Internati
o
nal
Journal of Ele
c
trical
and Computer
Engineering
(IJE
CE)
V
o
l.
4, N
o
. 4
,
A
ugu
st
2014
, pp
. 63
7
~
64
2
I
S
SN
: 208
8-8
7
0
8
6
37
Jo
urn
a
l
h
o
me
pa
ge
: h
ttp
://iaesjo
u
r
na
l.com/
o
n
lin
e/ind
e
x.ph
p
/
IJECE
Cos
t
Eff
ecti
v
e Automat
e
d Street Lighting Cont
rol
Jinwen Z
hu,
Chri
st
op
her Rai
s
on
Department o
f
Engineer
ing Tech
nolog
y
,
M
i
s
s
our
i W
e
s
t
ern
S
t
at
e
Univers
i
t
y
Saint Joseph, MO 64507, USA
Article Info
A
B
STRAC
T
Article histo
r
y:
Received
J
u
n 11, 2014
Rev
i
sed
Ju
l 10
,
20
14
Accepte
d
J
u
l 22, 2014
Roads and thei
r
lighting s
y
stem
s are im
portan
t
fa
cili
ties of lo
ca
l
m
unicipals.
M
ost
co
nve
nt
i
onal
st
reet
l
i
g
ht
i
ng
sy
st
em
s are swi
t
c
h
e
d
on/
of
f at
regu
lar i
n
terv
als o
f
ti
m
e
.
The
conseque
nce i
s
that a large
portion
of
electrical energy cons
um
e
d
by
th
e street lig
h
tin
g is wasted
mean
in
g
l
essly
if th
e ro
ad
traffic is lo
w.
With
th
e in
creasing
in
terest i
n
t
h
e gl
o
b
al
ene
r
gy
co
ns
um
pt
ion a
nd
gree
n
envi
ro
nm
ent
requi
rem
e
nt
,
au
to
m
a
ted
street lig
h
tin
g
syste
m
raises
m
u
ch
in
terest aroun
d
t
h
e
wo
rld
.
In t
h
is pape
r, a co
st eff
ective a
nd e
n
ergy efficient autom
a
ted
st
reet
l
i
ght
co
nt
r
o
l
base
d o
n
m
i
crocont
r
o
l
l
e
r and Zi
gB
ee wi
rel
e
ss
net
w
or
k i
s
p
r
o
pos
ed
. T
h
e st
r
eet
la
m
p
s are
au
to
m
a
tical
ly
co
n
t
ro
lled
wi
t
h
t
h
e am
bient
l
i
ght
con
d
i
t
i
ons, t
h
e r
o
a
d
pe
dest
ri
an a
nd
vehi
cl
e
traffic con
d
ition
s
,
and
t
h
e
n
e
ig
hbo
r traffic co
nd
itio
ns
.
Keyword:
Aut
o
m
a
ted
Cost effective
Micro
c
on
tro
ller
Street lig
h
ting
Copyright ©
201
4 Institut
e
o
f
Ad
vanced
Engin
eer
ing and S
c
i
e
nce.
All rights re
se
rve
d
.
Co
rresp
ond
i
ng
Autho
r
:
Ji
nwe
n
Z
h
u,
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of
En
gi
neeri
n
g
T
echn
o
l
o
gy
,
Missouri
W
e
stern State University,
4
525
D
o
wn
s
Dr
iv
e, Sain
t Jo
sep
h
, MO 645
07
, U
S
A
.
Em
a
il: j
z
h
u
@misso
u
r
i
w
estern
.ed
u
1.
INTRODUCTION
The
ori
g
i
n
of t
h
e l
i
ght
i
ng
g
o
e
s
as far
bac
k
a
s
7
0
,
0
0
0
B
C
.
M
a
nm
ade pot
t
e
ry
hel
d
a
sm
al
l
fi
re w
h
ere a
wick
was used to
con
t
ro
l th
e
rate o
f
bu
rn
ing. Th
e tim
es req
u
i
red
for
p
e
op
le to
m
a
in
tain
, su
stain
and
ch
ang
e
th
e lam
p
s p
e
rio
d
i
cally. After th
e early estab
lish
m
en
t o
f
ro
ads, street lam
p
s were u
s
ed as lig
h
ting
after du
sk
.
Fuel
s t
o
use f
o
r l
i
ght
i
n
g were
beeswa
x an
d an asso
rt
m
e
nt
o
f
o
ils as fo
llowed
:
o
liv
e, fish
, wh
ale, sesame, an
d
nut
oil. By the
19t
h ce
ntury,
streets becam
e lit by gas [1].
Mo
d
e
rn
street
lig
h
t
s are th
e p
r
o
d
u
c
t o
f
el
ectricity
in
th
e fo
rm
o
f
in
can
d
e
scen
t, fl
uo
rescen
t, low
press
u
re s
o
di
u
m
(LPS), m
e
rcury
va
po
r
(M
V)
an
d
hi
g
h
p
r
essu
re
so
di
u
m
(HPS)
l
a
m
p
s.
W
i
t
h
t
h
e i
n
creasi
n
g
i
n
t
e
rest
i
n
t
h
e
gl
o
b
al
ene
r
gy
con
s
um
pt
i
on a
nd
g
r
een e
n
vi
r
onm
ent
req
u
i
r
em
ent
,
t
h
e st
r
eet
l
i
ght
i
ng sy
st
em
s
integrating m
o
st recent lighting s
o
urce,
light-emitting diode (LED), we
re
unde
r de
velopment [2-4]. Howeve
r,
m
o
st
convent
i
onal
st
reet
l
i
g
h
t
i
ng sy
st
em
s ar
e swi
t
c
hed
o
n
/
o
f
f
at
reg
u
l
a
r i
n
t
e
r
v
al
s of t
i
m
e. The st
reet
l
i
ght
s a
r
e
sim
p
l
y
t
u
rned
on i
n
t
h
e e
v
eni
ng a
f
t
e
r
dar
k
a
nd s
w
i
t
c
hed
o
ff a
f
t
e
r
daw
n
i
n
ea
rl
y
m
o
rni
n
g [
5
]
.
The
con
s
eq
ue
nce i
s
t
h
at
a l
a
r
g
e a
m
ount
o
f
el
ect
ri
cal
ener
gy
i
s
wast
ed
m
eani
ngl
essl
y
.
As e
n
er
gy
c
ons
um
pt
i
o
n
i
s
an iss
u
e
of increasing i
n
tere
st, po
ssi
bl
e en
ergy
sa
vi
ngs
s
c
hem
a
t
i
c
s for
street lighting
syste
m
s are re
cently
st
udi
e
d
wi
del
y
.
Va
ri
o
u
s c
ont
r
o
l
t
ech
ni
q
u
es
h
a
ve
been
p
r
op
o
s
ed
fo
r st
reet
l
i
ght
i
n
g c
o
nt
r
o
l
l
e
rs.
It
i
s
c
o
m
m
o
n
t
o
u
s
e
relays to
mak
e
sim
p
le l
o
g
i
cal con
t
ro
l d
ecision
s. M
o
st sm
art street lig
h
ting
s
are similar to
ad
ap
tiv
e
lig
h
tin
gs, wh
ich
on
ly d
e
scribes th
e p
e
rforman
ce o
f
th
e ligh
t
o
n
th
e ro
ad
. Streets o
r
ro
ad
s equ
i
pp
ed
with
su
ch
a solution
will
dynam
i
call
y
a
d
apt the street lighting
pe
rformance according to the
actua
l needs for the
give
n
p
e
ri
o
d
/tim
e o
f
th
e ro
ad
[6
].
Ou
r
pr
o
pose
d
cont
rol
pr
o
j
ect
co
ul
d
p
r
o
v
i
d
e
a chea
pe
r a
n
d
safe
r t
o
m
o
rr
o
w
f
o
r i
t
s
c
ons
u
m
ers d
u
e t
o
th
e street lamp
s efficien
cy
an
d
ligh
ting
it p
r
ov
id
es
for
p
e
d
e
strian
s and
m
o
to
rists alik
e. Th
is pro
j
ect will
p
r
ov
id
e co
st effectiv
e lig
h
ting
fo
r t
h
e pub
lic in
an
u
r
b
a
n
an
d
sub
u
rb
an
settin
g
s
. Th
e au
to
m
a
ted
street la
m
p
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Co
st Effective Au
toma
ted
S
t
reet Lig
h
ting Co
n
t
ro
l (Jin
wen
Zhu
)
63
8
will b
e
activ
at
ed
p
r
im
arily b
y
th
e activ
ities o
f
th
e l
o
cal ped
e
strian, au
tom
o
t
i
v
e
traffic
an
d th
e am
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
co
nd
itio
ns. Th
is d
e
sign
will fo
cus prim
aril
y
o
n
t
h
e m
o
d
e
rn
tak
e
o
f
street la
m
p
s u
s
ed
aroun
d
the wo
rl
d
.
It
s
set
t
i
ng i
s
very
uni
versal
,
bei
n
g a val
u
a
b
l
e
asset
near ci
t
y
r
o
ad
s, i
n
par
k
i
n
g l
o
t
s
, el
em
ent
a
ry
scho
ol
gr
o
u
n
d
s,
col
l
e
ge cam
pu
ses an
d
rese
rva
t
i
ons.
2.
SYSTE
M
DESIGN
This proj
ect re
prese
n
ts a set of a
u
tom
a
ted street
la
m
p
s. A microcontrolle
r w
ill receive inputs from
a
set of two m
o
tion se
nsors t
h
a
t
will de
tect an obj
ect 360 de
grees a
r
ound
each lam
p
. Either of
the se
nsors will
p
r
ov
id
e an
i
n
pu
t cond
itio
n
t
h
at will illu
m
i
n
a
te th
e lam
p
if certain
o
t
h
e
r
co
nd
itio
ns are
met. Und
e
r norm
a
l
o
p
e
ration
en
v
i
ro
n
m
en
t, th
e lam
p
is th
en
ex
tin
gu
ish
e
d if th
e sen
s
o
r
s
d
o
no
t
d
e
tect m
o
tio
n
.
A
ph
o
t
o
cell in th
e
syste
m
will
d
e
tect th
e lev
e
l o
f
th
e a
m
b
i
en
t li
g
h
t
.
If th
e ligh
t
lev
e
l d
o
e
s
no
t requ
ire th
e lightin
g
,
a relay wi
ll b
e
energized and
cut electrical powe
r t
o
th
e ou
t
p
u
t
con
t
ro
l circu
it th
us th
e ligh
t
s won
’
t
b
e
on
.
Th
e system
wi
ll b
e
fu
lly au
to
m
a
ted
an
d
can
b
e
con
f
igured
to
su
it v
a
ri
ou
s requ
irem
en
ts. It can
b
e
in
itiated
b
y
th
e ti
m
e
o
f
d
a
y or
will b
e
activ
e acco
rd
in
g
t
o
th
e lev
e
l of am
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
, and run
au
to
m
a
tical
l
y
.
Whe
n
an
ob
je
ct
appr
oac
h
es a l
a
m
p
wi
t
h
i
n
a predet
e
r
m
i
ned di
st
ance
, on
e of t
w
o
di
st
ance sens
or
s
’
in
pu
ts will b
e
read
b
y
t
h
e m
i
c
r
o-con
t
ro
ller.
And
a
re
lay wi
ll b
e
en
erg
i
zed an
d th
e lam
p
will illu
m
i
n
a
te
. On
ce
th
e o
b
j
ect is ou
tsid
e a p
r
ed
et
erm
i
n
e
d
d
i
stan
ce fro
m
a sen
s
o
r
, an
d
th
e m
i
cro
c
on
tro
ller
will d
e
-en
e
rg
i
ze th
e
relay after a
period
of tim
e p
a
ssed
and
th
e l
i
g
h
t
will ex
ting
u
i
sh
. If
th
e ob
j
ect b
e
co
m
e
s
statio
n
a
ry within
th
e
p
r
ed
eterm
i
n
e
d
d
i
stan
ce
o
f
th
e
sen
s
o
r
, th
e lig
ht will rem
a
in
il
lu
min
a
ted
.
The distance
m
onitoredd by
each
se
nsor
on a
lam
p
will slightly ov
erla
p
t
h
e distance
m
onitored by
the sensor
of its neighbor
lamp. This technique will allow t
h
e lam
p
s
to be illu
m
i
nated as each lam
p
is passed
by
an o
b
j
ect
.
As t
h
e
ob
ject
m
oves al
ong
, a
nd
o
u
t
of
ran
g
e
of t
h
e
fi
rst
s
e
ns
or, a
peri
od
of t
i
m
e wi
ll
pass, an
d
th
e la
m
p
will e
x
tin
gu
ish
.
Th
is p
r
o
cess will be co
n
tinu
e
d
until an
o
b
j
ect is n
o
t
sen
s
ed. The syste
m
wil
l
re
m
a
in
in a sta
n
d-by
state.
A
p
h
o
t
o
c
ell can
co
n
t
ro
l t
h
e i
n
itiatio
n
o
f
th
e syste
m
. If th
e
p
h
o
t
o
cell
d
e
tects a h
i
g
h
lev
e
l
o
f
am
b
i
en
t
lig
h
t
, a relay will b
e
en
erg
i
zed
to
rem
o
v
e
power
fro
m
th
e l
a
m
p
s. A
b
y
p
a
ss/test switch
is d
e
sign
ed
to
allo
w t
h
e
la
m
p
s to
b
e
illu
m
i
n
a
ted
du
ring
tim
es o
f
h
i
g
h
lev
e
ls
o
f
am
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
.
An
em
erg
e
n
c
y
switch
is also
in
teg
r
ated
in
th
e
syste
m
. When the em
ergency switch is
closed, the
l
a
m
p
s are t
u
r
n
ed o
n
unc
o
ndi
t
i
onal
l
y
and t
h
e
em
ergency
i
n
fo
rm
atio
n
is tran
sm
it
ted
to
its n
e
igh
bor nod
es. Th
e
neighbor
nodes
switch on t
h
eir la
m
p
s upon
receiving the
message.
2.
1.
S
y
ste
m
bl
ock
di
a
g
ra
m
Fi
gu
re
1 s
h
ow
s t
h
e sy
st
em
funct
i
o
nal
bl
oc
k
di
ag
ram
,
wh
i
c
h m
a
i
n
l
y
consi
s
t
s
of a
m
i
croc
o
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r
bl
oc
k, i
n
p
u
t
/
o
u
t
put
boa
r
d
, se
n
s
ors
,
a
n
d
o
u
t
p
u
t
l
o
ads
(l
am
ps).
Fi
gu
re
1.
Sy
st
em
bl
ock di
a
g
ra
m
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
63
7
–
64
2
63
9
The m
i
croco
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r
su
bsy
s
t
e
m
em
p
l
oy
s t
h
e
Ar
dui
n
o
U
n
o t
h
at
i
s
based
o
n
t
h
e
ATm
e
ga3
2
8
an
d t
h
e
Ar
dui
n
o
W
i
rel
e
ss
S
D
S
h
i
e
l
d
.
The U
n
o
b
o
ar
d
has
1
4
di
gi
t
a
l
i
n
p
u
t
/
out
put
pi
ns (o
f whi
c
h 6 can be use
d
as
PW
M
out
puts), 6 anal
og inputs, a
16 MHz c
e
ram
i
c re
sonat
o
r, a
USB c
onnection, a
power
jack, a
n
IC
SP
heade
r
, and a
reset button. It
contains
ev
er
yt
h
i
ng
n
eed
ed
t
o
su
ppo
r
t
t
h
e m
i
cro
c
on
tro
ller;
si
m
p
ly co
n
n
ect
it to
a
co
m
p
u
t
er with
a
USB cab
le o
r
po
wer
it with
a
AC-t
o
-
DC
adap
ter
o
r
b
a
ttery
to
g
e
t started
.
Th
e Ardu
ino
W
i
rel
e
ss
SD
S
h
i
e
l
d
al
l
o
ws t
h
e A
r
d
u
i
n
o
U
n
o
b
o
ar
d t
o
c
o
m
m
uni
cat
e wi
rel
e
ssl
y
usi
n
g a
w
i
rel
e
ss m
odul
e.
It
i
s
base
d
on the
Xbee m
odules
from
Digi, whic
h
utilizes
the Z
i
gBee PRO Fe
ature
Set [7]. T
h
e
W
i
reless
S
D
Shi
e
l
d
i
s
use
d
t
o
i
m
pl
em
ent
t
h
e wi
rel
e
ss
com
m
uni
cat
i
on bet
w
een
nei
g
h
b
o
r
n
ode
s
ove
r Zi
gB
ee
net
w
or
k.
The input/output board
pr
ovides interface
between
t
h
e m
i
crocontro
ller and sensor inputs and lam
p
out
put
s
.
The
A
r
d
u
i
n
o U
n
o i
s
i
s
ol
at
ed f
r
om
i
t
s fi
el
d i
n
p
u
t
s
a
nd
o
u
t
p
ut
s so t
h
at
any
o
v
er
v
o
l
t
a
ge or
ove
rc
u
rre
nt
co
nd
itio
ns co
uld
no
t
h
a
rm
th
e micro
c
on
tro
l
ler sub
s
ystem
.
Th
e inp
u
t
s an
d ou
tpu
t
s are electrically is
o
l
ated
fr
om
t
h
e
m
i
crocont
rol
l
e
r by
p
hot
o-i
s
ol
at
i
o
n
ci
rcui
t
r
y
.
As
fo
r i
n
p
u
t
se
nso
r
s,
si
x
Pass
i
v
e I
n
f
r
a-R
e
d
(
P
IR
) m
o
t
i
on
s
e
ns
ors a
r
e
use
d
. T
h
e
PIR
se
n
s
es cha
n
ges
i
n
i
n
fr
a-
red e
n
ergy
em
it
t
e
d by
nearby
o
b
j
ec
t
s
.
W
h
e
n
an
o
b
j
ect
i
n
m
o
t
i
on i
s
det
ect
ed, t
h
e
sens
or
out
put
s
a hi
gh
si
gnal
on
i
t
s
o
u
t
put
pi
n,
ot
her
w
i
s
e i
t
kee
p
s a
l
o
w
si
g
n
al
. Se
nso
r
s
1 a
n
d
2 c
o
r
r
es
po
n
d
t
o
l
a
m
p
1. Se
nso
r
s
3 a
n
d
4
t
o
lam
p
2
,
an
d sen
s
or
s 5 an
d 6 to lam
p
3. Ou
t
p
u
t
l
o
ads
are three li
g
h
t
e
m
it
tin
g
d
i
od
e (LED) lam
p
s, wh
ich
o
f
fer efficien
t lig
h
ting
.
In
ad
d
ition
,
a
p
h
o
t
o
cell is integ
r
ated
i
n
th
e b
o
a
rd
t
o
pro
v
id
e am
b
i
en
t li
g
h
t
info
rm
atio
n
,
an
an
al
og
si
gnal
,
t
o
t
h
e m
i
croco
n
t
r
ol
l
e
r. A
by
pass s
w
i
t
c
h an
d an
em
ergency
s
w
i
t
c
h are al
so i
n
cl
u
d
ed
. The
by
pas
s
switch
serv
es as a b
y
-p
ass to
t
h
e ph
o
t
o
cell circu
it.
Wh
en
the switch
is o
p
e
n
,
th
e system
i
s
allo
wed
to
remain
act
i
v
e regar
d
l
e
ss of am
bi
ent
li
ght
i
n
g co
ndi
t
i
ons
.
When t
h
e
e
m
ergency swi
t
ch is clos
ed, the la
m
p
s are turne
d
o
n
un
co
nd
itio
nally. Th
ese t
w
o switch
e
s are also
i
n
corporated
in
t
o
system
t
e
st and
m
a
in
te
n
a
n
c
e.
2.
2.
Ci
rcui
t
d
e
si
gn
and
si
m
u
l
a
ti
on
Mu
ltisi
m
si
m
u
latio
n
and
circu
it d
e
sign
so
ft
ware
g
i
v
e
s eng
i
n
e
ers th
e adv
a
n
c
ed
an
alysis an
d
d
e
si
g
n
cap
ab
ilities to
o
p
tim
ize p
e
rform
an
ce, redu
ce d
e
sign
erro
rs, and
sh
orten
t
i
m
e
to
p
r
o
t
o
t
yp
e.
In
t
u
itiv
e NI too
l
s
resu
lt i
n
sav
e
d prin
ted circu
it b
o
a
rd
(PCB) iteratio
n
s
and sign
if
ican
t cost sav
i
ng
s [8
]. On
ce t
h
e inpu
t and
o
u
t
p
u
t
in
terface circu
its are d
e
sig
n
e
d
,
th
e ci
rcu
its are sim
u
lated
an
d
v
e
rified
b
y
u
s
ing
NI Mu
ltisi
m
. Fi
g
u
re 2
shows the i
n
put interface
circ
uit and Fi
g. 3 shows
the output
ci
rc
uit. Figures
4,
5, and
6 below illustrat
e
the
sim
u
l
a
t
i
on res
u
l
t
s
un
der
di
ffe
r
e
nt
r
o
a
d
a
n
d
a
m
bi
ent
l
i
ght
scenari
o
s.
Fi
gu
re
2.
I
n
p
u
t
ci
rcui
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
J
ECE
I
S
SN
:
208
8-8
7
0
8
Co
st Effective Au
toma
ted
S
t
reet Lig
h
ting Co
n
t
ro
l (Jin
wen
Zhu
)
64
0
Fi
gu
re
3.
O
u
t
p
ut
ci
rc
ui
t
Fig
u
re
4
.
Sim
u
latio
n
resu
lt
u
n
d
e
r low am
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
cond
itio
n
Fi
gu
re 4 a
b
o
v
e
dem
onst
r
at
es t
h
e sim
u
l
a
t
i
on resul
t
wi
t
h
act
i
v
e t
r
af
fi
c m
ovem
e
nt
un
der l
o
w am
bi
ent
lig
h
t
con
d
ition. In
th
is scen
ario
, th
e Ou
tpu
t
_
P
h
o
t
o
ce
ll from th
e o
u
t
pu
t of Ardu
ino
Un
o k
eep
s log
i
c 0
wh
ich
fu
rt
he
r kee
p
s t
h
e rel
a
y
K
4
d
e
-ene
rgi
z
e
d
a
n
d i
t
s
NC
c
ont
act
cl
osed.
Th
us, t
h
e 1
2
VD
C
i
s
sup
p
l
i
e
d
t
o
t
h
e
out
put
i
n
t
e
rfac
e
ci
rcui
t
.
W
i
t
h
Sens
or
1
o
r
Sens
or
2 act
i
v
at
ed, t
h
e
o
u
t
p
ut
f
r
om
t
h
e A
r
d
u
i
n
o
Un
o se
t
s
t
h
e
Out
put
_Se
n
s
o
r
_
1
_
2
t
o
l
ogi
c
1 t
h
at
e
n
er
gi
ze
s t
h
e rel
a
y
K
1
and i
n
t
u
rn
sw
i
t
c
hes o
n
l
a
m
p
1.
U
nde
r t
h
e
sam
e
ro
ad
traffic con
d
ition
b
u
t
with
h
i
gh
am
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
, th
e
Ou
t
p
u
t
_
P
h
o
t
o
cell is set to
log
i
c
1
wh
ich
furth
e
r k
ills
t
h
e 1
2
VDC
t
o
t
h
e o
u
t
p
ut
ci
rc
ui
t
.
T
h
e l
a
m
p
1 i
s
of
f t
h
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
Out
put
_Se
n
sor
_
1_
2 i
s
l
ogi
c 1 as
sh
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
.
5
.
Und
e
r th
e sa
m
e
ro
ad
and
a
m
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
co
nd
itio
ns as for Fig
.
5
bu
t in
th
is case th
e byp
ass is switched
off,
th
e lam
p
1
is
no
w turn
ed
on
t
h
oug
h th
ere is
a h
i
gh
lev
e
l
o
f
a
m
b
i
en
t lig
h
t
as illu
strated
i
n
Fig
.
6
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
S
SN
:
2
088
-87
08
I
J
ECE Vo
l. 4
,
N
o
. 4
,
Au
gu
st 2
014
:
63
7
–
64
2
64
1
Fig
u
re
5
.
Sim
u
latio
n
resu
lt
u
n
d
e
r h
i
g
h
am
b
i
e
n
t lig
h
t
cond
itio
n
Fig
u
re
6
.
Sim
u
latio
n
resu
lt
with
th
e
b
y
p
a
ss switch
in off state
3.
SOFTW
ARE
AR
CHITE
C
T
URE
The m
i
crocont
rol
l
e
r
on t
h
e
b
o
ar
d i
s
pr
o
g
ra
m
m
e
d usi
ng t
h
e Ar
dui
no
pr
o
g
ram
m
i
ng l
a
ngua
ge (
b
ase
d
on
W
i
ri
n
g
) a
n
d
t
h
e
Ar
d
u
i
n
o
d
e
vel
o
pm
ent
en
vi
r
onm
ent
(b
as
ed
on
P
r
oces
si
ng
)
[7]
.
The
Ar
d
u
i
n
o i
n
t
e
g
r
at
ed
de
ve
l
opm
ent
envi
r
onm
ent
(I
DE
)
cont
ai
n
s
a t
e
xt
edi
t
o
r f
o
r
w
r
i
t
i
ng c
ode
, a
m
e
ssage area,
a t
e
xt
cons
ol
e, a t
ool
ba
r wi
t
h
but
t
o
ns f
o
r co
m
m
on fu
nct
i
o
ns, a
nd a seri
es
of m
e
nus. It
con
n
ect
s
t
o
t
h
e Ar
dui
no
hard
wa
re t
o
u
p
l
o
a
d
pr
o
g
ram
s
and com
m
uni
cat
e wi
t
h
t
h
em
. The cons
ol
e di
spl
a
y
s
t
e
xt
out
p
u
t
by
t
h
e
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
en
vi
r
onm
ent
i
n
cl
u
d
i
n
g c
o
m
p
l
e
t
e
erro
r m
e
ssages a
n
d
ot
her
i
n
f
o
rm
at
i
on [
7
]
.
In
ord
e
r to
acco
m
p
lish
th
e fun
c
tio
n
a
lity of th
e str
eet ligh
tin
g con
t
ro
l prop
o
s
ed, th
e software
of the
cont
rol
l
e
r
m
u
st
be i
m
pl
em
ent
e
d.
The
ap
pl
i
cat
i
on
p
r
o
g
r
am
i
s
devel
o
ped
usi
n
g
Ar
dui
no
pr
og
ra
m
m
i
ng
l
a
ng
uage a
n
d Ar
dui
n
o
ID
E.
Fi
rst
,
t
h
e m
i
cr
op
r
o
cess
o
r i
n
i
t
i
a
l
i
zes all
regi
st
ers an
d fu
nct
i
on m
odul
es, s
u
ch as
watchd
og
, timer, in
terrup
t, I/
O po
rt, SPI mo
du
le etc. Seco
nd
, it co
n
tinues o
n
t
o
th
e m
a
in
cycle to
co
ll
ect th
e
st
at
us o
f
al
l
t
h
e sens
o
r
i
n
p
u
t
s
an
d c
o
nt
rol
i
n
put
s
,
a
n
d
chec
k
fo
r
val
i
d
dat
a
fr
om
i
t
s
nei
g
hb
o
r
no
des.
A
n
d
t
h
e
n
,
the collected a
nd/
or
receive
d data is proces
sed a
nd a
n
alyzed. Last, t
h
e c
o
rres
ponding a
c
tions are e
x
ec
uted.
The
fl
o
w
c
h
art
of
t
h
e a
p
pl
i
cat
ion
p
r
og
ram
i
s
sho
w
n i
n
Fi
g.
7.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJECE
ISS
N
:
2088-8708
Co
st Effective Au
toma
ted
S
t
reet Lig
h
ting Co
n
t
ro
l (Jin
wen
Zhu
)
64
2
Fi
gu
re
7.
The
f
l
ow c
h
a
r
t
o
f
t
h
e ap
pl
i
cat
i
on
p
r
o
g
ram
4.
CO
NCL
USI
O
N
In this pa
per, a cost effective and e
n
ergy effi
cien
t au
to
m
a
te
d
street lig
h
ting
con
t
ro
l is d
e
scrib
e
d
th
at
i
n
t
e
grat
es
new
t
echn
o
l
o
gi
es,
o
ffe
ri
n
g
ene
r
gy
savi
n
g
s a
nd ea
se of t
e
st
an
d
m
a
i
n
t
e
nance.
Thi
s
p
r
o
p
o
se
d
sy
st
em
u
tilizes th
e h
i
gh
efficien
t LED lig
h
ting
techn
o
l
o
g
y
an
d
t
h
e
m
i
cro
c
on
tro
l
l
e
r b
a
sed
in
tellig
en
t m
a
n
a
g
e
men
t
o
f
the lam
pposts
activities of the local
pedestrian, a
u
to
m
o
tive traffic a
n
d t
h
e am
bient light c
o
nditions
.
This
d
e
sign
f
o
cu
s pr
im
ar
i
l
y o
n
t
h
e m
o
d
e
r
n
tak
e
of
str
eet lam
p
s u
s
ed
aro
und
th
e wor
l
d
.
Th
e pr
opo
sed co
n
t
r
o
l is
especially appropriate for street ligh
tin
g
in su
bu
rb
an
areas wh
ere th
e traffic is lo
w at ti
mes. However, its
set
t
i
ng i
s
very
uni
versal
,
bei
n
g a val
u
a
b
l
e
asset
near ci
t
y
r
o
ad
s, i
n
par
k
i
n
g l
o
t
s
, el
em
ent
a
ry
scho
ol
gr
o
u
n
d
s,
co
lleg
e
cam
p
u
ses and
reserv
atio
n
s
. And
it w
ill b
r
ing
co
n
s
i
d
erab
le econ
o
m
i
c
b
e
n
e
fits.
ACKNOWLE
DGE
M
ENTS
The aut
h
o
r
s w
oul
d l
i
k
e t
o
t
h
ank
Depa
rt
m
e
nt
of En
gi
ne
eri
ng Tec
h
n
o
l
o
gy
at
Mi
ssouri
West
er
n St
at
e
Un
i
v
ersity fo
r
th
e su
ppo
r
t
o
f
th
e p
r
oj
ect.
REFERE
NC
ES
[1]
M. Bel
lis,
"Histor
y
of L
i
ghting
an
d Lam
p
s,"
http://inventors.about.com,
cited May
24, 2014
.
[2]
Wu Yue
,
et a
l
.
,
"Design of ne
w intel
ligen
t st
r
eet light contro
l
s
y
stem,"
8th I
EEE In
ternation
a
l Conferen
ce o
n
Control and
Automation (
I
CCA)
, pp.1423-1427
,
2010.
[3]
Costa, M.A.D
.
,
et
al
.
, "A high
efficiency
au
ton
o
mous street lig
h
ting s
y
s
t
em based on solar
en
erg
y
and
LEDs,"
Power E
l
ec
troni
cs Conferen
ce
,
COBEP '09
, Br
azilian, pp.265-27
3, 2009
.
[4]
Wang Yongqing
,
et al.
, "Design of Solar LED Street L
a
m
p
Autom
a
tic Control C
i
rcuit
,
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