Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
mput
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
10
,
No.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
,
pp. 340
3~
34
11
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v10
i
4
.
pp3403
-
34
11
3403
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om/i
nd
ex
.ph
p/IJ
ECE
A
f
easibi
lity stud
y of elect
rical ene
rgy gene
ration fr
om
mu
nicipal solid
waste
in Ir
aq: Na
jaf
cas
e stud
y
O
th
m
an M
. A
nssa
ri
1
,
Es
am
A.
Alk
aldy
2
,
Na
se
em
Almu
dhaffar
3
,
Ab
b
as
N
as
ir
AlTaee
4
, N
ab
e
el
Sa
li
h
Ali
5
1
,2,4,5
Inform
at
ion
Technol
og
y
Res
ea
rch
and
Deve
l
opm
ent
Cent
r
e
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Ku
fa,
Ira
q
2,3
Facul
t
y
of Eng
ine
er
ing
,
Univer
sit
y
of
Kufa
,
Ira
q
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
J
un
7
, 2019
Re
vised
Jan
1
,
2020
Accepte
d
Ja
n
11
, 2
020
In
seve
ral
d
eve
l
oping
count
ri
es,
the
elec
tri
c
ity
cri
sis
obstruct
s
both
socio
-
ec
onom
ic
and
technologica
l
sus
t
ai
nab
le
evo
lut
io
n.
Also,
it
leads
to
red
uc
in
g
job
av
ai
l
abi
l
ity
due
to
shut
down
seve
ra
l
industries
or
rel
o
ca
t
e
to
nei
ghbouring
co
untri
es
to
such
an
issue.
A
Naja
f
C
ity
is
an
important
h
o
l
y
and
touri
st
c
ity
i
n
the
m
iddl
e
of
Ira
q
count
r
y
.
In
dee
d,
wast
e
m
ana
gement
in
An
Naja
f
C
ity
n
ee
ds
to
be
rec
on
sidere
d
to
be
used
as
an
ene
rg
y
source
.
In
thi
s
art
i
cl
e
,
we
inve
stigated
and
li
sted
the
wast
e
quant
i
t
y
whi
c
h
produc
ed
rec
en
tly
(on
e
yea
r)
r
espe
c
t
to
waste
t
y
pes
a
nd
t
y
pes
of
co
nte
nt
.
Da
t
a
col
l
ec
t
ed
from
the
waste
produc
t
s
for
one
y
ea
r
an
d
are
used
as
a
ke
y
f
ac
tor
to
stud
y
the
fe
asib
il
ity
of
generati
ng
el
ectrical
en
erg
y
from
col
l
e
ct
ed
MS
W
s.
The
proposed
m
odel
was
sim
ula
te
d
and
t
este
d
r
e
spec
t
to
cost
anal
y
sis
fa
ct
o
r
of
the
suggeste
d
power
pla
nt
b
y
Hom
er
p
ro
sim
ula
ti
on
software
.
Result
s
were
v
er
y
en
cou
rag
ing
and
competi
t
ive
to
the
cur
ren
t
ene
rg
y
prod
uct
ion
cost
base
d
on
the
pro
duct
ion
cost
of
t
he
Kw
h
prospec
t
ive
amo
ng
the
c
onvent
ion
al
m
et
hods
in
Ira
q
.
Th
e
proposed
sce
nar
io
prov
i
de
prope
r
and
sec
ure
wast
e
proposal
t
ec
hniq
ue
with
low
-
cost
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Ele
ct
rical
En
er
gy
Ele
ct
rical
p
ow
er
Energy
Gasificat
ion
Mun
ic
ipal s
oli
d waste
R
enew
a
ble e
ne
rg
y
Waste t
o ene
r
gy
Waste
m
anag
e
m
ent
Copyright
©
202
0
Instit
ut
e
o
f Ad
vanc
ed
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
and
S
cienc
e
.
Al
l
rights re
serv
ed
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
Nab
eel
Sali
h A
li
,
Inform
at
ion
Te
chnolo
gy Rese
arch an
d De
velop
m
ent Center
(
I
TRDC)
,
Un
i
ver
sit
y o
f Kufa,
Kufa,
P.O.
B
ox
(21),
Naj
a
f
G
ov
e
r
norate,
Ir
a
q.
Em
a
il
: Nab
eel
@uo
kufa.e
du.iq
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
In
t
he
c
urre
nt
era,
s
horta
ges
of
t
he
e
nergy
so
urces
,
ch
an
gi
ng
t
he
global
cl
i
m
at
e,
and
w
or
l
d
e
nergy
confli
ct
s
le
ad
to
neg
at
iv
e
effe
ct
s
to
al
l
le
vels
of
the
so
ci
et
y
and
threat
ened
world
sta
bili
ty
was
increasing
These
c
halle
nges
ca
n
be
de
creasin
g
the
f
ossi
l
fu
el
res
er
ve
s
to
the
gro
w
th
of
the
w
or
l
d
po
pu
la
ti
on,
Global
cl
i
m
at
e
chan
ge
,
an
d
In
c
rease
d
in
wa
ste
s
le
ve
ls
(so
li
d/li
quid
)
an
d
ca
n
be
re
su
lt
ed
to
el
ect
r
ic
it
y
crisi
s.
Diver
se
strat
egies
ha
ve
been
in
vestig
at
ed
an
d
stu
died
to
ge
ne
rate
al
te
rn
at
ive
en
erg
y
[
1,
2]
.
T
hese
strat
egies
are
consi
der
e
d
si
gnific
ant,
espec
ia
ll
y
fo
r
f
utur
e
w
or
ld
sta
bil
it
y
[3,
4]
.
H
e
nce,
re
new
a
bl
e
ene
rg
y
s
our
ces
in
par
ti
cula
r
org
anic
waste
m
at
erial
s
to
energy
is
beco
m
ing
an
im
po
rtant
at
tract
ive
su
bs
ti
tute
in
the
nea
r
f
uture
[
5,
6
]
.
Seve
ral
Re
new
a
ble
w
ast
e
m
at
erial
s
so
urces
a
re
us
e
d
to
ge
ner
at
e
a
lt
ern
at
ive
e
nergy
li
ke
from
agr
ic
ul
tu
re
[
7
-
11
]
,
in
du
strie
s
[
12
-
1
8
]
and
dom
est
ic
[1
9
-
2
3
]
.
These
so
urces
are
a
dj
us
ta
ble
t
o
benefici
al
energy
f
or
m
s
su
c
h
as
biohy
dro
gen,
biogas
,
bio
al
c
ohols,
et
c.,
thr
ough
waste
-
to
-
e
nerg
y
ro
utes
(
WT
ERs)
f
or
pros
pecti
ve gr
ow
t
h of t
he w
orl
d.
Mun
ic
ipal
s
olid
waste
(MS
W)
is
one
of
t
he
re
ne
wab
le
so
urces
of
en
e
rg
y
in
the
tra
di
ti
on
al
way
.
MS
W
po
i
nts
to
m
at
erial
s
discard
e
d
in
urba
n
area
s
w
hich
are
colle
ct
ed
a
nd
dis
po
s
ed
of
by
the
m
un
ic
ipali
ti
es
and
it
is
cou
nt
ed
a
so
urce
of
bio
m
ass
du
e
to
it
is
a
sign
ific
ant
fr
act
io
n
of
waste
m
a
te
rial
s
li
ke
le
at
her
,
food
waste,
w
ood,
and
ya
r
d
trim
m
ing
s,
an
d
pa
per
[
2
4
,
2
5
]
.
Bi
og
as
is
on
e
of
the
ef
fici
ent
ener
gy
sou
rce
s
du
e
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3403
-
341
1
3404
a
sm
all
scal
e
cost
-
e
ff
ect
ive
a
nd
can
be
produced
by
us
i
ng
orga
nic
m
at
eri
al
s
li
ke
se
ver
al
wastes
[
2
6
]
.
I
n
Ir
a
q,
al
t
ho
ug
h
sig
nif
ic
ant
add
it
io
ns
to
the
ge
ner
at
i
on
e
ne
rg
y
ha
ve
been
m
ade
r
ecentl
y
and
with
avail
able
ca
pacit
y
exp
a
ndin
g
by
8
gig
a
watt
s
(
G
W)
(
or
90
%
)
between
2012
and
20
18
)
.
H
ow
e
ve
r,
this
ha
s
no
t
bee
n
m
at
ched
by
im
pr
ov
em
ents
in
t
he
c
onditi
on
of
the
powe
r
gr
i
d
o
r
r
edu
ct
io
ns
of
l
os
ses
(tech
nic
al
and
no
n
-
te
c
hn
ic
al
)
.
Seve
ral
chall
eng
e
s
su
c
h
as
I
r
aq
dam
age
wro
ught
by
ISIS
w
ar
again
st
and
const
raine
d
bu
dg
et
s
that
le
ad
to
not
pro
du
ci
ng
en
ough
el
ect
rici
ty
to
sat
isfy
de
m
and
.
Be
si
des
,
I
raq’s
popul
at
ion
is
gro
wi
ng
at
a
rat
e
of
ov
e
r
1
m
il
l
ion
per
ye
ar.
Hen
ce
,
e
le
ct
rici
ty
de
m
a
nd
is
set
t
o
double
,
reac
hing
a
bout
150
t
eraw
at
t
hours
(T
Wh)
(17.5
gi
gaw
at
t
s
[GW
]
ave
ra
ge
throu
ghout
the
ye
ar)
.
T
hus,
Ir
aq
fa
ces
a
profo
und
nee
d
to
dev
el
op
it
s
dom
est
i
c
energy i
nfrast
r
uctu
re,
i
n parti
cu
la
r
i
n
the
elec
tric
it
y sec
tor
to a
vo
i
d
the
se i
ssu
es.
Seve
ral
stud
ie
s
hav
e
bee
n
at
tem
pt
in
pr
e
vious
fi
ve
ye
ars
t
o
stu
dy
an
d
a
na
ly
sis
the
po
ss
ibil
it
ie
s
for
el
ect
rical
energ
y
producti
on by
us
in
g
m
un
ic
ipal
s
olid w
ast
e
via d
ive
rse
as
pects. I
n
[
2
7
]
, p
rese
nts
t
he
pote
ntial
of
el
ect
rical
en
erg
y
pro
duct
io
n
by
us
i
ng
m
un
ic
ipal
so
li
d
w
ast
e
disp
ose
d
i
n
biggest
Braz
il
ci
t
ie
s
su
ch
as
São
Paulo
from
lan
dfi
ll
gas.
The
stud
y
inclu
de
s
two
sce
nar
io
s
cou
l
d
re
place
27
%
a
nd
13.
5%
of
the
resi
den
ti
al
el
ect
rical
ener
gy
co
ns
um
ption
i
n
the
ci
ty
.
Anothe
r
stu
dy
in
Brazi
li
an
m
un
ic
ipali
ti
es
is
pr
ese
nted
in
[2
8
],
the
stud
y
ai
m
s
to
analy
se
the
te
chn
o
-
ec
onom
ic
feasibil
ity
of
m
un
ic
ipal
so
li
d
waste
ga
sific
at
ion
to
ge
ner
at
e
the
el
ect
rici
ty
po
s
sibil
it
ie
s.
The
re
su
lt
s
of
t
he
pro
posed
sce
nar
i
os
se
ver
al
pros
s
uc
h
as
i
nc
rease
the
eco
no
m
ic
feasibil
it
y,
pro
vid
in
g
a
posit
ive
scal
e
up
ga
ins
that
le
a
ds
t
o
lo
we
r
instal
la
ti
on
a
nd
hi
gh
be
nef
it
s
a
nd
lowe
r
costs
as
well
.
On
a
nothe
r
sid
e,
dif
fer
e
nt
res
earche
rs
via
se
ver
al
dev
el
op
i
ng
natio
ns
trie
d
to
st
ud
y
a
nd
a
naly
se
the potenti
al
of ele
ct
rical
p
ow
er
gen
e
rati
on fro
m
MS
W
.
In
[
29
]
,
propo
sed
a
n
assess
m
ent
stud
y
to
gen
e
rate
el
ect
rical
power
f
r
om
MSW
in
Ra
j
sh
a
hi
Ci
ty
Corporat
io
n
B
ang
la
des
h.
T
he
stu
dy
ha
d
t
he
abili
ty
to
ge
ner
at
e
el
ect
ric
al
energy
f
r
om
MSW
in
RC
C
ci
ty
is
5.3
36
M
W
and
10.
568
M
W
durin
g
t
he
ye
ars
20
12
an
d
2025
resp
ect
ively
.
I
n
[
3
0
]
,
two
phases
a
re
aim
ed
to
exam
ine
waste
-
to
-
e
nergy
dev
el
op
m
ent
and
e
valuate
i
ts
su
ccess
fact
or
s
res
pect
to
m
od
ifie
d
S
w
eden’s
waste
-
to
-
e
nerg
y
m
od
el
in
Nige
ria
fo
r
WTE
capaci
ty
e
nh
a
ncem
ent
pu
r
pose.
T
he
stud
y
resu
lt
s
wer
e
the
pro
po
se
d
m
od
el
able
to
gen
e
rate
arou
nd
2.0
T
Wh
of
el
ect
rici
ty
fr
om
abo
ut
5.7
m
i
ll
ion
tonnes
of
waste
in
it
s
W
TE
plant
s
in
2014.
I
n
I
raq,
the
stu
dy
in
[
3
1
]
was
co
nducted
to
pro
du
ct
el
ect
rical
powe
r
f
r
om
M
S
W
i
n
Ba
srah
G
over
norate
w
hich
po
sit
on
i
n
in
the
so
ut
h
of
I
raq.
The
st
ud
y
was
able
to
ge
ner
at
ion
el
ect
rici
ty
wh
ic
h
will
translat
e
into
ap
pro
xim
at
el
y
US
$
69
m
i
ll
ion
in
rev
en
ues
pe
r
ye
ar
from
the
WTE
pla
nt.
A
s
well
,
it
pr
ovide
the
m
axi
m
u
m
capaci
ty
fo
r
powe
r
ge
ner
at
io
n
is
proj
ect
e
d
to
be
ar
ound
270
MW
in
2036
with
disco
unt rate
of
12
%
of t
he WTE.
The
key
aim
of
this
arti
cl
e
is
to
exa
m
ine,
inv
est
igate
an
d
ap
pr
ai
se
the
po
ssi
bili
ty
of
gen
erati
ng
the
el
ect
rical
p
owe
r
from
m
un
ic
ipal
so
li
d
waste
i
n
A
n
Na
j
af
C
it
y
in
t
he
m
idd
le
of
I
raq.
T
he
waste
is
cl
assifi
ed
int
o
popula
ti
on
sub
gro
up
s
that
use
d
as
a
key
fac
tor
t
o
st
ud
y
t
he
feasi
bili
ty
of
ge
ner
at
in
g
el
ect
rical
energy
f
r
om
c
ollec
te
d
MS
W
s.
H
om
er
pro
s
i
m
ulati
on
soft
war
e
is
us
e
d
t
o
sim
ulate
and
te
sti
ng
res
pect
to
c
os
t
analy
sis facto
r of t
he
s
ugge
ste
d powe
r plant.
2.
METHO
D
OL
OGY
2.1.
Waste in
Al
N
ajaf
C
i
ty
Waste
accum
ulati
on
,
colle
ct
ion
a
nd
li
qu
ida
ti
on
,
a
nd
bur
nin
g
waste
in
th
e
env
ir
onm
ent
resu
lt
ed
i
n
sever
al
diseas
es
li
ke
s
e
rio
us
sk
in
in
fecti
ons
or
e
xposure
to
te
ta
nus
a
nd
oth
e
r
healt
h
risks
in
a
ddit
ion
t
o
it
caused
en
vir
on
m
ental
risks
su
ch
as
F
oul
odours
em
it
te
d
fr
om
waste
and
disto
rtion
of
the
la
ndscap
e
of
the
ci
ty
[
3
2
]
.
Waste
m
anag
em
ent
and
treat
ing
in
diff
e
re
nt
countrie
s
do
ne
by
cl
assify
ing
waste
sub
gro
ups
accor
ding to
t
he
ir ty
pe
as a b
e
ginnin
g
(
pa
per
,
cardb
oard,
m
a
te
rial
s g
la
ss,
s
uc
h
as g
la
ss
flas
ks
, m
et
al
m
at
e
rial
s,
plasti
c
m
at
eria
ls,
et
c.).
Th
us
,
it
req
uires
a
m
anp
owe
r
effor
t
f
or
init
ia
l
screeni
ng
by
wo
r
kers
and
the
s
eco
nd
sta
ge
is t
o s
or
t
and cla
ssifyi
ng
MS
W
t
o
s
ubgr
oups
[
3
3
].
Al
Naj
a
f
C
it
y
is
on
e
of
the
Ir
aqi
ce
ntral
pro
vin
ces
a
nd
is
div
ided
i
nto
m
ulti
-
sect
io
ns
an
d
eac
h
dep
a
rtm
ent
con
cer
ne
d
with
the
colle
ct
ion
and
tra
nsp
or
t
at
ion
of
wa
ste
in
it
s
area.
Naj
a
f
Mu
nic
ipali
ty
Dep
a
rtm
ent
is
respo
ns
ible
f
or
the
colle
ct
ion
and
tra
nsp
or
ta
t
ion
of
waste
as
well
as
the
m
un
i
ci
palit
y
of
Kufa
,
Al
Hay
der
ia
h,
et
c.
Data
li
ste
d
belo
w
are
s
pecific
to
the
Mun
ic
ipali
ty
of
Na
j
a
f
dep
a
rtm
ent.
Wh
ere
the
ci
ty
div
ide
s
int
o
s
ix
sect
io
ns
a
s
show
n
i
n
Fi
gure
1.
Waste
in
the
af
or
e
m
entioned
are
as
are
c
ollec
te
d
a
nd
trans
ported
b
y
Ir
a
qi m
achines and wo
r
ker
s
in
tw
o kin
ds de
pends
on t
he
in
vestm
ent:
2.1.1.
N
ajaf M
unici
pa
li
t
y De
pa
r
tmen
t
w
or
kers
an
d
mac
hines
The
total
of
466
regular
w
orkers
an
d
21
8
m
achines
th
at
include
t
ra
ct
or
a
nd
ga
rbage
tr
ucks,
i
n
ad
diti
on
to
158
dri
ve
rs
w
ere
dep
l
oyed.
Table
1
li
sts
t
he
nu
m
ber
of
workers
an
d
m
achines
of
th
e
Na
j
af
Mun
ic
ipali
ty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A feasibil
it
y
stud
y
o
f el
ect
ric
al en
e
rg
y
g
e
ne
ra
ti
on fro
m mi
nicial s
olid w
ast
e…
(Othma
n M. A
nsarri)
3405
Figure
1
.
Six
s
ect
ion
s
represe
nt N
a
j
a
f
C
it
y sec
ti
on
s
Table
1.
Wor
ke
rs
a
nd
m
achines i
n
t
he Al Na
j
af
Mu
nicipal
it
y Dep
a
rtm
ent
Tr
u
ck
Garbag
e tr
u
ck
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
work
er
Area
s
e
ctio
n
7
13
4
First
m
u
n
icip
al se
c
tio
n
(
Q1
)
10
19
14
Seco
n
d
m
u
n
icip
al
sectio
n
(
Q2
)
10
15
24
Third
m
u
n
icip
al se
ctio
n
(
Q3
)
10
19
16
Fo
u
rth
m
u
n
icip
al s
ectio
n
(
Q4
)
11
27
28
Fif
th
m
u
n
icip
al se
ctio
n
(
Q5
)
11
15
14
Six
th
m
u
n
icip
al se
ctio
n
(
Q6
)
18
0
228
Gen
eral
P
arks
4
0
0
Direct
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
3
0
0
Land
f
ill &
t
er
m
in
a
ls
7
7
6
Mechan
ics
&
work
sh
o
p
s
12
0
64
Rais
in
g
du
st
10
Tr
af
f
ic
en
g
in
eering
2.1.2
.
N
ajaf
G
ov
er
no
r
ate
C
ounci
l
w
orkers
an
d
m
ac
hines
The
total
of
620
w
orkers
an
d
49
garba
ge
tru
cks
are
de
plo
y
ed
to
colle
ct
MS
W
as
show
n
in
Table
2.
The
c
os
t
wh
ic
h
paid
from
Naj
af
go
vernorat
e
co
un
ci
l
to
th
e
w
orker
s
an
d
m
achines
per
m
on
th
will
be
arou
nd
355,0
00,00
0
t
hree
hundre
d
fif
ty
-
five
m
il
l
ion
Ir
a
qi
din
ar
s
(IQD).
Ba
sed
on
res
ults
in
Ta
bles
1
an
d
2,
the
total
workers
a
nd
m
achines
i
n
thes
e
areas
will
be:
620
Na
j
af
gove
rno
rate
c
ounc
il
wo
r
ke
rs,
408
Na
j
af
M
un
ic
i
palit
y
Dep
a
rtm
ent
workers,
11
4
Garba
ge
tr
uc
k,
152
t
ru
c
k,
45
obse
rver
s,
a
nd
23
8
div
e
rs
resp
e
ct
ively
.
The
re
side
ntial
and
com
m
erc
ia
l
waste
a
m
ou
nt
for
eac
h
s
ect
ion
(
Q
1
to
Q6)
per
day
a
nd
ye
a
r
is
sho
wn
i
n
Table
3,
i
n
a
ddit
ion
to
t
he 2
016 pop
ulati
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3403
-
341
1
3406
Table
2
Worke
rs
a
nd
m
achined
nu
m
ber
s i
n
t
he Al Na
j
a
f Gover
norate
Area
No
.
o
f
w
o
rkers
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
o
b
serv
ers
Nu
m
b
e
r
o
f
t
racto
rs
Q1
130
4
Q2
90
4
2
Q3
94
4
13
Q4
90
6
10
Q5
134
10
14
Q6
72
4
10
Ad
d
itio
n
al ob
serv
e
r
7
Statio
n
work
ers
5
Ag
ricultu
ral
en
g
in
eer
1
m
a
in
ten
an
ce ob
ser
v
er
5
co
n
trol o
b
serv
er
1
Drivers
80
Table
3
.
T
he
r
e
sidentia
l an
d
c
omm
ercial
w
as
te
a
m
ou
nt
an
d 201
6 pop
ulati
on
Area
No
.
o
f
Hou
sin
g
u
n
its
Po
p
u
latio
n
2016
R
esid
en
tial
u
n
its waste
Co
m
m
e
rcial
u
n
its waste
W
aste
(ton
/d
ay
)
W
aste
(ton
/y
ear
)
Q1
3058
2
1
4
0
6
21
150
171
6
2
4
1
5
Q2
2
0
8
5
0
1
4
5
9
5
0
146
30
176
6
4
2
4
0
Q3
1
6
7
9
3
1
1
7
5
5
1
118
24
142
5
1
8
3
0
Q4
2
1
9
1
2
1
5
3
3
8
4
154
30
184
6
7
1
6
0
Q5
3
0
3
0
3
2
1
2
1
2
1
212
43
255
9
3
0
7
5
Q6
2
8
4
1
0
1
9
8
8
7
0
199
0
199
7
2
6
3
5
Total
1
2
1
3
2
6
8
4
9
2
8
2
850
277
1127
4
1
1
3
5
5
A
total
num
ber
of
in
hab
it
ant
s
in
these
district
s
in
2016
i
s
arou
nd
880
K
(eig
ht
hu
ndred
ei
gh
ty
thousa
nd
peop
le
)
and
the
tot
al
waste
per
da
y
fo
r
these
a
r
eas
is
11
27
to
ns
(
on
e
th
ousa
nd
a
nd
on
e
hundre
d
twenty
-
se
ven
t
on
s
).
By
div
i
di
ng
t
hese
am
ou
nt
of
waste
am
ong
the
nu
m
ber
of
pe
op
le
to
get
th
e
pe
rcen
t
age
of
waste
per
eac
h
on
e,
1.2
8
kg
per
pe
rs
on.
Dir
ect
or
at
e
colle
ct
s
and
tran
sport
wastes
fr
om
t
he
sect
ion
s
a
bove
to
central
areas
in
the
neighb
our
hoods
of
A
bu
Tal
ib
and
Alqu
ds
an
d
the
n
to
the
la
ndfill
area
beh
in
d
the
A
l
-
Nida
neig
hbour
hood
.
Qu
a
ntit
y
of
th
e
waste
for
on
e
ye
ar
will
be
m
or
e
than
400
k
(fo
ur
hundr
ed
th
ou
sa
nd)
t
on
s
a
nnually
.
This pr
ocess
is
n
ot
ben
e
fici
al
to
m
un
ic
ipal d
epar
tm
ents an
d i
s co
nsum
able for
them
. Th
es
e w
ast
es co
ntin
ue
to
exist
because
there
is
no
fi
xe
d
tim
e
fo
r
was
te
disp
os
al
by
ci
ti
zens,
as
li
fting
pr
ocess
ta
ke
s
place
norm
a
ll
y
in
m
or
nin
g
a
nd
e
ven
i
ng.
W
ast
e
in
the
ci
ty
is
alm
os
t
con
sist
ing
of
pa
per
a
nd
ca
rdb
oard,
glass,
s
uch
as
glas
s
flasks
,
m
e
t
al
m
at
erial
s,
plasti
c
m
a
te
rial
s,
et
c.
[3
4
].
Table
4
li
sts
the
rati
o
of
waste
m
anag
em
ent
regardi
ng
sever
al
m
at
erial
s and c
om
po
ne
nts
.
Table
4
.
Waste
co
m
po
ne
nts
Co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Percentag
e %
Co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
Percentag
e %
Fo
o
d
waste
6
8
.17
%
Textiles
5
.09
%
Pap
er
an
d
car
d
b
o
a
rd
9
.6
%
Bab
y
diap
ers
1
.9
%
Glass
2
.3
%
Res
id
u
es o
f
gard
en
s
0
.93
%
Plastic
an
d
nylon
5
.29
%
W
o
o
d
0
.85
%
Fo
o
d
pack
ag
in
g
1
.42
%
Ru
b
b
er
1
.0
%
Alu
m
in
u
m
cans
1
.4
%
Leather
m
at
erials
0
.48
%
Metals
0
.98
%
An
o
th
er
0
.59
%
Qu
ic
k
ste
ps
to
so
lve
the w
ast
e
pro
blem
in
a
ti
m
el
y
m
ann
er
a
re p
ossi
ble b
y pro
vid
in
g
ce
rta
in
ty
pes
of
equ
i
pm
ent
and so
m
e require
m
ents su
c
h
as:
Sele
ct
a sp
eci
fic area
for
t
he
c
ollec
ti
on
of w
a
ste
in
s
pecial
c
on
ta
ine
rs.
Distrib
ution o
f
w
ast
e c
ollec
ti
on b
a
gs.
Agreem
ent to lift co
ntainers
or em
pty t
he
m
w
it
h
the
contra
ct
or
or b
y t
he m
un
ic
ipali
ty
.
Abo
ve
ste
ps
ar
e
m
os
tl
y
th
e
cho
ic
es
of
m
un
ic
ipal
de
par
tm
e
nts
in
t
he
pro
vi
nce
f
or
waste
m
anag
em
ent
and
it
'
s
cl
ear that they
are ins
uffici
ent
.
2.2.
Waste
m
ana
ge
ment
Ther
e
is
re
quir
ing
t
o
inc
rease
the
ci
ti
zen'
s
awar
e
ness
t
o
r
e
du
ce
,
isolat
e,
a
nd
cl
assify
wa
ste
to
se
ver
al
t
ypes
(
pap
e
r,
gl
ass,
plasti
c,
et
c.)
to
re
us
e
it
a
gain
a
nd
be
m
or
e
hel
pful
f
or
recyc
li
ng
[
3
3
]
.
Re
cy
cl
ing
refe
rs
t
o
the
process
of
com
pil
ing
m
at
erial
s
and
sorte
d
them
by
it
s
t
ypes
to
be
m
or
e
su
it
able
fo
r
m
anu
fac
turing
and
re
us
a
ble
m
at
erial
s
[3
5
]
.
This
proce
ss
has
m
any
sig
nificant
s
uc
h
as
reduce
poll
utio
n
of
the
en
vir
onm
ent,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A feasibil
it
y
stud
y
o
f el
ect
ric
al en
e
rg
y
g
e
ne
ra
ti
on fro
m mi
nicial s
olid w
ast
e…
(Othma
n M. A
nsarri)
3407
create
new
jo
b
opport
un
it
ie
s,
pr
ese
r
ving
the
so
urces
of
natur
al
m
at
er
ia
ls,
and
re
duce
reli
ance
on
raw
m
at
erial
s.
Thus,
increa
sed
t
he
env
i
ronm
ental
awar
e
ness
of
the
ci
ti
zen
wi
ll
le
ad
to
m
aki
ng
pe
op
le
fo
ll
ow
r
ules
to
av
oid
wa
ste
issues
a
nd
be
nef
it
f
r
om
their
wa
ste
.
Also
,
the
distri
bu
ti
on
of
dif
fer
e
nt
bags
c
olours
c
an
be
a
cl
assifi
ed
ty
pe
of
waste
c
on
t
ai
ned
(b
l
ue
col
our
of
waste
pl
a
sti
c
and
gr
ee
n
for
wa
ste
foo
d,
et
c.)
or
ca
n
div
ide
it
into
si
m
ple
sect
ion
s
by
ci
ti
zen
(su
c
h
as
pap
e
r
wa
s
te
,
plasti
c
was
te
,
glass
wast
e,
et
c.).
Ba
se
d
on
the
distrib
ution
resu
lt
strat
egy,
waste
can
be
util
iz
ed
by
sel
l
ing
it
to
colle
ct
ion
centres
in
the
neig
hbour
hood
s
(select
ing
a
s
pe
ci
fic
area
f
or
colle
ct
ion
of
waste
in
pr
i
va
te
con
ta
ine
rs
f
or
eac
h
neig
hbou
rho
od)
an
d
waste
assessed
by
it
s
ty
pe
a
nd
plac
ing
t
hese
am
ou
nts
in
t
he
wa
ste
owne
r'
s
account
us
in
g
pr
epaid
car
d
sys
tem
s.
Hen
ce
, th
is
m
e
chan
ism
w
il
l m
ot
ivate
to
m
a
ke peo
ple
high
ben
e
fit f
ro
m
their w
ast
e
dis
posal
.
2.2.
Waste
to
e
ner
gy (WT
E)
Seve
ral
te
chno
log
ie
s
hav
e
be
en
use
d
t
o
dis
po
s
al
waste
to
reu
se
a
nd
co
nv
e
rt
waste
to
el
ect
rici
ty
powe
r
su
c
h
[
3
1
]
.
These
te
chnolo
gies
s
uc
h
as
in
ci
ner
a
ti
on
,
gasificat
ion,
py
ro
ly
sis,
com
bin
ed
pyro
ly
sis
,
gasificat
io
n,
c
om
b
ined
ga
sif
ic
at
ion
-
c
om
bu
sti
on
,
a
nd
pl
asm
a
gasification
/
ve
rificat
io
n
[
3
6
]
.
Gasif
ic
at
ion
m
et
ho
d
is
sel
ect
ed
in
this
stud
y
due
to
low
ca
pital
inv
est
m
ent,
si
m
ple,
an
d
av
ai
la
ble
waste
di
sp
osa
l
te
chn
iq
ues
in An Na
j
a
f
C
it
y and can
b
e
a s
ui
ta
ble tec
hn
i
que to
be dep
l
oye
d.
2.
4
.
Ga
sific
at
i
on
Gasificat
ion
is
on
e
of
the
m
et
hods
us
e
d
to
treat
,
reu
se,
a
nd
c
onve
rt
wa
ste
via
dig
gi
ng
a
hole
in
the
gro
und
an
d
put
the
waste
inside
a
nd
co
ve
r
it
with
s
oil
afterwa
r
d
[
3
7
-
39
]
.
The
n,
t
he
so
il
will
abs
orb
la
r
ge
a
m
ou
nts o
f
wa
ste
wi
thout
the
need
f
or
ad
va
nced
te
c
hnolog
y
in
add
it
ion
to
low
cost. H
ow
ever,
dec
om
po
sit
ion
of
waste
le
ads
to
le
akag
e
of
t
ox
i
ns
to
gro
undw
at
e
r
or
surfa
ce
water
s
ourc
es
with
so
il
po
ll
ution
,
wh
ic
h
aff
ect
s
the
ag
ricult
ure
an
d
f
ood
cy
cl
e
in
a
dd
it
io
n
t
o
po
ll
utio
n
of
dr
i
nk
i
ng
water
an
d
th
us
i
ncr
e
asi
ng
t
he
da
ngers
t
o
the
li
ves
of
ci
ti
zens.
In
a
dd
it
ion,
it
al
so
tra
nsm
it
t
ing
ai
r
-
po
ll
uting
gases
,
l
eadin
g
t
o
m
any
risks
to
al
l
li
ving
creature
s,
as
it
aff
ect
s
br
eat
hin
g
ai
r
as
well
a
s
the
em
issi
on
of
unpleasa
nt
odou
rs,
but
a
ll
di
sadv
a
ntages
c
an
be
so
lve
d
by
sel
e
ct
ing
the
s
uitable
place
to
m
ini
m
iz
e
any
un
de
sirable
ef
fe
ct
s.
Th
us
,
wa
s
te
sh
ould
be
cov
e
re
d
with a lay
er
of
so
il
for m
axi
m
um
b
enef
it
s
fro
m
these g
ase
s
by u
si
ng
bioga
s tech
no
l
og
y.
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND AN
ALYSIS
3.1.
C
as
e
s
tud
y and
s
im
ula
ti
on
sc
enar
io
and e
va
lu
ati
on
metric
s
In
this
st
ud
y
,
the
c
ollec
te
d
wastes
in
An
Naj
a
f
C
it
y
f
or
one
ye
ar
are
us
e
d
to
ge
ne
ra
te
el
ect
rical
powe
r
a
nd
stu
dy
the
feasi
bili
ty
by
sim
ulati
ng
the
case
st
udy
with
H
om
er
P
ro
s
of
twa
re
[
4
0
,
4
1
]
.
A
sc
enar
i
o
wh
ic
h
is
as
sum
ed
with
biog
as
gasi
fier
(g
e
ner
at
or)
is
sim
ulate
d
with
H
om
er
Pr
o
an
d
fed
with
the
a
vaila
bl
e
data
of
the
c
ollec
te
d
waste
fro
m
the
six
sect
or
s
of
the
ci
ty
a
nd
with
the
pa
r
a
m
et
ers
sh
own
in
the
Figure
2
f
or
on
e
ye
a
r
as
a
t
i
m
eline.
I
nform
at
ion
from
Table
3
is
fed
t
o
the
bio
m
ass
so
urce
of
t
he
gen
e
rato
r
as
s
how
n
in
Figure
3.
Inf
orm
at
ion
from
Table
4
is
us
e
d
t
o
m
od
el
the
bio
ga
s
f
uel
pa
ra
m
et
ers
as
sho
wn
in
Fi
gures
4
a
nd
5.
Av
e
ra
ge
m
on
thly
tem
per
at
ure
ef
fect
al
so
was
in
cl
ude
d
in
t
he
sim
ulati
on
.
As
s
how
n
in
Fig
ur
e
6.
The
te
m
per
at
ure data is t
a
ken
from
clim
at
e a
nd w
eat
her ave
rag
es
in
Ba
ghda
d,
Ir
a
q.
Figure
2
.
H
ome
r pro m
ic
ro
gr
id an
al
ysi
s to
ol
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3403
-
341
1
3408
Figure
3
.
Bi
oma
ss r
es
ource
Figure
4
.
F
uel
flo
w diagram
(
us
in
g data
giv
e
n
in
Table
3)
Figure
5
.
F
uel
eff
ic
ie
ncy
diag
ram
(
us
in
g data give
n
i
n
Table
4)
Figure
6
.
Tem
per
at
ur
e
data a
ver
a
ge
i
n
Ba
gh
dad,
Ir
a
q
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
A feasibil
it
y
stud
y
o
f el
ect
ric
al en
e
rg
y
g
e
ne
ra
ti
on fro
m mi
nicial s
olid w
ast
e…
(Othma
n M. A
nsarri)
3409
3.2.
Simul
at
io
n
r
esults
In
the
feasi
bili
t
y
stud
y
wh
ic
h
introd
uced
in
this
wor
k
(S
ect
ion
3.1)
,
the
sta
rt
par
am
et
er
was
the
total
a
m
ou
nt
of
the
coll
ect
ed
was
te
per
ye
ar,
in
Naj
a
f
C
it
y
wh
ic
h
was
coste
d
41
1355
ton
/
ye
ar.
This
am
ount
of
waste
costs
a
lot
of
m
on
ey
and
e
ffor
ts
to
pro
per
ly
la
ndfill
,
so
this
am
ou
nt
was
ass
um
e
d
as
a
fu
el
in
put
f
or
a
gasificat
io
n
powe
r
pla
nt
si
m
ula
te
d
with
Ho
m
er
pro
eva
lua
ti
on
c
opy
s
of
t
war
e.
T
he
si
m
ula
ti
on
res
ult
s
sho
wn
in
Fig
ur
e
7
shows
t
hat
a
po
wer
plant
wit
h
the
giv
e
n
a
m
ou
nt
of
wast
e
as
an
in
pu
t
can
pro
duce
a
rou
nd
42.7
Me
ga
W
at
t
and
a
bout
187
m
il
l
ion
K
Wh/
ye
ar
.
T
he
cost
analy
sis
r
esults
sho
wn
i
n
Ta
ble
5
a
re
ver
y
encou
rag
i
ng to
ad
a
pt to
t
his s
cenari
o
in
r
eal
set
ti
ng
s.
The
total
op
e
r
at
ing
cost
is
arou
nd
11
240
Bi
ll
ion
IQ
D
pe
r
ye
ar
wh
ic
h
include
s
besid
es
the
plant'
s
op
e
rati
on
an
d
m
ai
ntenan
ce
c
os
t
the
waste
colle
ct
ing
cost
(
la
bo
rs
an
d
m
a
chine
ry
costs).
Curr
e
ntly
,
the
K
w
h
aver
a
ge
cost
pro
duced
f
r
om
the
conve
ntio
na
l
po
we
r
pla
nts
in
Ir
a
q
acco
r
ding
to
the
m
i
nistry
of
el
ect
r
ic
i
t
y
repor
t
[
4
2
]
is
106
I
QD.
A
ra
pid
cal
c
ulati
on
ca
n
s
how
that
the
a
ve
r
age
c
os
t
of
kWh
pr
oduce
d
from
the
assum
ed
plant
is
60
.
1
I
Q
D,
an
d
the
cos
t
diff
ere
nce
is
ver
y
noti
ceabl
e.
The
capit
al
cost
for
su
c
h
a
plant
is
ar
ound
500
USD
(US
Do
ll
ar)
=
600000
I
QD
f
or
Kw
[
4
3
]
,
s
o
t
he
t
otal
init
ia
l
capit
al
cost
for
t
he
as
su
m
ed
plant
is
around
25.
62
Bi
ll
ion
IQD.
F
r
om
the
diff
e
re
nce
in
the
aver
a
ge
cost
of
the
kWh,
it
'
s
cl
ea
r
that
the r
e
fun
d of t
he
ca
pital
co
st
will
b
e
done
i
n t
hr
ee
yea
rs o
nly.
Figure
7
.
H
ome
r pro sim
ulatio
n res
ults
Table
5
.
H
om
e
r pro case
stu
dy
si
m
ulati
on
r
e
su
lt
s
Co
st o
f
E
n
ergy
IQ
D
2
5
6
.832 IQD
Net Pr
esen
t Co
st I
QD
1
4
5
.375 IQDB
Op
erating
Co
st (I
QD/Yr
)
1
1
.24
0
I
QDB
Initial Cap
ital
IQD
2
5
.62
I
QDB
Total Fu
el (
L/Y
r)
4
1
1
.316.2
8
8
Ho
u
rs
8757
Prod
u
ctio
n
(
k
W
h
)
1
8
6
.961.9
5
2
Op
eration
&
Maint
en
an
ce Co
st (I
Q
D/
Yr)
1
.12
E.
+0
1
3
Fu
el Co
st (I
Q
D/Yr
)
6
.48
0
.288.2
5
6
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
In
t
his
stu
dy,
th
e
pr
oduce
d
w
ast
e
from
An
Naj
a
f
C
it
y
is
discusse
d
a
nd
a
few
rem
ark
s
to
m
anag
e
the
colle
ct
ion
process
of
t
he
waste
is
sug
ge
ste
d.
Cu
rr
e
ntly
,
the
wa
ste
dis
po
s
al
m
e
tho
d
i
n
the
ci
ty
is
ra
ndom
and
c
ause
a
lo
t
of
healt
h
ris
ks
,
s
o
a
feasib
il
ity
stud
y
is
m
ade
to
fin
d
ou
t
th
e
fina
nci
al
feas
ibil
it
y
fo
r
us
i
ng
the
waste
t
o
ge
ner
at
e
el
ect
ri
c
energy
by
ga
sific
at
ion
m
et
ho
d.
T
he
total
waste
pr
oduce
d
in
one
ye
ar
i
s
fe
d
to
a
si
m
ulate
d
gasifier
with
H
om
er
pr
o
s
of
tw
are
to
cal
culat
e
the
pr
od
uced
power
an
d
the
cost
br
eak
do
wn
of
it
.
The
resu
lt
s
ha
ve
s
ho
w
n
that
the
pro
duce
d
energy
co
sts
le
ss
than
t
he
aver
a
ge
c
os
t
of
the
Kwh
pro
du
ce
d
by
Mi
nistry
of
Ele
ct
rici
ty
(M
OE)
I
ra
q
with
the
conve
ntional
m
e
tho
d
by
(4
2.5
%
).
Th
e
pro
duced
wa
ste
from
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
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:
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-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
10
, No
.
4
,
A
ugus
t
2020
:
3403
-
341
1
3410
An
Na
j
a
f
C
ity
can
ge
ner
at
e
a
rou
nd
18
7000
Mwh/
ye
ar
wit
h
a
42.
7
M
w
pl
ant.
T
he
i
niti
al
capit
al
cost
c
an
be
refunde
d
within
th
ree
ye
a
rs
wh
ic
h
m
ake
th
e
pro
j
ect
feasible
f
ro
m
the
e
nv
i
ronm
ental
,
fina
ncial
,
an
d
healt
h
po
i
nt
of
view
s.
The
stu
dy
if
a
pp
li
ed
al
s
o
wil
l
so
lve
the
pro
blem
of
the
bu
dg
et
of
th
e
cu
r
ren
t
w
ast
e
colle
ct
ion
proce
dure in t
he
cit
y si
nce th
i
s budget is i
nclud
e
d
i
n
the
pr
oductio
n
c
os
t
of the
kWh
i
n
t
he
f
easi
bili
ty
stu
dy.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
aut
hors
of this work
woul
d
li
ke
to show
there d
ee
p
grat
it
ud
e f
or
the pe
op
le
wo
rk
i
ng
i
n
the N
a
j
af
M
un
ic
ipali
ty
an
d D
r.
H
us
sai
n M
us
a
Al
-
S
hi
m
m
ary, f
or the
ir h
el
p
a
nd sup
port in
accom
plishing this
paper.
REFERE
NCE
S
[1]
K.
V.
S.
Prasada
r
ao,
K.
V.
K.
R
a
o,
P.
B.
K.
Rao
,
and
T.
Abisha
i,
“
Pow
er
Quali
t
y
Enha
nc
ement
in
Grid
Connec
t
ed
PV
Sy
stems
usi
ng
High
Step
up
DC
-
DC
Convert
er,”
Int
ernati
on
al
Journal
of
E
l
ec
tri
cal
&
Comp
ute
r
Engi
n
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g
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vol
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,
no
.
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,
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.
720
-
728,
2017
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[2]
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A.
E
thmane,
M.
Maa
roufi
,
A.
K.
Mahm
oud,
a
nd
A.
Yahfdhou
,
“
Optimiza
t
ion
for
el
e
ct
r
ic
pow
er
loa
d
fore
c
a
st,
”
Inte
rnational
Jo
urnal
of El
e
ct
ri
c
al
and
C
omput
er
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n
ee
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vo
l.
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.
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,
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2018
.
[3]
S.
Z.
A
.
S.
K.
B
ahr
in
and
S.
Jaa
far
,
“
Init
i
al
dev
e
lopment
of
an
elec
tr
ic
a
l
power
g
ene
ra
tor
b
y
usin
g
the
rm
oel
e
ct
ri
c
gene
ra
tor,
foc
al
le
ns
and
under
gr
ound
hea
t
dissipat
ion
s
y
st
em
,”
I
nte
rnational
Jou
rnal
of
El
ectric
a
l
and
Computer
Engi
ne
ering
,
vol
.
8
,
no
.
4
,
pp
.
25
49
-
2556,
2018
.
[4]
K.
Yam
aguc
hi,
K.
Onishi,
and
K.
Iida
,
“
W
ire
l
e
ss
power
tra
nsfer
to
a
m
ic
ro
implant
de
v
ice
from
outside
of
hum
an
bod
y
,
”
In
te
rnat
i
onal
Journal
of
El
e
ct
rica
l
&
Co
mputer
Engi
n
ee
r
ing
,
vo
l.
9
,
no.
3,
pp.
1541
-
1545,
2019.
[5]
E.
A.
H.
Alkal
d
y
,
M.
A.
Albaq
i
r,
and
M.
S.
A.
Heja
z
i,
“
A
new
loa
d
fore
c
asti
ng
m
odel
conside
ri
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A feasibil
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