Int
ern
at
i
onal
Journ
al of Ele
ctrical
an
d
Co
m
put
er
En
gin
eeri
ng
(IJ
E
C
E)
Vo
l.
11
,
No.
3
,
June
2021
,
pp. 2
054~
2061
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
,
DOI: 10
.11
591/
ijece
.
v11
i
3
.
pp2054
-
20
61
2054
Journ
al h
om
e
page
:
http:
//
ij
ece.i
aesc
or
e.c
om
myBas d
rivin
g cycle for
Ku
ala
T
er
engganu
city
J.
S. N
orbak
yah
1
,
M.
I.
Nor
diyana
2
,
I.
N
. Anid
a
3
,
A.
F.
Ayob
4
,
A.
R.
S
alisa
5
1
,2,3,4,5
Facul
t
y
of O
ce
an Engi
n
ee
ri
ng
Technol
og
y
a
nd
Inform
at
ic
s
,
Univer
siti
Malays
ia
T
ere
ngg
anu,
Te
ren
gg
anu, Ma
lay
s
ia
1,5
Rene
wabl
e En
erg
y
and
Pow
er Resea
rch
Int
ere
s
t
Group (RE
PR
I
G),
Univer
si
ti
M
al
a
y
si
a
T
ere
ngg
a
nu,
Te
ren
gg
anu, Ma
lay
s
ia
.
1.5
Ene
rg
y
Stor
ag
e
Rese
arc
h
Grou
p
(
ESRG),
Univ
ersit
i
Malay
si
a T
ere
ngganu
,
Te
r
e
ngganu,
Ma
lay
si
a
Art
ic
le
In
f
o
ABSTR
A
CT
Art
ic
le
history:
Re
cei
ved
Ma
y
28, 202
0
Re
vised
Sep 1
9
,
2020
Accepte
d
Oct
2,
2020
Driving
c
y
c
le
s
a
re
seri
es
of
da
ta
point
s
th
at
r
epr
ese
nt
v
ehi
c
le
sp
ee
d
v
ersus
ti
m
e
seque
n
ce
d
profile
dev
el
op
ed
for
spe
ci
fi
c
roa
d,
rou
te,
c
ity
or
c
ert
a
in
loc
a
ti
on.
It
is
widely
utili
ze
d
in
the
appl
i
ca
t
ion
of
vehi
cl
e
m
an
ufa
ct
ur
ers,
envi
ronm
ent
a
li
st
s
and
tr
aff
i
c
en
gine
ers.
Sinc
e
t
he
veh
ic
l
es
ar
e
one
of
th
e
highe
r
ai
r
poll
u
ti
on
source
s,
dr
ivi
ng
c
y
cle
is
nee
ded
to
ev
al
ua
te
the
fue
l
consum
pti
on
and
exha
ust
emiss
ions.
The
m
ai
n
o
bje
c
ti
ves
in
th
is
stud
y
ar
e
t
o
deve
lop
and
charac
t
eri
z
e
the
dri
ving
c
y
c
le
for
m
y
BAS
in
K
ual
a
Te
ren
gg
anu
ci
t
y
using
esta
b
li
shed
k
-
m
ea
ns
cl
uster
ing
m
et
h
od
and
to
anal
yse
the
fu
el
consum
pti
on
an
d
emiss
ions
usi
ng
adva
nc
ed
ve
hic
l
e
sim
ula
tor
(
AD
VISOR).
Opera
ti
on
of
m
y
BAS
offe
rs 7
trunk
route
s a
nd
one
fee
der
rout
e.
T
he
rese
arc
h
cove
red
on
two
oper
at
ion
route
s
of
m
y
BAS
which
is
Kuala
Te
ren
gganu
ci
t
y
-
fee
der
and
from
Kuala
Te
r
engganu
to
Je
ti
Me
ran
g
where
the
spee
d
-
ti
m
e
da
ta
is
col
le
c
te
d
usin
g
on
-
boar
d
m
ea
s
ure
m
ent
m
et
hod.
In
gene
ral
,
driv
i
ng
c
y
c
le
is
m
ade
up
of
a
fe
w
m
ic
ro
-
tri
ps,
d
efi
ned
as
the
tr
i
p
m
ade
bet
wee
n
two
idl
ing
per
iods.
The
se
m
ic
ro
-
tri
ps
cl
ust
er
b
y
using
the
k
-
m
ea
ns
cl
ustering
m
et
hod
and
m
at
rix
la
bo
rat
or
y
softwar
e
(MA
TL
AB)
is
used
in
dev
el
op
ing
m
y
BAS
drivi
ng
c
y
cle.
T
y
pi
call
y
,
dev
el
o
ping
the
drivi
n
g
c
y
c
le
base
d
o
n
the
rea
l
-
world
in
r
esult
in
g
improved
th
e
f
uel
ec
onom
y
an
d
emiss
ions o
f
m
y
BAS
.
Ke
yw
or
d
s
:
Dr
i
ving cycl
e
Em
issi
on
s
Fu
el
c
onsu
m
ption
Mi
cro
-
tri
ps
m
yB
AS
This
is an
open
acc
ess arti
cl
e
un
der
the
CC
B
Y
-
SA
l
ic
ense
.
Corres
pond
in
g
Aut
h
or
:
A.
R.
Sali
sa
Faculty
of
Oce
an
E
ngineeri
ng
Tech
nolo
gy a
nd Info
rm
atics
Un
i
ver
sit
i M
al
ay
sia
Tereng
ga
nu
21030 K
uala
N
eru
s
, Te
reng
ga
nu, Mal
ay
sia
Em
a
il
:
sal
isa
@
um
t.edu
.m
y
1.
INTROD
U
CTION
Nowa
days,
the
re
are
wi
de
va
riet
y
of
sta
nd
a
rd
dri
ving
cy
cl
es
that
use
d
t
o
i
m
ple
m
ent
sta
te
e
m
issi
on
m
anag
em
ent.
The
sta
nda
rd
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
es
in
a
foreig
n
country
s
uch
as
the
U
nited
Stat
es
fe
deral
te
st
proce
dure
(F
T
P
-
75
)
an
d
Eu
r
op
ea
n
te
st
cy
cle
(ECE
-
15)
use
d
f
or
ene
r
gy
consum
ption
te
st
of
the
hea
vy
-
duty
hybri
d
ve
hicle
.
These
dri
ving
cy
cl
es
are
app
l
ie
d
in
the
area
of
in
ve
ntion
ve
hicle
e
m
issi
on
regulat
ion
s
,
de
sign,
and
ad
va
ncem
ent
of
the
ne
w
car
m
od
el
,
assessm
ent
of
poll
utant
e
m
issi
on
an
d
fu
el
c
onsu
m
ption’s
m
easu
rem
ent
i
n
disti
nct
area
s
[1,
2]
.
D
rivi
ng
cy
cl
e
can
be
def
i
ne
d
as
a
series
of
dat
a
po
ints
re
pr
e
s
enting
sp
ee
d
ve
rsus
ti
m
e
[
3
]
,
sp
ee
d
and
gear
s
el
ect
ion
as
a
f
unct
ion
of
ti
m
e
[
4
]
,
sp
eed
versus
distance
[
5
]
or
tim
e
ver
s
us
gr
a
dient
[
6
]
in
a
def
i
nite
reg
i
on
or
a
pa
rt
of
a
r
oad
se
ct
ion
.
T
he
refore
,
this
can
suff
ic
ie
ntly
descr
ibe
th
e
capab
il
it
y
qu
al
it
y
of
ve
hicle
durin
g
dr
ivi
ng
are
esse
ntial
pr
e
requisi
te
s
f
or
acc
ur
at
e
e
va
luati
on
s
of
ve
hicle
s
energy ec
onomy
an
d em
issi
on
s p
e
rfor
m
ances
[
7
-
10
].
Con
si
der
i
ng
th
e
ve
hicle
f
uel
consum
ption
a
nd
em
issi
on
s
are
in
flue
nce
d
by
perf
or
m
ing
sit
uatio
ns
[
11
]
,
sp
eci
fic
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
es
are
essenti
al
s
to
versi
on
a
portrait
of
f
uel
co
nsum
pti
on
a
nd
at
m
os
ph
e
ric
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
myB
as
dr
iv
in
g cy
cl
e for Kual
a
Ter
en
ggan
u ci
ty
(
J.
S.
N
orb
akyah
)
2055
e
m
issi
on
s
in
duced
by
fleet
s
of
ve
hicle
s.
Air
po
ll
ution
is
a
la
r
ge
-
scal
e
com
plica
ti
o
n
for
big
ci
ti
es,
wh
e
r
e
veh
ic
le
s
a
re
one
of
the
m
os
t
crit
ic
al
ai
r
po
ll
ution
sou
rc
es
[12,
13]
.
D
riving
cy
cl
es
are
re
quired
f
or
t
he
est
i
m
ation
of
f
uel
c
on
s
um
pti
on
a
nd
ex
ha
ust
em
issi
on
s
fro
m
veh
ic
le
s
for
em
issi
on
te
sti
ng
a
nd
certi
fic
at
ion
,
with
m
any
ci
ties
ha
ving
un
i
que
cy
cl
es
f
or
di
ff
ere
nt
ty
pes
of
ve
hicle
s
an
d
r
oa
ds
.
Th
us
,
perfect
ing
the
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
con
str
uct
ion
te
ch
nique
and
t
he
enla
rge
m
ent
of
dr
ivi
ng
cy
cl
e
f
or
l
oc
al
ci
ty
has
pract
ic
al
sign
ific
ances
and
sta
ndar
ds
.
Rou
te
sel
ect
ion
,
data
c
ollec
ti
on
,
cy
cl
e
c
onstructio
n,
and
cy
cl
e
ass
essm
ent
hav
e
bee
n
ackno
wled
ged
as
f
our
m
ajor
c
omm
on
ste
ps
i
n
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
de
velo
pm
ent.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
m
yBA
S
is
ch
os
e
n
as
a
n
exam
ple o
f hea
vy
-
du
ty
veh
ic
l
e in
Ku
al
a
Ter
engga
nu.
Dr
i
ving
cy
cl
es
act
as
a
sta
nd
a
rd
iz
e
d
m
easur
em
ent
pr
ocee
di
ng
f
or
the
certi
ficat
ion
an
d
int
erpreta
ti
on
of
the
fu
el
ec
onom
y,
e
m
issio
ns
a
nd
dri
vi
ng
range
of
m
at
erial
izing
veh
ic
ular
te
ch
no
l
og
ie
s
.
A
c
omm
on
exam
ple
of
a
le
gislat
ive
certi
ficat
ion
dri
vi
ng
cy
cl
e
fo
r
ty
pe
approval
f
or
li
gh
t
-
du
ty
ve
hi
cl
es
in
Euro
pe
is
the
n
ew
e
uro
pean
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
(N
EDC
)
an
d
th
e
FTP
-
75.
The
reason
f
or
the
el
e
m
entary
ro
le
of
dri
vi
ng
cy
cl
es
is
that
they
pr
ovi
de
co
ns
trai
nts
that
veh
ic
le
s
ha
ve
to
entertai
n
an
d
w
her
e
t
he
cost,
fu
el
c
on
s
um
ption
,
a
nd
the
po
ll
uta
nt em
iss
ion
s
are
al
l
de
pe
nd
e
nt
on th
e
drivin
g
cy
cl
e
[14
-
17]
.
The
obj
ect
ive
s
of
this
resea
r
ch
a
re
to
de
ve
lop
a
nd
c
har
ac
te
rize
the
dr
i
vin
g
cy
cl
es
f
or
m
yB
AS
in
Ku
al
a
Te
re
ngga
nu
ci
ty
an
d
a
naly
se
the
f
uel
consum
ption
and
em
issi
on
s
of
m
yB
AS
.
A
par
t
f
r
om
i
t,
m
yB
AS
util
it
y
aims
are
to
li
nk
the
ur
ban
a
nd
r
ur
al
areas
m
or
e
effi
ci
ently
thro
ug
h
tim
et
able
schedules
to
hel
p
local
s
m
ake
it
acce
s
sible
to
get
ba
ck
a
nd
f
ort
h
to
w
ork
,
sc
ho
ol
an
d
ot
her
locat
ions.
The
la
nd
public
tr
ans
port
com
m
issi
on
(SPA
D)
held
a
c
on
t
ract
sign
i
ng
cerem
on
y
with
MAR
A
Line
r
S
dn
B
hd,
sig
naling
t
he
pr
e
-
la
un
c
h
of
m
yB
AS
K
uala
Ter
en
gga
nu
ser
vice
under
the
sta
ge
bu
s
ser
vice
tr
ansfo
rm
ation
(
SBST)
pro
gra
m
m
e.
Be
sides, th
e i
m
pr
ov
e
d
m
yB
AS
se
rv
ic
e in
Ku
al
a Te
reng
ga
nu
will
en
able
co
m
m
uters
in K
uala Te
reng
ga
nu
a
nd
adj
ace
nt
a
reas
to
en
joy
wi
der
co
nn
ect
ivit
y
a
nd
integ
rati
on
resu
lt
in
g
in
m
or
e
reli
able
bus
ser
vice
acr
oss
the
ci
ty
.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
t
he
de
velo
pm
e
nt
of
a
real
-
w
or
l
d
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
is
i
m
po
rtant
for
traff
ic
and
tra
nsport
m
anag
em
ent,
veh
ic
ular
po
ll
uti
on
m
easur
em
e
nt
and
c
on
t
ro
l,
energy
an
d
fue
l
con
s
um
ption
stud
ie
s
[
18
]
.
In
this
researc
h,
m
at
ri
x
la
borato
ry
(MATLA
B
)
is
us
e
d
for
the
de
rivati
on
of
de
velo
pm
ent
myB
AS
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e.
Actual
dri
ving
cy
cl
es
are
the
cy
cl
es
that
der
ive
d
from
the
m
ov
em
ent
of
te
st
veh
ic
le
on
the
ro
a
d
un
de
r
real
traff
ic
c
onditi
on
s
.
T
hese
cy
cl
es
are
synt
he
siz
ed
f
r
om
real
m
ic
ro
trip
s.
T
hese
dr
i
vin
g
cy
cl
es
are
m
or
e
represe
ntati
ve
of
the
i
nten
de
d
dri
ving
patte
rn
a
nd
a
re
ge
ne
rall
y
con
str
uc
te
d
with
a
sim
ple
patte
r
n
to
ob
ta
in
high
r
epeata
bili
ty
[
19
]
.
T
he
re
fore,
t
he
ver
ifi
cat
ion
of
dri
vi
ng
cy
cl
es
with
well
-
est
ablishe
d
c
od
es
an
d
softwar
e
al
so
be
c
om
pr
ise
d.
2.
RESEA
R
CH MET
HO
D
A
com
plete
m
e
thodo
l
og
y
is
de
sign
e
d
in
de
ve
lop
in
g
m
yB
AS
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
as
il
lustrate
d
i
n
Fig
ure
1.
T
he
m
ai
n
ste
ps
of
m
et
ho
dolo
gy
a
re
prese
nted
bri
efly
belo
w.
I
n
this
rese
arc
h,
only
one
s
or
t
of
ve
hicle
is
us
e
d
wh
ic
h
is
m
yBA
S
that
ope
rated
in
K
uala
T
ereng
ganu.
m
yBA
S
is
a
valu
able
exam
ple
of
heav
y
-
duty
veh
ic
le
that use
d by th
e cit
iz
en
in
Kual
a Tereng
ganu.
T
his
dr
i
ving
cyc
le
d
evel
opm
ent can help
m
yB
AS
to
re
duce f
ue
l
consum
ptio
n
a
nd
em
issi
on
.
The
num
ber
of
routes
is
lim
ited
into
tw
o
ty
pes
of
routes.
The
r
ou
te
s
tha
t
hav
e
been
sel
ect
ed
i
s
F1
00,
the K
ua
la
Teren
gga
nu
ci
ty
feed
er
and
T
102
r
oute
s
wh
ere
the d
est
inati
on
is
from
Ku
al
a
Tereng
ganu
t
o Jet
i M
erang.
Each
sel
ect
e
d
r
ou
te
has
t
o
be
rep
eat
e
d
10
ti
m
es
in
orde
r
to
obta
in
a
n
e
xac
t
data.
T
he
F
100
r
ou
te
ha
s
the
highest
pe
r
centage o
f
people
util
iz
ing
m
yB
AS
beca
us
e the
routes
in
di
cat
e
the
m
ai
n
po
int
of
ci
ty
where
al
l
the
facil
it
ie
s
an
d
acc
omm
od
ation
s
a
re
l
ocated.
Be
si
des,
t
he
T1
02
rou
te
is d
e
m
and
f
or
the
l
ocal
to go
f
rom
on
e
destinat
io
n
t
o
ano
t
her
nea
res
t
destinat
ion.
G
lo
bal
posit
io
ning
syst
em
(
GP
S
)
is
use
d
as
a
tracki
ng
t
oo
l
a
nd
recordi
ng
t
he
dri
ving
patte
rn
al
ong
the
st
udy
area.
The
c
ol
le
ct
ed
data
the
n
will
be
div
id
ed
into
s
eve
ral
m
ic
r
o
-
trips,
a
nd
feat
ur
es
s
uc
h
as
a
ver
a
ge
velocit
y
and
idle
perce
ntage
will
be
cal
culat
ed
f
r
om
each
m
ic
ro
-
trip.
I
n
dev
el
op
i
ng
the
final
dri
ving
c
yc
le
for
Ku
al
a
Tereng
ganu
ci
ty
,
the
k
-
m
eans
cl
us
te
ri
ng
m
eth
od
is
use
d
f
or
both
route
1
a
nd
r
ou
te
2.
A
D
VISO
R
so
ft
war
e
is u
sed
in
a
naly
sis
the
f
uel
co
nsu
m
pt
ion
an
d
em
issi
on
s
t
hat
bas
ed
on
the
final
dev
e
lop
dri
ving
cy
cl
e.
ADVI
S
O
R
is
us
ed
becau
se
the
software
is
an
est
ablished
s
of
t
war
e
i
n
si
m
ulati
on
stu
di
ed.
In
orde
r
t
o
c
ha
racteri
ze
the
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
te
st
run
data,
ni
ne
as
sessm
ent
pa
ram
et
ers
are
ch
os
e
n
as
il
lustrate
d
in
T
able
1.
T
hose
par
am
et
ers
are
aver
a
ge
s
pee
d,
ave
rag
e
r
unni
ng
sp
ee
d,
av
er
age
acce
le
rati
on
of
al
l
acce
le
rati
on
phases,
a
ver
a
ge
decele
rati
on
of
al
l
decele
r
at
ion
phases,
tim
e
pr
oport
ion
of
idli
ng,
tim
e
pro
portio
n
of
acce
le
rati
on
,
ti
m
e
pr
op
or
ti
on
of
c
ru
ise
,
tim
e
propo
rtion
of
decele
rati
on,
a
nd
root
m
ean
sq
ua
re
of accel
erati
on
[
20
-
23]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
54
-
2061
2056
Figure
1. Flo
w
ch
a
rt of
dev
el
op
m
ent m
yB
AS
drivi
ng cyc
le
Table
1.
N
ine
par
am
et
ers
of
dr
i
ving cycl
e
Para
m
eters
Un
it
Equ
atio
n
Av
erage sp
eed
K
m
/h
V
1
= 3.6
Av
erage r
u
n
n
in
g
sp
eed
K
m
/h
V
2
= 3.6
Av
erage acc
elera
ti
o
n
of
all
acceler
ati
o
n
ph
ase
m
/
s
2
a
=
-
1
Av
erage decele
rati
o
n
of
all
d
eceler
ati
o
n
ph
ase
m
/
s
2
d
=
-
1
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of idlin
g
%
% id
le =
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of cr
u
isin
g
%
% cruis
e =
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of acc
ele
ration
%
% acc
=
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of deceleration
%
% d
ec =
Ro
o
t
m
ean s
q
u
are
acceler
atio
n
m
/
s
2
RMS =
2
.
1.
Sele
cti
on
of ro
ut
e
Sele
ct
ion
of
r
oute
is
on
e
of
the
m
ajo
r
feat
ures
in
dev
el
op
i
ng
dri
vi
ng
cy
c
le
.
The
sel
ect
ed
tra
velin
g
routes
s
hould
best
re
pr
es
ent
the
act
ual
net
work
an
d
the
t
ypic
al
traff
ic
f
low
c
onditi
ons
aff
ect
e
d
by
s
pa
ti
al
or
tem
po
ral
c
ondi
ti
on
s
s
uc
h
as
la
nd
us
e,
r
oa
d
ty
pe
,
to
pogr
aph
y,
a
vaila
bili
ty
of
si
gn
al
iz
ed
i
ntersecti
on
s
an
d
p
op
ulati
on
de
nsi
ty
in
that
are
a.
Mor
eo
ver,
it
is
essenti
al
to
consi
der
the
ve
rtic
al
al
ign
m
ent
of
t
he
r
oa
d
as
well
because
gr
a
di
e
nt
of
the
r
oa
d
has
an
im
pact
ov
e
r
ve
hicle
s
f
uel
consum
ption,
an
d
it
var
ie
s
sign
ific
a
ntly
on
the
m
ic
ro
segm
ent
scal
e.
Tw
o
routes
as
il
lus
trat
ed
in
Fi
gures
2
an
d
3
that
are
sel
ect
e
d
ba
sed
on
m
yB
AS
op
e
rati
on
r
oute
s
w
hich
a
re
F
100
r
ou
te
a
nd
T
102
route.
F10
0
r
oute
sta
rtin
g
f
r
om
Ter
m
inal
MB
KT,
al
ong
the
Ku
al
a
Tere
ng
ganu
ci
ty
and
head
in
g
bac
k
to
Term
inal
MB
KT.
Me
an
wh
il
e,
T1
02
sta
rting
f
ro
m
Term
ina
l
MB
KT,
t
hro
ugh
ai
r
port
a
nd
en
ding
at
Jet
i
Me
rang.
Bot
h
routes
a
re
c
ho
s
en
beca
us
e
they
a
re
the
m
os
t
com
m
on
r
oute
s u
se
d
by cit
iz
en
as
w
el
l as
f
orei
gn
e
r
to
tra
vel along
sm
all la
nd
m
ass of
Ku
a
la
Tereng
ga
nu
ci
ty
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
myB
as
dr
iv
in
g cy
cl
e for Kual
a
Ter
en
ggan
u ci
ty
(
J.
S.
N
orb
akyah
)
2057
Figure
2. Ro
ute 1
:
F
100 r
oute
of m
yB
AS
Figure
3. Ro
ute 2
:
T
102 r
ou
te
of m
y
BAS
2
.
2
.
D
ata c
oll
ection
and mi
cro
-
trips
Fo
r
eac
h
route
10
te
st
runs
da
ta
wer
e
c
ollec
te
d.
O
n
-
bo
a
r
d
m
easur
em
ent
[2
4]
m
et
ho
d
is
us
e
d
as
dat
a
colle
ct
ion
m
eth
od
for
m
yB
AS
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
w
her
e
t
he
GPS
sp
ee
d
was
in
sta
ll
ed
as
a
tra
ckin
g
to
ol
a
nd
seco
nd
by
sec
ond
t
he
sp
ee
d
of
dri
ving
patte
rn
data
i
s
rec
or
de
d
as
t
he
bu
s
tra
vel
al
ong
t
he
sel
ect
e
d
r
oute
s.
Be
ca
us
e
of
an
ir
regular
an
d
a
ggressi
ve
dri
ving
be
hav
i
our
an
d
patte
r
n
in
K
uala
Te
re
ngga
nu
ci
ty
,
on
-
boar
d
m
et
ho
d
was
the
fine
st
to
be
app
li
e
d
an
d
c
ou
l
d
possi
bly
pr
e
ve
nt
from
any
acci
de
nt
th
at
m
igh
t
happe
n.
Be
s
id
es,
on
-
bo
a
r
d
m
easur
em
ent is an
accu
rate
m
et
ho
d f
or
m
easur
i
ng the e
xh
aust em
issi
on
s.
In
this
re
searc
h,
a
pa
rtit
ion
in
g
ap
proac
h
ba
sed
on
the
m
icr
o
-
trips
was
pr
opos
e
d
in
or
de
r
to
analy
se
the
dri
ving
data.
Mi
cro
-
trips
well
-
de
fine
d
a
s
the
dri
vi
ng
a
ct
ivit
y
be
tween
ad
j
ace
nt
sto
ps
with
inclu
di
ng
t
he
le
ading
i
dle
ti
m
e
[2
5].
T
he
a
ct
ual
dr
i
ving
da
ta
is
sp
li
t
into
m
ic
ro
j
ou
rn
ey
s
and
al
locat
e
d
accor
ding
to
a
ver
a
ge
rates
to
disti
nct
bin
s.
T
he
cy
cl
e
was
bu
il
t
us
i
ng
m
ic
ro
-
trips that
required
for
dri
vi
ng
f
eat
ur
e
e
xtracti
on
and
the
dr
i
ving
data cl
us
te
rin
g.
2.3
.
De
velo
p
ment dri
vin
g cycle
b
y
k
-
me
an
s clu
sterin
g me
thod
Mi
cro
-
tri
ps
are
choosin
g
in
de
veloe
d
of
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
bec
ause
it
can
be
def
i
ned
as
dr
i
vi
ng
act
ivit
y
betwee
n
ad
j
ac
ent
sto
ps
,
incl
ud
i
ng
le
a
ding
idle
per
i
od.
U
si
ng
t
his
m
et
h
od,
the
real
da
ta
is
separ
at
e
d
int
o
m
ic
ro
-
trips
a
nd
assig
ne
d
into
diff
e
ren
t
bin
s
accor
ding
to
a
ver
a
ge
s
peed
s
.
The
com
plete
data
m
us
t
be
div
ided
into
a
nu
m
ber
of
m
ic
ro
trips
.
Ma
ny
m
ic
ro
trips
ca
n
be
ac
qu
i
red
a
fter
thi
s
process
f
or
a
ll
colle
ct
ed
data
then
the
m
ic
ro
-
trip
s
will
be
cl
us
te
red
into
se
ver
al
gro
ups
u
sin
g
k
-
m
eans
cl
us
te
ring
m
et
hod.
Th
e
k
-
m
eans
al
gorithm
atte
m
pts
to
so
lve
t
he
cl
us
te
ri
ng
pro
blem
by
op
ti
m
iz
ing
a
giv
e
n
m
et
ric.
The
process
of
par
ti
ti
on
i
ng
will
be
done
i
nto
a
gi
ven
se
t
of
n
poi
nts
i
nto
a
num
ber
,
say
K,
of
groups
(
or
,
cl
us
t
ers),
ba
sed
on
so
m
e
si
m
il
arity o
r dissim
il
arity o
f m
et
ric [2
6].
K
-
m
eans alg
or
it
hm
s steps
are br
ie
fly
o
utli
ne
d b
el
ow
:
Step
1: D
eci
de on a
value fo
r
k
. In
this
stu
dy,
the
value of
k
is base
d on traf
fic co
ndit
ion
.
(
Fr
ee
, c
on
gested
a
nd
m
edium
traff
ic
cond
it
io
n)
Step
2: Init
ia
lize the
k
cl
us
te
r
centres
(ran
do
m
ly
, if
necessa
ry)
Step
3: D
eci
de t
he
cl
ass m
e
m
ber
s
hips
of
t
he t
otal data,
N b
y assi
gn
i
ng the
m
to the neare
s
t cl
us
te
r
ce
ntre.
Step
4: Re
-
est
i
m
at
e the
k
-
cl
ust
er cen
tr
es,
by
assum
ing
the
m
e
m
ber
sh
ips
foun
d
a
bove
a
re
correct.
Step
5: If
none
of the
N data c
hange
d
m
e
m
ber
sh
i
ps
i
n
the
last
it
erati
on
,
ex
i
t.
Othe
rw
ise
go
to
s
te
p
3.
S
ubs
equ
e
ntly
,
dr
i
vin
g
feat
ur
e
s
m
us
t
first
be
extr
act
ed
befor
e
cl
us
te
rin
g
the
m
ic
ro
-
trips
.
T
wo
com
m
on
dr
iving
featu
res
hav
e
bee
n
us
e
d
in
t
his
stu
dy,
wh
ic
h
a
re
the
aver
a
ge
s
pee
d
and
the
idle
tim
e
per
c
entage.
T
hese
two
pa
ram
et
ers
hav
e
been
s
el
ect
ed
becau
s
e
they
hav
e
the
great
est
em
issi
on
i
m
pacts
[13].
The
a
ver
a
ge
s
pe
ed
a
nd
pe
rcent
age
of
idle
we
re
pl
otted
in
2
-
dim
ension
al
fe
at
ur
e
s
pace
as
sh
ow
n
in Figu
re
4
afte
r
the
ex
tra
ct
ion o
f param
et
ers
process
.
Con
se
quently
,
m
ic
ro
-
trips
are
cl
us
te
red
into
3
gr
oups
us
in
g
k
-
m
eans
cl
us
t
erin
g
m
et
ho
d
a
s
show
n
in
Figure
5.
Eac
h
gr
oup
has
it
s
own
c
ha
racteri
sti
cs
and
re
pr
ese
nts
var
i
ous
c
onditi
ons
of
t
raffic
.
Cl
ust
er
1
represe
nted
for
cl
ear
tra
ff
ic
flo
w
co
ndit
ion,
cl
us
te
r
2
represente
d
f
or
m
edium
traff
ic
f
low
c
onditi
on
and,
finall
y, cl
us
te
r
3 rep
rese
nted f
or co
ngest
ed
t
r
aff
ic
flo
w
c
ondi
ti
on
.
Ther
e
f
or
e,
t
he
le
gislat
ur
es
of
m
ic
ro
-
tri
ps
of
each
cl
ust
er
are
determ
ined
to
co
ns
tr
uct
the
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e after all
t
he
m
ic
ro
-
trips
hav
e
bee
n
cl
ust
ered
. As r
e
pre
sentat
ive m
ic
ro
-
trips
, th
e n
ea
r
est
m
ic
ro
-
trips
to the
cl
us
te
r
ce
ntre
are
c
on
si
der
e
d.
Fig
ur
e
s
6,
7,
and
8
il
lustrate
d
the
re
pr
e
sent
at
ive
of
m
ic
ro
-
trips
for
eac
h
gro
up
cl
us
te
rin
g.
In
orde
r
to
pro
duc
e
the
fi
nal
dri
vi
ng
cy
cl
e
of
m
yB
AS
f
or
r
ou
t
e
1
a
nd
r
ou
te
2,
al
l
these
m
ic
r
o
-
tri
ps
then be c
om
bin
ed
alt
og
et
her.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
54
-
2061
2058
Figure
4.
A
verage s
pee
d of
m
ic
ro
-
t
rips
vs
Perce
ntage
i
dle of m
ic
ro
-
trips
Figure
5.
C
lust
erin
g
m
ic
ro
-
tri
ps
for
m
yB
AS
Figure
6.
Co
ngest
ed
tra
ff
ic
c
onditi
on
Figure
7. Me
di
um
traff
ic
con
diti
on
Figure
8. Fr
ee
traff
ic
c
onditi
on
3.
RESU
LT
S
A
ND
DI
SCUS
S
ION
The
outc
om
es
of
the
dev
el
opm
ent
of
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
fo
r
Kual
a
Terengg
a
nu
ci
ty
is
deliberated
in
this
sect
ion
.
F
ur
the
rm
or
e, the f
uel cons
um
ption
a
nd em
issi
on
s a
lso
been analy
s
ed
a
nd d
et
e
rm
i
ned.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g
IS
S
N: 20
88
-
8708
myB
as
dr
iv
in
g cy
cl
e for Kual
a
Ter
en
ggan
u ci
ty
(
J.
S.
N
orb
akyah
)
2059
3.1.
Ku
ala T
e
reng
ganu dri
vi
ng
c
ycle de
ve
lopmen
t and
analys
is
The
final
de
vel
op
m
ent
of
m
yBA
S
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
as
sh
ow
n
in
Figure
9
f
or
Rou
te
1
an
d
Figure
10
f
or
Rou
te
2.
As
il
lustrate
d
i
n
the
fig
ur
e,
s
hows
t
hat
each
r
oute
has
di
ff
e
ren
t
dri
ving
cy
cl
e
pa
tt
ern
s.
T
raffic
li
gh
t,
ro
a
d
co
nd
it
io
ns, env
i
ronm
ental
f
act
or
s and d
ri
ver
be
ha
viour
we
re th
e m
a
in ex
te
r
nal f
act
or
due to
the d
i
ff
e
ren
t
in drivi
ng cyc
le
d
e
velo
pm
ent.
The
c
har
act
eri
sti
cs
of
Ro
ute
1
an
d
Ro
ute
2
in
K
uala
Tere
ngga
nu
ci
ty
as
sh
ows
in
Table
2
base
d
on
the
9
par
am
eter
s;
a
ver
a
ge
s
peed,
a
ver
a
ge
run
ning
s
pee
d,
ave
rag
e
acce
l
erati
on
of
al
l
acce
le
rati
on
phases
,
aver
a
ge
decele
rati
on
of
al
l
de
cel
erati
on
ph
ases,
ti
m
e
pr
oport
io
n
of
idli
ng,
ti
m
e
pr
oport
ion
of
acce
le
rati
on,
tim
e
pr
oport
io
n
of
c
r
uise,
ti
m
e
propor
ti
on
of
de
cel
erati
on,
a
ver
a
ge
num
ber
of
acc
el
erati
on
-
decel
erati
on
change
s
w
it
hi
n o
ne dri
ving
pe
rio
d
a
nd roo
t
m
ean squar
e
of
accel
erati
on.
Figure
9. Final
m
yB
AS
drivin
g
cy
cl
e f
or Ro
ute 1
Figure
10. Fi
na
l
m
yB
AS
d
ri
vin
g cy
cl
e f
or
R
ou
te
2
Table
2.
T
he
param
et
ers
of
route 1 an
d r
ou
te
2
m
yB
AS
driv
ing
cyc
le
Para
m
eters
Ro
u
te 1
Ro
u
te 2
Av
erage sp
eed (k
m
/h
)
2
1
.59
3
5
.34
Av
erage r
u
n
n
in
g
sp
eed (k
m
/h
)
2
4
.41
3
7
.38
Av
erage acc
elera
ti
o
n
(
m
/s
2
)
0
.48
0
.60
Av
erage decele
rati
o
n
(
m
/s
2
)
-
0
.53
-
0
.61
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of idlin
g
(
%)
9
.15
4
.32
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of cr
u
isin
g
(
%)
2
.14
0
.39
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of acc
ele
ration
(
%)
4
6
.45
4
8
.06
Ti
m
e
pro
p
o
rtion
of deceleration
(
%)
4
2
.33
4
7
.22
RMS acc
elera
tio
n
(
m
/s
2
)
0
.71
0
.98
3.
2
. Fuel
ec
onom
y
an
d
emi
s
sions an
aly
sis
ADVISOR si
m
ula
ti
on
[27
]
is u
se
d
to stu
dy
the ef
fect
of
dri
ving cycl
es on
ve
hicle
Fu
el
Con
s
um
ption
(F
C)
an
d
ex
ha
us
t
e
m
issi
on
s
su
c
h
as
unbur
ned
hydroca
rbon
s
(
HC)
,
car
bon
m
on
oxide
(CO)
an
d
oxides
of
nitroge
n
(
NOx
).
T
he
f
uel
ec
onom
y
and
e
m
issi
on
s
can
be
dete
rm
ined
after
the
dr
i
vi
ng
cy
cl
e
ha
ve
been
est
ablished
by
us
in
g
ADVIS
OR
softw
a
re
a
s
il
lustrate
d
in
Table
3.
It
ca
n
be
co
nclu
de
d
that
the
r
ou
t
e
1
has
higher
val
ue
of
f
uel
eco
no
m
y
wh
ic
h
is
27.86
31
m
i
le
s/gall
on
c
om
par
ed
to
R
ou
te
2
wh
ic
h
is
31.
5750
m
il
es/
gallon.
H
owe
ver, there
is n
o
m
ajo
r
di
ff
ere
nt b
et
wee
n
Ro
ute 1
and
route 2
for
the
v
al
ue
of fuel
econom
y
and
t
he
ga
s
em
issi
on
s
as
t
he
r
esults
not
only
aff
ect
ed
by
th
e
distance,
but
al
so
af
fected
by
oth
er
facto
rs
su
ch
as num
ber
of
‘
stop
-
go
’
c
onditi
on
s
, roa
d
c
ondi
ti
on
s a
nd o
t
he
rs.
Table
3.
T
he
fuel eco
nom
y a
nd em
issi
on
s of Route
1
a
nd
Rou
te
2
Ro
u
te 1
Ro
u
te 2
Fu
el econ
o
m
y
(
m
il
es/g
allo
n
)
2
7
.86
3
1
3
1
.57
5
0
Gas e
m
iss
io
n
s (gra
m
s
/
m
il
es):
CO
NOx
HC
6
.04
5
9
0
.57
9
0
0
.64
4
0
7
.66
4
1
0
.59
6
0
0
.67
8
0
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IS
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
In
t J
Elec
&
C
om
p
En
g,
V
ol.
11
, No
.
3
,
J
une
2021
:
20
54
-
2061
2060
4.
CONCL
US
I
O
N
m
yB
AS
dr
ivi
ng
cy
cl
e
dev
el
opm
ent
is
carried
out
us
i
ng
k
-
m
eans
m
et
ho
d
of
cl
us
te
ri
ng
m
ic
ro
trips.
The
data
colle
ct
ed
base
d
on
two
op
e
rati
ng
r
ou
te
s
of
m
yB
AS
that
ha
ve
bee
n
sel
ect
ed
sta
rtin
g
f
rom
the
pr
e
determ
ined
or
i
gin
al
place
to
the
fin
al
de
sti
nation
al
ong
r
oute
1
an
d
route
2.
T
he
m
yB
AS
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
syst
e
m
is
eff
ect
ively
achieved
an
d
it
c
an
be
con
cl
ude
d
th
at
the
dev
el
op
ed
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
based
on
th
e
real
-
word
dri
vi
ng
be
hav
i
our
ca
n
be
us
e
d
i
n
e
xam
ining
the
f
uel
consum
ption
a
nd
em
issi
on
s.
Fu
rt
her
m
or
e,
ot
hers
locat
ion
or
rou
te
al
so
ca
n
be
sel
ect
ed
in
ord
er
to
de
velo
p
dr
i
ving
cy
cl
e
t
hat
ba
sed
on
the
real
-
world
dr
i
ving
beh
a
v
io
ur fo
r
t
he fu
rthe
r
re
se
arch.
ACKN
OWLE
DGE
MENTS
The
fi
na
ncial
su
pp
or
t
of
t
his
wor
k
by
the
Fund
am
ental
Re
search
Gr
a
nt
Schem
e
Vo
t
59453
a
nd
facil
it
y support by
Ca
s
Ligas
Sdn.
B
hd a
nd the
Un
i
ver
sit
i
Ma
la
ysi
a Teren
gga
nu, is
gr
at
efu
ll
y ac
kn
ow
l
edg
e
d
.
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odal
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ansie
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t
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ng
c
y
c
le
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tic
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tat
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y
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ng
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y
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”
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t.
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nal
on
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te
rac
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ch
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r
rea
l
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world
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g
c
y
c
le
constr
u
ction:
W
inni
peg
drivi
ng
c
y
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”
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Rea
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e
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le
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E
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In
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“
Inve
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t
ion
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uct
ion
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et
hod
o
f
vehi
cle
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n
g
c
y
cle,”
Proc
ee
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ings
o
f
th
e
Se
cond
Int
ernati
o
nal
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ren
ce
on
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g
ent
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on
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s,
P.,
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hi
n,
G.,
and
Gl
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s,
M.,
“
Deve
lop
m
ent
of
two
dri
v
ing
c
y
c
le
s
for
uti
lit
y
veh
ic
l
es,
”
Tr
anspor
tat
ion
Re
search Part D
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anspor
t
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“
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ng
c
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f
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an
C
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,
”
Proce
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UTH
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J.
S.
Norbak
y
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h
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ive
d
the
B
ac
he
lor
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Appli
ed
Scie
nc
e
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y
sics
El
ec
tron
ic
a
nd
Instrum
ent
at
i
on)
and
M
Sc
and
P
hD
from
Unive
rsiti
Ma
lay
sia
T
ere
ngganu
,
Te
r
e
ngganu,
in
200
9
,
2014
and
20
19
respe
ctively
.
Sh
e
cur
r
ent
l
y
work
ing
as
a
lectur
er
at
Univer
isit
i
Malay
si
a
T
ere
ngg
anu,
Ma
lay
sia
.
Her
m
ai
n
rese
ar
ch
i
nte
rest
is
Elec
t
ric
Vehi
cle,
H
ybrid
Elec
t
ric
V
ehi
c
le
,
Plug
in
H
y
brid
V
ehi
c
l
e,
Modell
ing
and
si
m
ula
ti
on
and
r
en
ewa
ble e
n
erg
y
I.
N.
An
ida
re
ce
iv
ed
th
e
B
achel
or
of
Engi
n
ee
ring
(Mec
h
at
r
onic
s)
from
Int
ern
ational
Islam
ic
Univer
sit
y
Mal
a
y
si
a,
Gom
bak
in
2015
and
cur
ren
t
l
y
pursui
t
her
M
aste
r
Degre
e
in
Ph
ysics
(Rene
wabl
e Energ
y
)
in
Univ
ersiti
Mal
a
y
s
ia T
er
en
gganu.
H
er
m
ai
n
rese
a
rch
intere
st
is Plug in
H
y
brid
Vehicle
,
drivi
ng
c
y
cle, e
n
erg
y
ra
te a
nd
emiss
ions.
M.
I
.
Nordi
y
an
a
recei
v
ed
th
e
B
ac
he
lor
of
Appli
ed
Sci
ence
(Ph
ysics
Elec
tron
ic
a
nd
Instrum
ent
ati
on)
from
Univer
siti
Malay
s
ia
Teren
gga
nu,
Te
r
engg
anu,
in
20
19
.
H
er
m
ai
n
rese
ar
c
h
intere
st
is
dri
ving
c
y
cle, e
ne
rg
y
ra
t
e
and
emiss
ions.
Ah
mad
F.
Ay
o
b
rec
ei
v
ed
his
Bac
he
lor
Degre
e
in
Me
cha
ni
cal
Engi
ne
eri
ng
wi
th
Honors
in
20
06
(Malay
a)
,
and
Ph.
D
in
Mec
han
ic
a
l
Engi
ne
eri
ng
in
2011
(New
South
W
al
es).
His
work
is
m
ai
n
l
y
foc
using
in
design
opti
m
iz
at
ion
and
nava
l
ar
chi
t
ec
tur
e
via
the
us
e
of
art
ificial
intell
i
g
ence
m
et
hods.
Curre
ntly
A
.
F.
A
y
ob
is se
rving
as
an
As
soci
at
e
Profess
or
in
th
e Universit
i
Malays
ia
T
ere
ngg
anu.
A.
R.
Salisa
recei
ved
the
B
.
E.
a
nd
M.E
.
in
Elec
t
ric
a
l
&
E
lectr
oni
cs
Engi
ne
eri
ng
f
rom
Univer
sit
y
of
Te
chno
log
y
Pe
t
rona
s,
Pera
k,
Malay
s
ia
in
20
04
and
2006,
respe
ctively
whil
e
Ph.D.
in
Opti
m
al
Ene
rg
y
Mana
ge
m
ent
Strat
eg
y
f
or
the
Univer
sit
y
of
Technol
og
y
S
y
dn
e
y
Plug
-
In
Hy
br
id
Elec
t
ric
Vehic
l
es
from
Univer
sit
y
of
T
ec
hnolog
y
S
y
dn
e
y
(UTS),
Aus
tra
lia.
She
is
cur
r
ent
l
y
work
ing
a
s
a
senior
le
c
ture
r
a
t
Univer
sit
y
Ma
lay
s
ia
T
ere
ngg
a
nu,
Malay
sia
.
Her
rese
ar
ch
inter
ests
are
in
H
y
br
id
El
e
ct
ri
c
Vehi
cle
s,
innova
t
ion
po
wert
rai
n
,
sim
ulation
and
m
odel
i
ng,
en
erg
y
m
an
age
m
ent
str
at
eg
y
,
drivi
ng
c
y
cles, f
uel
ec
onom
y
,
e
m
issions
and
opt
imiza
ti
on
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.