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T
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th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
e
lec
tio
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
a
n
d
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
lo
ad
,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
Gen
etic
b
ased
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
w
it
h
th
e
f
u
s
io
n
o
f
F
u
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
tech
n
iq
u
e
n
a
m
ed
as
Ge
n
etic
F
u
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
B
ased
E
n
er
g
y
-
E
f
f
icie
n
t
L
o
ad
B
alan
ce
d
C
l
u
s
ter
in
g
A
l
g
o
r
ith
m
(
GFE
L
C
)
,
w
h
ic
h
w
o
r
k
s
i
n
t
h
r
e
e
r
o
u
n
d
s
.
Set
-
u
p
p
h
ase,
clu
s
ter
b
in
d
in
g
p
h
ase
an
d
in
ter
-
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
(
A*
(
A
-
s
tar
)
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
)
p
h
ase.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
e
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
an
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
.
Sectio
n
2
d
escr
ib
es
th
e
p
r
ev
io
u
s
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
r
elate
d
to
Gen
etic
al
g
o
r
i
th
m
a
s
w
ell
as
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic.
I
n
S
ec
tio
n
3
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
m
o
d
el
is
d
escr
ib
ed
.
Sectio
n
4
d
escr
ib
ed
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
Sectio
n
5
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
ex
te
n
s
iv
e
s
i
m
u
la
tio
n
w
o
r
k
.
Fin
al
l
y
,
w
e
co
n
cl
u
d
e
o
u
r
p
ap
er
w
it
h
b
r
ief
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
o
n
co
n
clu
s
io
n
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
s
co
p
e.
2.
RE
L
AT
E
D
WO
RK
L
E
AC
H
[
5
-
6
]
h
av
e
ce
r
tai
n
li
m
itatio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
lo
w
-
e
n
er
g
y
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
w
o
u
ld
b
e
s
elec
t
ed
as
C
H,
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
u
s
es
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
ter
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
,
lead
s
to
u
n
ev
e
n
l
y
d
is
t
r
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
I
n
P
E
G
A
SIS
[
7
]
w
h
er
ea
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
p
lace
d
in
ch
ain
w
h
er
e
at
a
t
i
m
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
n
o
d
e
(
s
elec
ted
a
s
lead
er
w
it
h
o
u
t
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
r
e
s
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
)
tr
an
s
f
er
t
h
e
d
at
a
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
B
S
an
d
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
lead
er
r
o
tated
in
ch
ain
.
HE
E
D
[
8
]
w
h
ich
eli
m
i
n
ate
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
u
n
ev
e
n
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
C
H
b
y
in
c
lu
d
in
g
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
an
d
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
.
I
n
T
E
E
N
[
9
]
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
s
en
d
s
o
n
l
y
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
d
ata
to
B
S
th
at
is
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
n
at
u
r
e,
W
h
er
ea
s
A
P
T
E
E
N
[
1
0
]
,
[
1
1
]
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
T
E
E
N
an
d
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
is
to
ca
p
tu
r
e
b
o
th
th
e
p
er
io
d
ical
d
ata
as
w
el
l
as
s
e
n
s
iti
v
e
d
ata
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
tin
g
b
o
th
p
r
o
ac
tiv
e
a
n
d
r
ea
ctiv
e
s
c
h
e
m
e,
b
u
t
it
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
le
x
it
y
i
n
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
s
an
d
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
lie
s
b
et
w
ee
n
L
E
A
C
H
a
n
d
T
E
E
N.
I
n
[
1
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
E
E
L
B
C
A
cr
ea
tes
m
i
n
-
h
ea
p
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
jo
in
to
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
clu
s
ter
s
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
I
n
[
1
3
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
is
b
ased
o
n
g
en
etic
tech
n
iq
u
e,
w
h
ich
cr
ea
tes
3
-
lev
el
h
ier
ar
ch
ic
al
clu
s
ter
.
I
n
itiall
y
it
s
elec
t
s
t
h
e
o
p
ti
m
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
C
H
b
y
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
an
d
f
i
n
all
y
r
o
u
ti
n
g
is
d
o
n
e
b
ased
o
n
cr
iter
ia
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
tr
an
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
d
is
tan
ce
.
B
u
t
t
h
e
r
ed
u
n
d
an
c
y
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
at
lev
el
2
clu
s
ter
s
al
s
o
en
er
g
y
o
f
m
o
d
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
er
v
e
as
m
u
c
h
n
ee
d
ed
.
I
n
[
1
4
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
en
etic
b
ased
r
o
u
tin
g
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
n
wh
ich
d
ata
is
r
o
u
ted
th
r
o
u
g
h
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
in
t
w
o
-
ti
er
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
ar
c
h
itect
u
r
e,
g
e
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
d
eter
m
i
n
e
s
u
itab
le
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
th
e
u
p
p
er
–
tier
r
ela
y
n
o
d
es
in
s
en
s
o
r
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
t
is
ce
n
tr
a
lized
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
an
d
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
(
GP
S
en
ab
led
m
ad
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
co
s
t
lier
)
ar
e
s
tatic
af
ter
d
ep
lo
y
m
e
n
t a
s
w
el
l a
s
it r
eq
u
ir
e
ex
tr
a
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e.
I
n
[
1
5
]
,
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
g
en
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
i
s
lo
ad
b
alan
ce
d
clu
s
t
er
in
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ich
tr
a
n
s
f
e
r
s
th
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
n
o
d
e
to
B
S
v
ia
g
ate
w
a
y
s
h
av
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
p
o
w
er
ed
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
an
o
r
d
in
ar
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
es.
T
r
af
f
ic
lo
ad
o
f
ea
ch
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es
ar
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
p
r
io
r
th
e
clu
s
ter
f
o
r
m
atio
n
.
T
h
e
n
o
d
e
s
ar
e
ass
ig
n
i
n
g
to
o
n
l
y
g
ate
w
a
y
s
to
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
v
alid
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e.
T
h
e
f
i
tn
e
s
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
g
a
te
w
a
y
i
s
d
ep
en
d
in
g
u
p
o
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
lo
ad
o
f
th
e
g
ate
w
a
y
w
h
ich
c
au
s
e
s
ev
e
n
l
y
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
r
af
f
ic
lo
ad
a
m
o
n
g
g
ate
w
a
y
s
.
L
o
w
er
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
f
it
n
e
s
s
v
a
lu
e
o
f
g
ate
w
a
y
s
.
T
h
e
m
u
tatio
n
is
r
ep
lace
m
e
n
t
o
f
g
ate
w
a
y
h
a
v
in
g
h
i
g
h
er
lo
ad
in
ter
m
s
m
o
r
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
o
d
es t
r
an
s
f
er
r
in
g
o
r
r
ec
eiv
in
g
th
e
m
ess
a
g
e
w
it
h
an
o
th
er
lo
w
er
lo
ad
ed
g
ate
w
a
y
.
T
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
L
E
AC
H
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
J
.
L
l
i
u
a
n
d
C
.
V.
R
av
is
h
an
k
ar
in
[
1
6
]
(
L
E
A
C
H
-
G
A
)
u
s
es
g
e
n
etic
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
.
T
h
is
al
g
o
r
ith
m
in
cl
u
d
e
p
r
ep
ar
atio
n
p
h
ase
b
ef
o
r
e
t
h
e
s
e
t
-
u
p
p
h
a
s
e
a
n
d
s
tead
y
s
tate
p
h
a
s
e
o
n
ce
f
o
r
f
ir
s
t
r
o
u
n
d
,
w
h
er
e
s
elec
tio
n
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
to
b
ec
o
m
e
C
H
is
ev
al
u
ated
.
T
h
e
f
itn
es
s
f
u
n
c
tio
n
i
s
r
el
y
i
n
g
o
n
th
e
b
asis
o
f
m
in
i
m
izin
g
th
e
to
tal
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
i
n
g
r
o
u
n
d
.
Select
io
n
o
f
C
H
d
o
es
n
o
t i
n
cl
u
d
e
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
.
I
n
G
A
E
E
P
[
1
7
]
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
s
r
el
y
in
g
o
n
m
i
n
i
m
izi
n
g
th
e
o
v
er
all
d
i
s
s
ip
atio
n
e
n
er
g
y
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
I
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
in
cl
u
d
e
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
d
is
tan
ce
f
ac
to
r
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
i
n
t
h
e
e
v
al
u
atio
n
o
f
f
it
n
e
s
s
f
u
n
ct
io
n
.
M
u
lti
h
o
p
r
o
u
tin
g
an
d
s
elec
t
io
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
is
also
n
o
t e
x
p
lain
ed
in
t
h
e
G
A
E
E
P
.
I
n
[
1
8
]
Gu
p
ta
h
as
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
L
E
AC
H
b
ased
o
n
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
u
s
in
g
v
ar
iab
les;
en
er
g
y
lev
el,
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
lev
el
(
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
)
an
d
ce
n
t
r
alit
y
.
T
h
e
B
S
is
r
esp
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
co
llectin
g
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
le
v
el
a
n
d
lo
ca
tio
n
o
f
ea
ch
n
o
d
e.
T
h
er
e
is
n
o
u
s
e
o
f
m
u
l
ti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
,
s
o
n
et
w
o
r
k
co
n
s
u
m
es
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
.
I
N
C
HE
F
[
1
9
]
w
h
ic
h
o
v
er
co
m
e
s
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
o
f
Gu
p
ta
p
r
o
to
co
l
b
y
in
cl
u
d
i
n
g
lo
ca
l
d
is
tan
ce
w
it
h
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
.
Di
s
tan
ce
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
m
etr
ic
i
s
e
x
clu
d
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
h
av
e
m
aj
o
r
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
n
et
w
o
r
k
l
if
et
i
m
e
in
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
m
o
b
ile
n
o
d
es.
I
n
[
2
0
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
F
-
MCHE
L
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
o
f
C
HE
F
w
h
er
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
d
ep
en
d
u
p
o
n
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
i
c
v
ar
iab
les
r
esid
u
a
l
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
p
r
o
x
i
m
it
y
d
is
ta
n
ce
.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
h
a
v
i
n
g
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
es
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
a
m
o
n
g
t
h
e
elec
ted
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
p
lay
t
h
e
r
o
le
o
f
Ma
s
ter
cl
u
s
te
r
h
ea
d
.
T
h
e
Ma
s
ter
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
is
o
n
l
y
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
l
e
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
t
h
e
a
g
g
r
e
g
ate
d
d
ata
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
F
-
M
C
HE
L
p
r
o
v
id
es
m
o
r
e
s
tab
le
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
en
er
g
y
e
f
f
i
cien
t c
o
m
p
ar
e
to
L
E
AC
H
an
d
C
HE
F.
I
n
[
2
1
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
FM
-
S
C
HM
)
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
v
er
F
-
M
C
HE
L
b
y
ta
k
i
n
g
m
o
b
il
it
y
a
s
th
ir
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
w
i
th
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
d
is
ta
n
c
e
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
A
s
t
h
e
y
co
n
s
id
er
B
S
is
m
o
b
ile,
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
1
1
6
8
-
1
1
8
3
1170
b
u
t
w
h
en
m
o
b
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
B
S
i
s
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
o
r
i
n
cr
ea
s
es
th
e
n
t
h
er
e
is
n
o
e
f
f
ec
t
o
n
li
f
eti
m
e
it
r
e
m
ai
n
s
co
n
s
ta
n
t
.
I
n
[
2
2
]
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
b
y
s
a
m
e
a
u
th
o
r
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
m
o
b
ili
t
y
b
y
tak
i
n
g
ce
n
tr
alit
y
p
ar
am
eter
i
n
s
tead
o
f
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
as
th
ir
d
p
ar
am
eter
an
d
all
th
e
o
th
er
ass
u
m
p
ti
o
n
ar
e
s
a
m
e,
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
w
t
h
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
o
f
li
f
e
ti
m
e
o
v
er
FM
-
S
C
HM
[
2
1
]
.
I
n
L
E
AC
H
-
F
L
[
2
3
]
is
also
y
e
t
an
o
th
er
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
v
er
s
io
n
,
w
h
er
e
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
d
ep
en
d
o
n
th
r
ee
f
u
zz
y
v
ar
iab
les,
en
er
g
y
lev
el,
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
an
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
.
I
t
d
i
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
Gu
p
ta
p
r
o
to
co
l
o
n
l
y
i
n
o
n
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
ce
n
tr
ali
t
y
v
er
s
u
s
d
is
tan
ce
to
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
.
B
u
t
L
E
AC
H
-
F
L
a
ls
o
s
u
f
f
er
s
f
r
o
m
s
a
m
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
a
s
G
u
p
ta
p
r
o
to
co
l
s
u
ch
a
s
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
I
n
L
E
AC
H
-
E
R
E
[
2
4
]
f
u
zz
y
L
o
g
ic
b
a
s
ed
p
r
o
to
c
o
l
w
h
ich
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
e
x
p
ec
ted
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
(
as
p
r
ed
ictio
n
)
as
w
e
l
l
as
r
es
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
e
as
f
u
zz
y
v
ar
iab
les.
B
u
t
it
d
o
es
n
o
t
co
n
s
id
er
t
h
e
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
cl
u
s
ter
h
e
ad
an
d
b
ase
s
ta
tio
n
,
n
o
d
e
d
en
s
it
y
a
n
d
ce
n
tr
ali
t
y
as
well,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
t
o
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
lo
ad
an
d
en
er
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
.
I
n
[
2
5
]
A
l
s
h
a
w
i
et
al.
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
t
r
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
u
s
i
n
g
f
u
zz
y
an
d
A
-
s
tar
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
w
h
ic
h
g
i
v
e
t
h
e
least
b
u
r
d
en
p
ath
w
i
th
f
o
r
w
ar
d
i
n
g
n
o
d
es
h
av
i
n
g
h
i
g
h
er
en
er
g
y
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t.
I
n
C
F
G
A
[
2
6
]
B
S
cr
ea
tes
a
b
alan
ce
d
cl
u
s
ter
b
ased
o
n
Gen
et
ic
-
f
u
zz
y
b
a
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
As
t
h
e
B
S
s
itu
a
ted
in
ce
n
tr
al
o
f
t
h
e
n
et
wo
r
k
an
d
all
n
o
d
es
c
h
ec
k
t
h
eir
v
alid
it
y
f
o
r
C
H
i
n
f
u
zz
y
m
o
d
u
le
co
n
s
u
m
e
s
m
o
r
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
n
o
d
es
an
d
lif
e
ti
m
e
o
f
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
a
n
d
th
e
y
d
o
es
n
o
t
s
h
o
w
h
o
w
m
u
lti
-
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
w
o
r
k
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
I
n
[
2
9
]
A
-
s
t
ar
b
ased
alg
o
r
ith
m
(
ASSER
)
,
B
S
f
in
d
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
te
an
d
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
in
th
e
t
w
o
-
ti
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
,
b
y
w
h
ich
C
H
s
e
n
d
d
ata
to
B
S u
s
i
n
g
o
p
ti
m
a
l r
o
u
te,
w
h
ich
lead
s
to
b
alan
ce
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
.
Fro
m
th
e
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
,
it
ap
p
ea
r
s
th
at
n
o
b
et
ter
alg
o
r
ith
m
d
ev
e
lo
p
ed
w
h
ic
h
u
s
es
b
o
th
ev
o
lu
tio
n
ar
y
(
Ge
n
etic
al
g
o
r
ith
m
)
a
n
d
s
o
f
t
co
m
p
u
ti
n
g
(
Fu
zz
y
lo
g
ic
b
ased
)
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
to
o
v
er
co
m
e
t
h
e
li
m
ita
tio
n
o
f
ea
c
h
o
th
er
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
e
o
p
ti
m
al
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
t
er
s
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
a
n
d
b
alan
ce
d
t
h
e
lo
ad
a
m
o
n
g
C
Hs
alo
n
g
w
ith
m
u
lt
i
-
p
at
h
r
o
u
ti
n
g
.
O
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
u
s
e
s
g
e
n
etic
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
f
o
r
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
o
p
ti
m
a
l
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
w
h
ic
h
u
s
e
s
f
u
zz
y
lo
g
ic
b
ased
i
n
f
e
r
en
ce
s
y
s
te
m
to
e
v
alu
a
te
t
h
e
f
it
n
es
s
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
n
o
d
es,
an
d
b
alan
cin
g
t
h
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
b
et
w
ee
n
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
d
o
n
e
th
r
o
u
g
h
A*
(
A
-
s
tar
)
alg
o
r
ith
m
.
3.
SYST
E
M
AND
E
NE
R
G
Y
M
O
DE
L
W
e
co
n
s
id
er
th
at
all
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
n
o
d
es
ar
e
h
o
m
o
g
en
o
u
s
in
ter
m
s
o
f
s
en
s
i
n
g
,
co
m
p
u
t
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
,
t
h
e
y
all
h
a
v
e
eq
u
al
i
n
itia
l
en
er
g
y
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
id
e
n
ti
f
icatio
n
n
u
m
b
er
(
I
D)
.
Se
n
s
o
r
s
n
o
d
es
ad
j
u
s
t
th
eir
r
ad
io
p
o
w
e
r
to
tr
an
s
m
it
d
ata.
T
o
tr
an
s
m
i
t
m
-
b
it
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
e
b
y
a
n
y
s
e
n
s
o
r
n
o
d
e
[
5
-
6
]
i
n
eith
er
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
(
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
)
o
r
m
u
ltip
ath
(
p
o
w
er
lo
s
s
)
m
o
d
el
d
is
s
ip
ates
en
er
g
y
r
ad
io
el
ec
tr
o
n
ics
an
d
is
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
a
m
p
li
f
ier
e
n
er
g
y
o
r
is
m
u
ltip
at
h
f
ad
i
n
g
a
m
p
li
f
ier
en
er
g
y
o
v
er
d
is
ta
n
c
e
d
r
eq
u
ir
ed
E
n
er
g
y
(
)
is
t
h
e
s
u
m
m
atio
n
o
f
b
o
th
elec
tr
o
n
ic
an
d
am
p
li
f
y
i
n
g
en
er
g
y
as
f
o
llo
w
.
(
)
{
(
1
)
Fo
r
a
n
o
d
e
to
r
ec
eiv
e
a
m
es
s
a
g
e
o
f
m
-
b
it d
is
s
ip
ates e
n
er
g
y
(
)
in
r
ad
io
elec
tr
o
n
ics as,
(
)
(
)
(
2
)
W
h
er
ea
s
is
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
is
ta
n
ce
√
⁄
to
u
s
e
d
if
f
er
en
tiate
b
etw
ee
n
f
r
ee
s
p
ac
e
m
o
d
el
an
d
m
u
ltip
ath
m
o
d
el.
is
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
u
n
it
elec
tr
o
n
ic
en
er
g
y
to
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
n
e
b
it
o
f
m
e
s
s
a
g
e,
w
h
ic
h
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
s
e
v
er
al
f
ac
to
r
s
s
u
c
h
as
m
o
d
u
latio
n
,
d
ig
ital c
o
d
in
g
,
s
i
g
n
al,
ac
ce
p
tab
le
b
it
-
r
ate
etc.
I
f
th
er
e
ar
e
N
n
o
d
es
an
d
C
clu
s
ter
s
a
n
d
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
h
av
e
o
n
av
er
ag
e
N/
C
n
o
d
es
p
er
clu
s
ter
s
(
o
n
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
an
d
r
e
m
ai
n
i
n
g
(
(
N/C
)
-
1
)
ar
e
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
es).
T
h
e
ex
p
ec
ted
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
[
4
]
is
th
e
s
u
m
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
ed
en
er
g
y
i
n
r
ec
eiv
i
n
g
p
ac
k
et
f
r
o
m
it
s
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
es
an
d
ag
g
r
eg
ati
n
g
th
e
m
i
n
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g
u
lar
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ct
io
n
w
h
ic
h
is
t
h
e
i
n
ter
s
ec
tio
n
p
o
in
t
an
d
cr
ea
tes
f
u
zz
y
s
e
ts
o
r
s
i
m
p
l
y
it
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
n
u
m
er
ical
v
al
u
e
in
to
g
r
ap
h
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
.
b.
Fu
zz
y
R
u
le
B
ase
-
I
t
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
s
er
ie
s
o
f
8
1
I
F
-
T
HE
N
r
u
le
s
w
h
ic
h
r
u
n
s
p
ar
allel
o
n
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
i
n
p
u
t
s
i
n
a
n
y
o
r
d
er
.
A
s
I
F
-
T
HE
N
h
a
v
e
m
u
lt
ip
les
in
p
u
ts
,
s
o
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
s
ele
ctio
n
f
u
zz
y
A
ND
o
p
er
ato
r
is
a
p
p
lied
to
s
elec
t
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
of
f
o
u
r
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
v
alu
e
to
g
e
t o
n
e
s
i
n
g
le
v
al
u
e
t
o
o
u
tp
u
t set.
c.
Ag
g
r
eg
atio
n
o
f
all
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
e
-
T
o
ag
g
r
eg
ate
m
u
lt
ip
le
o
u
tp
u
t
v
al
u
e
s
in
g
le
f
u
zz
y
s
ets
u
s
ed
f
u
zz
y
u
n
io
n
o
p
er
ato
r
OR
,
w
h
ic
h
s
elec
t
s
m
ax
i
m
u
m
o
f
o
u
r
f
u
zz
y
r
u
le
b
ase
o
u
tp
u
t to
cr
ea
te
f
u
zz
y
o
u
tp
u
t
s
et.
d.
Def
u
zz
if
icato
n
-
Select
io
n
o
f
c
h
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
s
in
g
le
cr
is
p
v
alu
e
n
o
t
as
co
llectio
n
o
f
v
alu
e
(
o
u
tp
u
t
f
u
zz
y
s
et
co
n
s
i
s
t o
f
li
n
g
u
i
s
tic
v
ar
iab
le)
,
s
o
w
e
ap
p
l
y
ce
n
tr
o
id
d
ef
u
zz
if
icatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
g
iv
e
n
as:
∫
(
)
∫
(
)
(
1
3
)
W
h
er
e
(
)
d
ef
i
n
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
h
ip
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
o
b
j
ec
t
y
i
n
f
u
zz
y
s
et
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
o
r
d
er
ed
p
air
s
:
*
(
(
)
)
+
,
w
h
er
e
U
is
th
e
u
n
i
v
er
s
e
o
f
d
is
co
u
r
s
e.
4
.
1
.
4
.
Select
io
n
I
t
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
t
io
n
w
i
th
f
itn
e
s
s
v
alu
e,
h
ig
h
er
th
e
f
it
n
es
s
v
alu
e
h
i
g
h
er
is
t
h
e
ch
a
n
ce
o
f
s
elec
tio
n
.
A
ll
t
h
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
es
o
f
th
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
o
b
tain
a
s
eg
m
e
n
t
o
n
v
ir
t
u
al
R
o
u
lette
-
w
h
ee
l
b
as
ed
o
n
t
h
eir
f
it
n
es
s
v
al
u
e,
h
i
g
h
er
th
e
f
itn
e
s
s
v
al
u
e
b
ig
g
er
s
ize
o
f
s
eg
m
e
n
t
allo
tted
to
t
h
e
m
,
af
ter
th
e
n
w
h
ee
l
is
s
p
in
n
ed
.
T
h
e
ch
r
o
m
o
s
o
m
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
s
e
g
m
e
n
t
o
n
w
h
ic
h
v
ir
t
u
al
R
o
u
lette
-
w
h
ee
l
s
to
p
s
,
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
p
er
atio
n
.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
f
it
n
es
s
v
a
lu
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
f
o
r
g
en
er
atio
n
i
s
d
ef
i
n
ed
as f
o
llo
w
:
∑
,
w
h
er
e
p
is
an
d
k
is
(
1
4
)
Hen
ce
,
th
e
p
r
o
b
ab
ilit
y
o
f
s
e
lec
tin
g
th
e
s
tr
in
g
(
)
∑
,
w
h
er
e
is
th
e
f
it
n
es
s
v
al
u
e
o
f
s
tr
in
g
k
(
1
5
)
4
.
1
.
5
.
Cro
s
s
o
v
er
I
n
o
u
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
in
g
le
-
p
o
in
t
cr
o
s
s
o
v
er
o
r
u
n
i
f
o
r
m
cr
o
s
s
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v
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(
w
it
h
s
w
ap
p
in
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
ilit
y
0
.
7
)
is
u
s
ed
.
P
o
in
t
i
s
ch
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r
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l
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ased
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p
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cr
o
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1
1
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P
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A
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Fig
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Sin
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ter
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1
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N
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Fig
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6
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Mu
tatio
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i
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f
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p
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g
4
.
1
.
7
.
T
er
m
i
na
t
io
n c
o
nd
it
io
n
I
n
th
is
s
tep
in
itiall
y
b
ase
s
tatio
n
ch
ec
k
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
g
e
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er
at
io
n
in
th
e
p
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latio
n
a
n
d
if
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
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i
s
m
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
g
e
n
er
atio
n
o
r
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it
n
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lu
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n
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ce
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tain
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t
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o
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ith
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ter
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ated
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ter
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t f
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4
.
2
.
Ste
a
dy
s
t
a
t
e
ph
a
s
e/
clus
t
er
bin
di
ng
ph
a
s
e
I
n
th
i
s
p
h
ase,
ea
ch
C
Hs
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r
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s
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e
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in
t
h
e
n
et
wo
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k
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h
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y
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s
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n
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C
DM
A
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a
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l
to
r
ed
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ce
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n
ter
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u
s
ter
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ter
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e
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.
E
ac
h
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e
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e
C
H,
t
h
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o
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e
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e
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n
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o
in
m
es
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lar
e
its
el
f
as
C
H
an
d
s
en
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d
ata
d
ir
ec
tly
to
B
S.
T
h
e
av
er
ag
e
r
ad
iu
s
[
1
6
]
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
is
ev
al
u
ated
a
s
f
o
llo
w
:
√
(
1
6
)
T
h
er
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am
o
n
g
,
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ir
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n
s
o
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ep
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o
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s
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r
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K
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K,
n
is
t
h
e
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m
b
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o
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es
an
d
n
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s
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
clu
s
ter
(
c)
f
o
r
m
ed
.
Gen
er
all
y
cl
u
s
ter
s
h
av
e
lar
g
er
r
ad
iu
s
th
a
n
.
C
lu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
cr
ea
tes
a
T
DM
A
s
ch
ed
u
le
to
av
o
id
in
tr
a
-
cl
u
s
ter
co
lli
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io
n
.
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h
is
T
DM
A
s
c
h
ed
u
le
is
b
r
o
ad
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ast
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y
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c
h
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u
s
ter
h
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d
s
,
ac
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r
d
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g
to
w
h
ic
h
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
es
t
u
r
n
o
n
(
w
a
k
eu
p
m
o
d
e)
o
r
o
f
f
(
s
leep
m
o
d
e)
th
e
ir
r
ad
io
.
T
h
e
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
es
s
e
n
d
t
h
ei
r
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
cl
u
s
te
r
h
ea
d
in
to
allo
ca
ted
t
i
m
e
s
lo
t
o
n
l
y
in
w
ak
e
u
p
m
o
d
e.
T
h
e
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
g
ath
er
s
d
a
ta
f
r
o
m
it
s
m
e
m
b
er
n
o
d
es
a
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
T
DM
A
s
ch
ed
u
le
an
d
ap
p
lies
d
ata
ag
g
r
e
g
atio
n
f
u
n
ct
io
n
to
co
m
p
r
ess
t
h
e
d
ata
in
to
s
i
n
g
le
p
ac
k
et
o
f
f
i
x
ed
s
ize.
4
.
3
.
I
nte
r
-
clus
t
er
ro
uting
ph
a
s
e
I
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
d
is
ta
n
ce
to
b
a
s
e
s
tatio
n
is
les
s
th
a
n
th
r
es
h
o
ld
d
is
tan
ce
,
it
tr
an
s
m
it
s
its
d
ata
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
elec
t
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
(
m
u
l
ti
h
o
p
r
o
u
ti
n
g
)
f
r
o
m
it
s
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
et
.
T
h
e
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
et
o
f
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
is
th
e
s
et
o
f
n
e
x
t
f
o
r
w
ar
d
in
g
n
e
ig
h
b
o
r
in
g
n
o
d
e
(
C
H)
in
t
h
e
tr
an
s
m
is
s
io
n
r
a
n
g
e
d
ef
in
e
a
s
f
o
llo
w
;
{
|
(
)
(
)
(
)
}
(
1
7
)
W
h
er
ea
s
,
(
)
=
d
is
tan
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
,
(
)
=
d
is
tan
ce
b
etw
ee
n
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
an
d
is
th
e
m
in
i
m
u
m
i
n
teg
er
t
h
at
h
as
at
least
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n
e
n
o
d
e
in
th
e
s
et
to
f
o
r
w
ar
d
th
e
d
ata,
if
th
e
v
alu
e
o
f
is
„
0
‟
t
h
at
m
ea
n
s
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
et
h
a
v
e
n
u
l
l
v
a
lu
e
an
d
s
en
d
it
s
p
ac
k
et
d
ir
ec
tl
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t
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
A
t
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ea
c
h
C
H
b
r
o
ad
ca
s
t
a
m
es
s
ag
e
(
clu
s
te
r
I
Ds,
R
es
id
u
al
E
n
er
g
y
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T
r
af
f
i
c
lo
ad
an
d
d
is
tan
c
e
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
)
.
I
n
itiall
y
all
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
h
av
e
o
n
l
y
o
n
e
p
ac
k
et
to
tr
an
s
m
it to
B
S b
u
t
w
h
e
n
it a
ct
as r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
f
o
r
o
th
er
C
H
s
,
th
e
y
d
o
n
o
t
a
g
g
r
eg
ate
t
h
e
o
t
h
er
in
co
m
i
n
g
p
a
ck
et
w
it
h
o
w
n
p
ac
k
et
i
n
to
s
i
n
g
le
p
ac
k
et
b
ec
a
u
s
e
o
f
d
ata
co
r
r
elatio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
s
e
n
s
ed
d
ata
b
y
d
if
f
er
en
t
cl
u
s
ter
s
ar
e
c
o
m
p
ar
ati
v
el
y
lo
w
.
T
h
u
s
th
e
p
ac
k
et
lo
ad
o
n
r
ela
y
n
o
d
e
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
k
n
o
w
n
as T
r
af
f
ic
lo
ad
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2088
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
9
,
No
.
2
,
A
p
r
il 2
0
1
9
:
1
1
6
8
-
1
1
8
3
1176
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
1
.
I
n
t
e
r
-
c
l
u
st
e
r
r
o
u
t
i
n
g
(
A
*
(A
-
st
a
r
)
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m)
1.
B
e
g
i
n
2.
I
n
p
u
t
:
G
r
a
p
h
(
)
,
S
o
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
,
O
P
EN
l
i
st
(
p
r
i
o
r
i
t
y
q
u
e
u
e
)
say
O
L
a
n
d
C
L
O
S
E
l
i
st
say
C
L
a
n
d
p
r
e
d
e
c
e
sso
r
o
f
n
o
d
e
V
i
n
se
t
P.
3.
S
e
t
P
=
N
I
L
/
/
so
u
r
c
e
n
o
d
e
h
a
s
n
o
p
r
e
d
e
c
e
sso
r
.
4.
S
e
t
O
L
=
a
n
d
C
L
=
5.
EN
Q
U
EU
E
(
O
L
,
w
i
t
h
(
)
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
)
6.
Wh
i
l
e
(
OL
)
//
F
i
n
d
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
w
i
t
h
max
i
mu
m
(
)
i
n
t
h
e
O
L
,
sa
y
i
t
U
.
7.
U
=
D
EQ
U
EU
E
(
O
L
)
8.
A
d
d
(
C
L
,
U
)
a
n
d
e
x
p
l
o
r
e
c
a
n
d
i
d
a
t
e
s
e
t
w
i
t
h
(
)
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
t
o
e
a
c
h
n
o
d
e
.
9.
Fo
r
e
a
c
h
V
G.
[
Q
]
1
0
.
P
.
V
=
Q
1
1
.
I
f
(
U
=
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
n
o
d
e
)
1
2
.
T
h
e
n
se
a
r
c
h
i
s o
v
e
r
,
e
x
i
t
s.
1
3
.
El
s
e
1
4
.
EN
Q
U
EU
E
(
O
L
,
w
i
t
h
(
)
a
t
t
a
c
h
e
d
)
1
5
.
R
EL
A
X
(
U
,
V
,
(
)
,
C
L
,
O
L
)
1
6
.
G
o
t
o
S
t
e
p
6
1
7
.
O
u
t
p
u
t
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
s fr
o
m c
l
o
se
l
i
st
C
L
a
s sh
o
r
t
e
st
p
a
t
h
f
r
o
m so
u
r
c
e
t
o
d
e
st
i
n
a
t
i
o
n
.
1
8
.
EN
D
.
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
2
.
R
EL
A
X
(
U
,
V
,
(
)
)
1.
B
e
g
i
n
2.
I
f
V
=
P
.
U
/
/
Ex
p
l
o
r
e
n
o
d
e
i
s
p
r
e
d
e
c
e
sso
r
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
3.
I
f
V
=
P
.
U
/
/
Ex
p
l
o
r
e
n
o
d
e
i
s
p
r
e
d
e
c
e
sso
r
o
f
c
u
r
r
e
n
t
n
o
d
e
4.
El
se
I
f
(
)
>
(
)
+
d
(
U
,
V
)
/
/
c
h
o
o
se
t
h
e
sh
o
r
t
-
p
a
t
h
b
a
se
d
o
n
(
)
5.
T
h
e
n
(
)
=
(
)
+
d
(
U
,
V
)
6.
V
.
P
=
U
4
.
3
.
1
.
I
nte
r
-
clus
t
er
ro
uting
us
ing
A
*
(A
-
Sta
r)
a
lg
o
rit
hm
A
-
s
tar
s
ea
r
ch
al
g
o
r
ith
m
(
tr
ee
-
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
r
o
u
te)
is
u
s
ed
to
f
i
n
d
an
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
te
f
r
o
m
C
H
to
B
S
ap
p
lies
o
n
ea
ch
clu
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
N
o
w
C
H
s
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
m
o
d
eled
as
a
d
ir
ec
ted
g
r
ap
h
(
)
.
W
h
er
e
V
(
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is
th
e
s
et
o
f
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
an
d
(
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is
t
h
e
s
et
o
f
lin
k
s
b
et
w
ee
n
cl
u
s
ter
h
ea
d
s
.
T
h
e
f
u
n
ctio
n
f
o
r
r
ela
y
(
t
r
ee
)
n
o
d
e
s
elec
tio
n
is
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
(
)
)
(
1
8
)
W
h
er
e
α
(
)
,
β
(
)
,
γ
(
)
is
en
er
g
y
,
tr
a
f
f
i
c
lo
ad
an
d
h
o
p
c
o
u
n
t
co
ef
f
icie
n
t
r
esp
ec
tiv
el
y
.
I
f
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
α
is
„
0
‟
t
h
at
m
ea
n
s
n
o
d
e
h
a
v
e
v
e
r
y
les
s
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
clo
s
e
t
o
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e,
b
u
t
in
GE
FLC
s
elec
tio
n
o
f
C
H
b
a
s
e
d
u
p
o
n
t
h
e
cr
iter
ia
t
h
at
r
e
s
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
is
m
o
r
e
t
h
an
av
er
a
g
e
en
er
g
y
o
f
all
li
v
e
n
o
d
es,
th
u
s
d
ea
d
n
o
d
e
n
ev
er
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
C
H,
o
th
er
w
is
e
t
h
e
n
o
d
e
h
av
e
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
th
e
n
v
alu
e
o
f
α
i
s
„
1
‟
.
A
s
ev
er
y
C
H
h
a
v
e
at
lea
s
t
o
n
e
p
ac
k
e
t
to
tr
a
n
s
m
it
to
B
S
s
o
v
alu
e
o
f
β
n
e
v
er
to
u
c
h
es
to
ze
r
o
(
i.e
.
β
)
o
th
er
w
is
e
i
f
th
e
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
o
n
th
e
n
o
d
e
is
v
er
y
h
i
g
h
(
i.e
.
5
)
th
en
v
al
u
e
o
f
is
„
1
‟
.
W
h
er
ea
s
v
al
u
e
o
f
γ
is
„
0
‟
r
e
f
er
th
at
n
o
d
e
eith
er
is
o
lated
n
o
d
e
o
r
v
er
y
clo
s
e
to
B
S
th
at
s
en
d
p
ac
k
et
d
ir
ec
tl
y
to
B
S
o
th
er
w
i
s
e
if
th
e
v
al
u
e
o
f
γ
is
„
1
‟
in
d
icate
s
th
at
n
o
d
e
r
ea
ch
es
to
m
ax
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
v
al
u
e
(
i.e
.
5
)
.
T
h
e
C
H
h
a
v
i
n
g
m
o
r
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
,
les
s
tr
af
f
ic
l
o
ad
an
d
m
in
i
m
u
m
d
is
ta
n
ce
t
o
b
ase
s
tatio
n
s
elec
ted
as
r
el
a
y
n
o
d
e
f
r
o
m
t
h
eir
n
eig
h
b
o
r
in
g
s
et
o
r
ca
n
d
id
ate
s
et.
A
s
a
r
es
u
lt
n
o
d
e
h
av
i
n
g
lar
g
est
v
al
u
e
o
f
(
)
is
s
elec
ted
as r
ela
y
n
o
d
e.
As
A
*
(A
-
s
tar
)
alg
o
r
it
h
m
s
r
u
n
s
b
y
ea
ch
C
H
i
n
t
h
e
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
c
r
ea
tes tr
ee
-
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
r
o
u
te
f
r
o
m
s
o
u
r
ce
to
b
as
e
s
tatio
n
.
An
ex
a
m
p
le
is
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
7
w
h
er
e
clu
s
t
er
h
ea
d
r
u
n
s
A
-
s
tar
alg
o
r
it
h
m
to
f
i
n
d
o
p
ti
m
al
r
o
u
te
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
d
ata
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
I
n
s
id
e
th
e
clu
s
te
r
h
ea
d
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
r
es
id
u
al
en
er
g
y
a
n
d
o
u
ts
id
e
r
ef
er
to
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
o
r
p
ac
k
et
in
s
id
e
th
e
b
u
f
f
er
.
So
u
r
ce
n
o
d
e
C
r
ea
tes
a
r
o
u
te
(
)
w
it
h
m
ax
i
m
u
m
r
es
id
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
9
,
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
(
p
ac
k
et
=
6
)
an
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
3
f
o
r
tr
an
s
f
er
o
f
d
ata
to
b
ase
s
tatio
n
.
Ot
h
er
r
o
u
tes
(
)
h
av
e
r
esid
u
al
e
n
er
g
y
9
b
u
t
tr
af
f
ic
lo
ad
is
1
1
also
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
is
in
cr
ea
s
es
u
p
to
4
.
T
h
e
R
o
u
te
(
)
h
av
in
g
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
8
less
th
a
n
o
p
ti
m
al
p
ath
w
h
er
ea
s
tr
a
f
f
ic
lo
ad
an
d
h
o
p
co
u
n
t
is
1
0
an
d
3
r
esp
e
ctiv
el
y
,
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
t
o
p
ti
m
al
s
o
th
is
p
at
h
is
also
r
ej
ec
ted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
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ssag
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5
.
1
.
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m
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f
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m
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f
a
liv
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des
o
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er
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ds
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n
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C
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all
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d
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r
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it
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m
e
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ter
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r
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ly
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F
ig
u
r
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8
s
h
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E
(
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ased
)
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E
E
P
(
g
e
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r
ith
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ased
)
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o
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t
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%,
5
% r
esp
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tiv
el
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ter
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d
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f
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d
es.
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Net
w
o
r
k
l
if
et
i
m
e
5
.
2
.
Co
m
pa
ri
s
o
n o
f
a
v
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a
g
e
re
s
idu
a
l e
nerg
y
o
f
a
ll sens
o
r
no
des
o
v
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ro
un
ds
Fro
m
th
e
F
i
g
u
r
e
9
,
th
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er
ag
e
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y
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f
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n
s
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es
o
f
th
e
ap
p
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ac
h
GFEL
C
is
m
o
r
e
th
an
L
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AC
H,
C
HE
F,
L
E
AC
H
-
E
R
E
a
n
d
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A
E
E
P
.
L
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A
C
H
al
g
o
r
ith
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is
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o
o
r
est
o
n
e
h
a
v
in
g
r
esid
u
al
en
er
g
y
in
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0
20
40
60
80
100
Num
ber
of
rounds
Number
of
alive
nodes
LEAC
H
C
H
EF
LEAC
H
ER
E
GAEEP
GF
ELC
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