I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
E
lect
rica
l a
nd
Co
m
p
ute
r
E
ng
in
ee
ring
(
I
J
E
CE
)
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2021
,
p
p
.
356
~
364
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
,
DOI
: 1
0
.
1
1
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9
1
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.
v
1
1
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1
.
pp
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-
364
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ttp
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Co
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pa
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density
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ent
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ro
m
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pherica
l p
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ra
phy
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f
ro
m
Lan
d
sa
t
-
8
.
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h
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c
a
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p
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sity
v
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lu
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m
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0
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c
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f
f
icie
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F
u
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sp
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m
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3
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m
p
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ield
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c
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ro
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t
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c
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in
a
c
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ss
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m
p
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lo
ts.
K
ey
w
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s
:
C
an
o
p
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d
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y
He
m
i
s
p
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p
h
o
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ap
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I
m
ag
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
L
a
n
d
s
at
-
8
R
e
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
in
g
UAV
Veg
etatio
n
in
d
e
x
T
h
is i
s
a
n
o
p
e
n
a
c
c
e
ss
a
rticle
u
n
d
e
r th
e
CC B
Y
-
SA
li
c
e
n
se
.
C
o
r
r
e
s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
o
r
:
P
r
o
j
o
Dan
o
ed
o
r
o
,
R
e
m
o
te
Se
n
s
in
g
L
ab
o
r
ato
r
y
,
F
ac
u
lt
y
o
f
Geo
g
r
ap
h
y
,
Un
i
v
er
s
ita
s
Gad
j
ah
Ma
d
a,
Sek
ip
Utar
a
B
u
la
k
s
u
m
u
r
Yo
g
y
ak
ar
ta
5
5
2
8
1
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
E
m
ail:
p
r
o
j
o
.
d
an
o
ed
o
r
o
@
g
eo
.
u
g
m
.
ac
.
id
1.
I
NT
RO
D
UCT
I
O
N
I
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
n
v
e
g
etatio
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ca
n
o
p
y
is
es
s
en
t
ial
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
ap
p
licatio
n
s
s
u
c
h
as
h
y
d
r
o
lo
g
y
,
ca
r
b
o
n
an
d
n
u
tr
ie
n
t c
y
cle,
a
n
d
g
lo
b
al
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
t
u
d
y
[
1
]
.
On
e
e
x
a
m
p
le
o
f
th
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
to
e
v
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est s
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r
ad
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w
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ic
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eq
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ca
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o
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ata
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n
d
ic
ato
r
f
o
r
f
o
r
estry
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
[
2
,
3
]
.
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n
ad
d
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th
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b
io
p
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y
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ical
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n
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o
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s
e
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l
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er
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g
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th
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e
x
te
n
t r
e
m
ain
s
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
[
2
,
4
].
C
an
o
p
y
d
en
s
it
y
esti
m
at
io
n
u
s
in
g
r
e
m
o
te
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
d
ata
i
s
m
o
r
e
ef
f
ic
ien
t
t
h
an
t
r
ad
itio
n
al
esti
m
atio
n
d
u
e
to
th
e
in
d
ir
ec
t
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
T
r
a
d
itio
n
al
esti
m
a
tio
n
o
f
ca
n
o
p
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d
en
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eq
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ex
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s
i
v
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f
ield
s
u
r
v
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y
s
w
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tak
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a
lo
n
g
ti
m
e
an
d
c
o
v
er
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r
elativ
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y
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ar
r
o
w
ar
ea
.
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v
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s
m
et
h
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s
t
o
esti
m
ate
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p
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m
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u
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p
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f
o
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co
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357
f
r
ac
tio
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v
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etatio
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co
v
er
[5
-
11
]
.
Ho
w
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,
t
h
e
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o
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tr
u
th
d
ata
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ev
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p
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to
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ap
h
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c
tech
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iq
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d
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h
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m
o
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s
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th
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y
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tili
zi
n
g
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
er
ical
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
[
1
2
,
1
3
]
.
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y
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s
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n
g
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
ical
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h
o
to
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ap
h
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ar
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u
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o
f
v
eg
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tio
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ca
n
b
e
o
b
tain
ed
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ased
o
n
th
e
g
eo
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etr
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
th
e
g
ap
f
r
ac
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n
an
d
it
is
b
en
e
f
icial
to
ca
lcu
late
f
o
r
est
li
g
h
t
r
eg
i
m
es
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d
ca
n
o
p
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p
r
o
p
er
ties
,
in
cl
u
d
in
g
ca
n
o
p
y
o
p
en
n
e
s
s
,
lea
f
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in
d
ex
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an
d
lea
f
a
n
g
l
e
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
14
]
.
T
h
e
u
p
w
a
r
d
-
b
a
s
e
d
p
h
o
t
o
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r
a
p
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f
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i
m
i
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a
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t
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n
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y
v
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e
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a
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o
n
p
r
o
p
e
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t
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e
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
u
n
d
er
s
to
r
y
ca
n
o
p
y
in
f
o
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m
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s
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o
t c
ap
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t
h
i
s
t
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p
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f
m
ea
s
u
r
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m
en
t [
15
].
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
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n
t
o
f
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m
an
n
e
d
ae
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tech
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o
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ig
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ased
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f
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ased
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p
ix
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[
19
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lth
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[
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g
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[
2
3
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0
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6
x
r
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6
)
[
2
9
]
A
F
R
I
2
.
1
(
r
N
I
R
–
(
0
.
5
x
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2
.
1
)
)
/
(
r
N
I
R
+
(
0
.
5
x
r
2
.
1
)
[
2
9
]
2
.3
.
Ca
no
py
dens
it
y
m
ea
s
ur
e
m
e
nt
C
an
o
p
y
d
e
n
s
i
t
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
a
s
co
n
d
u
c
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
t
w
o
m
et
h
o
d
s
,
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
er
ical
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
an
d
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
.
DJ
I
P
h
an
t
o
m
3
P
r
o
q
u
ad
-
co
p
ter
w
a
s
u
s
e
d
f
o
r
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
I
n
s
tead
o
f
u
s
i
n
g
DJ
I
’
s
ca
m
er
a,
co
lo
r
in
f
r
ar
ed
(
C
I
R
)
d
ig
ital
ca
m
e
r
a
w
as
m
o
u
n
ted
o
n
th
e
a
er
ial
p
latf
o
r
m
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
ca
m
er
a
is
th
e
m
o
d
if
ica
tio
n
f
r
o
m
C
an
o
n
A
2
5
0
0
.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
w
as
co
n
d
u
cted
u
s
i
n
g
Miss
io
n
P
lan
n
er
s
o
f
t
war
e,
th
en
m
o
s
a
ick
ed
,
an
d
cr
o
p
p
ed
in
4
5
x
4
5
m
,
w
it
h
t
h
e
ce
n
ter
co
o
r
d
in
ate
is
th
e
s
a
m
e
as
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
o
r
d
in
ate
o
f
L
a
n
d
s
at
-
8
i
m
ag
e.
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
ad
d
in
g
b
y
1
5
m
t
o
th
e
3
0
x
3
0
m
o
f
L
a
n
d
s
at
-
8
r
eso
lu
tio
n
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
g
eo
m
etr
ic
m
o
v
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
Mc
C
o
y
[
30
]
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
an
al
y
s
is
in
c
lu
d
ed
t
h
e
d
is
ti
n
g
u
is
h
i
n
g
o
f
ca
n
o
p
y
a
n
d
n
o
n
-
ca
n
o
p
y
o
b
j
ec
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
b
y
u
s
in
g
d
ec
is
io
n
tr
ee
an
al
y
s
i
s
.
Nik
o
n
D
S
L
R
ca
m
er
a
w
it
h
a
f
is
h
-
e
y
e
le
n
s
co
v
er
in
g
1
8
0
⁰
v
ie
w
w
as
u
s
ed
f
o
r
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
ical
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
P
h
o
to
s
w
er
e
ca
p
t
u
r
ed
f
r
o
m
1
7
0
m
h
ei
g
h
t
o
f
5
-
7
p
h
o
to
s
u
p
w
ar
d
l
y
.
T
h
e
ca
p
tu
r
ed
ar
ea
w
id
th
w
a
s
f
ix
ed
to
4
5
m
s
i
m
ilar
to
d
o
w
n
w
ar
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t.
Fi
v
e
u
n
ti
l
s
ev
e
n
p
h
o
to
s
ca
p
tu
r
ed
w
it
h
in
4
5
x
4
5
m
,
o
n
e
p
h
o
to
in
th
e
ce
n
ter
,
an
d
th
e
o
th
er
s
ar
e
in
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
.
All
o
f
th
e
p
h
o
to
s
w
er
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
C
an
-
E
y
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
2
.
3
.
1
.
Do
w
nw
a
rd
m
et
ho
d
T
h
e
UA
V
f
le
w
s
e
v
en
ti
m
es
t
o
tak
e
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
.
T
h
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
w
e
r
e
s
ca
tter
ed
in
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
ar
ea
.
E
ac
h
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t
u
s
ed
a
f
lig
h
t
p
lan
n
er
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
2
(
a
)
.
Sev
er
al
p
o
in
ts
d
ep
icted
o
n
th
e
f
lig
h
t
p
lan
ar
e
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
p
lo
ts
th
at
h
a
v
e
p
lan
n
ed
b
ef
o
r
e,
an
d
th
e
lin
e
is
t
h
e
UA
V
f
li
g
h
t
p
ath
.
T
h
e
p
er
c
en
tag
e
o
f
en
d
lap
an
d
o
v
er
lap
w
a
s
d
ec
id
ed
to
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
th
e
m
o
s
aic
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
at
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
4
0
%.
T
h
is
m
o
s
aic
w
a
s
i
n
ten
d
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
t
h
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ca
m
er
a
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
j
ec
ti
o
n
an
d
to
g
e
n
er
at
e
o
r
th
o
p
h
o
to
w
i
th
o
r
th
o
g
o
n
a
l
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
.
T
h
en
,
w
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
g
eo
r
ef
er
e
n
cin
g
to
o
b
tain
g
eo
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
p
h
o
to
s
.
T
h
e
o
r
th
o
p
h
o
to
w
as
s
l
iced
in
t
o
s
ev
er
al
p
ar
ts
w
it
h
th
e
s
ize
o
f
L
a
n
d
s
at
-
8
p
ix
el
w
h
ich
w
as
ad
d
ed
b
y
g
eo
m
etr
y
m
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
p
o
s
s
ib
ilit
y
,
th
u
s
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
ar
ea
b
ec
a
m
e
45
x
4
5
m
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
p
lo
t
s
th
at
h
ad
p
lan
n
ed
w
er
e
c
h
a
n
g
ed
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
ef
f
ec
t
o
f
ce
n
tr
al
p
r
o
j
ec
tio
n
o
n
th
e
ed
g
e
o
f
p
h
o
to
m
o
s
aic.
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
an
d
2
(
c
)
s
h
o
w
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
o
to
m
o
s
a
ic
s
an
d
s
o
m
e
s
a
m
p
le
p
lo
ts
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
.
T
h
e
ca
m
er
a
u
s
ed
i
n
t
h
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
,
C
I
R
ca
m
er
a,
co
m
p
r
is
es
b
l
u
e,
g
r
ee
n
,
a
n
d
n
ea
r
-
i
n
f
r
ar
ed
ch
a
n
n
els
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
s
h
ad
a
co
n
tr
ast
v
alu
e
i
n
v
e
g
etatio
n
o
b
j
ec
ts
an
d
w
er
e
ab
le
to
b
e
d
is
tin
g
u
i
s
h
ed
o
th
er
o
b
j
ec
ts
.
A
lt
h
o
u
g
h
co
n
tai
n
in
g
3
b
an
d
s
s
ep
ar
atel
y
,
th
e
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
n
ea
r
-
in
f
r
ar
e
d
b
an
d
ap
p
ea
r
ed
in
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
b
an
d
s
,
an
d
it
led
t
h
e
v
e
g
etatio
n
to
o
b
tain
h
i
g
h
er
v
al
u
e
in
all
b
an
d
s
.
T
h
e
r
es
u
lts
,
h
o
w
e
v
er
,
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
u
lt
is
p
ec
tr
al
ca
m
er
a
w
h
ic
h
h
a
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
b
an
d
i
n
ea
ch
s
e
n
s
o
r
o
r
len
s
.
T
h
e
p
er
ce
n
tag
e
o
f
ca
n
o
p
y
o
n
ae
r
ial
p
h
o
to
g
r
ap
h
s
w
a
s
ca
lcu
lated
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
u
ltis
p
ec
tr
al
class
i
f
icatio
n
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
d
ec
is
i
o
n
tr
ee
m
et
h
o
d
.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
m
o
s
aics
w
er
e
n
o
t
ca
lib
r
ated
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
to
t
h
e
o
th
er
s
.
I
t
af
f
ec
ted
th
e
in
co
n
s
i
s
te
n
c
y
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
e
o
b
j
ec
t
in
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
i
m
a
g
e
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
e
r
u
le
f
o
r
ea
ch
tr
ee
i
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
m
o
s
aic
s
w
as
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
er
iv
ed
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
R
O
I
in
ea
c
h
p
h
o
to
m
o
s
aic.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
class
es
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
lan
d
co
v
e
r
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
p
h
o
to
.
B
asicall
y
,
th
e
clas
s
es
w
er
e
d
iv
id
e
d
in
to
ca
n
o
p
y
an
d
n
o
n
-
ca
n
o
p
y
,
b
u
t
d
u
e
to
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
n
o
n
-
ca
n
o
p
y
o
b
j
ec
ts
th
at
ap
p
ea
r
ed
at
th
e
to
p
o
f
th
e
ca
n
o
p
y
,
s
u
c
h
as
th
e
r
o
o
f
to
p
,
th
e
cla
s
s
i
f
icat
io
n
class
w
a
s
m
o
d
i
f
ied
i
n
to
3
clas
s
es,
ca
n
o
p
y
,
n
o
n
-
ca
n
o
p
y
,
a
n
d
r
o
o
f
to
p
as a
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
3
(
a
)
an
d
3
(
b
)
.
Dec
is
io
n
tr
ee
clas
s
i
f
icatio
n
r
e
s
u
l
t
is
a
tr
ee
w
h
ic
h
its
s
te
m
s
m
ea
n
t
h
e
class
i
f
icatio
n
r
u
le
as
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
3
(
c
)
.
C
I
R
ca
m
er
a
ca
n
d
i
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ti
n
g
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is
h
ca
n
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p
y
a
m
o
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g
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
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j
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r
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y
.
Fo
r
i
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,
in
th
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a
m
p
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4
(
a
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,
it is
p
r
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as p
u
r
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o
v
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9
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% f
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ch
clas
s
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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(
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h
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a
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3
Fig
u
r
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3
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a)
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r
o
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im
a
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(
b
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class
if
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es
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d
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l
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2
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3
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2
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Upw
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Me
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en
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n
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p
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d
m
eth
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r
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tical
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ter
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est,
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o
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h
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C
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ter
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ter
est
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h
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y
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w
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° o
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ie
w
d
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to
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m
i
x
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p
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[
3
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h
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s
s
in
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d
u
r
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co
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a
s
k
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n
d
class
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f
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n
as
s
h
o
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
All
p
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o
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h
ar
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in
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u
r
e
5
.
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h
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r
r
ed
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ite
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s
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Fi
g
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r
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th
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Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Up
w
ar
d
class
i
f
icatio
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p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
cl
u
d
in
g
s
elec
tio
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as
k
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n
g
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n
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f
icat
io
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o
n
s
a
m
p
le
4
a
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
356
-
364
360
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
T
h
e
f
ield
co
n
d
itio
n
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f
u
p
w
ar
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r
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m
en
t
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b
ased
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r
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d
ices,
in
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.
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S
A
ND
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
C
o
r
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elatio
n
an
al
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is
w
a
s
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d
u
cted
to
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o
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t
t
h
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in
tr
a
-
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
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n
t
w
o
m
e
th
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d
s
b
y
lo
o
k
in
g
at
t
h
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
co
ef
f
icie
n
t.
Fu
r
t
h
er
,
th
e
co
r
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elatio
n
a
n
al
y
s
is
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et
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n
s
i
t
y
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ata
a
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d
v
eg
eta
tio
n
i
n
d
ex
v
alu
e
(
ND
VI
,
MSA
VI
,
A
F
R
I
1
.
6
,
an
d
A
F
R
I
2
.
1
)
w
as
al
s
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d
u
cted
to
m
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s
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th
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n
s
h
ip
lev
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et
w
e
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th
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ca
n
o
p
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d
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f
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p
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ata.
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it
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s
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2
.
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Sev
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f
ac
to
r
s
led
to
th
e
d
i
f
f
er
en
ce
in
t
h
e
r
es
u
lt
s
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
f
ac
to
r
w
as
t
h
e
e
x
is
te
n
ce
o
f
u
n
d
er
s
to
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y
ca
n
o
p
y
,
w
h
er
e
th
o
s
e
o
b
j
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ts
w
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e
n
o
t
ca
p
tu
r
ed
i
n
th
e
u
p
w
ar
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m
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u
r
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m
en
t
w
i
th
t
h
e
li
m
it
o
f
ca
p
tu
r
ed
h
eig
h
t
ab
o
u
t
1
.
7
m
.
On
th
e
o
t
h
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h
a
n
d
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d
o
w
n
w
ar
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m
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c
ap
tu
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all
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b
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ts
in
clu
d
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n
g
u
n
d
er
s
to
r
y
ca
n
o
p
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.
Un
f
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atel
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,
t
h
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d
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n
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m
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p
t
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u
n
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er
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to
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o
p
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b
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t
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s
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u
b
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.
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b
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b
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d
if
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al
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I
n
s
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a
m
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s
h
r
u
b
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ca
p
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m
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t.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
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(
Deh
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Uma
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)
361
T
h
e
o
v
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esti
m
ate
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n
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o
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t
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[
33
]
.
Do
w
n
war
d
ca
n
o
p
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d
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it
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m
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s
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r
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[
1
8
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.
C
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cc
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l
.
[
1
8
]
u
s
ed
tr
u
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co
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(
R
GB
)
ca
m
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a
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en
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[
1
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[
34
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,
th
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[
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RE
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NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
M
a
c
f
a
rlan
e
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
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o
f
L
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a
f
A
re
a
In
d
e
x
in
Eu
c
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ly
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Us
in
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Dig
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a
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P
h
o
to
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ra
p
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Ag
ric
u
lt
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Fo
re
st M
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teo
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y
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l.
1
4
3
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3
-
4
,
p
p
.
1
7
6
-
1
8
8
,
2
0
0
7
.
[2
]
Z.
Az
izi,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
F
o
re
st
Ca
n
o
p
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De
n
sit
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Esti
m
a
ti
n
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,
Us
in
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S
a
tell
it
e
I
m
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g
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s,”
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h
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In
ter
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a
ti
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l
Arc
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Ph
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ra
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l
In
f
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rm
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ti
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c
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c
e
s
.
v
o
l.
XX
XV
II
,
P
a
rt
B
8
.
Be
ij
i
n
g
,
2
0
0
8
.
[3
]
S
.
A
rjas
a
k
u
su
m
a
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
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c
c
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p
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ti
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P
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tt
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A
ss
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m
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t
o
f
F
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c
h
a
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g
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Da
ta
se
ts
in
Ce
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tral
Ka
li
m
a
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tan
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In
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e
sia
n
J
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Ge
o
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ra
p
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o
.
2
,
p
p
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2
2
7
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2
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.
[4
]
N.
R.
T
o
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ir
,
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t
a
l.
,
“
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m
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taa
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P
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ru
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De
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sity
Ch
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in
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o
re
st,
Ku
n
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g
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District,
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v
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(In
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h
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sa
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min
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r
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sio
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d
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a
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J
a
u
h
:
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o
b
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fi
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Dise
min
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J
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,
3
2
2
-
3
3
1
,
2
0
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4
.
[5
]
F
.
T
a
u
re
a
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
a
p
p
in
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th
e
M
a
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g
ro
v
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F
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re
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o
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sin
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p
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m
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x
in
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o
f
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ry
Hig
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p
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ti
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l
Re
so
lu
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S
a
tell
it
e
Im
a
g
e
s,”
Re
mo
te S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
1
,
n
o
.
3
6
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[6
]
M
.
Ka
m
a
l,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
s
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
a
n
g
ro
v
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F
o
re
st De
g
ra
d
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ti
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n
T
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Ca
n
o
p
y
F
ra
c
ti
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n
a
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Co
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ri
m
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jaw
a
Isla
n
d
,
Ce
n
tral
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
Ge
o
p
la
n
n
in
g
:
J
o
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l
o
f
Ge
o
m
a
ti
c
s
a
n
d
P
la
n
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g
,
v
o
l.
3
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
0
7
-
1
1
6
,
2
0
1
6
.
[7
]
S
.
A
rjas
a
k
u
su
m
a
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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o
c
a
l
-
S
c
a
le
Ac
c
u
ra
c
y
As
se
s
s
m
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t
o
f
V
e
g
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tatio
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C
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r
Ch
a
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M
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p
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De
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d
f
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lo
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F
o
re
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h
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n
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ta,
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L
it
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,
a
n
d
S
u
p
e
rv
ise
d
Clas
sif
ic
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ti
o
n
s:
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se
S
t
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t
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a
rt
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r
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e
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d
o
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sia
,
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Ge
o
ma
ti
c
s,
v
o
l.
1
0
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o
.
3
,
p
p
.
2
0
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7
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2
0
1
8
.
[8
]
C.
L
i,
M
in
g
y
a
n
g
L
i,
a
n
d
Yin
g
c
h
a
n
g
L
i
,
“
I
m
p
ro
v
in
g
Esti
m
a
ti
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n
o
f
F
o
re
st
A
b
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ro
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m
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ss
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g
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d
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t
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g
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r
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y
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c
o
rp
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ra
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g
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o
re
st
Cro
w
n
De
n
sit
y
a
s
a
Du
m
m
y
V
a
riab
le,”
Ca
n
a
d
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n
J
o
u
rn
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l
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o
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Res
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rc
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l.
5
0
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4
,
p
p
.
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9
0
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2
0
2
0
.
[9
]
R.
N.
Kh
a
iri
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h
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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g
ro
f
o
re
str
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r
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e
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n
sit
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m
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ti
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se
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m
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T
IRS
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h
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ter
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ra
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v
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.
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L
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-
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/W
7
,
2
0
1
9
.
[1
0
]
J.
C.
Jim
é
n
e
z
-
M
u
ñ
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z
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
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m
p
a
riso
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twe
e
n
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ra
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ti
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n
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l
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g
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r
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tri
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ls
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tatio
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ice
s
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n
d
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p
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tral
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ix
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re
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n
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l
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sis:
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se
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tu
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/CHRIS
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ta
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n
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re
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,
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9
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p
.
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0
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4
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1
]
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.
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b
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Dim
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s,
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P
e
ter
.
,
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o
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n
o
p
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sity
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se
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t
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in
g
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n
t
A
p
p
ro
a
c
h
e
s
–
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v
ie
w
,
”
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o
u
rn
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l
o
f
F
o
re
st S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
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3
,
p
p
.
1
0
6
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1
5
,
2
0
1
7
.
[1
2
]
F
.
Ch
ian
u
c
c
i,
U
C
h
iav
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tt
a
,
A
C
u
ti
n
i
,
“
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h
e
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m
a
ti
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n
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rib
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m
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s,”
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v
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l
.
7
,
p
p
.
2
5
5
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5
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
3
]
F
.
Ch
ian
u
c
c
i,
“
A
n
Ov
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v
ie
w
o
f
In
S
it
u
Dig
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l
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n
o
p
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ra
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re
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n
a
d
i
a
n
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
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re
st
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l.
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o
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3
,
p
p
.
2
2
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4
2
,
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0
2
0
.
[1
4
]
F
.
Ch
ia
n
u
c
c
i
a
n
d
A
.
Cu
ti
n
i,
“
Dig
it
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l
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m
isp
h
e
rica
l
P
h
o
to
g
ra
p
h
y
fo
r
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m
a
ti
n
g
F
o
re
st
Ca
n
o
p
y
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r
o
p
e
rti
e
s:
Cu
rre
n
t
Co
n
tr
o
v
e
rsie
s a
n
d
O
p
p
o
rt
u
n
it
ies
,
”
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o
re
st,
v
o
l.
5
,
p
p
.
2
9
0
-
2
9
5
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
5
]
F
.
A
sh
a
a
ri
,
M
.
Ka
m
a
l
,
D
.
Dir
g
a
h
a
y
u
,
“
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
M
o
d
e
l
Ac
c
u
ra
c
y
in
T
re
e
Ca
n
o
p
y
De
n
sit
y
Es
ti
m
a
ti
o
n
Us
in
g
S
in
g
le
Ba
n
d
,
V
e
g
e
tatio
n
In
d
ice
s
a
n
d
F
o
re
st
Ca
n
o
p
y
De
n
sity
(F
CD)
Ba
se
d
o
n
L
a
n
d
sa
t
-
8
Im
a
g
e
r
y
(C
a
se
S
tu
d
y
:
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e
a
t
S
w
a
m
p
F
o
re
st i
n
Riau
P
ro
v
in
c
e
),
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In
t.
J
o
u
rn
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l
o
f
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
Ea
rt
h
S
c
ien
c
e
s,
v
o
l.
1
5
,
p
p
.
8
1
-
9
2
,
2
0
1
8
.
[1
6
]
S
.
A
.
S
u
a
b
a
n
d
R.
Av
tar,
“
Un
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
V
e
h
icle
S
y
ste
m
(
UA
V
S
)
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
in
F
o
re
stry
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n
d
P
lan
tatio
n
Op
e
ra
ti
o
n
s:
Ex
p
e
rie
n
c
e
s
in
S
a
b
a
h
a
n
d
S
a
ra
w
a
k
,
M
a
la
y
sia
n
Bo
rn
e
o
,
”
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ma
n
n
e
d
Aer
ia
l
Ve
h
icle
:
Ap
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
i
n
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t
a
n
d
Ag
ric
u
lt
u
re
,
R
.
Avta
r a
n
d
T
.
W
a
t
a
n
a
b
e
(
Ed
s.),
C
h
a
m:
S
p
ri
n
g
e
r In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
P
u
b
l
is
h
in
g
,
2
0
2
0
.
[1
7
]
Y.
Erf
a
n
ifard
a
n
d
Z.
K
h
o
d
a
e
e
,
“
Ca
n
o
p
y
De
n
sit
y
M
a
p
p
in
g
o
n
Ult
ra
c
a
m
-
D
Ae
rial
I
m
a
g
e
r
y
in
Zag
r
o
s
W
o
o
d
lan
d
s,
Ira
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Arc
h
ive
s
o
f
th
e
P
h
o
t
o
g
r
a
mm
e
try
,
Rem
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
ti
a
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
s
,
v
o
l.
XL
-
1
/W
3
,
2
0
1
3
S
M
P
R
2
0
1
3
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
8
]
F
.
Ch
ian
u
c
c
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Ca
n
o
p
y
A
tt
rib
u
tes
in
Be
e
c
h
F
o
re
sts
Us
in
g
T
ru
e
Co
lo
u
r
Dig
it
a
l
Im
a
g
e
s
f
ro
m
A
S
m
a
ll
F
ix
e
d
W
in
g
U
A
V
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
Ap
p
li
e
d
Ea
rth
Ob
se
rv
a
ti
o
n
a
n
d
Ge
o
i
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
,
v
o
l.
4
7
,
p
p
.
6
0
-
6
8
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
W
.
Kh
o
k
th
o
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Dro
n
e
-
B
a
se
d
As
se
ss
m
e
n
t
o
f
Ca
n
o
p
y
Co
v
e
r
f
o
r
A
n
a
l
y
z
in
g
T
re
e
M
o
rtalit
y
in
a
n
Oil
P
a
lm
Ag
ro
f
o
re
st,”
Fro
n
ti
e
rs
in
F
o
re
sts a
n
d
Glo
b
a
l
Ch
a
n
g
e
,
v
o
l.
2
,
n
o
.
1
2
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
0
]
C.
Hu
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
S
trate
g
y
f
o
r
Esti
m
a
ti
n
g
T
re
e
C
a
n
o
p
y
De
n
sit
y
Us
in
g
L
a
n
d
sa
t
7
ET
M
+
a
n
d
Hig
h
Re
s
o
lu
t
i
o
n
Im
a
g
e
s Ov
e
r
L
a
r
g
e
A
re
a
,
”
T
h
ird
In
t.
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
Ge
o
sp
a
ti
a
l
I
n
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
i
n
A
g
ric
u
lt
u
re
a
n
d
F
o
re
stry
,
2
0
0
1
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
1
,
Feb
r
u
ar
y
2
0
2
1
:
356
-
364
364
[2
1
]
D.
A
.
U
m
a
rh
a
d
i,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
h
e
Co
m
p
a
riso
n
o
f
Ca
n
o
p
y
De
n
sit
y
M
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
U
A
V
a
n
d
He
m
isp
h
e
rica
l
P
h
o
t
o
g
ra
p
h
y
f
o
r
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
Ba
se
d
M
a
p
p
in
g
,”
4
th
I
n
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
ICS
T
),
p
p
.
1
-
5
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
2
]
R.
D.
Dim
y
a
ti
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
M
in
im
u
m
Clo
u
d
C
o
v
e
r
M
o
sa
ic
Im
a
g
e
M
o
d
e
l
o
f
th
e
O
p
e
ra
ti
o
n
a
l
L
a
n
d
Im
a
g
e
r
Lan
d
sa
t
-
8
M
u
lt
it
e
m
p
o
ra
l
Da
ta
u
si
n
g
T
il
e
b
a
se
d
,
”
In
ter
n
a
t
io
n
a
l
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
i
n
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
8
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
6
0
-
3
7
1
,
2
0
1
8
.
[2
3
]
M
.
P
a
lm
o
li
n
a
,
“
P
e
n
g
e
lo
laa
n
Hu
t
a
n
Ra
k
y
a
t
p
a
d
a
Lah
a
n
S
e
m
p
it
-
Co
m
m
u
n
it
y
F
o
re
st
M
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
in
Na
rro
w
Lan
d
(in
Ba
h
a
sa
)
,
”
Pro
si
d
in
g
S
e
mi
n
a
r
Na
sio
n
a
l
M
a
sy
a
r
a
k
a
t
B
io
d
ive
rs
it
a
s In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
p
p
.
7
3
2
-
7
3
7
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
4
]
S
.
Dh
in
g
ra
a
n
d
D.
Ku
m
a
r,
“
A
Re
v
ie
w
o
f
Re
m
o
tel
y
S
e
n
se
d
S
a
telli
te
I
m
a
g
e
Clas
si
f
ic
a
ti
o
n
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
El
e
c
trica
l
a
n
d
C
o
mp
u
ter
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
(
IJ
ECE
)
,
v
o
l.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
1
7
2
0
-
1
7
3
1
,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
5
]
M
.
X
u
,
X
Jia
,
M
P
ick
e
rin
g
.
,
“
A
u
to
m
a
ti
c
Clo
u
d
Re
m
o
v
a
l
f
o
r
L
a
n
d
sa
t
8
OL
I
Im
a
g
e
s
Us
in
g
Cirru
s
Ba
n
d
,
”
IE
EE
Ge
o
sc
ien
c
e
a
n
d
Rem
o
te S
e
n
si
n
g
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m,
p
p
.
2
5
1
1
-
2
5
1
4
,
2
0
1
4
.
[2
6
]
D.
A
.
U
m
a
rh
a
d
i
a
n
d
P
.
Da
n
o
e
d
o
ro
,
"
Co
rre
c
ti
n
g
to
p
o
g
ra
p
h
ic
e
ffe
c
t
o
n
L
a
n
d
sa
t
-
8
im
a
g
e
s:
a
n
e
v
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
u
sin
g
d
if
fe
re
n
t
DEM
s in
I
n
d
o
n
e
sia
,
"
Pr
o
c
.
S
PI
E
1
1
3
1
1
,
S
ixt
h
Ge
o
i
n
fo
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
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c
e
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m,
2
0
1
9
.
[2
7
]
W
.
Ro
u
se
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
o
n
it
o
ri
n
g
Ve
g
e
tatio
n
S
y
ste
m
s
in
t
h
e
G
re
a
t
P
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s
w
it
h
ERT
S
,
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Pro
c
.
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h
ird
E
a
rth
Res
o
u
rc
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s
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e
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h
n
o
l
o
g
y
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a
tell
it
e
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1
S
y
mp
o
si
u
m,
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P
-
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5
1
,
3
0
1
0
-
3
0
1
7
,
1
9
7
4
.
[2
8
]
J.
Qi,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
M
o
d
if
ied
S
o
il
A
d
ju
ste
d
V
e
g
e
tatio
n
I
n
d
e
x
,
”
R
e
mo
te
S
e
n
sin
g
o
f
En
v
iro
n
me
n
t,
v
o
l.
4
8
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
1
1
9
-
1
2
6
,
1
9
9
4
.
[2
9
]
A
.
Ka
rn
ieli,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
A
F
RI
-
A
e
ro
so
l
F
re
e
V
e
g
e
tatio
n
I
n
d
e
x
,
”
Re
mo
te
S
e
n
sin
g
o
f
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
t
,
v
o
l.
7
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
10
-
2
1
,
2
0
0
1
.
[3
0
]
R.
M
.
M
c
Co
y
,
“
F
ield
M
e
th
o
d
s i
n
Re
m
o
te S
e
n
sin
g
,
”
T
h
e
G
u
il
f
o
rd
P
re
ss
A
Div
isi
o
n
o
f
Gu
il
fo
rd
Pu
b
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s,
2
0
0
5
.
[3
1
]
H.
Zh
e
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ev
a
lu
a
ti
o
n
o
f
RG
B,
Co
lo
r
-
In
f
ra
re
d
a
n
d
M
u
lt
is
p
e
c
tral
Im
a
g
e
s
A
c
q
u
ired
f
ro
m
U
n
m
a
n
n
e
d
A
e
rial
S
y
st
e
m
s
f
o
r
th
e
Esti
m
a
ti
o
n
o
f
Nit
ro
g
e
n
A
c
c
u
m
u
latio
n
in
Rice
,
”
Rem
o
te S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
1
0
,
n
o
.
6
,
2
0
1
8
.
[3
2
]
M
.
W
e
iss a
n
d
F
.
Ba
re
t,
“
Ca
n
Ey
e
V
6
.
4
.
9
1
Us
e
r
M
a
n
u
a
l,
”
INR
A
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
&
Imp
a
c
t,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
3
]
D.
D.
G
u
p
it
a
a
n
d
S
.
H.
M.
B
.
S
a
n
to
sa
,
“
S
o
il
Er
o
sio
n
a
n
d
Its
Co
r
re
latio
n
w
it
h
V
e
g
e
tatio
n
Co
v
e
r:
A
n
As
se
s
s
m
e
n
t
Us
in
g
M
u
lt
is
p
e
c
tral
Im
a
g
e
r
y
a
n
d
P
ix
e
l
-
Ba
se
d
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
ic
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
y
ste
m
in
G
e
sin
g
S
u
b
-
W
a
ters
h
e
d
,
Ce
n
tral
Ja
v
a
,
In
d
o
n
e
sia
,
”
IOP
C
o
n
f.
S
e
rie
s: E
a
rth
a
n
d
E
n
v
iro
n
me
n
ta
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
v
o
l.
5
4
,
n
o
.
1
,
2
0
1
7
.
[3
4
]
S
.
B.
Je
n
n
i
n
g
s,
ND
Bro
w
n
,
D
S
h
e
il
.,
“
A
ss
e
ss
in
g
F
o
re
st
Ca
n
o
p
ies
a
n
d
Un
d
e
rst
o
re
y
Ill
u
m
in
a
ti
o
n
:
C
a
n
o
p
y
Clo
su
re
,
Ca
n
o
p
y
Co
v
e
r
a
n
d
Oth
e
r
M
e
a
su
re
s,”
Fo
re
stry
,
v
o
l.
7
2
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
59
-
7
4
,
1
9
9
9
.
[3
5
]
M
.
Ka
m
a
l,
S
P
h
in
n
,
K
J
o
h
a
n
se
n
,
“
Ch
a
ra
c
teriz
in
g
t
h
e
S
p
a
ti
a
l
S
tru
c
tu
re
o
f
M
a
n
g
ro
v
e
F
e
a
tu
re
s
f
o
r
Op
ti
m
izin
g
Im
a
g
e
-
B
a
se
d
M
a
n
g
ro
v
e
M
a
p
p
in
g
,
”
Rem
o
te S
e
n
si
n
g
,
v
o
l.
6
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
9
8
4
-
1
0
0
6
,
2
0
1
4
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
De
h
a
Ag
u
s
U
m
a
r
h
a
d
i
,
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Y
o
g
y
a
k
a
rta.
He
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
B.
S
c
o
f
Ca
rto
g
ra
p
h
y
a
n
d
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
G
e
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsitas
Ga
d
jah
M
a
d
a
in
2
0
1
7
.
He
w
a
s
a
re
s
e
a
rc
h
a
ss
istan
t
a
t
Ce
n
ter
f
o
r
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
I
n
teg
ra
ted
S
u
r
v
e
y
s
(P
USP
IC
S
),
F
a
c
u
l
ty
o
f
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsita
s
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
(2
0
1
7
-
2
0
1
9
)
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
a
m
a
ste
r’s
stu
d
e
n
t
a
t
G
ra
d
u
a
te
S
c
h
o
o
l
o
f
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
t
a
l
S
c
ien
c
e
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
En
v
iro
n
m
e
n
tal
Earth
S
c
ien
c
e
,
Ho
k
k
a
id
o
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
Pro
jo
D
a
n
o
e
d
o
r
o
,
w
a
s
b
o
rn
in
Yo
g
y
a
k
a
rta.
H
e
o
b
tain
e
d
h
is
B
.Sc
in
th
e
f
ield
o
f
T
e
c
h
n
ica
l
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
/Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
in
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
Ge
o
g
ra
p
h
y
,
Un
iv
e
rsita
s
G
a
d
jah
M
a
d
a
in
1
9
8
9
,
a
n
d
M
.Sc
f
ro
m
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
L
a
n
d
Re
so
u
rc
e
s
a
n
d
Urb
a
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
(LA
R
US),
Ru
ra
l
L
a
n
d
Eco
lo
g
y
S
u
rv
e
y
Div
isio
n
,
IT
C
in
1
9
9
3
.
He
o
b
tai
n
e
d
h
is
P
h
.
D
in
C
e
n
tre
f
o
r
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
S
p
a
ti
a
l
In
f
o
rm
a
ti
o
n
S
c
ien
c
e
(CRS
S
IS
),
T
h
e
Un
iv
e
rsity
o
f
Qu
e
e
n
sla
n
d
(UQ
),
A
u
stra
li
a
(2
0
0
7
).
He
w
a
s
th
e
Dire
c
to
r
o
f
Ce
n
ter
fo
r
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
In
teg
ra
te
d
S
u
rv
e
y
s
(P
US
P
ICS
)
(2
0
0
8
-
2
0
1
7
).
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
t
h
e
He
a
d
o
f
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
L
a
b
o
ra
to
r
y
,
a
n
d
th
e
He
a
d
o
f
Re
m
o
te
S
e
n
sin
g
a
n
d
G
IS
G
ra
d
u
a
te
P
ro
g
ra
m
,
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
,
Un
iv
e
r
sitas
Ga
d
jah
M
a
d
a.
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