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r
b
io
lo
g
ical
d
etec
tio
n
.
T
h
is
tech
n
iq
u
e
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
to
b
e
u
tili
ze
d
as
ce
ll
co
u
n
ti
n
g
[
7
]
,
ca
n
ce
r
ce
ll
d
etec
tio
n
[
8
]
an
d
b
ac
ter
ia
d
ete
ctio
n
[
9
]
.
So
m
e
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
a
ted
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
co
u
n
ti
n
g
o
f
ce
lls
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
a
m
icr
o
f
l
u
id
ic
in
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
e
lectr
o
d
e
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
ele
ctr
ical
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
m
et
h
o
d
in
an
ap
p
licatio
n
o
f
f
o
o
d
s
af
et
y
[
1
0
]
an
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
b
io
-
t
h
r
ea
t
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
alter
atio
n
o
f
im
p
ed
a
n
ce
ac
r
o
s
s
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
es
d
u
e
t
o
th
e
d
ec
ea
s
i
n
g
o
f
io
n
ic
c
u
r
r
en
t
p
as
s
in
g
b
et
w
ee
n
elec
tr
o
d
es
w
h
e
n
a
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
h
e
ce
l
ls
.
T
h
e
I
F
C
i
s
ca
p
ab
le
to
d
is
ti
n
g
u
i
s
h
a
n
d
co
u
n
t
l
y
m
p
h
o
c
y
tes,
m
o
n
o
c
y
tes
an
d
n
eu
tr
o
p
h
ils
i
n
h
u
m
a
n
w
h
o
le
b
lo
o
d
[
7
]
.
T
h
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
p
er
m
ato
zo
a
in
s
e
m
en
al
s
o
ca
u
s
es
a
ch
a
n
g
e
i
n
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
w
h
e
n
p
ass
in
g
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
es
[
1
2
]
.
Oth
er
s
t
u
d
ie
s
r
ep
o
r
ted
th
at
I
F
C
ca
n
d
etec
t
t
h
e
p
r
ese
n
ce
o
f
ce
ll
s
b
ased
o
n
p
r
o
b
in
g
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
in
s
id
e
t
h
e
ce
ll
at
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
g
r
ea
ter
t
h
an
1
MH
z
[
1
3
]
.
Fab
r
icate
d
n
an
o
n
e
ed
les
p
r
o
b
e
in
s
id
e
m
icr
o
f
l
u
id
ic
w
as
u
tili
ze
d
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ce
l
ls
at
s
en
s
o
r
s
u
r
f
ac
e
an
d
m
ak
i
n
g
it
s
e
n
s
it
iv
e
to
t
h
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
r
o
p
e
r
ties
o
f
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
[
1
4
]
.
H
o
w
ev
er
,
th
is
d
ev
ice
r
eq
u
ir
es
p
atter
n
in
g
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
o
r
p
r
o
b
e
o
n
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
r
es
u
lti
n
g
i
n
h
i
g
h
er
c
o
s
t
o
f
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
An
o
th
er
li
m
itatio
n
al
s
o
n
ee
d
s
to
co
n
s
id
er
i
s
ti
m
e
-
co
n
s
u
m
i
n
g
clea
n
i
n
g
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
d
ev
ice.
Sev
er
al
g
r
o
u
p
s
h
av
e
s
o
u
g
h
t
to
lo
w
er
th
e
co
s
t
o
f
m
icr
o
f
ab
r
icatio
n
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
es
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
p
r
in
ted
cir
cu
it
b
o
ar
d
(
P
C
B
)
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
e
lectr
o
d
e.
T
h
ey
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
co
n
tactles
s
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
d
ete
ctio
n
in
a
ca
p
illar
y
e
lectr
o
p
h
o
r
esis
m
a
n
n
er
s
[
1
5
]
an
d
ce
ll
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
u
s
i
n
g
d
ielec
to
p
h
o
r
esis
[
1
6
]
.
R
ec
en
tl
y
,
t
h
e
co
n
tac
tles
s
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
c
y
to
m
etr
y
w
a
s
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
co
s
t
o
f
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
c
y
to
m
er
t
y
d
ev
ice
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
a
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
o
n
t
h
e
P
C
B
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
(
r
e
u
s
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t)
an
d
t
h
e
th
in
b
ar
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
b
o
n
d
ed
t
o
a
P
DM
S
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
e
l
(
d
is
p
o
s
ab
le
co
m
p
o
n
en
t)
w
a
s
p
lace
d
o
n
to
P
C
B
s
u
b
s
tr
a
te.
T
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
o
f
th
i
s
d
ev
ice
is
t
h
e
li
m
i
tatio
n
s
i
n
ce
t
h
e
e
lectr
ic
f
ield
w
as
b
u
r
ied
in
d
ielec
tr
ic
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
an
d
n
o
t
r
ea
ch
es
th
e
elec
tr
o
l
y
t
e.
Sev
er
al
d
esig
n
s
an
d
m
et
h
o
d
h
av
e
b
ee
n
u
s
ed
in
I
FC
in
o
r
d
er
to
d
etec
t a
n
d
an
aly
ze
d
a
ce
ll h
as b
ee
n
r
ep
o
r
ted
[
1
9
]
,
[
2
0
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
p
ap
er
,
a
n
o
v
el
i
n
te
g
r
at
ed
d
u
al
m
icr
o
o
n
ee
d
le
-
m
icr
o
f
l
u
id
ic
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
y
ea
s
t
ce
ll
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
i
n
s
u
s
p
e
n
s
io
n
w
a
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
d
ev
i
ce
f
o
cu
s
o
n
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
th
e
f
a
b
r
icatio
n
co
s
t
w
h
ile
p
r
eser
v
in
g
th
e
m
ai
n
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
o
f
ce
l
l
d
etec
tio
n
s
e
n
s
o
r
.
T
h
is
d
ev
ice
u
tili
ze
d
t
h
e
T
u
n
g
s
ten
n
ee
d
le
as
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
elec
tr
o
d
e
w
h
ich
ca
n
b
e
r
eu
s
ed
an
d
ea
s
il
y
to
b
e
clea
n
ed
.
T
h
e
d
u
al
m
icr
o
n
e
ed
le
w
a
s
p
lace
d
at
h
al
f
h
ei
g
h
t
d
is
p
o
s
ab
le
m
icr
o
c
h
an
n
el
to
d
etec
t
an
d
e
n
ab
lin
g
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
p
ass
i
n
g
ce
l
ls
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
ap
p
lied
elec
tr
ic
f
ield
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
illu
s
tr
ated
th
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
d
iag
r
a
m
o
f
m
icr
o
f
l
u
i
d
ic
ch
ip
h
as
t
w
o
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le
i
n
te
g
r
ated
at
b
o
th
s
id
es o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
e
l le
n
g
t
h
,
w
id
t
h
a
n
d
th
ick
n
es
s
ar
e
5
0
0
µm
,
2
5
µ
m
a
n
d
2
5
µ
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
l
y
.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
is
s
u
itab
le
f
o
r
ea
r
l
y
ca
n
ce
r
ce
ll
d
etec
tio
n
an
d
w
ater
co
n
ta
m
i
n
atio
n
ap
p
licatio
n
i
n
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
co
u
n
tr
ies s
i
n
ce
it s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
r
ed
u
ce
s
t
h
e
f
ab
r
icatio
n
co
s
t.
(
a
)
(
b
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
(
a
)
3
D
s
c
h
e
m
a
t
i
c
d
i
a
g
r
a
m
o
f
t
he
d
e
v
i
c
e
s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
a
n
d
t
o
p
v
i
e
w
o
f
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
(
b
)
A
n
e
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
o
f
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
a
r
e
a
o
f
m
i
c
r
o
f
l
u
i
d
i
c
c
h
i
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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2.
P
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P
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h
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b
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p
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ll
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n
t
h
e
m
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i
s
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ased
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n
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h
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la
w
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An
AC
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t
w
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f
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eq
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en
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p
w
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w
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t
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s
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s
p
en
s
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n
m
ed
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w
as
d
ev
elo
p
ed
,
as
r
ep
r
esen
ted
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
i
n
g
ar
ea
o
f
m
ir
o
f
lu
id
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c
h
ip
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
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elec
tr
icall
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a
s
ce
ll
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
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cel
l
i
n
p
ar
allel
with
th
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
co
n
tr
ib
u
te
d
b
y
all
m
ater
ials
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
t
w
o
elec
tr
o
d
es,
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
l
u
tio
n
r
es
is
to
r
R
m
i
n
p
ar
allel
w
it
h
a
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
o
f
d
o
u
b
le
la
y
er
C
dl
.
T
h
e
b
o
th
im
p
ed
an
ce
in
s
er
ies
w
it
h
a
p
air
o
f
elec
tr
o
d
e
r
esis
tan
ce
R
e
.
T
h
e
Z
cell
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
a
c
y
to
p
las
m
r
esis
to
r
(
R
c
)
in
s
er
ie
s
w
it
h
a
m
e
m
b
r
a
n
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
(
C
c
)
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
o
v
er
all
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
Z
T
i
s
g
i
v
e
n
b
y
[
2
2
]
Z
T
=2
R
e
+
1
/(
(
1
/R
m
)
+j
ω
C
dl
+
1
/(
R
c
-
j
ω
C
c
)
)
(
1
)
w
h
er
e
ω
is
an
an
g
u
lar
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ica
l
s
i
g
n
al.
As
a
r
es
u
lt,
t
h
e
Z
T
is
c
h
a
n
g
i
n
g
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
u
s
p
e
n
s
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
f
lo
w
at
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
ar
ea
,
b
ec
au
s
e
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
p
r
esen
t
i
n
t
h
e
m
ed
iu
m
.
Ou
r
m
ain
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
f
o
cu
s
is
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
at
th
e
in
ter
f
ac
e
o
f
th
e
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le)
an
d
elec
tr
o
l
y
te
(
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
ed
i
u
m
)
.
3.
E
XP
E
R
I
M
E
NT
A
L
3
.
1
.
Cell
Culture
I
n
th
e
p
r
esen
t
s
t
u
d
y
,
Sac
h
ar
o
m
y
ce
s
ce
r
esiae
ce
ll
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
as
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
.
Sach
ar
o
m
y
ce
s
ce
r
esiae
w
er
e
cu
lti
v
ated
i
n
a
p
etr
i
d
is
h
co
n
t
ain
i
n
g
1
0
m
l
o
f
YP
D
b
r
o
th
(
Yea
s
t
e
x
tr
ac
t
P
ep
to
n
e
Dex
tr
o
s
e)
.
T
h
e
YP
D
b
r
o
th
co
n
tai
n
ed
1
%
y
ea
s
t
ex
tr
ac
t,
2
%
p
ep
to
n
e
an
d
2
%
g
l
u
co
s
e.
T
h
e
YP
D
d
is
h
e
s
w
er
e
in
cu
b
ated
at
3
7
°C
f
o
r
2
4
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
e
ce
lls
w
er
e
w
as
h
ed
s
ev
er
al
ti
m
es
b
y
ce
n
tr
i
f
u
g
ati
o
n
,
th
en
t
h
e
y
w
er
e
s
u
s
p
en
d
ed
in
s
ter
ilized
DI
w
a
ter
at
v
ar
io
u
s
d
ilu
t
io
n
s
(
1
:1
0
)
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
.
T
h
e
ce
lls
w
er
e
in
cu
b
ated
o
n
ag
ar
p
lates
at
3
7
°C
f
o
r
2
4
h
f
o
r
d
et
er
m
in
in
g
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
.
T
h
e
d
iam
eter
s
ize
o
f
y
ea
s
t
ce
ll
s
v
ar
ies
f
r
o
m
4
µ
m
to
7
µ
m
.
T
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
lls
w
a
s
1
.
3
x
1
0
8
co
lo
n
y
f
o
r
m
i
n
g
u
n
it
s
p
er
m
illi
l
iter
(
cf
u
/
m
l)
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
D
I
w
ater
is
1
.
4
m
S/
m
.
3
.
2
.
F
a
brica
t
io
n o
f
Dev
ice
T
h
e
m
icr
o
f
lu
id
ic
d
ev
ice
w
as
f
ab
r
icate
d
b
y
a
p
h
o
to
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
tec
h
n
iq
u
e.
Firs
t,
th
e
m
ask
s
w
er
e
d
esig
n
ed
b
y
la
y
o
u
t
ed
ito
r
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
T
w
o
m
a
s
k
s
(
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
)
w
er
e
w
r
itte
n
b
y
a
la
s
er
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
s
y
s
te
m
(
µP
G5
0
1
,
Heid
elb
e
r
g
I
n
s
tr
u
m
en
ts
,
Ger
m
a
n
y
)
o
n
th
e
ch
r
o
m
iu
m
(
C
r
)
m
as
k
s
.
Firs
tl
y
,
t
h
e
to
p
lay
er
m
o
ld
w
a
s
f
ab
r
icate
d
b
y
t
w
o
-
s
tep
p
h
o
to
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
u
s
in
g
SU
-
8
2
0
2
5
n
eg
ati
v
e
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t
(
Mic
r
o
C
h
e
m
,
US
A
)
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
la
y
er
h
as
a
t
h
ick
n
es
s
o
f
2
5
µm
an
d
w
as
s
p
i
n
co
ated
o
n
to
a
s
ilico
n
s
u
b
s
tr
ate.
A
f
ter
p
r
e
-
b
ak
in
g
,
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
l
a
y
er
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t
w
a
s
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
to
p
lay
er
C
r
m
as
k
b
y
u
s
in
g
a
m
as
k
alig
n
er
(
Su
s
s
Mic
r
o
T
ec
h
MA
-
6
)
an
d
p
o
s
t
-
b
ak
in
g
w
it
h
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t.
T
h
en
,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
la
y
er
w
ith
6
0
µm
t
h
ick
n
e
s
s
w
as
s
p
i
n
co
ated
o
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t
la
y
er
an
d
p
r
e
-
b
ak
in
g
.
T
h
e
b
o
tto
m
la
y
er
C
r
m
ask
w
a
s
ali
g
n
ed
w
ith
th
e
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
o
f
t
h
e
f
ir
s
t
p
h
o
to
r
esis
t la
y
er
a
n
d
ex
p
o
s
ed
b
y
UV
l
ig
h
t.
T
h
e
p
h
o
to
r
esi
s
t
s
u
b
s
tr
ate
w
a
s
p
o
s
t
-
b
ak
e
a
n
d
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
to
o
b
tain
a
to
p
m
o
ld
m
a
s
ter
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
th
e
SU
-
8
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
p
h
o
t
o
lith
o
g
r
ap
h
y
s
tep
f
o
r
th
e
to
p
m
o
ld
m
aster
,
th
e
b
o
tto
m
m
o
ld
m
as
ter
w
ith
6
0
µ
m
t
h
ick
n
es
s
w
as
f
ab
r
icate
d
.
PDMS
w
as
p
r
ep
ar
ed
b
y
th
o
r
o
u
g
h
l
y
m
i
x
in
g
P
DM
S
p
r
e
-
p
o
ly
m
er
s
(
SY
L
G
AR
D1
8
4
A
)
w
it
h
cu
r
in
g
a
g
en
t
s
(
SY
L
G
AR
D
1
8
4
B
)
in
a
r
atio
o
f
1
0
:1
b
y
w
ei
g
h
a
n
d
p
o
u
r
ed
o
n
an
SU
-
8
m
o
ld
m
a
s
ter
(
to
p
an
d
b
o
tto
m
m
o
ld
m
as
ter
)
.
P
D
MS
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el
w
a
s
o
b
tain
ed
a
f
ter
a
n
o
v
er
n
i
g
h
t
c
u
r
ed
at
r
o
o
m
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e.
T
h
e
to
p
s
id
e
P
DM
S
an
d
b
o
tto
m
s
id
e
P
DM
S
w
er
e
clea
n
ed
w
it
h
I
s
o
p
r
o
p
y
l
alco
h
o
l
(
I
P
A
)
an
d
tr
ea
ted
b
y
o
x
y
g
e
n
p
las
m
a
(
P
las
m
a
E
tch
P
E
-
2
5
)
f
o
r
3
0
s
e
co
n
d
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
b
o
n
d
in
g
s
tr
e
n
g
t
h
.
T
h
e
al
ig
n
m
en
t
o
f
b
o
th
s
id
e
P
DM
S
ch
a
n
n
els
w
as
co
m
p
leted
i
n
less
t
h
an
t
w
o
m
i
n
u
tes
to
p
r
ev
en
t
lo
s
s
o
f
o
x
y
g
en
p
las
m
a
ef
f
ec
tiv
e
n
es
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
th
e
r
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
le
f
t
s
id
es
o
f
t
h
e
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
ch
ip
w
er
e
cu
t
an
d
lea
v
in
g
a
s
q
u
ar
e
(
6
0
µ
m
x
1
2
0
µ
m
)
h
o
le
f
o
r
in
s
er
t
in
g
a
d
u
a
l
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le.
A
co
m
m
er
cial
av
ailab
le
T
u
n
g
s
ten
n
ee
d
le
(
Sig
n
ato
n
e)
co
ated
b
y
p
ar
y
len
e
w
a
s
u
t
iliz
ed
as
a
m
ea
s
u
r
i
n
g
elec
tr
o
d
e
(
d
u
al
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le)
.
T
h
e
tip
d
iam
eter
,
s
h
an
k
d
ia
m
e
ter
an
d
len
g
th
o
f
t
u
n
g
s
te
n
n
ee
d
le
ar
e
2
0
µm
,
2
5
0
µm
an
d
3
1
.
7
m
m
r
esp
ec
ti
v
el
y
3
.
3
.
E
x
peri
m
e
nt
Se
t
up
T
h
e
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
c
h
ip
s
y
s
te
m
w
a
s
p
lace
d
u
n
d
er
a
m
icr
o
s
co
p
e
(
Ol
y
m
p
u
s
I
n
v
er
ted
Mi
cr
o
s
co
p
es
I
X7
1
)
to
m
o
n
ito
r
th
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
ar
ea
.
A
d
u
al
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le
h
el
d
b
y
th
e
m
icr
o
m
a
n
ip
u
lato
r
(
E
B
-
7
0
0
,
E
v
er
b
ein
g
)
w
a
s
i
n
s
er
ted
i
n
to
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
c
h
ip
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
s
q
u
ar
e
h
o
le
at
r
i
g
h
t
an
d
le
f
t
s
id
e
o
f
th
e
c
h
ip
.
T
h
e
g
ap
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
les
w
as
f
i
x
ed
at
1
5
µ
m
f
o
r
th
i
s
e
x
p
er
im
en
t.
T
h
e
s
c
h
e
m
atic
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s
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o
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Fi
g
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T
h
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im
p
e
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an
al
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r
(
Hio
k
i
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w
a
s
co
n
n
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ted
w
it
h
a
d
u
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m
icr
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ter
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h
e
s
a
m
p
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o
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y
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t
co
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n
tr
atio
n
w
as
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
u
s
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n
g
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u
r
e
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s
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h
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atic
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r
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t
h
e
ex
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m
en
ta
l set
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up
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4
.
E
lect
rica
l M
ea
s
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m
ent
P
ro
ce
du
re
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n
itiall
y
1
m
l o
f
ea
ch
f
i
v
e
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
o
f
s
a
m
p
le
f
r
o
m
1
0
4
to
1
0
8
cf
u
/
m
l
w
as p
r
ep
ar
ed
f
o
r
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t.
E
ac
h
s
a
m
p
le
w
as
lo
ad
ed
in
to
a
s
y
r
i
n
g
e
an
d
f
iv
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
c
y
cle
s
w
er
e
co
n
d
u
cted
to
m
ea
s
u
r
e
all
s
a
m
p
le
s
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
p
le
w
a
s
d
r
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e
n
th
r
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g
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t
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m
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h
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m
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th
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ate
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m
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s
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w
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th
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m
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ce
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a
s
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s
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a
g
e
y
ea
s
t
ce
lls
at
s
e
n
s
in
g
ar
ea
.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
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ec
tr
a
(
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
an
d
p
h
ase
v
s
.
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
)
w
er
e
m
ea
s
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r
ed
u
s
i
n
g
an
A
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ig
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e
n
c
y
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g
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r
o
m
1
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it
h
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ata
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o
r
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ed
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it
h
th
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
a
n
al
y
ze
r
(
Hio
k
i I
M3
5
7
0
)
GUI
an
d
p
o
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t
-
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ed
in
MA
T
L
A
B
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th
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o
r
k
s
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c,
US
A
)
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n
o
r
d
er
to
p
er
f
o
r
m
t
h
e
m
ea
s
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r
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m
e
n
t,
th
e
i
m
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ed
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ce
a
n
al
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w
a
s
s
el
f
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lib
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ated
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y
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s
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n
g
s
h
o
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t
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d
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en
s
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d
ar
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ca
lib
r
atio
n
.
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ll
ex
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er
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m
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n
ts
w
er
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co
n
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u
cted
at
r
o
o
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te
m
p
er
atu
r
e.
I
m
p
ed
an
ce
at
th
r
ee
f
r
eq
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e
n
cies
(
1
k
Hz,
4
0
k
Hz
an
d
2
0
0
k
Hz)
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
e
c
h
an
g
i
n
g
o
f
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
f
o
r
ea
ch
s
a
m
p
le.
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o
v
alid
a
te
th
e
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t c
ir
c
u
it
m
o
d
el
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
m
ed
iu
m
b
et
w
ee
n
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le
w
a
s
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
.
T
w
o
s
ep
ar
ate
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
i
th
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
u
ctiv
itie
s
w
er
e
u
s
ed
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
s
w
er
e
s
ter
ilized
DI
w
ater
a
n
d
P
B
S
(
p
h
o
to
s
p
h
a
te
-
b
u
f
f
er
ed
s
ali
n
e)
w
it
h
co
n
d
u
ctiv
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s
1
.
4
m
S/
m
an
d
1
6
S/
m
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
4.
RE
SU
L
T
S
As
a
p
r
o
o
f
o
f
co
n
ce
p
ts
,
t
h
e
c
ap
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
i
s
s
e
n
s
o
r
in
th
e
p
r
esen
t
o
f
a
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
n
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
y
ea
s
t
ce
lls
i
n
th
e
s
u
s
p
e
n
s
io
n
m
ed
iu
m
w
a
s
s
t
u
d
ied
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
3
p
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
f
o
r
t
w
o
o
f
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
e
l
f
il
le
d
w
it
h
s
ter
ilized
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ater
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d
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B
S.
T
h
e
ag
r
ee
m
e
n
t
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
f
itti
n
g
s
p
ec
tr
a
r
es
u
lt
in
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icate
d
th
at
o
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r
d
ev
elo
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ed
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cu
it
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
is
f
ea
s
ib
l
e
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
s
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
m
ed
iu
m
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
en
s
o
r
ca
n
d
if
f
er
e
n
tia
te
b
et
w
ee
n
s
o
l
u
tio
n
m
ed
iu
m
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
c
h
an
g
e
i
n
r
elativ
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
.
A
r
is
i
n
g
o
f
th
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
it
y
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
a
s
af
f
ec
ted
o
n
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t,
as
t
h
e
r
esu
lt
i
n
an
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
an
d
th
u
s
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
[
2
3
]
.
T
o
illu
s
tr
ate
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
d
e
v
ice,
y
ea
s
t
ce
ll
w
it
h
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
w
a
s
u
t
ilized
.
Yea
s
t
ce
lls
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
r
an
g
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
1
0
4
to
10
8
c
f
u
/
m
l
w
er
e
in
f
u
s
ed
in
s
id
e
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el
w
i
th
f
i
x
e
d
f
lo
w
r
ate
6
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m
i
n
.
As
ca
n
b
e
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ee
n
i
n
Fi
g
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4
,
t
h
e
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ea
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t
ce
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er
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f
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p
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h
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g
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w
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e
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ap
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s
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ee
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f
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eq
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en
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y
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1
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Hz
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z)
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C
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ig
n
al
(
1
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lt)
w
a
s
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e
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th
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m
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le
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r
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t
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ter
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at
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m
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le
w
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m
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lcu
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t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
a
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ce
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f
co
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
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f
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s
t c
ell
s
in
D
I
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ater
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
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C
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(
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Fig
u
r
e
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3
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m
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o
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a
m
p
le
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ater
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P
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Fig
u
r
e
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4
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llu
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tr
ated
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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N
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8
8
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I
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Vo
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7
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1518
I
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cf
u
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l
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e
in
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ted
r
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g
in
a
d
r
o
p
in
im
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e
d
an
ce
b
y
r
ef
er
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
D
I
w
ater
as
a
co
n
tr
o
l.
Af
ter
w
ar
d
th
e
m
icr
o
ch
an
n
el
c
h
ip
w
as
wash
ed
b
y
f
lo
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
DI
w
ate
r
at
m
ax
i
m
u
m
f
lo
w
r
ate.
T
h
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
f
lo
w
r
ate
o
f
th
e
liq
u
id
ca
n
f
lo
w
i
n
s
id
e
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
e
l
w
i
th
o
u
t
leak
i
n
g
is
5
0
µl/m
i
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
a)
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
e
ctr
a
o
f
y
ea
s
t
ce
ll
in
DI
w
ater
w
it
h
t
h
e
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
ce
ll
co
n
ce
n
t
r
atio
n
in
th
e
r
an
g
e
10
4
to
1
0
8
cf
u
/
m
l,
alo
n
g
w
it
h
DI
w
a
ter
as a
r
e
f
er
en
ce
.
Af
ter
w
a
s
h
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
e
l
10
7
cf
u
/
m
l
w
a
s
i
n
f
u
s
ed
to
th
e
m
icr
o
ch
a
n
n
el
r
esu
ltin
g
in
a
n
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
.
I
t
ca
n
b
e
s
ee
n
t
h
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
s
p
ec
tr
a
o
f
y
ea
s
t
ce
l
l
i
n
DI
w
ater
ac
r
o
s
s
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
in
g
ar
ea
(
d
u
al
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le)
in
cr
e
ase
w
it
h
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
th
e
ce
ll c
o
n
ce
n
tr
at
io
n
o
f
ce
lls
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t
w
a
s
r
ep
ea
ted
3
tim
es
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
an
d
s
h
o
w
th
e
s
i
m
i
lar
r
esu
lt
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
ed
r
esu
lt,
it
ca
n
b
e
s
aid
th
at
ce
ll
s
u
s
p
en
s
io
n
w
it
h
h
i
g
h
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
is
m
o
r
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
th
a
n
t
h
o
s
e
w
it
h
lo
w
er
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
d
u
ct
iv
i
t
y
o
f
th
e
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
v
ar
ies
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
all
y
to
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
ce
l
l
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
at
f
i
x
ed
v
o
l
u
m
e
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
2
4
]
.
I
n
s
o
m
e
s
tu
d
ie
s
,
th
e
r
elati
v
e
d
ielec
tr
ic
p
er
m
itti
v
it
y
an
d
c
h
ar
g
ed
p
o
ly
e
lectr
o
l
y
te
s
in
s
id
e
th
e
ce
ll
also
m
a
y
af
f
ec
t
th
e
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
o
f
s
o
lu
tio
n
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
e
o
p
ti
m
u
m
r
eg
io
n
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
i
n
g
m
icr
o
n
ee
d
le
to
d
if
f
er
e
n
tiate
th
e
ce
ll
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
in
DI
w
ate
r
o
cc
u
r
s
b
et
w
ee
n
1
k
Hz
to
5
0
k
Hz.
I
n
th
i
s
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t,
t
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
at
f
r
eq
u
en
c
y
lo
w
er
t
h
a
n
1
k
Hz
w
a
s
n
o
t
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
to
in
v
e
s
ti
g
ate
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
b
et
w
ee
n
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
v
alu
e
a
n
d
ce
ll
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
,
w
e
s
e
lecte
d
4
0
k
Hz
as
th
e
b
es
t
r
ep
r
esen
tativ
e
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
5
(
b
)
illu
s
tr
ates
th
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
o
f
th
e
s
a
m
p
le
co
n
tai
n
i
n
g
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
y
ea
s
t
ce
l
l
co
n
ce
n
tr
ati
o
n
s
at
f
r
eq
u
e
n
c
y
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
4
0
k
Hz.
T
h
e
i
m
p
ed
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
w
a
s
s
ig
n
if
ican
t
l
y
in
cr
ea
s
ed
f
r
o
m
2
1
0
k
Ω
to
1
.
2
1
MΩ
,
2
.
0
9
MΩ
w
h
e
n
th
e
y
ea
s
t c
o
n
c
en
tr
atio
n
d
ec
r
ea
s
i
n
g
f
r
o
m
10
8
cf
u
/
m
l
to
10
7
cf
u
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[1
]
C.
Ka
n
tara
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
d
e
tec
ti
n
g
c
ircu
latin
g
c
a
n
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e
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ste
m
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e
ll
s
(CCS
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a
s
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o
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a
p
p
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a
c
h
f
o
r
d
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n
o
sis
o
f
c
o
lo
n
c
a
n
c
e
r
re
lap
se
/m
e
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ta
sis
,
”
L
a
b
.
I
n
v
e
st.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
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(
1
)
,
p
p
.
1
0
0
–
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
]
L
.
Cice
ro
n
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
De
v
e
lo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
P
las
m
o
d
iu
m
P
CR
f
o
r
m
o
n
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o
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g
e
ff
ica
c
y
o
f
a
n
ti
m
a
laria
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trea
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m
e
n
t,
”
J
.
Cli
n
.
M
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o
b
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l.
,
v
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l
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ss
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e
:
37
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
3
5
–
3
8
,
1
9
9
9
.
[3
]
P
.
K.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
C
o
n
tam
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
w
a
t
e
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s b
y
p
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e
n
ic b
a
c
teria
,
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AM
B
Exp
re
ss
,
v
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l.
4
,
p
p
.
5
1
,
2
0
1
4.
[4
]
C.
W
H,
“
Hig
h
sp
e
e
d
a
u
t
o
m
a
ti
c
b
lo
o
d
c
e
ll
c
o
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n
ter
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n
d
c
e
ll
a
n
a
ly
z
e
r,
”
Pro
c
Na
tl
El
e
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tro
n
.
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n
f
,
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l
.
1
2
,
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.
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0
3
4
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0
,
1
9
5
6
.
[5
]
O.
A
.
S
a
leh
a
n
d
L
.
L
.
S
o
h
n
,
“
Qu
a
n
ti
tativ
e
se
n
sin
g
o
f
n
a
n
o
sc
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le
c
o
ll
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i
d
s
u
sin
g
a
m
icro
c
h
ip
Co
u
lt
e
r
c
o
u
n
ter,”
Rev
.
S
c
i.
In
str
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m.
,
v
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l
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ss
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:
72
(
12
)
,
p
p
.
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4
4
9
,
2
0
0
1
.
[6
]
B.
Kh
a
w
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
y
o
c
a
rd
ial
in
j
u
ry
:
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n
ti
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in
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n
ti
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y
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sin
f
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s,”
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).
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1
0
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1
0
5
3
,
1
9
8
2
.
[7
]
D.
Ho
lm
e
s
a
n
d
H.
M
o
rg
a
n
,
“
S
in
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le
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ll
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m
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n
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y
to
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ti
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m
a
n
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lo
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u
sin
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im
p
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a
n
c
e
lab
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ls,
”
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a
l.
C
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m.
,
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ss
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e
:
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.
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[8
]
H.
L
.
G
o
u
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
L
a
b
e
l
-
f
r
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e
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tri
c
a
l
d
isc
rim
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
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e
ll
s
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t
n
o
rm
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l,
a
p
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t
o
ti
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a
n
d
n
e
c
ro
ti
c
sta
tu
s
w
it
h
a
m
icro
f
lu
id
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e
v
ice
,
”
J
.
Ch
ro
ma
t
o
g
r.
A
,
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l
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ss
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:
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,
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p
.
5
7
2
5
–
5
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2
9
,
2
0
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1
.
[9
]
E.
Du
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
icro
f
lo
w
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y
to
m
e
tr
y
f
o
r
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h
a
ra
c
te
riza
ti
o
n
o
f
c
e
ll
d
ise
a
s
e
sta
t
e
s
,
”
L
a
b
Ch
ip
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
13
(
19
)
,
p
p
.
3
9
0
3
–
9
,
2
0
1
3
.
[1
0
]
Y.
S
.
L
iu
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
c
h
a
r
a
c
teriz
a
ti
o
n
o
f
DN
A
m
o
lec
u
les
in
so
lu
ti
o
n
u
si
n
g
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
r
e
m
e
n
ts,
”
Ap
p
l
.
Ph
y
s.
L
e
tt
.
,
v
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l
/i
ss
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e
:
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)
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p
.
1
4
3
9
0
2
,
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0
0
8
.
[1
1
]
M
.
Ja
v
a
n
m
a
rd
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
T
a
r
g
e
ted
c
e
ll
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
b
a
se
d
o
n
m
icro
c
h
a
n
n
e
l
g
a
ti
n
g
,
”
Bi
o
mic
ro
fl
u
id
ics
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
1
(
4
)
,
2
0
0
7
.
[1
2
]
L
.
I.
S
e
g
e
rin
k
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
O
n
-
c
h
ip
d
e
term
in
a
ti
o
n
o
f
sp
e
r
m
a
to
z
o
a
c
o
n
c
e
n
tratio
n
u
sin
g
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
ts,
”
L
a
b
Ch
i
p
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
10
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
1
0
1
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[1
3
]
S
.
G
a
w
a
d
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
icro
m
a
c
h
in
e
d
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
f
lo
w
c
y
to
m
e
ter
f
o
r
c
e
ll
a
n
a
l
y
sis
a
n
d
p
a
rti
c
le
siz
in
g
,
”
L
a
b
Ch
i
p
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
1
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
7
6
–
8
2
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
4
]
R.
Esf
a
n
d
y
a
rp
o
u
r,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Na
n
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
targ
e
t
c
e
ll
s,”
Bi
o
tec
h
n
o
l.
Bi
o
e
n
g
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
111
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
1
1
6
1
–
1
1
6
9
,
2
0
1
4
.
[1
5
]
J.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
Ca
p
il
lary
e
lec
tro
p
h
o
re
sis
m
icro
c
h
ip
s
f
o
r
se
p
a
ra
ti
o
n
a
n
d
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
o
rg
a
n
o
p
h
o
sp
h
a
te
n
e
rv
e
a
g
e
n
ts
,
”
An
a
l.
C
h
e
m.
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
73
(
8
)
,
p
p
.
1
8
0
4
–
8
,
2
0
0
1
.
[1
6
]
K.
P
a
rk
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Die
lec
tro
p
h
o
re
s
is
-
b
a
se
d
c
e
ll
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
o
n
u
sin
g
e
lec
tro
d
e
s
o
n
a
re
u
sa
b
le
p
r
in
ted
c
ircu
it
b
o
a
r
d
,
”
L
a
b
Ch
i
p
,
v
o
l
/
issu
e
:
9
(
15
)
,
p
p
.
2
2
2
4
–
2
2
2
9
,
2
0
0
9
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
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8
8
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E
C
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Vo
l.
7
,
No
.
3
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u
n
e
2
0
1
7
:
1
5
1
3
–
1
5
2
1
1520
[1
7
]
S
.
Em
a
m
in
e
jad
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
M
icro
flu
id
ic
d
iag
n
o
stic
to
o
l
f
o
r
th
e
d
e
v
e
lo
p
in
g
w
o
rld
:
c
o
n
tac
tl
e
ss
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
f
lo
w
c
y
to
m
e
tr
y
,
”
L
a
b
o
n
a
Ch
i
p
,
v
o
l
/i
s
su
e
:
12
(
21
)
,
p
p
.
4
4
9
9
,
2
0
1
2
.
[1
8
]
S
.
Em
a
m
in
e
jad
,
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
rtab
le
c
y
to
m
e
tr
y
u
sin
g
m
icro
sc
a
le
e
lec
t
ro
n
ic
se
n
si
n
g
,
”
S
e
n
s
o
rs
Actu
a
to
r
s
B
Ch
e
m.
,
v
o
l
.
2
2
4
,
p
p
.
2
7
5
–
2
8
1
,
2
0
1
6
.
[1
9
]
T
.
S
u
n
a
n
d
H
.
M
o
rg
a
n
,
“
S
i
n
g
l
e
-
c
e
ll
m
icro
f
lu
id
ic
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
c
y
to
m
e
tr
y
:
a
re
v
ie
w
,
”
M
i
c
ro
fl
u
id
.
Na
n
o
fl
u
id
ics
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
(
4
)
,
p
p
.
4
2
3
–
4
4
3
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
0
]
M
.
A
.
M
a
n
so
r
a
n
d
M
.
R.
A
h
m
a
d
,
“
S
in
g
le
Ce
ll
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
Ch
a
ra
c
ter
iza
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
iq
u
e
s,”
In
t.
J
.
M
o
l.
S
c
i.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
16
(
6
)
,
p
p
.
1
2
6
8
6
–
1
2
7
1
2
,
2
0
1
5
.
[2
1
]
K.
R.
F
o
ste
r
a
n
d
H.
P
.
S
c
h
w
a
n
,
“
Die
lec
tri
c
p
ro
p
e
rt
ies
o
f
ti
ss
u
e
s
a
n
d
b
i
o
l
o
g
ic
a
l
m
a
teria
ls:
a
c
rit
ic
a
l
re
v
ie
w
,
”
Crit.
Rev
.
Bi
o
me
d
.
En
g
.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
17
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
2
5
–
1
0
4
,
1
9
8
9
.
[2
2
]
M
.
W
a
n
g
,
e
t
a
l.
,
“
S
in
g
le
He
L
a
a
n
d
M
CF
-
7
c
e
ll
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
u
sin
g
m
in
im
iz
e
d
im
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
a
n
d
m
icro
f
lu
id
ic d
e
v
ice
,
”
Rev
.
S
c
i.
In
stru
m.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
8
2(
6
)
,
p
p
.
6
4
3
0
2
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
3
]
M
.
He
id
a
ri
a
n
d
P
.
A
z
i
m
i,
“
Co
n
d
u
c
ti
v
it
y
e
ff
e
c
t
o
n
th
e
c
a
p
a
c
it
a
n
c
e
m
e
a
su
re
m
e
n
t
o
f
a
p
a
ra
ll
e
l
-
p
late
c
a
p
a
c
it
iv
e
se
n
so
r
s
y
ste
m
,
”
Res
.
J
.
Ap
p
l.
S
c
i.
E
n
g
.
T
e
c
h
n
o
l.
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
3
(
1
)
,
p
p
.
5
3
–
6
0
,
2
0
1
1
.
[2
4
]
L
.
Ya
n
g
,
“
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
i
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e
sp
e
c
tro
sc
o
p
y
f
o
r
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
o
f
b
a
c
teria
l
c
e
ll
s
in
su
sp
e
n
sio
n
s
u
si
n
g
in
terd
ig
it
a
ted
m
icro
e
le
c
tro
d
e
s,”
T
a
l
a
n
t
a
,
v
o
l
/i
ss
u
e
:
74
(
5
)
,
p
p
.
1
6
2
1
–
9
,
2
0
0
8
.
B
I
O
G
RAP
H
I
E
S
O
F
AUTH
O
RS
M
u
h
a
m
m
a
d
As
r
a
f
M
a
n
so
r
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
B.
E
n
g
.
a
n
d
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
in
e
lec
tri
c
a
l
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
f
ro
m
Un
iv
e
r
siti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
lay
sia
(U
T
M
),
Jo
h
o
r,
M
a
lay
sia
,
in
2
0
0
8
a
n
d
2
0
1
2
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
Cu
rre
n
tl
y
,
h
e
is
w
o
rk
in
g
to
w
a
rd
t
h
e
P
h
.
D.
d
e
g
re
e
in
th
e
F
a
c
u
lt
y
o
f
El
e
c
tri
c
a
l
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Un
iv
e
rsiti
T
e
k
n
o
lo
g
i
M
a
la
y
si
a
.
His
re
s
e
a
rc
h
in
tere
st
in
c
lu
d
e
s
sin
g
le
c
e
ll
a
n
a
ly
sis,
n
a
n
o
b
io
sc
ien
c
e
,
m
icro
/n
a
n
o
d
e
v
ice
s,
b
io
m
e
d
ica
l
a
n
d
m
icro
-
n
a
n
o
sy
ste
m
e
n
g
in
e
e
rin
g
M
a
sa
r
u
Ta
k
e
u
c
h
i
w
it
h
d
re
w
th
e
b
a
c
h
e
lo
r
d
e
g
re
e
p
ro
g
ra
m
o
f
Na
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
J
a
p
a
n
,
to
sk
ip
a
g
ra
d
e
in
2
0
0
8
,
a
n
d
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
M
.
En
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
a
n
d
t
h
e
Dr.E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
Na
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
in
2
0
1
0
a
n
d
2
0
1
3
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
l
y
.
He
w
a
s
th
e
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
o
f
Ja
p
a
n
S
o
c
iety
f
o
r
th
e
P
ro
m
o
ti
o
n
o
f
S
c
ien
c
e
(DC1
)
f
ro
m
2
0
1
0
.
M
e
a
n
w
h
il
e
,
h
e
stu
d
ied
a
t
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
o
f
Ca
li
f
o
rn
ia,
L
o
s
A
n
g
e
les
f
o
r
o
n
e
y
e
a
r
f
ro
m
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
1
.
F
ro
m
A
p
ril
2
0
1
3
t
o
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
4
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
P
o
std
o
c
to
ra
l
Re
se
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
icro
-
Na
n
o
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
g
o
y
a
U
n
iv
e
rsity
.
F
ro
m
Ju
l
y
2
0
1
4
,
h
e
is
a
n
a
ss
istan
t
p
ro
f
e
s
so
r
a
t
th
e
De
p
a
rt
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
icro
-
Na
n
o
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
Na
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
He
re
c
e
iv
e
d
th
e
IEE
E
Ro
b
o
ti
c
s
a
n
d
A
u
to
m
a
ti
o
n
S
o
c
iety
Ja
p
a
n
Ch
a
p
ter
Aw
a
rd
(2
0
0
9
),
t
h
e
Be
st
P
a
p
e
r
Aw
a
rd
o
f
M
HS
(2
0
1
0
,
2
0
1
3
)
a
n
d
th
e
Be
st
P
o
ste
r
Aw
a
rd
o
f
M
HS
(2
0
1
3
)
.
His
m
a
in
re
se
a
r
c
h
in
tere
sts
a
re
m
icro
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
o
n
,
c
e
ll
m
a
n
ip
u
lati
o
n
,
a
n
d
o
p
t
o
e
lec
tro
n
ic
d
e
v
ice
s
.
M
a
sa
h
iro
N
a
k
a
ji
m
a
r
e
c
e
i
v
e
d
th
e
B.
S
.
d
e
g
re
e
f
ro
m
S
h
izu
o
k
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
S
h
izu
o
k
a
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
i
n
2
0
0
1
,
a
n
d
th
e
M
.
S
.
a
n
d
Dr.E
n
g
.
d
e
g
re
e
s
f
ro
m
N
a
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
r
sit
y
,
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g
o
y
a
,
Ja
p
a
n
,
in
2
0
0
3
a
n
d
2
0
0
6
,
re
sp
e
c
ti
v
e
ly
.
F
ro
m
A
p
ril
2
0
0
6
t
o
M
a
y
2
0
0
6
,
h
e
w
a
s
a
Re
s
e
a
rc
h
F
e
ll
o
w
o
f
th
e
M
in
istry
o
f
Ed
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
Cu
lt
u
re
,
S
p
o
rts,
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
N
a
g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
,
w
h
e
re
h
e
wa
s
a
Re
se
a
rc
h
As
so
c
iate
f
ro
m
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n
e
2
0
0
6
to
M
a
rc
h
2
0
0
7
.
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ro
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p
ril
2
0
0
7
to
S
e
p
tem
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
wa
s
a
n
A
ss
ist
a
n
t
P
r
o
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
th
e
De
p
a
r
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
M
icro
-
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n
o
S
y
ste
m
s
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
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g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
S
in
c
e
Oc
to
b
e
r
2
0
0
9
,
h
e
is
a
n
A
ss
istan
t
P
ro
f
e
ss
o
r
w
it
h
Ce
n
ter
o
f
M
icro
-
Na
n
o
M
e
c
h
a
to
n
ics
,
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g
o
y
a
Un
iv
e
rsit
y
.
His
c
u
rre
n
t
re
se
a
rc
h
in
tere
sts
in
c
lu
d
e
th
e
a
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
s
o
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.