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p
r
ed
i
ct
t
h
e o
b
t
ai
n
ab
l
e
g
en
er
at
i
o
n
ab
i
l
i
t
y
o
f
r
e
n
e
w
ab
l
e p
o
w
er
s
o
u
r
ce
s
i
n
t
h
e n
ear
o
u
t
l
o
o
k
[
1
1
]
.
T
h
e r
en
e
w
ab
l
e en
er
g
y
f
o
r
ecas
t
co
u
l
d
b
e c
at
eg
o
r
i
zed
at
t
w
o
d
en
o
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
s
: in
d
ir
ect
p
r
ed
i
ct
i
o
n
d
en
o
m
i
n
at
i
o
n
s
an
d
d
i
r
ect
f
o
r
ecas
t
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
at
i
o
n
s
.
I
n
o
r
d
er
t
o
en
h
an
ce t
h
e ach
i
e
v
e
m
en
t
o
f
t
h
e P
V
/
W
i
n
d
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
an
d
t
o
ex
t
r
act
t
h
e M
P
P
u
n
d
er
ch
an
g
i
n
g
w
eat
h
e
r
co
n
d
i
t
i
o
n
i
s
n
eed
f
u
l
t
o
t
r
ack
t
h
e MP
P
u
s
i
n
g
co
n
t
r
o
l
t
ech
n
i
q
u
e i
r
r
es
p
ect
i
v
e o
f
l
o
ad
v
ar
ia
t
i
o
n
.
I
n
t
h
e
lite
r
a
tu
r
e
,
s
ev
er
al
M
P
P
T
m
et
h
o
d
s
h
a
v
e
b
een
s
u
g
g
es
t
ed
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
f
act
o
r
l
i
k
e t
h
e d
y
n
a
m
i
c o
f
s
p
eed
o
f
w
i
n
d
an
d
i
r
r
ad
i
an
ce,
t
h
e co
s
t
,
a
n
d
t
h
e d
es
i
g
n
s
i
m
p
l
i
ci
t
y
[
12
]
-
[
15
].
H
eg
az
y
a
nd
E
lta
m
a
l
y
[
16
]
pr
ov
i
de
a co
m
p
l
et
e
an
al
y
s
i
s
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
t
o
f
MP
P
T
t
ech
n
i
q
u
es
u
s
ed
i
n
s
o
l
ar
p
an
el
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e co
m
m
o
n
t
r
ack
i
n
g
t
ec
h
n
i
q
u
es
f
oun
de
d a
t
t
h
i
s
pr
oc
e
s
s
a
r
e
e
x
c
e
e
di
ng
l
y
a
dopt
e
d on
P
V
s
ys
t
e
m
s
,
w
hi
c
h
c
ont
a
i
n bu
t
n
ot
l
i
m
i
t
e
d
t
o,
pe
r
t
u
r
b,
an
d
o
b
s
er
v
e t
ech
n
i
q
u
e (
P
&
O
)
,
an
d
t
h
e i
n
c
r
e
m
e
n
t
al
co
n
d
u
c
t
a
n
ce t
ech
n
i
q
u
e
(In
c
C
o
n
d
) [
17
].
T
h
e
ob
j
e
c
t
i
v
e
of
t
h
i
s
w
or
k
i
s
t
o i
n
v
e
s
t
i
g
a
t
e
g
oodn
e
s
s
of
pr
opos
e
d t
h
e
s
m
a
r
t
de
s
i
gn,
dy
n
a
m
i
c
pe
r
f
or
m
a
n
c
e
,
a
n
d c
ont
r
ol
of
t
h
e
hy
br
i
d r
e
n
e
w
a
bl
e
po
w
e
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
.
T
h
e
m
a
xi
m
um
po
w
e
r
poi
n
t
t
r
a
c
k
i
n
g
(
M
P
P
T
)
is
a
p
p
lie
d
in
th
e
c
o
n
tr
o
l i
n
s
ta
l
la
tio
n
b
o
th
b
y
g
en
er
at
o
r
w
i
n
d
/
P
V
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
an
e
f
f
i
ci
e
n
t
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ta
tio
n
o
f
M
P
P
T
c
o
n
tr
o
l to
r
e
in
f
o
r
c
e
o
u
tp
u
t p
o
w
e
r
in
g
r
id
-
c
onn
e
c
t
e
d ph
ot
ov
ol
t
a
i
c
a
n
d
w
i
n
d t
u
r
bi
ne
s
y
s
t
e
m
i
s
pr
e
s
e
n
t
e
d.
I
n
a
c
c
or
da
n
c
e
w
i
t
h
de
v
e
l
opi
n
g a
n a
c
c
e
pt
a
bl
e
m
ode
l
of
t
h
e
pr
opos
e
d po
w
e
r
g
e
n
e
r
a
tio
n
s
y
s
t
e
m
u
n
d
er
ch
ar
act
er
i
zat
i
o
n
an
al
y
t
i
c
s
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
s
,
a d
eco
u
p
l
i
n
g
co
n
t
r
o
l
f
o
r
p
o
w
er
g
e
n
er
at
i
o
n
v
i
a MP
P
T
c
on
t
r
ol
a
l
g
or
i
t
hm
i
s
obt
a
i
n
e
d
.
T
h
e
s
e
l
u
xu
r
i
ous
l
y
e
nh
a
n
c
e
t
h
e
hy
br
i
d de
s
i
gn
of
P
V
/
W
i
n
d c
on
n
e
c
t
e
d g
r
i
d
s
ys
t
e
m
q
ua
l
i
t
y.
T
he
s
ys
t
e
m
c
o
nne
c
t
e
d
w
i
t
h t
he
u
tilit
y
p
o
w
e
r
is
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
ta
ll
y
c
o
lle
c
te
d
o
f
p
h
o
to
v
o
lta
ic
a
n
d
w
i
nd
p
o
w
e
r
ge
ne
r
a
t
i
o
n s
ys
t
e
m
s
a
nd
t
hr
e
e
-
p
ha
s
e
gr
i
d
.
T
he
c
o
nf
i
gur
a
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
s
m
a
r
t
s
u
gge
s
t
e
d
gr
i
d
-
co
n
n
ect
ed
P
V
/
W
i
n
d
g
e
n
er
at
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
i
s
p
r
es
e
n
t
ed
i
n
F
i
g
u
r
e 1
.
F
i
g
ur
e
1
.
C
o
nf
i
g
ur
a
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
in
te
lli
g
e
n
t p
r
o
p
o
s
e
d
g
r
id
-
co
n
n
ect
ed
P
V
/
W
i
n
d
g
en
er
at
o
r
s
y
s
t
e
ms
2.
H
YB
RI
D S
YS
T
E
M
2.
1.
P
h
ot
ovol
t
ai
c
ar
r
a
y m
o
d
e
l
l
i
n
g
F
i
g
ur
e
2
ex
p
l
ai
n
s
t
h
e eq
u
i
v
al
en
t
e
x
a
m
p
l
e o
f
P
V
cel
l
i
n
w
h
i
ch
a cel
l
p
h
o
t
o
cu
r
r
en
t
i
s
p
ar
al
l
el
ed
at
a
d
io
d
e
a
n
d
th
e
r
e
is
th
e
in
tr
in
s
ic
s
h
u
n
t a
n
d
s
e
r
ie
s
r
e
s
i
s
to
r
s
,
R
Sh
[
18
].
T
h
e
m
a
in
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
th
e
th
e
o
r
e
tic
a
l
o
f
s
e
m
i
co
n
d
u
ct
o
r
s
t
h
at
m
at
h
e
m
at
i
cal
l
y
c
h
ar
act
er
i
ze t
h
e I
-
V
o
f
t
h
e P
V
cel
l
s
as
i
n
(1
),
(2
)
.
=
.
−
0
.
−
1
(1
)
=
0
.
−
1
(2
)
W
h
er
e,
I
d
=
d
i
o
d
e cu
r
r
en
t
(
A
)
, I
PV,
cell
=
t
he
c
ur
r
e
nt
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
t
hr
o
ug
h c
o
m
i
ng
l
i
g
ht
(
A
)
.
I
0,
cell
=
t
h
e r
ev
er
s
e
s
a
tu
r
a
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
d
io
d
e
(
A
)
.
S
o
l
ar
m
o
d
u
l
es
ar
e co
m
p
o
s
ed
f
r
o
m
a s
e
v
er
al
l
i
n
k
ed
P
V
ar
r
ay
an
d
t
h
e co
n
t
r
o
l
o
f
t
h
e p
r
o
p
e
r
t
i
es
at
t
h
e
t
er
m
i
n
al
s
o
f
t
h
e p
r
act
i
cal
o
r
g
a
n
i
ze d
e
m
a
n
d
t
h
e
i
nc
l
us
i
o
n o
f
e
xt
r
a
c
o
nd
i
t
i
o
n o
f
t
he
b
a
s
i
c
f
o
r
m
:
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
le
c
&
C
o
m
p E
ng
I
S
S
N
:
2088
-
8708
A
r
t
i
s
t
i
c
f
e
as
i
bi
l
i
t
y
r
e
s
e
ar
c
h on a s
t
andal
one
hy
br
i
d s
ol
ar
/
w
i
nd s
y
s
t
e
m
bas
e
d on
…
(
O
um
e
l
k
hi
e
r
B
ouc
hi
b
a
)
4651
=
−
0
+
−
1
−
+
(3
)
=
,
+
∆
(4
)
w
it
h
I
P
V
p
r
e
s
e
nt
t
he
p
ho
t
o
vo
l
t
a
i
c
c
ur
r
e
nt
a
nd
I
0
i
s
t
h
e
s
at
u
r
at
i
o
n
c
u
r
r
en
t
o
f
t
h
e s
o
l
ar
cel
l
.
V
t=
N
S
.
k.
T
/
q
i
s
t
he
th
e
r
m
a
l v
o
lta
g
e
o
f
th
e
s
o
la
r
c
e
ll.
N
s
p
r
e
s
e
n
t t
h
e
c
o
n
n
e
c
te
d
o
f
c
e
lls
i
n
s
e
r
ie
s
.
R
S
p
r
es
e
n
t
t
h
e
s
er
i
es
r
es
i
s
t
an
ce
o
f
th
e
s
o
la
r
c
e
ll a
n
d
R
P
is
th
e
p
a
r
a
lle
l r
e
s
is
ta
n
c
e
.
G
n a
nd
G
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
t
he
l
i
g
ht
c
r
e
a
t
e
d
c
ur
r
e
nt
o
n
t
he
no
m
i
na
l
cas
e
(
i
n
S
T
P
2
5
°
C
a
n
d
100
0
W
/
m
2
).
ΔT
=
T
−
T
n
,
T
i
s
r
eal
t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
(
K
)
an
d
T
n
r
ep
r
es
en
t
t
h
e
n
o
m
i
n
a
l
te
m
p
e
r
a
tu
r
e
s
(
K
)
.
G
is
s
o
la
r
ir
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
a
t
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
a
r
e
a
(
W
/
m
2
)
,
a
nd
G
n r
e
p
r
e
s
e
nt
s
t
he
no
m
i
na
l
i
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
(
W
/m
2
)
.
T
h
e d
i
o
d
e s
at
u
r
at
i
o
n
cu
r
r
en
t
I
o
an
d
i
t
s
r
el
i
a
n
ce o
n
t
h
e t
e
m
p
er
at
u
r
e a
r
e d
es
cr
i
b
ed
a
s
:
0
=
0
,
3
1
−
1
(5
)
,
=
,
,
,
−
1
(6
)
0
=
,
+
Δ
,
+
Δ
(7
)
T
he
V
t,
n
r
ep
r
es
en
t
t
h
e t
h
er
m
i
c
en
er
g
y
v
o
l
t
a
g
e o
f
t
h
e N
s
s
er
i
e
s
as
s
o
ci
at
ed
P
V
cel
l
s
at
t
he
no
m
i
na
l
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
ur
e
T
n
. W
h
e
r
e
K
V
a
nd
K
I
ap
p
ear
t
h
e en
er
g
y
c
u
r
r
en
t
a
n
d
v
o
l
t
ag
e
co
ef
f
i
ci
e
n
t
s
,
r
es
p
ect
i
v
el
y
.
F
i
g
ur
e
2
.
T
he
e
q
ui
va
l
e
nt
c
ir
c
u
it o
f
a
c
la
s
s
ic
a
l P
V
c
e
ll
2.
1.
1.
C
h
a
ra
ct
eri
s
t
i
c o
f
P
V
a
rra
y
m
o
d
el
T
h
r
ough
e
xa
m
i
ni
ng
25
°
C
a
n
d
1000
W/
m
2
a
s
th
e
lin
k
a
g
e
s
itu
a
ti
o
n
s
o
f
P
V
,
th
e
c
h
a
r
a
c
te
r
is
ti
c
c
u
r
v
e
s
f
o
r
I
-
V
a
nd
P
-
V
o
f
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
i
ed
P
V
c
el
l
w
i
t
h
a
v
ar
i
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
i
r
r
ad
i
at
i
o
n
/
t
e
m
p
er
a
t
u
r
e r
a
n
g
e a
n
d
s
er
i
e
s
/
p
ar
al
l
e
l
,
co
n
n
e
ct
i
o
n
s
o
f
P
V
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I
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8708
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40
60
80
100
120
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10
20
30
40
50
60
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90
100
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V
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C
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0
20
40
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120
0
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20
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40
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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I
SSN
:
20
88
-
8708
In
t
J
E
l
e
c
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
V
o
l.
11
, N
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.
6
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[
1]
O
.
B
ouc
h
i
ba
,
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.
M
er
i
zg
u
i
,
B
.
G
a
oui
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.
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h
e
ttih
,
a
nd
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.
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he
k
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ne
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g
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na
l
y
s
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s
o
f
m
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x
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m
um
pow
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l
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hm
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or
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ă
de
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l
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3
0,
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o.
2,
pp.
41
-
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,
20
20
,
d
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33
43
6/
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[
2]
M.
Ta
o
,
Y.
H
ong
x
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ng
,
L.
Li
n
,
P
.
J
i
nqi
ng
,
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T
e
c
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c
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l
f
e
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s
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y
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or
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m
ot
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i
s
l
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nd
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n
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ong
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en
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a
b
l
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y
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vol
.
6
9,
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p
. 7
-
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,
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0.
1
01
6/
j
.
r
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ne
.
2
01
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0
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02
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.
[
3]
S
.
Y
as
h
w
an
t
,
S
.
C.
G
upt
a
,
K.
B
.
Aa
sh
i
sh
,
“
PV
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br
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y
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:
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3,
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,
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no.
118
93
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.
10
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6.
20
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.
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5
.
[
4]
E
. L
. V
.
E
r
i
k
s
s
o
n
, E
. M
a
c
A
.
Gr
a
y
,
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z
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t
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on
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ne
r
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v
ol
.
202,
pp.
348
-
364,
2017,
doi
:
1
0.
1
01
6/
j
.
a
pe
ne
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gy
.
201
7.
0
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1
32
.
[
5]
C
.
A
nur
a
g
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nd
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P
.
S
a
in
i
,
“
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e
n
ew
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l
e en
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a:
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r
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66
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10
16/
j
.
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2
01
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0
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04
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.
[
6]
L.
M
o
h
am
m
ed
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.
T
om
onob
u,
F
.
M
o
h
am
m
ed
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A.
-
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at
t
ah
,
L
.
L
ei
,
a
nd
D
.
M
o
noj
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y
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r
id
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e
n
e
tic
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lg
o
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fu
z
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y
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ba
s
e
d c
ont
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s
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s
f
or
s
m
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l
l
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r
s
y
s
t
e
m
w
ith
h
ig
h
-
pe
ne
t
r
a
t
i
on w
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nd f
a
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s
,
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l
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,
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3
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3,
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p
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73
.
[
7]
K
.
V
i
k
as
,
N
.
S
av
i
t
a,
a
nd
B
.
P
r
a
s
ha
nt
.
“
So
l
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r
-
w
i
nd hy
br
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d
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e
ne
w
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b
l
e en
er
g
y
s
y
s
t
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m
:
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r
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w
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e
ne
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d
Sus
t
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i
n
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e
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ne
r
gy
R
evi
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s
,
v
ol
.
58,
pp
.
2
3
-
33
,
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01
6,
do
i
:
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.
10
16/
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.
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.
2
01
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12
.
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3
.
[
8]
C.
V
oy
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nt
e
t
a
l
.
,
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M
a
c
hi
ne
l
e
a
r
ni
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o
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s
ol
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r
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t
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on f
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s
t
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w,
”
Re
ne
w
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e
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ne
r
gy
,
v
ol
.
105,
pp.
569
-
582,
2017,
doi
:
1
0.
1
01
6/
j
.
r
e
ne
ne
.
20
16
.
1
2.
0
95
.
[
9]
K
.
G.
Sh
eel
a
an
d
S
.
N
.
D
eep
a,
“
N
e
ur
a
l
ne
t
w
or
k
ba
s
e
d h
y
br
i
d c
om
put
i
ng
m
ode
l
f
or
w
i
nd s
pe
e
d pr
e
di
c
t
i
o
n,
”
N
e
ur
oc
om
p
ut
i
n
g,
v
o
l.
12
2,
pp
.
4
25
-
4
29,
2
013
,
d
oi
:
1
0.
1
01
6/
j
.
ne
uc
o
m
.
2013.
06.
00
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[
1
0]
A
. J
.
S
a
n
gs
t
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,
“C
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n
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tio
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,
”
G
r
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ne
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gy
a
nd T
e
c
hn
ol
o
gy
,
v
o
l
.
1
94,
pp.
1
73
-
2
06
,
20
14
.
[
1
1]
P
.
La
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t
, V
. C
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l
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, D
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. E
. D
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.
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.
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.
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car
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.
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.
S
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5
,
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p.
15
31
-
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38
,
2
00
9,
doi
:
10
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11
09
/
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I
E
.
20
08
.
20
09
61
8
.
[
1
4]
A
. D
.
M
ar
t
i
n
an
d
J.
R
.
V
azq
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ez,
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M
P
P
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A
l
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t
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E
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I
nt
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nd
u
s
t
r
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al
T
e
c
hno
l
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gy
(
I
C
I
T
)
,
2015
,
pp.
2
84
1
-
28
47,
doi
:
10
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11
09
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I
C
I
T
.
2
01
5.
71
25
51
7
.
[
1
5]
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.
T
r
i
s
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nd
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.
L
.
C
h
ap
m
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,
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om
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4
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oi
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.
11
09
/
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.
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06.
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0
.
[
1
6]
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.
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e
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d
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.
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E
l
t
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co
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m
s
,
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Sol
ar
E
ne
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gy
,
v
ol
.
1
12
,
pp.
1
-
11
,
d
o
i:
1
0.
10
16
/
j
.
s
ol
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r
.
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1
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11
.
01
0
.
[
1
7]
B.
V
.
I
oa
n,
B
.
R
azv
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an
d
I.
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ar
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,
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.
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1
8]
H.
Ha
m
e
d
,
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.
Je
n
s a
n
d
B.
J
ö
r
g,
“
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[
1
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.
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m
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d a
nd
Y.
A
m
i
r
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er
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“
A
s
t
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r
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Po
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.
28,
no 3,
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p
.
1297
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1305
,
2013,
doi
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10.
11
09/
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P
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R
D
.
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[
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0]
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.
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[
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S.
A.
M
o
h
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ed
,
“
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u
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c
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42
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[
2
2]
B.
C
h
a
lla
an
d
P
.
P
on
na
m
ba
l
a
m
,
“
T
h
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nt
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ol
.
1
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p
.
36
8
-
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17
,
doi
:
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nc
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20
17
.
0
8
.
06
0
.
[
2
3]
G
.
S
au
m
y
a,
M
.
A
n
k
i
t
an
d
B.
P
a
ur
us
h
,
“
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r
ot
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o
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e
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hor
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gy
,
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2016
I
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i
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i
t
on t
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e
T
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m
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e
r
ne
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of
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hi
ngs
:
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onne
c
t
y
our
W
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l
ds
,
2016.
p
p.
160
-
165,
doi
:
10
.
11
09
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I
N
C
I
T
E
.
2
01
6.
78
57
60
9
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[
2
4]
R.
K.
A
ki
ku
r
,
R
.
S
a
i
dur
,
H
. W
.
P
i
n
g
a
n
d
K.
R
.
Ul
l
a
h
,
“
C
om
pa
r
a
t
i
v
e
s
t
udy
of
s
t
a
nd
-
a
l
one
a
nd
hy
br
i
d s
o
l
a
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ne
r
g
y
s
y
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te
m
s
s
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f
-
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l e
le
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r
e
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ab
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r
gy
R
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l
.
2
7,
p
p.
73
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-
752
,
2
01
3,
do
i
:
10.
10
16/
j
.
r
s
e
r
.
20
13.
06
.
0
43
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[
2
5]
K
.
M
.
W
a
s
e
e
m
,
W
.
J
i
e
,
M
.
M
e
ilin
g
,
X
.
L
i
ny
un,
P
.
L
i
a
nd
F
. W
u
,
“
O
p
t
i
m
al
en
er
g
y
m
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ag
e
m
en
t
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d
co
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p
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ul
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g
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m
s,
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Sus
t
ai
na
bl
e
C
i
t
i
e
s
and
Soc
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e
t
y
,
vo
l
.
44
,
p
p
.
855
-
87
0
,
2
01
9,
doi
:
10
.
1
01
6/
j
.
s
c
s
.
2
01
8.
11.
00
9
.
[
2
6]
Q
. Z
h
e
n
g
,
P
.
Y
a
n
, Z
.
H
am
i
d
r
e
za
an
d
C
.
N
i
ya
,
“
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
a
nd di
s
c
u
s
s
i
on of
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o
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pos
i
t
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on
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ba
s
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h
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i
d m
ode
l
s
f
or
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c
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t
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o
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s
,
”
A
ppl
i
e
d E
ne
r
gy
,
vo
l
.
235,
pp.
939
-
953
,
2019,
doi
:
10.
1016/
j
.
a
pe
ne
r
gy
.
2018.
10.
080
.
[
2
7]
C.
Y
ao
w
-
M
in
g
, L
. Y
u
a
n
-
C
hua
n,
H
.
S
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h
i
eh
an
d
C
.
C
hu
ng
-
S
he
ng
,
“
M
u
lti
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t
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n
v
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ri
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-
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br
i
d P
V
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e
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s
y
s
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m
,
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E
E
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s
a
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t
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ons
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n pow
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l
e
c
t
r
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c
s
,
v
ol
.
22,
no
3,
p
p
.
10
70
-
10
77
,
20
07
,
doi
:
1
0.
1
10
9/
T
P
E
L
.
20
07.
89
71
17
.
[
2
8]
O
.
N
.
A
n
g
el
a,
L
.
M
ar
co
,
M
.
R
o
sa
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d
A
.
D
e
ll’
A
q
u
ila
,
“
A
s
ur
ve
y
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s
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s
i
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PMSG
-
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as
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w
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st
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m
s,
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E
E
E
t
r
a
n
s
a
c
t
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o
ns
on
I
nd
us
t
r
i
a
l
I
nf
or
m
a
t
i
c
s
,
v
ol
.
9,
no 3,
p
p.
12
11
-
12
21
,
20
13,
doi
:
10
.
11
09
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T
I
I
.
2
01
3.
22
72
88
8
.
[
2
9]
L
.
X
i
ong
,
W
.
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