i
s
t
h
e m
e
t
hod
ap
pl
i
e
d
by
t
h
e use
r
t
o
pu
rc
hase t
h
e
pr
o
d
u
c
t
s
or
t
h
e
ser
v
i
ces o
n
l
i
n
e
.
Howe
ver, technically speaking, e-pr
ocu
r
e
m
ent
i
s
a
t
y
pical
case of b
u
s
i
n
ess t
o
co
ns
um
er or go
ve
r
n
m
e
nt
pu
rc
hase
as wel
l
as
va
ri
o
u
s fo
rm
s
of sup
p
l
i
e
s,
se
r
v
i
ces,
an
d w
o
r
k
usi
n
g
i
n
t
e
r
n
et
an
d ot
he
r
m
oder
n
t
echn
o
l
o
gi
cal
devi
ces as t
h
e
m
e
di
um
of pu
rchase
[
1
]
[2]
.
Ho
we
ver
,
i
t
i
s
not
t
h
at
easy
by
t
h
e nam
e
, whi
c
h
sho
w
s t
h
at
i
t
i
s
al
l
about
o
n
l
i
n
e p
u
r
chase
.
B
a
si
cal
l
y
, e-pr
o
c
urem
ent
wo
rk
s by
i
n
t
e
g
r
at
i
o
n o
f
vari
o
u
s t
y
pes
of
com
pone
nt
s e.
g. p
u
r
chase
or
der i
n
t
e
grat
i
o
n
,
shi
p
m
e
nt
m
a
nagem
e
nt
, e-t
e
nde
ri
n
g
, st
at
us
up
dat
e
s of a
c
t
i
v
e
or
der
,
e-a
u
ct
i
o
ni
n
g
, a
n
d
ve
n
d
o
r
m
a
nagem
e
nt
[
4
]
[5]
.
H
o
weve
r, t
h
e e-
p
r
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
i
s
desi
gn
ed o
n
vari
ous
di
st
i
n
c
t
ope
rat
i
o
n i
.
e.
spe
n
d
anal
y
s
i
s
, su
p
p
l
i
e
r
assessm
en
t, su
pp
lier id
en
tifi
cation, s
o
urcing,
c
ont
ract
m
a
nagem
e
nt
, pr
oc
urem
ent
,
or
der
ful
f
i
l
l
m
e
nt
, an
d i
n
voi
ci
ng
[5]
[
6
]
.
Th
e key
feat
ure
s
of any
st
an
d
a
rd e
-
p
r
o
c
u
r
em
en
t m
o
d
e
l are Purch
a
se orders, Req
u
i
sition
i
ng
, B
u
dg
eting
,
Ap
prov
al m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
, Quo
t
ati
on
M
a
nagem
e
nt
,
I
n
v
o
i
c
i
n
g [7]
[8
]
.
Th
e prim
e
m
o
t
i
v
e
o
f
th
is m
a
n
u
scri
p
t
is to
ex
p
l
ore ab
ou
t th
e ex
istin
g
e-p
r
ocu
r
em
en
t syste
m
,
d
i
scu
s
s
i
t
s
i
ssues, an
d hi
g
h
l
i
ght
s
ho
w
cl
ou
d com
put
i
ng assi
st
s i
n
s
o
l
v
i
n
g t
h
e i
s
s
u
es of c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
onal
e-
p
r
oc
ure
m
ent
sy
st
em
. The
pa
per
al
so
di
sc
us
ses ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
s
i
gni
fi
ca
nt
res
e
arch
ga
p
i
n
t
h
e
exi
s
t
i
n
g sy
st
e
m
and hi
ghl
i
g
ht
s t
h
e
bri
e
f
o
f
fut
u
re
st
u
d
y
.
Sect
i
o
n 1 di
scus
ses abo
u
t
t
h
e
In
tro
d
u
c
tion
to the do
m
a
in
o
f
t
h
e st
u
d
y
with brief
hi
g
h
l
i
ght
s
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
bac
k
g
r
o
u
n
d
a
n
d
pr
obl
e
m
i
d
ent
i
f
i
cat
i
on.
Sect
i
o
n
2
di
scusses
ab
o
u
t
r
e
search
m
e
t
hodol
og
y
and Researc
h
a
n
d disc
ussi
on
has
bee
n
discusses in
S
ect
i
o
n
3an
d
Sect
i
o
n
4
m
a
kes som
e
concl
udi
ng
rem
a
rks
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
75
1 – 7
5
8
75
2
1.
1. B
a
ck
gr
ou
nd
Th
is sectio
n
d
i
scu
sses abo
u
t
th
e b
a
ck
gr
ound
of
th
e stud
y
h
i
gh
lig
h
ting
t
h
e pr
ior
r
e
search
atte
m
p
t
s
t
o
wa
rds
desi
gn
i
ng e
-
Pr
oc
ure
m
ent
sy
st
em
t
i
l
l
dat
e
. C
h
en e
t
al
. [9]
has
pr
esent
e
d a st
ud
y
for i
m
pl
em
ent
i
n
g
a
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
e
-
p
r
oc
u
r
em
ent
sy
st
em
t
a
ki
ng t
h
e case st
u
d
y
of s
h
i
p
pi
n
g
i
n
d
u
st
ry
. T
h
e s
y
st
em
was desi
gn
e
d
u
s
ing
Jav
a
.
Ho
wev
e
r, t
h
e li
mita
tio
n
o
f
th
e stud
y is
it was
tested
u
s
i
n
g q
u
a
n
titativ
e
analysis
with
ou
t m
u
ch
e
m
p
i
rical tech
n
i
qu
e, th
at
do
esn
’
t
p
r
ov
e m
u
ch
reliab
ility o
r
ap
p
licab
ility o
f
th
is syste
m
. Ho
et al. [1
0
]
carried
out
t
h
e st
udy
t
o
i
n
vest
i
g
at
e t
h
e i
n
fl
ue
nce
of
e-
pr
ocu
r
em
ent
sy
st
em
on
fi
r
m
’s perf
orm
a
nce usi
n
g
hy
pot
het
i
cal
m
odel
l
i
ng an
d
not
wi
t
h
c
o
m
put
at
i
onal
m
ode
l
.
Her
n
a
n
dez e
t
al
. [1
1]
have
prese
n
t
e
d
a st
u
d
y
o
n
s
u
ppl
y
c
h
ai
n
m
a
nagem
e
nt
em
phasi
zi
ng
on
t
h
e
SO
A m
odel
t
o
en
ha
nce
t
h
e
per
f
o
rm
ance.
O
n
e
of
t
h
e si
gni
fi
cant
st
udi
es
t
o
wa
rds
e-P
r
oc
urem
ent
was c
a
rri
ed
o
u
t
by
Fo
ng
an
d
Yan
[1
2]
. T
h
e
desi
gn
o
f
t
h
e m
o
d
e
l
i
s
expe
ri
m
e
nt
ed i
n
real-tim
e
consideri
ng the s
p
ec
ifc case study of e-te
nde
ri
ng
syste
m
. Un
fo
rt
u
n
a
tely, th
e outco
m
e
o
f
th
e stu
d
y
is
not
acc
om
pani
ed by
a
n
y
si
g
n
i
f
i
cant
benc
h
m
arki
n
g
. S
u
br
am
ani
a
m
and
Sha
w
[
1
3]
ha
ve p
r
ese
n
t
e
d a
st
udy
t
o
wa
rds
we
b-
b
a
sed e-
p
r
oc
ure
m
ent
sy
st
em
to l
e
ve
rage
t
h
e
e-comm
erce syste
m
. The li
m
i
tatio
n
of th
e st
u
d
y
is
abse
nce of
di
s
c
ussi
o
n
o
f
c
o
m
put
at
i
onal
t
e
chni
que
s or an
effi
ci
ent
im
plem
ent
a
t
i
on pr
oced
u
r
e t
o
des
i
gn t
h
e
web
-
based e
-
p
r
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
. Garde
n
a
l
et
al
. [14]
h
a
ve p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
a fram
e
wor
k
f
o
r e
-
p
r
ocu
r
em
ent
i
n
p
u
b
lic secto
r
u
s
ing
qu
alitativ
e app
r
o
a
ch
.
Bik
s
h
a
p
a
th
i an
d
Rag
huv
eer [15
]
h
a
v
e
p
r
esen
ted
a
d
e
sig
n
o
f
e-
Procurem
ent s
y
ste
m
conside
r
ing the cas
e st
udy
o
f
A
n
d
h
ra
Prades
h. Aza
r
et
al
. [16]
ha
v
e
ado
p
t
e
d t
h
e UM
L
app
r
oacxc
h
t
o
addr
ess t
h
e on
g
o
i
n
g chal
l
e
nge
s of e-
Pr
ocu
r
em
ent
sy
st
em
. From
so
ft
ware e
ngi
ne
eri
n
g
vi
ew
poi
nt
, t
h
e
st
udy
ha
s p
r
e
s
ent
e
d a
fl
exi
b
l
e
desi
g
n
pat
t
e
rn
of
usi
n
g c
o
nve
nt
i
o
nal
e-
p
r
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
.
Trkm
an and
M
c
C
o
rm
ack [17]
ha
ve p
r
es
ent
e
d a pa
per
di
scussi
n
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e adva
nt
a
g
es an
d t
h
reat
s of e-
Procurem
ent
syste
m
. This
is significantl
y a good
technical m
a
nuscript com
p
ared to all the
above
m
a
nuscri
p
t
e
d
expl
ore
d
. T
h
e
aut
h
ors
ha
ve v
i
vi
dl
y
descri
be
d t
h
e m
e
t
hodo
l
ogy
an
d eval
u
a
t
i
on p
r
oce
d
ur
e for
b
e
tter clarity i
n
i
m
p
l
e
m
en
tati
o
n
o
f
th
e stud
y
.
Ano
t
h
e
r b
e
tter q
u
a
lity o
f
tech
n
i
cal stud
y to
ward
s epro
cure
m
e
n
t
was carried
out by Matt et a
l
. [18], whe
r
e
the author
s ha
ve i
n
t
r
o
duce
d
a t
echni
q
u
e
fo
r su
p
p
o
r
t
i
n
g h
i
ghe
r
degree
of fle
x
i
b
ility in desi
gn phase. T
h
e a
u
thor
has
us
e
d
open s
o
urce t
o
ol to
design t
h
e
m
odules invol
ved i
n
t
h
e st
u
d
y
.
H
o
weve
r, t
h
e st
u
d
y
has l
e
sse
r e
x
t
e
nt
o
f
di
scus
si
on
of
res
u
l
t
and
val
i
d
at
i
o
n
of i
t
s
o
u
t
c
om
es. Sat
o
and
Asa
h
i
[1
9]
have ca
rri
e
d
out
a st
u
d
y
t
o
i
n
t
e
rp
ret
a fra
m
e
wor
k
t
h
at
c
a
n m
a
p t
h
e bu
y
i
ng be
ha
vi
o
u
r
of t
h
e
user
usi
ng m
a
them
atical
m
odel on t
h
e online datase
t.
The outc
o
m
e
s were validate
d
using ROC
(R
eceive
r
O
p
er
ation
Ch
ar
ecter
istic)
curv
e. Sub
r
am
an
ia
m
et al. [
2
0
]
h
a
v
e
u
s
ed
X
M
L b
a
sed
appr
oach
as an
annotatio
n
schem
e
t
h
at
can be a
d
opt
e
d
fo
r dy
nam
i
c
dat
a
base m
a
nagem
e
nt
i
n
e-com
m
e
rce appl
i
cat
i
on.
Ho
we
v
e
r, t
h
e
o
u
t
co
m
e
lack
s th
e im
p
licat
io
ns of
d
e
sign
p
a
ttern as
well as so
ft
ware eng
i
n
e
ering
.
1.
2. T
h
e Pr
obl
em
Th
e p
r
ob
lem
i
d
en
tification
s
o
f
u
s
ag
e of
co
nv
en
tion
a
l e-Procu
r
em
en
t sy
stem
are as follows:
At prese
n
t, the
purc
haser is not pr
ovide
d
with any access
to t
h
e e
-
Proc
urem
ent tools a
d
opt
e
d
by the
firm
.
Attain
in
g
syn
c
h
r
on
izatio
n
and
stream
lin
in
g
th
e en
tire
e-pro
c
urem
en
t syst
e
m
with
th
e existin
g
system
i
s
q
u
ite tim
e co
n
s
u
m
in
g
fo
r t
h
e em
p
l
o
y
ees wo
rkin
g
i
n
p
r
o
cess
man
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
wih
less techn
i
cal sk
ills.
Lack
of conn
ectiv
ity o
f
p
a
rticip
atio
n
o
f
th
e
su
pp
liers
t
o
t
h
e
or
gani
zat
i
o
n-
b
a
sed e-
pr
oc
ure
m
ent
t
ool
s l
eads
to tedius m
a
nual search, ident
i
fication,
and
as
s
e
s
s
i
ng
an
ef
fe
c
tiv
e
s
upp
lie
rs
.
Th
e ex
isting
e-Procurem
en
t ap
p
lication
d
o
e
sn
’t
prov
id
e
m
u
ch
use
r
friendl
y experienc
e
t
o
its
purc
hasers
as well as
othe
r stake
holde
r
s.
The c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
o
nal
sy
st
em
of
e-Pr
oc
urem
ent
cal
l
s
for c
u
st
o
m
er based
desi
gn
de
pen
d
i
n
g
up
o
n
t
h
e e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g
requ
irem
en
t
o
f
an
org
a
n
i
zation
with
ou
t
m
u
ch
fo
cu
s on
flexib
ility an
d
reu
s
ab
ility o
f
th
e so
ft
ware
p
a
tterns.
Ex
istin
g
w
e
b-
based
e-
Pr
o
c
ur
emen
t syste
m
al
so
do
esn’
t
f
o
cu
s
on
stan
d
a
r
d
cr
yp
tog
r
aph
i
c t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
an
d is
n
o
t
d
e
fin
itely resilien
t
ag
ain
t
v
a
ri
o
u
s
so
rts
of in
tern
et-b
ased
attack
.
Maj
o
rity o
f
t
h
e ex
istin
g research
t
o
ward
co
nv
en
ti
onal e
-
Procurem
ent syste
m
is based on t
h
eoretical
study
where t
h
e im
plications
on real
-t
i
m
e
can be har
d
l
y
be
eval
uat
e
d.
1.
3. T
h
e Pr
op
osed
Sy
stem
As th
e app
licatio
n
s
of th
e e-pro
c
u
r
em
en
t p
o
sses v
a
ri
o
u
s
sen
s
itiv
e in
fo
rm
atio
n
,
h
e
n
ce, it is essen
tial
t
o
k
n
o
w
t
h
e
ra
nge
s o
f
re
qui
si
t
e
fact
or t
o
e
n
s
u
re a
n
ef
f
i
cien
t
d
e
sign
of
e-pro
c
ur
em
en
t framewo
rk
. So
m
e
o
f
th
e
essent
i
a
l
re
qui
r
e
m
e
nt
s of
t
h
e
e
-
p
r
oc
u
r
em
ent fram
e
work are
as follows [21]:
It is essen
tial th
at th
ere m
u
st a switch
i
n
g
o
f
th
e en
tire bu
sin
e
ss
p
r
o
cess fro
m
th
e o
r
i
g
in
al pu
rch
a
si
n
g
m
e
t
hod t
o
st
a
n
dar
d
e
-
p
r
ocu
r
e
m
ent
.
It is i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
to
en
sure an
o
p
tim
al
secu
rity u
s
in
g
PKI (Pub
lic-Key In
frastru
c
tu
re) b
a
sed
en
cryp
tion,
asym
m
e
t
r
i
c
ke
y
or
sy
m
m
e
t
r
i
c
key
base
d
on
t
h
e t
a
r
g
et
ed
ap
p
l
i
cat
i
ons.
The com
m
uni
cat
i
on cha
nnel
f
o
r t
h
e bi
dde
r s
h
o
u
l
d
be pr
ov
id
ed
with
SSL (Secure
Soc
k
et Layer) to ens
u
re
safer
bi
ds.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Insi
ght
s
o
n
Ext
e
nt
of
Ef
f
ect
i
veness,
Tre
n
d
,
an
d
Ga
p i
n
Exi
s
t
i
n
g
Fr
amew
ork
s
f
o
r …
(
N
. M
a
dh
us
ud
a
n
)
75
3
The syste
m
s
h
ould retai
n
enough tra
n
s
p
a
r
ency alon
g
with
security
for th
e ten
d
i
ng
op
eration
in e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
.
There s
h
oul
d be usa
g
e of the standard legally accepted
te
m
p
late to ass
i
st the user for better purcha
s
e
expe
rience
and adhere
nce t
o
t
h
e go
ve
rnm
e
nt
st
an
dar
d
s.
All the bids ta
king place s
h
ould
be
aut
h
enti
cated by PKI t
echni
que
s or
perform
i
ng enc
r
yption.
Similarly,
ro
b
u
st
an
d fai
l
-
pr
o
o
f dec
r
y
p
t
i
o
n
t
ech
ni
q
u
es coul
d be use
d
t
o
fu
rt
he
r
a
u
t
h
e
n
t
i
cat
e
t
h
e
e
n
cr
y
p
t
e
d bi
d.
The cum
u
l
a
t
i
v
e soft
ware a
n
d
har
d
wa
re t
o
be use
d
s
h
oul
d be
hi
g
h
l
y
re
l
e
vant
t
o
t
h
e a
ppl
i
cat
i
o
ns o
f
e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
.
There s
h
oul
d be a m
a
ndat
o
r
y
pro
v
i
s
i
o
n o
f
i
n
cor
p
orat
i
n
g
fi
rewal
l
s
an
d t
h
i
r
d
part
y
securi
t
y
sy
st
em
s to
secure t
h
e communication c
h
annel bet
w
ee
n the
user a
nd
th
e serv
ice pro
v
i
d
e
r. It is also
im
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at
su
ch
secu
r
ity patch
e
s sh
ou
ld
b
e
r
e
gu
lar
l
y upd
ated
bo
th
i
n
on
lin
e an
d of
f
l
i
n
e m
o
d
e
.
Th
e
op
erating syste
m
o
f
t
h
e
u
s
er sh
ou
l
d
b
e
safegu
ard
e
d ag
ai
n
s
t an
y illeg
iti
m
a
t
e
or m
a
lic
io
us
programm
es that coul
d act as
pote
n
tial
th
reat
to
th
e e-p
r
o
c
u
r
e
m
en
t fram
e
wo
rk
.
Th
ere sh
ou
ld
b
e
p
r
ov
ision
of regu
lar aud
it fo
r th
e
app
licatio
n
s
r
unn
ing on
t
h
e top
of e-p
r
o
c
ur
em
en
t
syste
m
.
It
i
s
esse
nt
i
a
l
t
o
s
p
eci
fy
t
h
e t
y
pe o
f
key
(w
het
h
e
r
pu
bl
i
c
o
r
pri
v
at
e
)
by
t
h
e PK
I m
a
nage
m
e
nt
t
ool
f
o
r t
h
e
p
u
rp
o
s
e of
v
a
lid
atin
g th
e
ongo
ing
tr
an
saction
s
o
r
b
i
d
s
.
It is also
critical to
prov
id
e
p
a
ssword inv
i
sib
ility fo
r an
y
tech
n
i
cal m
e
m
b
ers o
n
t
h
e
b
ackgroun
d
(e.g.
ad
m
i
n
i
strato
r)
to
ensure
o
p
t
i
m
al p
r
iv
acy and
co
nfid
en
tialit
y o
f
th
e tran
sactio
n
s
.
Th
ere shou
ld
no
t b
e
an
y system
in
e-pro
c
uremen
t th
at facilitates fo
rg
etti
ng
o
f
t
h
e u
s
er’s passwo
r
d
.
As
in
that case, adm
i
nistrator might
m
i
su
se t
h
e reset
t
i
ng of t
h
e p
a
ssw
or
d o
p
t
i
o
n. I
n
s
u
ch case
s
, t
h
e ge
nerat
e
d
new
pa
ssw
or
d
sho
u
l
d
be si
g
n
e
d
di
gi
t
a
l
l
y
onl
y
on
t
h
e
re
ques
t
of
t
h
e
use
r
.
2.
RESEARCH METHO
D
OL
OGY
Accord
ing
to
th
e stan
d
a
rd
sp
ecificatio
n, th
e qu
ality o
f
th
e e-pro
c
uremen
t
m
o
d
e
l sh
ou
ld
p
o
sses
fo
llowing
layers e.g. i) d
a
ta layer, ii) ap
p
licatio
n
layer, iii)
in
frastru
ctu
r
e layer, and
iv
) process layer.
Accord
ing
to
t
h
e Gen
e
ral Fin
a
n
c
ial Ru
les
(GFR
) of IT
Act-2
005
[2
2
]
, it is n
ece
ssary that e-proc
urem
ent
system
shoul
d work
only in these
4 la
yers
for ca
rrying
out its
necessa
ry
operation a
s
standards.
Pi
ctorial
descri
pt
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e st
a
nda
rd
f
r
a
m
ewor
k
of
e-
p
r
oc
urem
ent
i
s
s
h
o
w
n i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1.
Da
ta L
a
yer
: Th
is layer is requ
ired
to
ensure th
e sto
r
ag
e
o
f
the data that are being transac
t
ed or
ge
nerate
d
u
s
ing
e-pro
c
ure
m
en
t syste
m
. Th
is layer is
also
ch
ar
acteri
zed
by incl
usion of
security aud
its fo
r each
t
r
ansact
ed
d
a
t
a
an
d
val
i
d
at
i
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
cry
p
t
o
g
r
ap
hi
c
pr
ot
oc
ol
s t
o
be
use
d
fo
r
enc
r
y
p
t
i
o
n.
Application L
a
y
e
r
:
Thi
s
l
a
y
e
r co
nsi
s
t
s
of
bot
h
hi
g
h
l
e
ve
l
and
l
o
w l
e
ve
l
desi
g
n
of t
h
e
e-p
r
ocu
r
em
ent
fram
e
wor
k
t
o
ensu
re exce
rci
s
i
ng t
h
e
best
ope
rat
i
onal
p
r
actices. Vari
ous tools are used to review the c
ode
of a
ppl
i
cat
i
on
l
a
y
e
r e.g. A
p
p
l
i
cat
i
on C
a
l
l
Gra
p
h, R
u
l
e
v
i
ol
at
i
on, m
e
m
o
ry
l
eaks,
dea
d
co
des et
c. T
h
e
co
nfo
r
m
a
n
ce of ap
p
licatio
n layer is don
e
u
s
i
n
g fun
c
tio
n
a
l t
e
stin
g
t
o
wards
d
a
ta v
a
li
d
a
tio
n.
Infr
astr
uctu
r
e
Layer
:
Th
e in
frastru
c
ter lay
e
r of e-pro
c
uremen
t
i
s
equi
pp
ed
wi
t
h
num
erous
com
p
o
n
ent
s
e.g.
l
o
a
d
bal
a
nci
n
g, s
e
r
v
er
,
securi
t
y
sy
st
em
s (fi
rewal
l
s
),
et
c. C
o
nf
orm
a
nce
of
desi
gn
of
i
n
frast
r
u
ct
ur
e
layer is don
e
b
y
using
p
e
n
e
t
r
atio
n testin
g (d
ecry
p
tin
g
pa
s
s
wo
r
d
,
fi
n
g
er
p
r
i
n
t
i
n
g, i
n
t
r
usi
o
n
sca
nni
ng
et
c)
and pe
rform
a
nce testing
(m
e
m
ory usage, C
P
U sat
u
ration
s
t
atistics etc.).
Process
Layer
:
The c
o
nf
orm
a
nce
of
t
h
e
p
r
ocess l
a
y
e
r
i
s
do
ne
by
IS
O
27
0
0
1
st
an
dar
d
s t
h
at
i
s
m
a
inl
y
desi
g
n
e
d
t
o
asc
e
rt
ai
ned sec
u
re
SLA a
dhe
renc
e. Al
l
t
h
e p
r
oc
ess bei
n
g f
o
rm
ul
at
ed i
n
t
h
i
s
l
a
y
e
r i
s
sub
j
ect
ed
for
optim
al sec
u
ry a
n
d c
o
nfigure
d
by hierarc
h
ical
access policy.
Ap
art fro
m
th
e in
clu
s
ion
o
f
th
e ab
ov
e layer, it is
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
th
at th
ere sho
u
l
d
b
e
a sp
ecific
certificatio
n
po
licy o
f
th
e
ad
op
ted e-procu
r
em
en
t ap
p
licatio
n
to ensu
re b
e
tter co
nfo
r
m
a
n
ce of the
in
tern
ation
a
l stan
d
a
rd
s and
h
i
g
h
l
y flex
i
b
le fo
r an
y fu
ture amen
d
m
en
ts to
b
e
m
a
d
e
to
ma
p
with
th
e bu
sin
e
ss
pr
ocess
.
T
h
ere
has
bee
n
s
o
m
e
resea
r
ch
w
o
r
k
i
n
o
r
der t
o
e
xpl
ore
bet
t
e
r
f
r
a
m
e
wor
k
s i
n
e
-
p
r
oc
u
r
em
ent
in l
a
s
t
decade
.
Si
ngh
and Thom
son
[23] ha
ve c
o
ns
idere
d
th
e ca
s
e
study
of Australia
n e-proc
urem
ent fram
e
work.
The aut
h
ors
have propose
d a
m
odel
that is built up usi
n
g buyer m
odul
e, m
a
rketplace
m
odule, setting
up
rel
a
t
i
ons
hi
p m
o
d
u
l
e
, an
d sel
l
e
r
m
odul
e. Si
m
i
l
a
r case st
udy
was al
so sel
ect
ed by
Vai
d
y
a
et
al
. [24]
usi
n
g
bal
a
nce
d
sc
o
r
eboa
r
d
.
Pari
d
a
[
25]
hav
e
p
r
esent
e
d a
f
r
a
m
ewor
k t
o
i
n
vest
i
g
at
e i
t
s
pos
si
bl
e i
m
pact
on
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce o
f
a fi
rm
. The
core c
o
m
pone
nt
s o
f
t
h
e m
odel
are e
ffi
ci
ency
, ef
fect
i
v
e
n
ess, dem
a
t
e
ri
zat
i
on,
tran
sp
aren
cy,
an
d
co
m
p
etit
iv
en
ess. Th
e au
t
h
ors h
a
v
e
adop
ted
qu
alitativ
e ap
p
r
o
a
ch
to
b
u
ild
th
e framework
th
at was an
al
yzed
u
s
ing
d
e
scrip
tiv
e statistics. Bo
f and Prev
itali [26] h
a
v
e
p
r
esented
v
a
ri
o
u
s
natio
n
a
l
fram
e
wor
k
s f
o
r ad
opt
i
o
n
of
e-p
r
oc
u
r
em
ent
m
odel
t
o
enhancing the purchasing expe
rience conside
r
i
ng t
h
e
case stu
d
y
o
f
pu
b
lic en
tities i
n
Italy. Th
e st
u
d
y
h
a
s
b
een
fram
ed
u
s
ing
illu
strativ
e tech
niq
u
e
o
f
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
og
y.
Sha
r
m
a
and Vai
s
l
a
[2
7]
have pre
s
ent
e
d
a
m
odel
of e-g
o
v
er
nance
fram
e
wor
k
t
a
k
i
ng t
h
e case st
udy
o
f
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
75
1 – 7
5
8
75
4
Uttarakh
an
d
i
n
In
d
i
a. Th
e
m
o
d
e
l is q
u
ite th
eo
re
tica
l
and provi
d
e
s
extrem
ely less evide
n
ce
of its
o
p
e
ration
a
lity an
d essen
tials o
f
softwa
re
eng
i
n
e
ering
b
e
ing
d
o
n
e
on
it.
Fi
gu
re
1.
St
an
d
a
rd
Fram
ewo
r
k
o
f
E
-
Pr
oc
ure
m
ent
[2
1]
Ead
i
e et al. [28] h
a
v
e
in
trod
u
c
ed
a m
o
d
e
l resp
on
si
b
l
e fo
r
d
e
sig
i
n
i
ng
co
m
p
atib
ility
matu
rity
m
o
d
e
l of
e-proc
urem
ent consi
d
ering the case st
udy
U
K
co
nst
r
uct
i
o
n
sect
ors. T
h
e s
t
udy
has al
so i
d
ent
i
f
i
e
d ar
ou
nd
3
2
fact
or
s
whi
c
h
have
act
ed
as
im
pedim
e
nt
s t
o
wa
r
d
s
usa
g
e
of
e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
i
n
con
s
t
r
uct
i
o
n
se
ct
or i
n
UK
. H
o
we
ve
r,
t
h
e l
i
m
i
t
a
t
i
on of t
h
e
pres
ent
e
d f
r
am
ework
i
s
i
)
no
benc
h
m
arki
n
g
o
r
st
anda
r
d
i
zat
i
on
o
f
t
h
e
fram
e
wo
rk
m
a
k
i
ng
it d
i
fficu
l
t
to
und
erstan
d
th
e effectiv
en
e
ss, ii) lack
of in
clu
s
i
o
n
of
sec
u
rity standards
,
and
iii) n
o
d
i
scu
ssi
o
n
on
con
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
th
is m
o
d
e
l
with th
e stan
d
a
rd
fram
ew
ork of e-pr
o
c
uremen
t.
2.1.
Challenge
s
in E-Pr
ocur
ement
In
order to m
a
intain a sync
hronize
d pace
with th
e advance
d
technol
ogica
l ad
option
by various firm
s
and
user
s, i
t
i
s
necessary
t
o
i
d
ent
i
f
y
t
h
e
i
ssues an
d i
m
pedim
e
nt
s towa
r
d
s g
r
o
w
t
h
o
r
en
hance
m
ent
of
per
f
o
r
m
a
nce i
n
e-p
r
oc
u
r
em
ent sy
st
em
. As di
scusse
d i
n
pri
o
r section t
h
at e-proc
urem
ent s
y
ste
m
m
u
st ad
he
re
to
th
e
op
ti
m
a
l
secu
rity stand
a
rd
s to
en
su
re
priv
acy a
n
d
confid
en
tiality o
f
th
e tran
saction
s
. On
e im
p
o
r
tant n
e
ed
i
s
t
o
use t
h
e tim
e st
am
pi
ng t
echni
q
u
e o
f
al
l
event
s
(m
aj
or o
r
m
i
nor t
r
ansact
i
o
ns) i
n
or
der t
o
ha
ve
bet
t
e
r
ret
r
i
e
val
an
d a
n
al
y
s
i
s
of t
h
e
pu
rc
hase hi
st
o
r
y
.
It
i
s
al
so
q
u
ite essen
tial t
h
at e-pr
oc
ure
m
ent syste
m
m
u
st a
l
so
adhe
re t
o
t
h
e
gene
ral
fi
na
nci
a
l
st
andar
d
s. P
r
i
m
aril
y
t
h
e ad
o
p
tion
of e-p
r
o
c
urem
en
t syst
e
m
main
ly tar
g
ets to
m
i
nim
i
ze t
h
e
cost
of p
u
r
cha
s
i
ng an
d ens
u
re hi
g
h
l
y
st
andar
d
p
r
oces
s f
o
r pl
aci
n
g
o
n
l
i
ne pu
rcha
se.
Ot
he
r
adva
nt
age
s
are
m
i
ni
zed di
scr
e
t
i
on i
n
t
h
e cy
cl
e of
pr
oc
ure
m
ent with m
i
n
i
m
i
zed cost
o
f
ad
m
i
n
i
strativ
e task
fu
rt
he
r e
nha
nci
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
v
i
t
y
. H
o
weve
r
,
i
f
t
h
e a
pp
licatio
n
s
of e-gov
ern
m
en
t is so
well stru
cture, t
h
an
it
wou
l
d h
a
v
e
b
e
en
m
u
ch
in adv
a
n
c
ed
stag
e an
d alread
y b
e
u
s
ed
in
ex
isting
system
. Bu
t in
reality, th
ere are
vari
ous
com
p
lexities associa
t
ed wit
h
the
a
d
option
of e-proc
urem
ent system
am
ong t
h
e c
o
m
m
on users
or
g
e
n
e
ralized
firm
s, wh
o
do
n’t p
o
s
ses m
u
ch tech
n
i
cal inpu
ts abou
t th
e
flex
ib
ility as well as co
m
p
lex
ities
connected t
o
e
-
proc
urem
ent. Still adop
tion
of c
o
nve
ntiona
l procurem
ent syst
em
is exercised by m
a
jority of
t
h
e ve
nd
or
s o
r
t
h
e fi
rm
s. How
e
ver
,
assum
i
ng
t
h
at
t
h
ere are
som
e
gro
up
of
ent
h
usi
a
st
i
c
us
er w
ho
hav
e
al
ready
ad
op
ted
e-
procu
r
em
en
t syst
e
m
, t
h
ere are
vari
ous s
o
rt
s
of c
h
al
l
e
nge
s
as i) lack of
knowledge about the
effective
n
ess of e-proc
urem
e
n
t syste
m
, i
i
)
maj
o
rity o
f
the su
pp
liers are n
o
t
read
y to
in
tegrate th
eir p
r
o
cess
with
it, iii) no
rm
ally th
e a
p
pro
ach, techniq
u
e
s, and
t
o
ols u
s
ed
to
p
e
rform
syste
m
i
n
tegratio
n is
h
i
gh
ly
in
co
m
p
atib
le an
d
n
o
t
m
u
ch
in
terop
e
rab
l
e in
ex
istin
g
system
,
an
d
fin
a
lly, iv
) its th
e staff o
r
th
e m
e
m
b
ers wh
o
are
n
o
t
h
i
gh
ly
sk
illed
to op
eratio
n
co
m
p
lex
e-pro
c
urem
en
t syste
m
in
ex
istin
g
era.
Ap
art fro
m
th
ese issu
es,
existing e-proc
urem
ent applications als
o
s
u
f
f
e
rs
fr
om
ot
her
cri
t
i
cal
i
ssues e
.
g.
Less cap
ab
ilit
y to
p
e
rfo
r
m
in
teg
r
ation
of ex
istin
g
e-p
r
o
c
urem
en
t ap
p
licatio
n
s
wit
h
up
co
m
i
n
g
ERP
syste
m
s.
It is qu
ite d
i
ffi
cu
lt to
p
r
ov
id
e
o
n
lin
e su
ppo
rt
for th
e su
pp
liers and
v
a
ri
o
u
s
oth
e
r typ
e
s of
ven
dors.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Insi
ght
s
o
n
Ext
e
nt
of
Ef
f
ect
i
veness,
Tre
n
d
,
an
d
Ga
p i
n
Exi
s
t
i
n
g
Fr
amew
ork
s
f
o
r …
(
N
. M
a
dh
us
ud
a
n
)
75
5
Conve
n
tional e-proc
urem
ent
syste
m
is c
h
aracterize
d
by com
p
lex us
er interface,
whic
h is
quit
e
ch
allen
g
i
ng
to
o
p
e
rate effectiv
ely.
2.2. Upc
o
ming
Trend of
E-P
r
ocureme
nt
It
has bee
n
wi
t
n
essed t
h
at
m
a
jo
ri
t
y
of t
h
e busi
n
ess p
r
oce
ss are
m
ovi
n
g
on t
h
e cl
o
ud
and s
o
i
s
e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
. C
l
oud
com
put
i
n
g
has
i
n
t
r
od
uce
d
a
new
pat
h
fo
r e
nha
nci
n
g
t
h
e
b
u
si
ness
ope
rat
i
o
n
i
n
m
o
st co
st-effectiv
e way. By
ad
op
ting
th
e co
n
c
ep
t of v
i
rt
ualization and
various form
s of services (Saa
S, Iaas,
Paas, etc), cloud
co
m
p
u
tin
g
offers b
e
tter licen
sing
of th
e software targ
eting
to
so
lv
e an
y co
m
p
lex
p
r
o
b
l
e
m
in
busi
n
ess a
ppl
i
cat
i
ons. F
r
om
t
h
e ex
pen
d
i
t
u
r
e
vi
ew
poi
nt
t
o
o, i
f
t
h
e e
x
i
s
t
i
ng e
-
p
r
ocu
r
em
ent
sy
st
em
m
o
ves o
n
t
h
e cl
ou
d,
bot
h use
r
s an
d v
e
nd
o
r
s can sa
ve m
oney
and
t
i
m
e
t
h
at
i
s
spe
nd
on e
x
i
s
t
i
ng co
nv
ent
i
o
nal
e-
p
r
o
c
u
r
em
en
t syste
m
. So
m
e
o
f
th
e ex
istin
g
e-
pr
o
c
ur
em
en
t syste
m
s o
v
e
r
cl
o
u
d
s
ar
e Coupa Pro
c
ur
em
en
t, eBid
eXcha
n
ge, T
o
fi
n
o
, Pr
oc
uri
f
y
,
B
onFi
r
e
,
B
i
dSy
n
c ePr
o
c
u
rem
e
nt
, B
u
y
e
rQuest
eP
roc
u
r
e
m
e
nt
, P3E
x
p
d
i
t
o
r
,
i
S
ou
rci
n
g S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
,
I
v
al
ua
B
u
y
e
r,
Ari
b
a
Spe
n
d
M
a
na
g
e
m
e
nt
Sui
t
,
B
u
p
r
os S
p
e
nd
M
a
nagem
e
nt
,
Zy
cus
Pr
ocur
em
en
t, eSou
r
c
i
n
g, etc [
2
9
]
.
T
h
e
pri
m
e reason for in
creasi
n
g tre
n
d of s
w
itching over to cl
oud e
-
p
r
o
c
u
r
em
en
t syste
m
as d
u
e
t
o
fo
llowing
facto
r
s
v
i
z.
i) C
a
p
a
b
ility to
sup
port m
u
lti-te
n
a
n
t
, ii)
Syn
c
hrono
u
s
with
wo
rk
fl
ow, iii) User-Friend
lin
es, Flex
ib
ility o
f
Con
f
i
g
uratio
n, Ease in
In
teg
r
at
io
n
.
Wang
[30
]
h
a
v
e
e
m
p
h
a
sized
on
p
r
ob
lem
o
f
u
s
ing
qu
alitati
v
e
ap
pro
ach. Th
e ou
tco
m
e
o
f
th
e
st
ud
y was foun
d
to p
o
s
ses
seam
l
e
ss proc
urem
ent
i
n
p
u
b
l
i
c
cl
ou
d.
Ho
weve
r, i
t
di
d n
o
t
di
sc
uss vi
vi
dl
y
and t
h
ere
was n
o
benc
h
m
arki
n
g
.
Kiro
sk
i [31
]
hav
e
fo
cused
o
n
th
e p
r
o
b
l
em
o
n
e-invo
icin
g
u
s
ing
m
u
lti-te
n
a
n
t
cloud
u
s
i
n
g
IaaS. Th
e ou
tco
m
e
o
f
t
h
e stud
y was foun
d to
p
o
sses Enh
a
n
ce
scalab
ility. Th
e stu
d
y
h
a
s in
t
r
odu
ced
a co
m
p
letely h
y
p
o
t
hetical
m
odel
wi
t
h
n
o
di
sc
ussi
on
of
res
u
l
t
s
vi
vi
dl
y
.
O
j
ha
[
3
2
]
have
foc
u
se
d o
n
pr
o
b
l
e
m
associ
at
ed
w
i
t
h
e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
i
n
Karnat
a
k
a. G
r
i
l
o
[33]
ha
ve f
o
cu
sed o
n
t
h
e
pr
o
b
l
e
m
of dy
nam
i
ci
t
y
of IC
T usi
n
g
m
odel
-
d
r
i
v
e
n
an
d serv
ice-o
r
ien
t
ed
arch
itectu
r
e.
Th
e ou
tco
m
e o
f
th
e st
u
d
y
w
a
s
found
to
po
sses cap
a
b
ility to
pro
cess
unst
r
uct
u
re
d
d
a
t
a
. Ho
we
ver
,
i
t
l
acks secur
i
t
y
and o
u
t
c
o
m
es not
di
sc
u
ssed
vi
vi
dl
y
.
M
a
gn
uss
on
[
3
4]
hav
e
em
phasi
zed
o
n
t
h
e p
r
o
b
l
e
m
of cost
of
de
pl
o
y
m
e
nt
usi
ng t
h
eo
ret
i
cal
m
o
d
e
l
.
The
out
c
o
m
e
of t
h
e st
ud
y
was
foun
d to
effect
iv
e analysis cost o
f
switch
i
ng to
cl
o
u
d
.
Th
e scop
e
o
f
ap
p
l
icab
ility is v
e
ry less in
real-t
i
m
e.
Sh
alle [35
]
h
a
v
e
in
tro
d
u
c
ed
a stu
d
y
to
wards in
v
e
stig
ating Pro
c
u
r
em
en
t p
e
rform
a
n
ce u
s
in
g
qu
alitativ
e stu
d
y
.
The o
u
t
c
om
e of t
h
e st
udy
wa
s fo
un
d t
o
p
o
s
s
es effi
ci
ent service and proc
urem
ent
aut
o
m
a
t
i
on. The o
u
t
c
om
e
also
po
sses less ev
id
en
ce to
sh
ow scop
e of ap
p
licab
ility
in
real-tim
e. Men
c
ia [36
]
h
a
v
e
presen
ted
a techn
i
que
to evaluate e-proc
urem
ent data using datam
i
ning. T
h
e outc
om
e has accom
p
lished
32%
accuracy of analysis
wi
t
h
n
o
be
nc
h
m
arki
n
g
. T
h
e
expe
ri
m
e
nt
was carri
ed
o
u
t
o
n
dat
a
set
an
d
n
o
t
real
-t
i
m
e dat
a
. M
a
ni
ran
j
et
ha [
37]
have
f
o
cu
sed
on
res
o
urce
p
r
ocu
r
em
ent
i
n
cl
ou
d
usi
n
g m
e
chani
s
m
desi
g
n
. T
h
e
o
u
t
c
om
e of
t
h
e st
udy
sho
w
s
aut
o
m
a
t
i
on
o
f
p
r
oc
urem
ent
m
odel
d
one
wi
t
h
no
benc
hm
arki
ng
. Nal
d
i
[
3
8]
ha
ve foc
u
se
d on
pr
obl
em
associ
at
ed
wi
t
h
pre
d
i
c
t
i
on
of
unce
r
t
a
i
n
t
y
usi
ng
Ge
om
et
ri
c
B
r
o
w
ni
a
n
m
o
t
i
on m
odel
.
T
h
e
out
c
o
m
e
of t
h
e
st
udy
sho
w
s
t
o
s
u
pp
ort
s
deci
si
o
n
m
a
ki
ng
wi
t
h
n
o
benc
hm
arki
n
g
. Z
h
a
n
g
[
3
9]
have
p
r
ese
n
t
e
d
a m
odel
of
e-
Auct
i
o
n
usi
n
g sche
d
u
l
i
ng & al
l
o
cat
i
o
n of
pr
ocess.
The st
u
d
y
out
com
e
shows an effect
i
v
e se
r
v
i
ce di
ffe
re
nt
i
a
t
i
on.
Howev
e
r, it doesn
’t m
itig
ate i
n
tegratio
n pro
b
le
m
.
3.
RESEA
R
C
H &
DI
SC
US
SI
ON
Th
is section
d
i
scu
sses abo
u
t
t
h
e sign
ifican
t research
ga
p that is extracted
af
ter rev
i
ewi
n
g th
e ex
isti
ng
literatu
res to
ward
s e-pro
c
uremen
t syste
m
.
Th
e pro
m
in
en
t
trad
eoff fou
nd o
n
th
e ex
isting
research
attem
p
ts
til
l
dates are:
Insufficient T
echnical
Rese
arch
: It
was
seen that a
r
e
m
o
re than
39
pa
pers
pe
rt
ai
ni
n
g
t
o
t
e
c
hni
cal
im
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
o
n
of
e-
Pr
ocu
r
e
m
ent
sy
st
em
and
o
n
l
y
10
pa
pers
o
n
cl
o
u
d
-
base
d e
-
Pr
oc
u
r
em
ent
sy
st
em
.
Mo
reo
v
e
r m
a
j
o
rity of th
e ex
istin
g
wo
rk
h
a
v
e
a
dop
ted
q
u
a
litativ
e
m
e
th
od
o
l
o
g
i
es
wh
ere d
a
ta were
capt
u
red
usi
n
g
quest
i
o
nnai
r
es
. Techni
cal
i
m
pl
em
ent
a
t
i
on of cl
ou
d fram
e
wo
rk i
s
q
u
i
t
e
less foc
u
se
d i
n
e-
Procurem
en
t syste
m
ti
ll d
a
te. Althou
gh
, t
h
ere are m
o
re num
ber
of
w
h
i
t
e
papers
avai
l
a
bl
e o
n
i
n
t
e
rn
et
-
b
a
sed
r
e
sou
r
ces, bu
t ex
tr
em
el
y less m
a
n
u
s
crip
t is fo
und
to sho
w
case th
e
p
r
ob
lem
s
p
e
r
t
ain
i
n
g
to
cl
oud
base
d fram
e
wor
k
.
Hence
,
i
t
can be sai
d
t
h
at
t
h
ere i
s
a need t
o
c
ont
i
nue i
n
vest
i
g
at
i
ng
on
pr
o
b
l
e
m
s
associ
at
ed
wi
t
h
cl
ou
d
base
d e
-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
wi
t
h
ev
o
l
ut
i
on
o
f
vari
o
u
s m
odel
s
.
Less focus
on Genuine P
r
oblems
:
At
p
r
esen
t, it
was seen th
at i
n
teg
r
ation
o
f
co
m
p
lex
system,
dynam
i
city of
process
,
a
nd
user friendly int
e
rface a
r
e s
o
me of the
signifi
cant
problem
s. Majority of the
work till d
a
te are fou
n
d
no
t to em
p
h
a
size on
th
ese
p
r
o
b
l
em
s as th
ere are
n
o
stand
a
rd
m
a
n
u
s
cri
p
t to claim
so. S
o
ft
ware
m
odel
l
i
ng of t
h
e o
r
i
g
i
n
al
res
earch
pr
obl
em
i
n
e-Pr
ocu
r
e
m
ent
sy
st
em
wi
t
h
ad
opt
i
o
n
of
ex
p
e
r
i
m
e
n
t
al
meth
o
d
o
l
og
ies ar
e
n
o
t
fo
und m
u
ch
in
ex
istin
g
wo
rk
. M
o
reo
v
e
r
,
m
a
j
o
r
ity o
f
t
h
e m
o
d
e
ls
p
r
esen
ted ar
e of
h
y
p
o
t
h
e
tical typ
e
,
w
h
ich
d
o
esn
’
t
p
r
ov
e th
e w
a
y it so
l
v
es
th
e or
ig
i
n
al pro
b
l
em
s in
cloud
base
d e-
Pr
oc
ur
em
ent
sy
st
em
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
75
1 – 7
5
8
75
6
Less Foc
u
s
on
Validation
Model
:
Al
t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
ere
are
st
an
dar
d
s
fi
xe
d
f
o
r
desi
gn
an
d
de
vel
o
pm
ent
of
e
-
Procurem
en
t s
y
ste
m
, b
u
t
till
d
a
te no
n
e
o
f
the ex
istin
g
work
is foun
d
to
ad
h
e
re to
th
e stan
d
a
rd
fram
e
work
speci
fi
cat
i
o
ns.
An
ot
her i
n
t
e
rest
i
ng
obs
er
v
a
t
i
on i
s
t
h
ere
i
s
l
e
ss work
bei
ng
do
ne t
o
wa
r
d
s ad
opt
i
n
g
com
put
at
i
onal
m
odel
t
o
de
si
gn al
go
ri
t
h
m
or m
a
t
h
em
at
ical
m
odel
t
e
st
ed o
n
re
al
-t
i
m
e envi
r
onm
ent
.
Hyp
ith
etical mo
d
e
ls can
b
e
tested
if th
eir alg
o
rith
m
s
and standa
rds are s
p
ecified i
n
the
existing
work,
whic
h is completely
missing in litera
ture
s. Design of a
l
gorithm
s
is
al
ways tested in space and time
com
p
l
e
xi
t
y
, whi
c
h w
a
s ne
ver
bei
n
g ad
opt
e
d
by
any
researc
h
er
prese
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
ei
r t
echni
qu
e
s
of cl
o
u
d
-
b
ase
d
e-proc
urem
ent syste
m
.
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
W
i
t
h
t
h
e i
n
cre
a
si
ng ad
o
p
t
i
o
n
of t
h
e cl
ou
d com
put
i
ng o
n
v
a
ri
o
u
s ent
e
r
p
ri
se appl
i
cat
i
ons
i
n
m
ode
r
n
era, e-pro
c
u
r
emen
t syste
m
is also
no
t left ou
t. Th
is
pa
per
has at
t
e
m
p
t
e
d to sh
o
w
case t
h
a
t
e-pr
oc
urem
ent
i
s
no
t
merely an
app
licatio
n
to
m
a
k
e
on
lin
e purchases, bu
t it
has
m
a
ny
ot
her co
nt
ri
b
u
t
o
ry
feat
ures
.
Whi
l
e
ad
opt
i
n
g
e-proc
urem
ent syste
m
assists on onlin
e
place
ment of purcha
s
e orde
r, it also
assists t
h
e st
akeholde
r t
o
m
onitor
as well as con
t
ro
l th
eir
bu
ying
b
e
h
a
v
i
ou
r i
n
term
s o
f
ex
p
e
nd
itu
re. Th
is
p
a
p
e
r
h
a
s in
itially d
i
scu
ssed
abo
u
t
th
e
back
g
r
o
u
n
d
o
f
t
h
e e-
p
r
oc
u
r
e
m
ent
sy
st
em
st
at
i
ng t
h
e m
o
s
t
essent
i
a
l
co
m
ponent
s
res
p
onsi
b
l
e
t
o
suc
cessf
ul
ly
ope
rat
e
on
e-
P
r
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
and
sl
o
w
l
y
t
h
e di
sc
ussi
on
wa
s i
n
cl
i
n
e
d
t
o
wa
rds
bri
e
fi
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
obl
e
m
s i
n
th
is area. Th
e n
e
x
t
p
h
a
se
o
f
d
i
scu
ssion was towa
rd
s un
d
e
rstand
i
n
g
th
e crtitical req
u
i
rem
e
n
t
s of e-
pr
oc
urem
ent
sy
st
em
wi
t
h
ex
cl
usi
v
e
hi
g
h
l
i
g
ht
s
on
t
h
e
st
an
dar
d
s
o
f
t
h
e
e
p
r
o
c
u
rem
e
nt
sy
st
em
. The
di
s
c
ussi
o
n
sho
w
s t
h
at
i
f
a
n
y
resea
r
che
r
s
are at
t
e
m
p
t
i
ng
t
o
desi
gn e
p
r
o
curem
e
nt
sy
st
em
,
i
t
shoul
d a
b
i
d
e
by
t
h
e gl
obal
l
y
acclaim
e
d sta
nda
rds. T
h
e
consecutive
phase of di
sc
ussion
was towards
understandi
ng t
h
e potential
chal
l
e
ng
es of
exi
s
t
i
ng a
nd c
o
n
v
e
n
t
i
onal
w
e
b-
base
d e-
pr
o
c
urem
ent
sy
st
em
. The next
p
h
ase o
f
t
h
e pa
per
ha
s
d
i
scu
s
sed
th
e
ev
o
l
u
tio
n
o
f
clo
u
d
co
m
p
u
ting
wh
ere it
was stated
v
a
ri
o
u
s p
o
s
itiv
e
j
u
stificatio
n
of how the
ado
p
t
i
o
n o
f
cl
ou
d com
put
i
n
g
coul
d
pos
si
bl
e
sol
v
e t
h
e o
n
g
o
i
n
g i
ssues o
f
con
v
e
n
t
i
onal
e
p
r
o
c
u
rem
e
nt
sy
st
em
.
The di
sc
ussi
o
n
was
al
so
f
o
l
l
o
we
d by
exi
s
t
i
ng st
u
d
i
e
s t
o
w
a
rds a
d
o
p
t
i
o
n of cl
o
ud
on e
P
ro
cu
rem
e
nt
sy
st
em
wh
ere so
m
e
g
r
o
und
tru
t
h
h
a
s b
een
exp
l
ored. It was
seen
t
h
at till d
a
te th
ere are
n
o
wo
rk
wh
ich
claims abo
u
t
benc
hm
arked
out
c
o
m
e
s, or sup
p
o
rt
e
d
by
com
put
at
i
onal
m
odel
t
o
t
e
sti
f
y
t
h
e effect
i
v
eness o
f
t
h
e pr
esent
e
d
work
till d
a
te.
Ev
id
en
ce
o
f
these find
ing
s
are su
mmarized
in
research
g
a
p
,
wh
ich
is m
e
an
t to
pu
t fo
rward
a
tru
e
p
i
ctu
r
e
of
th
e ex
isting
sy
ste
m
. Th
e ou
tco
m
es cu
m
u
lati
vely suggest t
h
at there is
critical need t
o
evolve up
with
a co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
a
l m
o
d
e
l th
at can
effici
en
tly h
a
nd
le t
h
e
o
ngo
ing
pro
b
l
em
s fou
n
d
ig
no
red
in ex
i
s
tin
g
literatu
res. Ou
r fu
ture wo
rk
will b
e
d
e
fin
itely to
ward
evo
l
vin
g
up
with
a co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
a
l m
o
d
e
l, wh
ich
will b
e
d
e
sign
ed
b
a
sed o
n
em
p
i
rical a
n
d
ex
p
e
rim
e
n
t
al
m
e
th
o
d
o
l
og
i
e
s an
d
we
will
also
p
l
an
to
p
e
rfo
r
m
b
e
n
c
h
m
ark
i
n
g
wi
t
h
a
n
e
x
i
s
t
i
n
g m
odel
t
o
sh
o
w
case t
h
e ef
fe
ct
i
v
eness
o
f
ou
r
upc
om
i
ng m
odel
.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
O. Pablos, Patr
icia, E-Procur
ement
Manag
e
men
t
for Successful Electronic
Go
vernment S
y
stem
s, IGI Global
,
Business & Eco
nomics, 2012.
[2]
Bwal
y
a
, K. Jose
ph, T
echnolog
y
Developm
ent
an
d Platform
Enha
ncem
ents for Su
ccessful Glob
al
E-Governm
e
nt
Design, IGI Glo
b
al, Po
litical Science, 2013
.
[3]
C.S.R.
Pr
abhu, E-Governance: Concepts
And C
a
se Studies, PHI
Learning
Pv
t. Ltd., Business &
Economics, 201
3.
[4]
K. Roebuck, E
l
ectron
i
c com
m
e
rce: High-im
pa
c
t
S
t
rateg
i
es - What You Need to Know: Definitions, Adoptions
,
Impact, Benef
its
, Matur
i
ty
, Vend
ors,
Emereo
Publishing, Computers, 2012
.
[5]
C. Cunha, M.
Manuela, E-Bus
i
ness Mana
gerial Aspects, Solutions and Ca
se Studies, IGI Global, Business
&
Economics, 201
0.
[6]
Leend
e
rs, L
eend
e
rs, A. Fl
y
n
n
,
P.F. Johnson, Purchasi
ng & Suppl
y
Mgm
t
, Tata McGraw
-Hill Education
,
Industrial
procurement, 20
10.
[7]
R.K. Sinha, Financial Manage
ment and Legal Affairs for No
n-Profit Orga
nisations In India, Lulu Press, In
c,
Business & Eco
nomics, 2014.
[8]
P. Gopalakr
ishnan, Haleem, Han
dbook Of
Mater
i
als Manag
e
ment, PHI Learning
Pvt. Ltd., Business & Economics,
2015.
[9]
Y.
C.
Chen,
C.
N. Chu,
H.
M.
Sun,
R.
S.
Chen,
Y.
H.
Ya
ng, “Design and Implement of
a Web-based E-Procurement
S
y
stem Platform for Shipping
Line,
WS
EAS
Transactions on Com
puters
, Volume
13, 2014
.
[10]
C.
F.
Ho,
Y.
M.
Tai,
W.
H.
Wu,
J.
J.
Jou, “Explo
r
ing the
impacts
of web-
based E-procurement on
organization
a
l
perform
ance
”,
I
n
ternational Jou
r
nal of Logistics Research
and
Applica
tions: A Leading
J
ournal of Supp
ly Chain
Management
, V
o
l.7, Iss.3, 2014.
[11]
G.A. Hernandez, A.A.
A. Laserr
e, G.C. Robles, a
nd C.S. Ramirez, “Improving E-
Procurement in Supply
Chain
Through Web
Technolog
ies:
Th
e HYDRA Approach”,
In
te
chOpen
, 2011
.
[12]
S. Fong, Z. Yan, “Design of
a
Web-based Tend
er
ing Sy
stem for e-Gove
rnment Pr
ocurement”,
AC
M-
Proceedings
of th
e 3rd
intern
ational
conferen
ce on
Theo
ry an
d practice of
electronic governa
nce
, Pages 321-3
28, 2009
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Insi
ght
s
o
n
Ext
e
nt
of
Ef
f
ect
i
veness,
Tre
n
d
,
an
d
Ga
p i
n
Exi
s
t
i
n
g
Fr
amew
ork
s
f
o
r …
(
N
. M
a
dh
us
ud
a
n
)
75
7
[13]
C. Subramaniam and M.J. Shaw, “A
Stud
y
on the Value a
nd Impact of B2B E-co
mmerce: The Case of Web-based
Procurement”,
ACM-
Journal International
Journal
of Electronic Commerce
archive
, Vol.6
,
Iss.4,
No.4, pp
.19-40
,
2002.
[14]
F.
Gardenal, A.D.
Angelo, and V.
Manzo
,
“A model to measure e-proc
ur
ement impacts o
n
organizational
perform
ance
”,
Journal
of Public Procurement
, V
o
l. 13
Iss.2, pp.2
15, 2013
.
[15]
K. Bikshapathi,
P. Raghuveer
, “Implementation
of e-procuremen
t in th
e Govern
ment of Andhra Pradesh: A Case
Stud
y
”
, R
e
port taken from World bank, 2006.
[16]
S.
A.
Azar,
B.
Zarei,
H.
So
ltanpanah, and S
.
Alan
iazar,
“E-Procur
e
ment S
y
stem Ch
allenges And Design: An UML
Approach”,
Australian Journal o
f
Ba
sic and
Applied S
c
ien
ces
, vol.5, Iss.12, pp
.14
18-1427, 2011
.
[17]
P
.
Trkm
an and
K. M
c
Corm
ac
k, “
E
s
tim
ating
t
h
e Ben
e
fits
and
Ris
k
s
of Im
plem
enting
E-P
r
ocurem
ent”
,
IEEE
Transactions On Engin
eering
Ma
nagement
, vol. 5
7
, no
. 2
,
May
20
10.
[18]
P.
A.
Ma
tt a
n
d F.
T
oni,
T
.
Stournaras, “Ar
gumentation-b
a
se
d ag
ents
for
eP
rocurem
e
nt”
,
2
nd
Internatio
nal
Conference on
C
o
mputati
onal M
odels of Arguments
, 2008.
[19]
S. Sato, Y. Asahi, “
A
Dail
y
-
lev
e
l Purchasing M
odel at
an E-co
m
m
e
rce Site”,
I
n
ternational
Jou
r
nal of Electrica
l
and Computer Engineering
, Vol.2, No.6
, pp
.831-
839, 2012
.
[20]
S. Subramaniam, S.C. Ha
w,
P.K. Hoong, “Bridging XM
L and
Relational
Databases:
An Effective Mapping
Scheme based on Persistent”,
International Journ
a
l of Electrica
l
and Computer Engineering (
I
JECE)
,
Vol.
2,
No.
2, pp
. 239-246
,
2012.
[21]
Guidelin
es for com
p
liance to Q
u
alit
y r
e
quirem
e
nts of eP
rocurement Sy
stems, Report
Drafted
b
y
Depar
t
ment of
Information Technolog
y
,
Min
i
str
y
of Comm
unications & Informat
ion Technolog
y
,
2011.
[22]
http:/
/finm
i
n.n
i
c.
in/the_m
i
nistr
y
/
d
ept_exp
e
nditur
e
/gfrs/
[23]
M. Singh, D.
Th
omson, “eProc
urement Model fo
r B2B Exch
ange
s: An Australian
Example”,
15
th
Bled El
ectr
oni
c
Commer
ce Conf
er
ence
e
R
eal
ity
:
Constructing
the eEconom
y
Bled
, Sloven
i
a, June
17 - 19
, 2002
.
[24]
K. Vaid
ya, G.
Callend
er, A.S
.
M
.
S
a
jeev, J
.
Gao, “
T
owards
a M
odel for
M
eas
uring the P
e
rform
ance of e-
P
r
ocurem
ent Initia
tives in the
Australian P
ublic S
ector
: A Balanc
ed S
c
orecard Approa
c
h
”,
Australian e
-
Governance Conference
, April, 1
4
-15, 2004
.
[25]
V. Parida, “The
Effect of
Benefits and Risks On
E-procurement I
m
plem
entation
:
An Explorator
y
Stud
y
of Swedish
and Indian Firms”
ACM-Journal Internationa
l Journal of
Inform
ation and Comm
unication
Techn
o
logy
, Vol.
2 Iss.
3, pp
. 186-201
,
2010.
[26]
F.
Bof a
nd P.
Pre
v
ita
l
i,
“N
ational models of public (e
)-pro
curement in Europ
e”,
Journal of e-Government Studies
and Best Practices
, Article ID 31
5295, 14
pages
,
2010.
[27]
M.K. Sharm
a
, K.S. Vaisla, “
E
-Procurem
e
nt m
o
del in
eGovernance framework of Uttarakhand
to provide B2B,
G2B, and B2G e-com
m
e
rce app
lic
ation
”
,
Proceedings of the 2n
d National Conference on Comp
uting for Nation
Developmen
t
, ISSN – 0973-7529 & ISBN –
978-
81-904526-2-5,
pp.711-712, 200
8.
[28]
R. Ead
i
e, S. Perera,
G. Hean
ey, “Identif
ication
Of Key
Process
Areas In The Production Of
An E-Capability
Maturity
Mod
e
l
For Uk Construction Organ
i
satio
ns,
Journal of U
n
iversity of Ulster
, vol.1, 2010.
[29]
X: http://www.
capterra.com
/procurement-software/
[30]
Wang, Hsing-I, “The Planning of th
e Architeture of a Public E-Procur
ement Environment under the Cloud – th
e
Case of
Taiwan”,
The Journal o
f
Global Busin
e
ss Management
, V
o
l.8, No. 2, 2012
.
[31]
K.
Kiroski,
M.
Guse
v a
nd S.
Ristov,
“Ia
a
S
Clou
d Model for
e-Ordering
and e-In
voicing
”,
Fed
e
rated Conference on
Computer Scien
ce and
Information Systems
, pp.
105–110, 2013
.
[32]
S. Ojha
and I.M
.
Pandey
,
“e
-P
ro
curem
e
nt P
r
oj
ec
t in Karn
at
aka:
A Cas
e
of Public Private Par
t
nership”, Vik
a
lpa,
Vol.39, No.4, 20
14.
[33]
A. Grilo and R.J. Goncalves
,
“Elect
ron
i
c Public
Procurement Of Construction And Public Works:
Towards A Ne
w
Reali
t
y
”
,
International Public
Procurement Conference
, pp
.10-11
, 2010
.
[34]
J. Magnusson, A
.
Nilsson, “Study
ing
th
e Implications of C
l
oud-b
a
sed deliver
y
models on pub
lic I
T
procur
ement:
A
s
w
itching cos
t
p
e
rs
pect
ive”
,
Proceed
ings eChal
l
anges in S
t
oc
kho
l
m Universit
y
, 2
011.
[35]
N.
I.
Shalle,
W.
Guy
o
,
I.
M.
Amuhay
a
,
“Role of
E-Procurement Strateg
y
in
Enhan
c
ing Procurement Performance in
State Corporatio
ns in Ken
y
a”,
In
ternational Jour
nal of
Science a
nd Research
, Vo
l.2 Iss.11
, November 2013.
[36]
E.L
.
Menc
ı
a an
d S. Holthausen, and A. Schul
z, and F. Janssen,
“Using Data Mining on Linked
Open Data for
Anal
yzing E-P
r
o
c
urem
ent Inform
ation
”
,
Proceedings of the first DMoLD: Data
Mining on Linked Data Workshop
at ECML/PKDD
, 2013
.
[37]
E. Manoran
jeth
a, S. Prasanna, “Resource procur
ement mechanis
m scheme for cloud Computing”,
Elysium Journa
l
of Eng
i
neering
Research
&
Ma
nagement
, Vol.1
,
Iss.3, 2014.
[38]
M. Naldi
,
“
F
orecast Unc
e
rta
i
nt
y in Procurem
ent
Decisions for
Cloud Storage
”
,
UKSim-AMSS 16th
Internation
a
l
Conference on
C
o
mputer Modelling and Simula
tion
, 2014
.
[39]
Z. Zh
ang, R
.
T.B. Ma, J. Ding,
Y. Yang,
“ABAC
U
S: An
Auction-
Based
Approach to
Cloud Service
Differentiation”,
IEEE-Internatio
nal Confer
ence on
Cloud Engineering
, pp.292
,3
01, 2013
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
IJEC
E V
o
l
.
6, No
. 2, A
p
ri
l
20
16
:
75
1 – 7
5
8
75
8
BIOGRAP
HI
ES OF
AUTH
ORS
Mr. N. Madhusu
d
an has don
e M
a
ster of
Computer
Application fr
om My
sor
e
University
,
India
in
1995. He has worked in var
i
ous reputed
Educati
onal Institution
s
. He has total
of 17
y
ears of
strong experien
ce in Edu
cation
a
l field. Curren
t
ly
h
e
is pursuing his Ph.D fr
om Bharathiar
Univers
i
t
y
,
Coi
m
b
atore,
India
.
Dr. L. Manjun
atha Rao is wor
k
ing as Profe
ssor and Head
, Department of
MCA, Dr.AIT,
Bangalor
e
. He h
a
s got 25
y
e
ars of teaching
exp
e
rien
ce. He did
his Bachelor of
Science from
Bangalor
e
Univ
ersity
in th
e
y
e
ar 1990. He St
udied Masters
of Computer Application from
Madhurai Kamaraj University
and was awarde
d in the
y
e
ar 1999. In 2002 d
i
d Master of
Philosoph
y
from Mononmanium Sundaranar Universi
ty
. He has
awarded Ph.D from Vinay
a
ka
Mission University
, Tamil Nadu. He has publis
hed research
papers in both national and
intern
ation
a
l Jou
r
nals and
has
authored 2
tex
t
book
s.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.