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p
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s
[
1
]
.
E
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b
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id
v
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ca
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p
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[2
-
5]
.
I
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th
is
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y
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h
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t
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m
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[
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1
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1
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m
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est as c
lo
s
e
l
y
a
s
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ea
lit
y
to
an
s
w
er
ce
r
tain
en
g
i
n
ee
r
in
g
q
u
e
s
tio
n
s
.
B
atter
y
m
o
d
eli
n
g
i
n
v
o
l
v
es
s
e
v
er
al
ca
te
g
o
r
ies
o
f
m
o
d
elin
g
:
P
h
y
s
ico
c
h
e
m
ical
m
o
d
elin
g
,
"
b
lack
b
o
x
"
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
an
d
elec
tr
i
ca
l
m
o
d
elin
g
.
Ma
n
y
r
esear
c
h
er
s
co
n
d
u
ct
elec
tr
i
ca
l
m
o
d
eli
n
g
u
s
i
n
g
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
e
lectr
ical
cir
c
u
its
.
I
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
al
en
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
i
t,
t
h
e
elec
t
r
ical
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ar
e
ta
k
e
n
i
n
t
o
ac
co
u
n
t
an
d
p
ass
i
v
e
lin
ea
r
ele
m
e
n
ts
ar
e
u
s
ed
.
Su
c
h
m
o
d
el
s
ar
e
ea
s
y
t
o
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
an
d
th
e
ir
lev
el
o
f
d
etail
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
t
o
b
e
s
o
lv
ed
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
id
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
ical
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
s
is
m
ad
e
b
y
test
s
o
n
t
h
e
b
atte
r
y
ce
ll.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
e
s
s
elec
ti
n
g
a
tec
h
n
iq
u
e
t
h
at
b
es
t
s
u
it
s
t
h
e
c
h
o
s
e
n
m
o
d
el.
B
ec
au
s
e
it
m
u
s
t
co
n
s
i
d
er
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lato
r
b
eh
av
io
r
d
u
r
in
g
tr
a
n
s
ie
n
t
a
n
d
p
er
m
a
n
e
n
t
p
h
ase
s
o
f
o
p
er
atio
n
,
it
is
u
s
e
f
u
l
to
u
s
e
id
en
t
if
ica
tio
n
tech
n
iq
u
es
t
h
a
t
ai
m
to
s
tu
d
y
th
e
ac
c
u
m
u
lato
r
d
y
n
a
m
ics
i
n
th
e
ti
m
e
-
t
y
p
e
d
o
m
ai
n
th
at
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
s
to
th
e
n
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
.
T
h
e
m
ai
n
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
t
h
is
ar
ti
cle
is
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
[
1
6
]
f
o
r
a
L
i
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ce
ll
in
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
u
s
e
in
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les.
Mo
d
elin
g
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
d
u
r
i
n
g
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
cle
s
an
d
d
if
f
er
e
n
t d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
t
y
les o
f
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
les to
w
id
en
t
h
e
r
an
g
e
o
f
u
s
e
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
id
en
tif
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
an
d
t
h
e
esti
m
at
io
n
o
f
it
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
d
eter
m
i
n
ed
u
s
i
n
g
an
al
g
o
r
ith
m
th
a
t
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
u
l
tip
le
iter
atio
n
s
,
w
h
ich
i
m
p
lie
s
a
r
ed
u
ce
d
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
ti
m
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
p
ap
er
co
m
p
ar
es
t
w
o
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
(
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
eg
io
n
-
R
e
f
lecti
v
e
a
n
d
L
e
v
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t)
u
s
in
g
th
e
cr
iter
ia
o
f
t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
b
etter
in
ter
m
s
o
f
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
at
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
cles
th
at
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
a
n
d
d
r
iv
in
g
s
t
y
les
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
o
n
a
h
ig
h
w
a
y
,
a
r
u
r
al
an
d
an
u
r
b
an
r
o
ad
as
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
(
UDDS,
LA
-
9
2
,
US0
6
,
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
HW
FET
)
b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
as
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
p
h
ase
o
f
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
o
f
f
er
s
in
ter
esti
n
g
r
esu
lt
s
m
o
s
tl
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
L
A
-
9
2
an
d
UDD
S
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cles.
T
h
i
s
p
ap
er
is
d
i
v
id
ed
i
n
to
s
e
v
e
n
p
ar
ts
.
Af
ter
a
n
in
tr
o
d
u
ctio
n
i
n
th
e
f
ir
s
t p
ar
t,
t
h
e
s
e
co
n
d
p
ar
t p
r
esen
ts
a
b
ib
lio
g
r
ap
h
ic
m
o
d
elin
g
o
f
lit
h
iu
m
b
atter
ies.
T
h
e
th
ir
d
p
ar
t
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
e
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
th
r
o
u
g
h
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
s
.
I
n
th
e
f
o
u
r
t
h
p
ar
t,
w
e
f
o
cu
s
o
n
p
ar
am
e
ter
id
en
tif
icatio
n
an
d
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
d
ata
u
s
ed
f
o
r
esti
m
atio
n
an
d
v
a
lid
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
eq
u
iv
a
len
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
NC
R
1
8
6
5
0
P
F
P
an
aso
n
ic
lit
h
i
u
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
e
f
if
t
h
p
ar
t
p
r
esen
ts
a
b
atter
y
ce
ll
p
ar
a
m
eter
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
i
n
g
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
atio
n
to
o
lb
o
x
an
d
a
b
atter
y
ce
ll
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
eq
u
iv
alen
t
elec
t
r
ical
cir
cu
it
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
s
ix
t
h
p
ar
t
p
r
esen
t
s
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
lt
s
o
f
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
id
en
t
if
ica
ti
o
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
elec
tr
ica
l
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
m
o
d
el.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
w
e
p
r
ese
n
t
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
r
es
u
lt
s
an
d
t
h
eir
in
ter
p
r
etatio
n
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
a
co
n
c
lu
s
io
n
s
u
m
m
ar
izes
th
e
w
o
r
k
.
2.
E
L
E
C
T
RIC
AL
M
O
DE
L
I
N
G
B
Y
E
Q
UIV
AL
E
N
T
E
L
E
CT
RI
CAL C
I
RCU
I
T
S
T
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
is
ess
e
n
tia
l
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
'
s
b
e
h
av
io
r
in
t
h
e
co
n
te
x
t
o
f
a
d
ef
in
ed
u
s
e,
s
u
c
h
as
th
at
o
f
elec
tr
ic
an
d
h
y
b
r
id
v
eh
icle
s
.
T
h
e
r
elev
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lt
s
o
b
tain
ed
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
q
u
alit
y
a
n
d
ch
o
ice
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
elin
g
c
h
allen
g
e
is
,
t
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
t
o
d
ev
elo
p
m
o
d
els
t
h
at
o
f
f
er
b
o
th
lo
w
ca
lc
u
latio
n
ti
m
e
a
n
d
ac
cu
r
ac
y
le
v
els
t
h
at
ar
e
r
elati
v
e
to
t
h
e
ap
p
licatio
n
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
I
f
o
b
tain
i
n
g
a
s
u
m
m
ar
y
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
b
e
h
av
io
r
o
f
b
atter
ies
is
ea
s
y
,
ac
co
u
n
tin
g
f
o
r
th
e
tr
u
e
e
lectr
o
ch
e
m
i
ca
l
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
i
n
ex
tr
e
m
e
co
n
d
it
io
n
s
i
s
v
er
y
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
is
o
b
tain
ed
at
th
e
ex
p
en
s
e
o
f
s
i
m
p
licit
y
a
n
d
th
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
A
g
o
o
d
ch
o
ice
is
n
o
t
n
ec
ess
ar
il
y
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el,
b
u
t
r
ath
e
r
o
n
a
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
et
w
ee
n
ac
c
u
r
ac
y
,
s
i
m
p
licit
y
,
co
m
p
u
tat
io
n
t
i
m
e,
o
r
ea
s
e
o
f
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
i
n
to
a
g
lo
b
al
s
y
s
te
m
.
D
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
eli
n
g
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
es
ex
i
s
t:
p
h
y
s
ico
ch
e
m
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
[
1
7
,
1
8
]
,
"
b
lack
b
o
x
"
m
o
d
eli
n
g
[
1
9
-
21]
,
en
er
g
y
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
elec
tr
ical
m
o
d
eli
n
g
,
an
d
th
r
o
u
g
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
o
f
eq
u
i
v
a
len
t e
lectr
ical
cir
c
u
its
.
Mo
d
elin
g
b
y
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
elec
tr
ical
cir
cu
it
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
in
t
h
e
f
ield
o
f
elec
tr
ical
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
b
ec
au
s
e
it
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n
a
d
e
s
cr
ip
tio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
’
s
elec
tr
ical
b
eh
a
v
io
r
.
T
h
is
ty
p
e
o
f
m
o
d
eli
n
g
h
a
s
b
ee
n
s
elec
ted
f
o
r
th
is
w
o
r
k
f
o
r
s
e
v
er
al
r
ea
s
o
n
s
.
First,
it
i
s
r
elativ
e
l
y
s
i
m
p
l
e
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t,
d
o
es
n
o
t
r
e
q
u
ir
e
a
s
u
b
s
ta
n
tia
l
ca
lcu
latio
n
f
o
r
th
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
s
,
an
d
t
h
e
le
v
el
o
f
p
r
ec
is
i
o
n
i
s
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
Fu
r
th
er
m
o
r
e,
th
e
i
d
en
tific
atio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
is
n
o
t
to
o
r
estricti
v
e.
Fo
r
ex
a
m
p
le,
in
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
,
s
e
v
er
al
c
h
ar
ac
ter
is
tic
te
s
ts
m
a
k
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
9
8
-
2810
2800
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
all
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Fi
n
all
y
,
t
h
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
m
o
d
el
i
s
ea
s
i
l
y
i
n
te
g
r
ab
le
in
to
a
g
lo
b
al
m
o
d
el
o
f
b
atter
y
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
2
,
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
els
t
h
at
tak
e
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
eq
u
i
v
ale
n
t
e
lectr
ical
cir
cu
its
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
i
n
to
t
w
o
g
r
o
u
p
s
,
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
w
h
et
h
er
th
e
y
u
s
e
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
i
m
p
ed
an
ce
ele
m
e
n
ts
.
I
n
t
h
is
p
ar
t,
th
e
m
o
d
els
co
n
s
is
t
o
n
l
y
o
f
elec
tr
ical
ele
m
e
n
t
s
,
w
h
ic
h
i
n
clu
d
e
th
e
s
o
u
r
ce
o
f
v
o
ltag
e,
r
esis
ta
n
ce
s
,
an
d
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
s
.
T
h
e
co
n
v
en
tio
n
ad
o
p
ted
t
o
d
ef
in
e
th
e
s
ig
n
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
(
I
b
)
is
th
at
o
f
a
b
atter
y
d
is
c
h
ar
g
e.
T
h
e
s
i
m
p
le
elec
tr
ic
m
o
d
el
s
e
e
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
t
w
o
ele
m
e
n
ts
:
a
v
o
lta
g
e
s
o
u
r
ce
U
oc
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
ts
t
h
e
v
o
lta
g
e
at
r
est,
an
d
a
r
esis
to
r
R
0
,
w
h
ich
i
n
d
i
ca
tes
th
e
o
h
m
ic
v
o
lta
g
e
d
r
o
p
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
h
e
v
alu
es
o
f
t
h
ese
ele
m
e
n
ts
ca
n
b
e
m
o
d
if
ied
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
o
th
er
p
ar
am
eter
s
,
s
u
c
h
as
t
h
e
s
ta
te
o
f
ch
ar
g
e,
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
al
u
e
(
o
r
its
d
ir
ec
tio
n
)
,
th
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
an
d
t
h
e
lif
et
i
m
e.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
w
id
el
y
u
s
ed
f
o
r
q
u
ic
k
d
i
m
en
s
io
n
i
n
g
o
r
to
o
f
f
er
a
n
in
i
tial v
ie
w
o
f
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
s
.
Ho
wev
er
,
m
a
n
y
p
h
e
n
o
m
en
a
ar
e
o
v
er
s
h
ad
o
w
ed
,
w
h
ic
h
m
ak
e
s
it d
if
f
ic
u
lt to
ac
h
iev
e
a
cc
ep
tab
le
ac
cu
r
ac
y
f
o
r
m
a
n
y
a
p
p
licatio
n
s
.
T
o
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
is
m
o
d
el,
an
R
C
d
ip
o
le
is
in
s
er
ted
,
w
h
ic
h
lead
s
to
a
f
ir
s
t
o
r
d
e
r
m
o
d
el
[
2
4
-
2
7
]
o
f
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
I
t
co
m
p
r
is
es
a
n
id
ea
l
s
o
u
r
ce
v
o
lta
g
e
U
oc
,
a
n
i
n
ter
n
a
l
r
esis
ta
n
ce
R
0
,
a
ca
p
ac
ito
r
C
1
,
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
th
e
p
o
lar
izatio
n
o
f
th
e
m
eta
l
p
lates
o
f
th
e
ac
cu
m
u
lato
r
,
an
d
an
o
v
er
v
o
lta
g
e
r
esis
to
r
R
1
th
at
is
d
u
e
to
th
e
co
n
tact
o
f
th
e
p
late
s
w
it
h
th
e
elec
tr
o
ly
te
[
2
8
,
2
9
]
.
I
n
th
i
s
m
o
d
el,
th
e
ele
m
en
ts
o
f
t
h
e
cir
cu
it
ar
e
o
f
ten
co
n
s
id
er
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t,
b
u
t
i
n
r
ea
lit
y
,
th
eir
v
al
u
es
v
ar
y
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
t
h
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e,
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
ate
o
f
d
is
ch
ar
g
e
[
3
0
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Si
m
p
le
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
b
atter
y
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
First o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
b
atter
y
T
o
tak
e
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
p
o
lar
izatio
n
a
n
d
elec
tr
ic
d
o
u
b
le
p
h
en
o
m
en
o
n
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
t
h
e
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
T
h
ev
en
i
n
m
o
d
el
i
s
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
[
3
1
,
3
2
]
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
n
id
ea
l
v
o
l
tag
e
s
o
u
r
ce
U
oc
i
n
s
er
ies
w
it
h
an
i
n
ter
n
al
r
esi
s
t
an
ce
R
0
an
d
t
w
o
R
C
d
ip
o
les;
th
e
f
ir
s
t
o
n
e
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
C
1
an
d
R
1
,
w
h
ic
h
s
u
cc
e
s
s
i
v
el
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
esi
s
ta
n
ce
o
f
elec
tr
o
ch
e
m
ical
p
o
lar
izatio
n
,
w
h
ile
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
d
ip
o
le
in
clu
d
es
ele
m
en
t
s
C
2
an
d
R
2
,
w
h
ic
h
s
u
cc
ess
iv
el
y
r
ep
r
esen
t
th
e
ca
p
ac
itan
ce
a
n
d
th
e
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
r
esis
ta
n
ce
[
3
3
,
3
4
]
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
ad
o
p
ted
f
o
r
th
is
s
t
u
d
y
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Seco
n
d
o
r
d
er
m
o
d
el
o
f
a
b
atter
y
3.
P
ARAM
E
T
E
R
I
DE
N
T
I
F
I
C
AT
I
O
N
AN
D
E
XP
E
RIM
E
N
T
AL
D
AT
A
T
h
e
elec
tr
o
ch
em
ica
l
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
ce
lls
is
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
v
ar
i
atio
n
[
3
5
]
an
d
th
e
s
tate
o
f
c
h
ar
g
e
(
S
O
C
)
.
A
s
t
h
i
s
w
o
r
k
o
n
l
y
ad
d
r
ess
es
th
e
e
lectr
ical
m
o
d
el,
t
h
e
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
co
n
s
ta
n
t
at
an
a
m
b
ie
n
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
2
5
º
C
.
I
t
is
th
en
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
tu
d
y
t
h
e
d
ep
en
d
en
ce
o
f
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
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b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
o
n
th
e
s
tate
o
f
ch
ar
g
e.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
n
elec
tr
ic
circu
it mo
d
el
fo
r
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
Ja
o
u
a
d
K
h
a
lfi
)
2801
T
h
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
to
b
e
id
en
ti
f
i
ed
ar
e
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
U
oc
,
t
h
e
r
es
is
to
r
s
R
0
,
R
1
,
R
2
an
d
t
h
e
ca
p
ac
ito
r
s
C
1
an
d
C
2
.
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eter
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F
ig
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r
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4
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ased
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itio
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atter
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u
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4
.
B
atter
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ce
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m
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(
s
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T
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b
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l
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t
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atter
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ased
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icles o
n
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ig
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o
u
r
k
n
o
w
led
g
e,
t
h
is
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
is
r
ar
ely
ad
o
p
ted
in
th
is
t
y
p
e
o
f
p
r
o
b
le
m
.
A
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
is
a
s
er
ies
o
f
d
ata
r
ep
r
esen
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
s
p
ee
d
o
f
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
ti
m
e.
I
t
ai
m
s
to
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
to
p
r
ed
ict
its
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
w
h
e
n
u
s
ed
i
n
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
c
les
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
ar
e
d
ef
in
ed
as
[
3
6
]
:
LA
-
9
2
:
T
h
e
C
alif
o
r
n
ia
U
n
i
f
ie
d
cy
cle
,
also
k
n
o
w
n
as
t
h
e
u
n
i
f
ied
c
y
cle
d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
c
h
ed
u
le
(
U
C
DS)
.
L
A
-
9
2
is
a
ch
ass
i
s
-
d
y
n
a
m
o
m
eter
d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
ch
ed
u
le
f
o
r
lig
h
t
-
d
u
t
y
v
eh
ic
les;
it
w
a
s
d
ev
elo
p
ed
in
1
9
9
2
b
y
th
e
C
ali
f
o
r
n
ia
air
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
b
o
ar
d
(
C
A
R
B
)
.
US0
6
:
I
t
ad
d
r
ess
es
t
h
e
n
ee
d
f
o
r
ag
g
r
es
s
iv
e,
h
i
g
h
-
ac
ce
ler
ati
o
n
an
d
/o
r
h
i
g
h
-
s
p
ee
d
d
r
iv
in
g
b
eh
av
io
r
,
r
ap
id
s
p
ee
d
f
lu
ct
u
atio
n
s
,
an
d
d
r
iv
i
n
g
b
eh
av
io
r
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
tar
t
u
p
.
UDDS:
T
h
e
u
r
b
an
d
y
n
a
m
o
d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
c
h
ed
u
le
(
U
DDS)
i
s
t
h
e
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
c
le
f
o
r
th
e
ce
r
tif
icatio
n
o
f
p
ass
en
g
er
v
e
h
icles a
n
d
lig
h
t
-
d
u
t
y
tr
u
c
k
s
.
HW
FET
:
T
h
e
h
ig
h
w
a
y
f
u
el
ec
o
n
o
m
y
te
s
t si
m
u
late
s
in
ter
s
tat
e
r
u
r
al
an
d
h
i
g
h
w
a
y
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Neu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
:
T
h
is
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
co
m
b
i
n
atio
n
o
f
p
o
r
tio
n
s
o
f
L
A
9
2
an
d
U
S0
6
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
s
,
an
d
it
w
a
s
d
esi
g
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ad
d
itio
n
al
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
b
e
u
s
ef
u
l
f
o
r
tr
ain
in
g
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
.
I
n
o
u
r
ca
s
e,
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
u
n
d
er
test
i
s
a
P
an
aso
n
ic
1
8
6
5
0
b
atter
y
ce
ll
w
i
th
a
lit
h
iu
m
n
i
ck
el
co
b
alt
alu
m
in
u
m
o
x
id
e
(
L
iN
iC
o
A
lO
2
o
r
NC
A
)
ch
e
m
is
tr
y
[
3
7
,
3
8
]
an
d
th
e
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
is
a
F
o
r
d
F1
5
0
tr
u
ck
[
3
9
]
w
it
h
a
35
-
k
W
h
b
atter
y
p
ac
k
s
ca
led
f
o
r
a
s
i
n
g
le
1
8
6
5
0
P
F
ce
ll.
T
h
ese
ch
o
ice
s
ar
e
d
ictat
ed
b
y
th
e
f
ac
t
t
h
at
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
s
o
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
b
atter
y
a
n
d
th
e
s
a
m
e
v
e
h
icle
a
r
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
a
n
d
m
ad
e
a
v
ail
ab
le
b
y
Dr
.
P
h
illi
p
Ko
ll
m
e
y
er
at
th
e
W
is
c
o
n
s
i
n
-
Ma
d
is
o
n
Un
i
v
er
s
i
t
y
[
4
0
,
4
1
]
.
A
ll
te
s
ti
n
g
w
a
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
in
a
th
er
m
al
ch
a
m
b
er
,
th
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
i
s
tics
o
f
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
p
r
esen
ted
in
[
4
2
,
4
3
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
9
8
-
2810
2802
Me
asu
r
e
m
en
ts
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
to
a
r
an
d
o
m
m
i
x
o
f
f
i
v
e
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cles
:
UDD
S,
L
A
9
2
,
US0
6
,
HW
FET
,
an
d
n
e
u
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
T
h
is
m
ak
es
i
t
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
i
m
u
la
te
r
ea
l
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cles.
T
h
e
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
te
s
ts
ar
e
ter
m
i
n
ated
w
h
e
n
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
r
ea
ch
es 2
.
5
V.
Du
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
e
r
i
m
en
t,
th
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
ar
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
:
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
v
o
ltag
e
at
th
e
t
er
m
in
a
l
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
in
(
V)
.
T
h
e
s
en
s
e
lead
s
ar
e
w
e
ld
ed
d
ir
ec
tly
i
n
t
o
b
atter
y
ter
m
i
n
als.
T
h
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
cu
r
r
en
t a
p
p
lied
to
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll in
(
A
)
.
T
h
e
ti
m
e
o
f
th
e
te
s
t
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
in
(
s
)
,
w
h
ic
h
s
tar
t
s
at
ze
r
o
at
th
e
b
eg
i
n
n
i
n
g
o
f
ea
c
h
d
ata
s
et.
T
h
e
a
m
b
ien
t
te
m
p
er
atu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
te
s
t
c
h
a
m
b
er
(
w
h
er
e
th
e
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll
i
s
lo
ca
ted
)
i
n
d
e
g
r
ee
s
C
elsi
u
s
,
w
h
ic
h
is
m
ai
n
tai
n
ed
at
2
5
º
C
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
ex
p
er
i
m
en
t.
T
h
ese
d
ata
w
ill b
e
u
s
ed
to
id
en
ti
f
y
t
h
e
i
n
ter
n
al
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
4.
I
DE
N
T
I
F
I
CA
T
I
O
N
P
RO
C
E
DUR
E
O
F
B
AT
T
E
RY
C
E
L
L
P
ARAM
E
T
E
R
I
n
th
is
ar
ticle,
w
e
ad
o
p
t
th
e
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
T
h
ev
en
i
n
m
o
d
el
w
i
t
h
s
i
x
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
to
b
e
id
e
n
ti
f
ied
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
3
.
Fo
r
th
e
ad
j
u
s
t
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
ese
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
,
w
e
u
s
ed
a
s
et
o
f
e
x
p
er
ien
ce
s
o
n
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
d
u
r
in
g
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
r
i
v
in
g
c
y
cl
es,
an
d
w
e
ap
p
lied
t
h
e
lea
s
t
-
s
q
u
ar
es
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
in
g
M
A
T
L
A
B
’
s
p
ar
am
eter
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
to
o
lb
o
x
.
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Fig
u
r
e
5
.
Flo
w
c
h
ar
t o
f
t
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
No
e
rr
o
r
Y
e
s
No
e
rr
o
r
No
I
de
nti
f
ica
ti
on
pha
s
e
Va
li
da
ti
on
pha
s
e
Y
e
s
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
t
o
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
Y
e
s
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
m
e
n
t
d
a
t
a
t
o
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
e
l
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
V
a
l
i
d
a
t
e
d
M
o
d
e
l
?
M
O
DE
L
NO
T
S
UI
T
AB
L
E
M
O
DE
L
S
E
L
E
C
T
E
D
U
p
d
a
t
e
o
f
m
o
d
e
l
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
P
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
o
l
b
o
x
(n
o
n
l
i
n
e
a
r
l
e
a
s
t
s
q
u
a
r
e
s
m
o
d
e
l
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
e
s
t
i
m
a
t
i
o
n
m
e
t
h
o
d
)
A
c
c
e
p
t
e
d
p
a
ra
m
e
t
e
r
s
?
M
o
d
e
l
v
a
l
i
d
a
t
i
o
n
Ch
o
o
s
e
E
q
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
e
l
e
c
t
ri
c
a
l
c
i
r
c
u
i
t
m
o
d
e
l
(
s
e
c
o
n
d
o
rd
e
r)
#
it
e
r
a
t
io
n
s
≤I
T
_
M
A
X
M
O
DE
L
NO
T
S
UI
T
AB
L
E
S
t
a
rt
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
n
elec
tr
ic
circu
it mo
d
el
fo
r
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
Ja
o
u
a
d
K
h
a
lfi
)
2803
T
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
p
ar
am
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
i
s
co
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
s
e
v
en
s
te
p
s
:
Step
1
:
A
cq
u
ir
e
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
ata
s
am
p
led
f
r
o
m
th
e
ac
tu
a
l
b
atter
y
ce
ll
d
u
r
in
g
a
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
to
e
s
ti
m
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
.
Fo
r
t
h
i
s
s
tep
,
w
e
u
s
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
e
x
p
er
i
m
en
tal
test
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
K
o
ll
m
e
y
er
[
4
0
]
.
Step
2
:
Select
an
d
b
u
ild
a
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
eq
u
iv
ale
n
t
cir
c
u
it
m
o
d
el
(
s
ec
o
n
d
-
o
r
d
er
)
cr
ea
ted
in
Si
m
s
ca
p
e
lan
g
u
a
g
e
in
te
g
r
ated
w
i
th
t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
/
Si
m
u
li
n
k
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
Step
3
:
Sp
ec
if
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
d
ata
in
M
A
T
L
A
B
to
o
lb
o
x
"
P
ar
am
eter
E
s
ti
m
atio
n
"
an
d
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t p
r
o
f
ile
u
s
ed
f
o
r
p
ar
am
eter
esti
m
atio
n
a
n
d
th
e
in
itial i
n
t
u
iti
v
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Step
4
:
Select
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
e
ter
s
a
n
d
s
et
th
e
m
a
x
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
a
n
d
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
am
eter
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
esti
m
atio
n
t
i
m
e.
Step
5
:
Sp
ec
if
y
o
p
ti
m
izat
io
n
o
p
tio
n
s
u
s
i
n
g
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
least
s
q
u
ar
es
as
a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
m
et
h
o
d
an
d
th
e
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t o
r
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
e
g
io
n
-
R
e
f
lecti
v
e
as a
n
o
p
ti
m
izatio
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
(
A
)
.
Step
6
:
Sp
ec
if
y
t
h
e
s
u
m
s
q
u
ar
ed
er
r
o
r
as
co
s
t
f
u
n
ctio
n
(
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
th
at
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
m
eth
o
d
s
m
i
n
i
m
ize)
a
n
d
in
itiate
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
esti
m
at
i
o
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
I
f
t
h
e
er
r
o
r
is
n
o
t
s
m
al
l
en
o
u
g
h
to
t
h
e
to
ler
an
ce
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
i
s
le
s
s
t
h
an
o
r
eq
u
al
to
t
h
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
al
lo
w
ed
v
al
u
e
I
T
_
MA
X,
u
p
d
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
e
ter
s
an
d
m
o
v
e
t
o
th
e
n
ex
t iter
atio
n
.
Ot
h
er
w
is
e
,
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
t s
u
itab
le.
Step
7
:
Valid
ate
th
e
id
en
tifie
d
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
t
h
e
est
i
m
ated
p
ar
a
m
eter
b
y
co
m
p
ar
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
esp
o
n
s
e
w
it
h
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
e
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
T
o
v
alid
ate
t
h
e
e
s
ti
m
ated
m
o
d
el,
it
is
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
to
u
s
e
a
d
ata
s
et
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
at
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
Fo
r
t
h
is
s
tep
,
w
e
u
s
ed
d
ata
f
r
o
m
o
th
er
ex
p
er
i
m
e
n
tal
test
s
av
ai
l
ab
le
in
[
4
1
]
.
I
f
th
e
er
r
o
r
is
n
o
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le,
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
is
n
o
t
s
u
itab
le.
5.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
5
.
1
.
M
o
del ident
if
ica
t
io
n
Fo
r
th
e
id
en
ti
f
icatio
n
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
m
o
d
el,
n
a
m
el
y
U
oc
,
R
0
,
R
1
,
R
2
,
C
1
,
an
d
C
2
,
w
e
u
s
ed
t
h
e
M
A
T
L
A
B
to
o
lb
o
x
"
P
ar
am
eter
E
s
ti
m
atio
n
"
.
T
h
e
f
ir
s
t
s
tep
d
ef
i
n
es
t
h
e
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
ata:
t
h
e
d
esire
d
in
p
u
t
(
th
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
ile
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
(
I
b
)
)
an
d
th
e
d
esire
d
o
u
tp
u
t
(
t
h
e
b
atter
y
v
o
ltag
e
ac
r
o
s
s
ter
m
i
n
al
s
d
u
r
i
n
g
th
e
d
r
i
v
i
n
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
U
b
)
as
a
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
f
t
i
m
e
i
n
a
n
E
x
c
el
f
ile
(
m
a
tr
ix
o
f
t
w
o
co
lu
m
n
s
)
.
Fo
r
th
is
s
tep
,
w
e
u
s
e
d
th
e
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
t
s
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
b
y
K
o
ll
m
e
y
er
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
er
ea
f
ter
,
w
e
in
t
u
iti
v
el
y
in
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
t
h
e
i
n
itial
v
a
lu
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
to
b
e
id
en
ti
f
i
ed
:
U
oc
,
R
0
,
R
1
,
R
2
,
C
1
,
an
d
C
2
.
T
h
en
w
e
s
et
th
e
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
v
al
u
e
an
d
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
p
ar
a
m
et
er
to
li
m
it
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ea
r
ch
i
n
ter
v
al
a
n
d
to
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
id
en
t
if
icatio
n
ti
m
e
.
On
ce
th
e
c
h
o
s
en
est
i
m
at
io
n
alg
o
r
it
h
m
f
i
n
is
h
es
its
e
x
ec
u
t
io
n
,
it
p
r
o
v
id
es
t
h
e
n
e
w
v
al
u
e
s
o
f
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
least
s
q
u
ar
es
m
e
th
o
d
f
o
r
th
e
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
e
g
io
n
-
R
e
f
lecti
v
e
an
d
t
h
e
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
ar
e
g
i
v
en
i
n
T
ab
le
1
.
W
e
n
o
te
t
h
at
t
h
e
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
g
iv
e
s
a
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
o
f
0
.
0
0
1
3
in
3
iter
atio
n
s
w
h
en
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
e
g
io
n
-
R
ef
lec
tiv
e
a
lg
o
r
it
h
m
r
eq
u
ir
es
8
iter
atio
n
s
to
esti
m
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
f
o
r
th
e
s
a
m
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
.
T
ab
le
1
.
R
esu
lts
o
f
esti
m
atio
n
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
A
l
g
o
r
i
t
h
m
L
e
v
e
n
b
e
r
g
-
M
a
r
q
u
a
r
d
t
T
r
u
st
-
R
e
g
i
o
n
-
R
e
f
l
e
c
t
i
v
e
M
S
E
0
.
0
0
1
3
0
.
0
0
1
3
N
u
mb
e
r
o
f
i
t
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
s
3
8
I
n
th
i
s
w
o
r
k
,
w
e
ch
o
o
s
e
to
p
r
esen
t
t
h
e
r
es
u
lts
g
i
v
en
b
y
th
e
esti
m
a
ted
m
o
d
el
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
L
ev
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
,
w
h
ic
h
o
f
f
er
s
b
etter
r
es
u
lts
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
iter
atio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
eg
io
n
-
R
e
f
lecti
v
e
alg
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
v
ar
iatio
n
a
n
d
th
e
t
er
m
i
n
a
ls
’
v
o
lta
g
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
ar
e
o
b
tain
ed
b
y
lit
h
i
u
m
-
io
n
ce
ll
t
ests
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
u
n
t
il
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
is
d
is
ch
ar
g
ed
.
Fig
u
r
e
6
p
r
es
en
ts
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
d
d
ata.
T
h
e
tw
o
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
ar
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
at
t
h
e
b
eg
in
n
i
n
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
,
w
h
ic
h
is
n
o
r
m
al
b
ec
a
u
s
e
t
h
e
i
n
itial
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
ch
o
s
e
n
i
n
tu
iti
v
el
y
,
a
n
d
t
h
es
e
v
alu
e
s
ch
a
n
g
e
as
t
h
e
id
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
p
r
o
g
r
ess
es.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
p
r
o
f
ile
r
esu
lti
n
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
c
y
cle
[
4
0
]
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
ig
u
r
e
7.
On
ce
t
h
e
i
d
en
t
if
ica
tio
n
p
r
o
ce
s
s
is
co
m
p
le
te,
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
b
ec
o
m
e
s
i
m
i
lar
,
as
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
8
,
w
h
ich
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
t
h
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
ar
e
w
ell
e
s
ti
m
ated
an
d
th
a
t
th
i
s
m
et
h
o
d
o
f
id
en
ti
f
icat
io
n
h
as
tak
en
in
to
ac
co
u
n
t
th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
s
o
f
t
h
e
ac
c
u
m
u
l
ato
r
in
t
h
e
ti
m
e
d
o
m
ai
n
.
Fi
g
u
r
e
9
ill
u
s
tr
ates
th
e
er
r
o
r
b
etw
ee
n
s
i
m
u
lated
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
r
esp
o
n
s
es.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t 2
0
2
1
:
2
7
9
8
-
2810
2804
Fig
u
r
e
6
.
I
n
itial
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
esti
m
ated
r
esp
o
n
s
e
Fig
u
r
e
7
.
C
u
r
r
en
t p
r
o
f
ile
o
f
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Fig
u
r
e
8
.
Vo
ltag
e
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
a
n
d
v
o
ltag
e
e
s
ti
m
ated
d
u
r
in
g
a
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
A
n
elec
tr
ic
circu
it mo
d
el
fo
r
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll b
a
s
ed
o
n
…
(
Ja
o
u
a
d
K
h
a
lfi
)
2805
Fig
u
r
e
9
.
Vo
ltag
e
er
r
o
r
b
etw
e
en
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
an
d
est
i
m
a
ted
r
esp
o
n
s
e
Fig
u
r
e
1
0
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
v
ar
iatio
n
o
f
th
e
i
n
ter
n
al
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
l
l
as
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
o
f
t
h
e
s
tat
e
o
f
ch
ar
g
e
SO
C
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
p
r
o
ce
s
s
.
T
h
is
f
i
g
u
r
e
in
d
icate
s
t
h
at
at
i
n
ter
v
al
b
et
w
e
en
1
0
0
%
an
d
3
0
%
o
f
th
e
SO
C
,
th
e
r
esi
s
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ce
v
al
u
es
o
f
R
0
ar
e
ar
o
u
n
d
0
.
0
3
Ω
t
o
s
i
m
u
late
th
e
v
o
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e
d
r
o
p
o
b
s
er
v
ed
at
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll.
I
n
th
e
s
a
m
e
zo
n
e,
th
e
ca
p
ac
ita
n
ce
v
a
l
u
es
C
1
an
d
C
2
v
ar
y
to
s
i
m
u
l
ate
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e
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ased
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ated
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Fig
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3
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ith
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ata
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ased
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atter
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p
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3
.
DIS
CUSSI
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N
T
h
r
o
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g
h
t
h
is
w
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k
,
w
e
p
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ese
n
t
a
s
o
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tio
n
to
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th
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s
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ate
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f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
u
s
ed
i
n
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
r
iv
in
g
c
y
cle
s
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle;
w
e
h
a
v
e
p
ar
ticu
lar
l
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
u
r
ef
f
o
r
ts
o
n
th
e
p
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ed
ictio
n
o
f
th
e
v
o
ltag
e
.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
an
d
t
h
e
al
g
o
r
ith
m
u
s
ed
to
e
s
ti
m
ate
it
s
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
d
u
r
in
g
all
p
h
ase
s
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
in
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
s
,
o
n
th
e
b
a
s
is
o
f
t
h
e
p
lo
tted
o
b
j
ec
tiv
es,
m
o
d
el
c
h
o
ice
w
as
m
ad
e
(
a
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
er
T
h
ev
en
in
m
o
d
el)
a
n
d
th
e
ad
eq
u
a
te
alg
o
r
ith
m
w
a
s
s
e
lecte
d
(
L
e
v
en
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t)
.
A
s
a
r
e
s
u
l
t,
w
e
w
er
e
ab
le
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
m
o
d
el
an
d
es
ti
m
ate
o
f
its
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
Mo
r
eo
v
er
,
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el,
a
v
alid
atio
n
p
h
ase
w
as
e
s
tab
lis
h
ed
f
o
r
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
s
th
at
ar
e
d
escr
ib
ed
i
n
s
ec
tio
n
4
(
UDD
S,
L
A
-
9
2
,
US0
6
,
NN
an
d
HW
FET
)
an
d
w
h
ic
h
r
ep
r
esen
t
d
if
f
er
en
t
co
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
r
iv
i
n
g
s
t
y
les
o
f
a
n
elec
tr
ic
v
e
h
icle
o
n
h
ig
h
w
a
y
s
a
n
d
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
a
n
r
o
ad
s
.
Fro
m
t
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tai
n
ed
in
T
ab
le
2
an
d
f
r
o
m
F
ig
u
r
e
1
1
to
Fig
u
r
e
1
3
,
w
e
n
o
te
th
e
co
r
r
esp
o
n
d
en
ce
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
latio
n
an
d
e
x
p
er
im
e
n
tal
cu
r
v
es
f
o
r
th
e
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
s
.
T
h
is
i
n
d
icat
es
t
h
at
t
h
e
ad
o
p
ted
m
o
d
el
a
n
d
t
h
e
as
s
o
ciate
d
m
eth
o
d
b
ased
o
n
ex
p
er
i
m
en
ta
l
d
ata
f
o
r
p
ar
a
m
eter
id
en
ti
f
ic
atio
n
h
a
v
e
m
ad
e
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
ac
tu
al
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
o
u
r
b
a
tter
y
ce
ll
in
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
I
n
ad
d
itio
n
,
th
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
w
a
s
0
.
0
0
1
3
f
o
r
th
e
m
o
d
el
e
s
ti
m
atio
n
d
ata,
3
.
8
2
6
0
e
-
0
4
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata
u
s
in
g
UDDS
d
r
iv
e
cy
c
le,
an
d
6
.
2
6
7
4
e
-
0
4
f
o
r
v
alid
atio
n
d
ata
u
s
in
g
L
A
-
9
2
d
r
iv
e
cy
cle.
T
h
is
d
em
o
n
s
tr
ate
s
th
at
t
h
e
es
ti
m
at
ed
m
o
d
el
w
i
th
id
en
tifie
d
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
L
e
v
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
m
o
d
els
t
h
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
b
atter
y
c
ell
d
u
r
in
g
d
if
f
er
en
t
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
cles
o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le
an
d
in
ter
esti
n
g
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
i
n
ter
m
s
o
f
M
SE.
T
h
is
is
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
es
u
lts
g
i
v
en
i
n
T
a
b
le
2
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
w
e
ca
n
co
n
c
lu
d
e
th
at
t
h
e
L
ev
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
ca
n
esti
m
ate
th
e
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
ce
ll
m
o
d
el
in
f
e
w
er
iter
atio
n
s
t
h
a
n
w
it
h
a
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
e
g
io
n
-
R
e
f
lect
iv
e
al
g
o
r
it
h
m
.
T
h
is
i
s
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
es
u
lts
p
r
ese
n
ted
in
T
ab
le
1
.
T
h
e
esti
m
ated
m
o
d
el
o
f
th
e
L
e
v
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t
alg
o
r
ith
m
m
ak
e
s
it
p
o
s
s
ib
le
to
s
u
cc
ess
f
u
ll
y
es
ti
m
ate
b
atter
y
ce
ll
b
e
h
av
io
r
a
n
d
is
a
n
e
x
ce
lle
n
t
ca
n
d
id
ate
f
o
r
u
s
e
i
n
a
b
atter
y
m
an
a
g
e
m
e
n
t s
y
s
te
m
i
n
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
ic
le.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
A
cc
u
r
ate
b
a
tter
y
s
i
m
u
latio
n
m
o
d
el
s
ar
e
ess
en
tial
w
h
e
n
an
al
y
zi
n
g
a
n
d
d
esig
n
in
g
co
m
p
l
ex
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
s
i
n
g
th
i
s
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
in
t
h
e
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle.
I
n
t
h
is
ar
ticle,
w
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
a
lith
iu
m
-
io
n
b
atter
y
ce
ll
th
at
ta
k
es i
n
to
ac
co
u
n
t th
e
d
y
n
a
m
ic
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
th
e
b
atter
y
c
ell
in
d
if
f
er
e
n
t c
o
n
d
itio
n
s
an
d
d
r
iv
in
g
s
t
y
les o
f
an
elec
tr
ic
v
eh
icle
o
n
th
e
h
ig
h
wa
y
an
d
r
u
r
al
an
d
u
r
b
an
r
o
ad
s
.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
s
ec
o
n
d
o
r
d
e
r
T
h
ev
en
i
n
m
o
d
el
w
it
h
s
ix
p
ar
a
m
eter
s
.
E
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
tall
y
m
ea
s
u
r
ed
d
ata
p
er
f
o
r
m
ed
o
n
an
elec
tr
i
c
v
e
h
icle
p
o
w
er
ed
ex
clu
s
i
v
el
y
b
y
a
b
atter
y
w
er
e
u
s
ed
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
p
ar
am
et
er
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
v
alid
ated
u
s
in
g
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
d
r
iv
i
n
g
c
y
c
les
(
UD
DS,
L
A
-
9
2
,
US0
6
,
NN,
an
d
HW
FET
)
b
ased
o
n
MSE
as
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
cr
iter
ia.
T
h
e
s
tep
o
f
m
o
d
el
v
alid
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
ed
i
n
ter
es
t
in
g
r
es
u
lt
s
m
o
s
tl
y
f
o
r
t
h
e
UDDS
d
r
i
v
e
c
y
cl
e
(
MSE
=3
.
8
2
6
0
e
-
0
4
)
an
d
f
o
r
th
e
L
A
-
9
2
d
r
iv
e
c
y
cle
(
MSE
=6
.
2
6
7
4
e
-
0
4
)
.
W
e
u
s
ed
t
w
o
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
(
T
r
u
s
t
-
R
e
g
io
n
-
R
e
f
lect
i
v
e
an
d
L
ev
e
n
b
er
g
-
Ma
r
q
u
ar
d
t)
w
it
h
a
n
o
n
li
n
ea
r
least
s
q
u
ar
e
s
m
et
h
o
d
to
esti
m
ate
t
h
e
b
atter
y
c
ell
p
ar
am
eter
s
.
T
h
e
alg
o
r
ith
m
s
w
er
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
eir
s
u
itab
ilit
y
f
o
r
th
e
esti
m
ated
b
atter
y
ce
ll
v
o
ltag
e
u
s
in
g
t
h
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
MSE
)
.
T
h
e
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