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11
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2021
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o
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m
b
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ed
tech
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o
lo
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s
h
a
v
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iv
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1
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.
A
cc
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g
to
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ch
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s
ar
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n
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m
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ated
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s
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n
p
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s
ica
l
s
p
ac
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an
d
c
y
b
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s
p
ac
e
[
2
]
.
A
n
o
th
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h
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r
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l.
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al
s
y
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m
s
ar
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m
ad
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o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
w
h
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h
a
v
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v
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less
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s
in
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s
to
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p
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cr
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tech
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ar
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ated
in
to
lar
g
er
i
n
d
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s
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y
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m
s
[
3
]
.
T
h
e
ad
v
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t
o
f
in
ter
n
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th
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n
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s
(
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o
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th
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ased
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s
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m
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t
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c
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C
P
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tr
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
3
6
0
9
-
3616
3610
en
v
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o
n
m
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o
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d
a
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x
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p
r
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ce
s
s
e
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[
4
,
5
]
.
C
P
S
is
m
ad
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u
p
o
f
c
y
b
er
-
wh
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ar
e
u
s
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to
d
ef
in
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in
tel
l
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s
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s
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m
s
b
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s
ed
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p
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m
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o
d
o
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o
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m
a
n
ip
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d
in
ter
ac
t
w
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i
n
C
P
S
is
t
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
I
o
T
,
w
h
ic
h
is
tu
r
n
i
n
g
o
u
t
to
t
h
e
b
e
f
u
n
d
a
m
e
n
tal
ele
m
en
t
f
o
r
cr
ea
tin
g
s
m
ar
t
ci
ties
[
6
]
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
f
t
h
e
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
d
ep
en
d
in
g
o
n
ap
p
licatio
n
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
’
s
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
b
u
il
t
i
n
to
d
ev
ices
an
d
th
e
m
aj
o
r
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
s
e
ap
p
licatio
n
is
n
o
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
d
ata
b
u
t
m
a
y
h
a
v
e
o
th
er
p
u
r
p
o
s
es.
So
m
e
ex
a
m
p
les
in
cl
u
d
e
ca
r
s
,
m
ed
ical
d
ev
i
ce
s
,
en
er
g
y
m
eter
s
,
an
d
s
m
ar
t tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s.
T
h
e
cy
b
er
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
c
o
n
s
is
ts
o
f
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
o
f
u
s
er
s
;
in
ter
f
ac
e
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
n
d
d
ig
ital
;
an
d
c
y
b
e
r
s
p
ac
e
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
s
er
v
er
s
a
n
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
e
r
ef
er
s
to
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
ele
m
en
ts
t
h
at
n
ee
d
t
o
b
e
p
h
y
s
ical
l
y
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
o
r
co
n
tr
o
lled
in
a
r
ea
l e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
.
T
h
e
cy
b
er
s
p
ac
e
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
d
ev
ices
co
n
s
is
tin
g
o
f
s
en
s
o
r
s
th
at
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
f
o
r
m
atio
n
a
n
d
co
m
m
u
n
icate
w
it
h
th
eir
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
w
it
h
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
.
T
h
e
in
ter
f
a
cin
g
i
s
d
o
n
e
eith
er
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
o
r
ac
tu
ato
r
s
w
i
t
h
m
o
r
e
i
n
telli
g
e
n
ce
,
w
h
ich
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
v
er
t f
o
r
m
s
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
to
elec
tr
icit
y
[
7
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
r
ec
en
t
ad
v
a
n
ce
m
e
n
ts
i
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
f
ea
t
u
r
es
o
f
d
ev
ices a
r
e
b
ein
g
p
u
s
h
ed
i
n
to
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ic
h
in
ter
ac
t
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
s
ti
m
u
lu
s
co
m
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
T
h
is
i
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
r
ap
id
g
r
o
w
t
h
in
n
et
w
o
r
k
ed
co
m
p
u
tin
g
te
ch
n
o
lo
g
ies.
T
h
ese
e
m
b
ed
d
ed
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
h
a
v
e
g
iv
e
n
r
is
e
to
c
y
b
er
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
T
h
e
c
y
b
e
r
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
[
8
]
2.
T
H
E
I
M
P
O
RT
ANC
E
O
F
CP
S AN
D
I
o
T
A
s
u
b
s
id
iar
y
o
f
th
e
C
P
S
is
I
o
T
,
w
h
ic
h
i
s
a
lar
g
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
d
i
f
f
er
en
t
i
n
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
o
b
j
ec
ts
th
at
h
av
e
a
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
tit
y
a
n
d
ca
n
b
e
r
ef
er
en
ce
d
u
s
i
n
g
I
P
o
r
MA
C
ad
d
r
ess
es.
T
h
e
d
ev
ice
s
en
co
m
p
as
s
d
if
f
er
e
n
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
,
ac
tu
a
to
r
s
,
i
n
telli
g
e
n
t
d
ev
ices,
R
FID
e
n
ab
led
d
ev
ice
s
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
m
o
b
ile
d
ev
ices,
c
o
m
m
u
n
icate
u
s
in
g
de
-
f
ac
to
p
o
p
u
lar
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
is
g
r
o
w
i
n
g
to
b
e
a
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
t
h
at
is
u
s
ed
to
cr
ea
te
a
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
in
g
o
f
co
o
p
er
atin
g
s
m
ar
t
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
p
h
y
s
ical
-
d
ig
ita
l
o
b
j
ec
ts
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
co
m
p
le
m
en
ted
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
a
n
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
.
Fu
r
t
h
er
m
o
r
e,
r
elev
an
t
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
,
s
to
r
ag
e
an
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
in
g
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
ar
e
als
o
av
ailab
le
in
I
o
T
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
9
]
.
T
h
e
I
o
T
ar
ch
itectu
r
e
is
a
b
asis
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
cc
es
s
f
u
l
d
esig
n
an
d
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
o
f
C
P
S.
T
h
ese
I
o
T
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
co
n
s
i
s
ti
n
g
o
f
p
r
o
to
c
o
ls
an
d
A
P
I
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
f
ac
ilit
ate
th
e
co
llectio
n
,
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
en
t
a
n
d
p
r
o
ce
s
s
in
g
o
f
lar
g
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
d
ata.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
ca
n
b
e
at
a
lo
ca
l
o
r
g
lo
b
al
lev
el
w
h
ic
h
aid
s
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
u
s
in
g
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
i
es
li
k
e
W
i
-
Fi,
f
ib
er
,
ce
ll
u
lar
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
a
n
d
in
t
h
e
f
u
tu
r
e,
5
G
.
W
ith
lar
g
e
s
ca
le
I
o
T
b
ased
C
P
S,
C
lo
u
d
C
o
m
p
u
ti
n
g
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
s
an
d
p
lat
f
o
r
m
s
ca
n
b
e
e
f
f
ec
tiv
e
l
y
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
lex
ib
le
clo
u
d
-
b
ased
p
r
o
ce
s
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
.
T
h
ese
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
s
al
s
o
p
r
o
v
id
e
v
ir
tu
a
lizatio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
a
n
d
lar
g
e
ca
p
ac
it
y
s
to
r
ag
e
f
o
r
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
th
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
.
A
n
o
t
h
er
en
ab
ler
w
o
u
ld
b
e
th
e
b
ig
d
ata/
an
al
y
tics
w
h
ic
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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&
C
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p
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3611
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
th
e
b
r
ain
o
f
th
e
I
o
T
.
T
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
th
e
d
ata
s
e
n
t
b
y
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
,
co
r
r
elate
it
w
it
h
o
th
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s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
i
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o
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m
atio
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p
r
o
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u
ce
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in
te
lli
g
en
ce
i
n
f
o
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m
atio
n
th
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t
ca
n
b
e
d
er
iv
ed
as
ac
tio
n
s
i
n
th
e
p
h
y
s
ical
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
tics
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
ar
e
v
er
y
c
h
alle
n
g
in
g
;
a
s
t
h
ese
d
e
v
ices
h
a
v
e
ess
e
n
tial
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
s
er
v
ic
es
p
r
o
v
id
ed
.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
ar
e
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
ch
ar
ac
ter
is
t
ics
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
[
1
0
]
:
th
e
y
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
t
h
e
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
to
b
e
ad
ap
t
to
co
n
tex
ts
o
r
s
itu
atio
n
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
ar
is
e
s
u
e
to
ch
an
g
e
i
n
ex
ter
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
an
d
s
it
u
atio
n
s
.
T
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
h
av
e
s
el
f
-
co
n
f
i
g
u
r
atio
n
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
allo
w
i
n
g
m
u
ltip
le
d
ev
ice
s
to
in
ter
ac
t
w
it
h
o
n
e
an
o
th
er
to
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
t
h
e
a
s
s
ig
n
ed
r
o
le.
T
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
ab
le
to
co
m
m
u
n
ica
te
w
it
h
o
t
h
er
d
ev
ices
a
n
d
t
h
e
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
b
y
s
u
p
p
o
r
tin
g
i
n
ter
o
p
er
ab
le
co
m
m
u
n
icat
io
n
p
r
o
to
co
ls
.
T
h
ey
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
a
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
ti
f
ier
an
d
u
n
iq
u
e
id
en
tit
y
s
o
th
a
t
t
h
e
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
i
n
ter
f
ac
es
al
lo
w
p
as
s
in
g
d
ata
w
i
th
u
s
er
s
a
n
d
th
eir
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
.
T
h
e
y
h
av
e
to
b
e
i
n
teg
r
ated
i
n
to
t
h
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
o
th
at
t
h
e
y
ca
n
co
m
m
u
n
icate
a
n
d
ex
c
h
a
n
g
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata
w
it
h
o
th
er
d
ev
ices a
n
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
3.
DO
M
AINS
AND
AP
P
L
I
CA
T
I
O
NS O
F
CP
S
C
P
S
ar
e
b
ec
o
m
i
n
g
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
l
y
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
i
n
to
d
a
y
’
s
s
o
ciet
y
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
u
s
ed
o
n
a
d
ail
y
b
asis
s
u
c
h
as s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
es,
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l s
y
s
te
m
s
,
a
u
t
o
m
o
ti
v
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
ese
t
y
p
es
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
al
s
o
u
s
ed
in
h
i
g
h
-
tec
h
d
o
m
a
in
s
li
k
e
a
v
iatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
m
ed
ical
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
,
w
ea
p
o
n
s
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
ec
to
r
an
d
ch
ip
f
ab
r
icatio
n
,
a
m
o
n
g
o
th
er
in
d
u
s
tr
ies.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
e
ctio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
n
o
v
er
v
ie
w
o
f
t
h
e
v
ar
io
u
s
C
P
S a
p
p
licatio
n
d
o
m
ai
n
s
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
eir
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
y
.
3
.
1
.
H
ea
lt
h
ca
re
a
nd
m
edici
ne
T
h
e
d
o
m
ai
n
o
f
h
ea
l
th
ca
r
e
an
d
m
ed
ici
n
e
is
u
s
ed
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
r
elev
an
t
h
ea
lt
h
asp
ec
t
o
f
a
p
atien
t.
T
ec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
r
elate
d
to
h
o
m
e
ca
r
e,
s
m
ar
t
o
p
er
ati
n
g
r
o
o
m
,
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ices,
ar
e
v
ar
io
u
s
o
p
p
o
r
tu
n
itie
s
i
n
t
h
is
d
o
m
ai
n
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ice
s
aid
m
o
n
it
o
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
p
atien
t
h
ea
lt
h
b
y
in
cr
ea
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
n
n
ec
ti
v
it
y
o
f
m
ed
ical
d
e
v
ices
w
it
h
n
et
w
o
r
k
d
ev
ice
s
w
h
ic
h
,
i
n
ef
f
ec
t
p
r
o
v
id
es
co
n
tin
u
o
u
s
p
atie
n
t
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
.
T
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
tr
en
d
in
th
is
d
o
m
a
in
is
to
w
ar
d
s
cr
e
atin
g
e
n
er
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
e
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
v
i
s
u
al
izatio
n
o
f
p
atie
n
t
d
ata
alo
n
g
w
it
h
s
ea
m
les
s
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
p
lu
g
g
in
g
in
n
e
w
s
en
s
o
r
s
w
it
h
in
ter
o
p
er
ab
le
m
ed
ical
d
ev
ice
s
.
On
e
s
u
c
h
d
ev
ice
is
an
in
f
u
s
io
n
p
u
m
p
,
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
in
j
ec
t
a
r
eq
u
ir
ed
m
ed
icin
e
i
n
to
a
p
atie
n
t.
T
h
ese
i
n
f
u
s
io
n
p
u
m
p
s
ar
e
n
o
r
m
a
ll
y
ad
m
in
is
ter
ed
a
u
to
m
ati
ca
ll
y
to
r
elea
s
e
a
co
n
tr
o
lled
am
o
u
n
t
o
f
m
ed
icin
e.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
f
u
n
c
tio
n
s
o
f
s
u
c
h
a
d
ev
ice
ar
e
to
d
eliv
er
th
e
m
e
d
icin
e
b
ased
o
n
th
e
s
ch
ed
u
le
an
d
w
h
e
n
ev
er
a
p
atien
t
m
a
y
r
eq
u
est
f
o
r
th
e
m
ed
ici
n
e,
h
av
e
t
h
e
in
te
lli
g
en
ce
to
p
r
ev
en
t
a
n
y
u
n
d
e
s
ir
ed
s
itu
a
tio
n
s
t
h
at
m
a
y
o
cc
u
r
d
u
r
in
g
t
h
e
m
ed
icin
e
i
n
f
u
s
io
n
a
n
d
,
m
o
n
ito
r
an
d
n
o
ti
f
y
p
er
s
o
n
n
el
o
f
t
h
e
u
n
d
esire
d
co
n
d
itio
n
s
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
ar
is
e
[
1
1
]
.
W
ith
th
e
ad
v
e
n
t
o
f
w
ea
r
ab
le
s
m
ar
t
d
e
v
ices
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
in
ter
ac
ti
n
g
w
it
h
it
s
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
in
g
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
b
y
ca
p
tu
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
h
ea
lt
h
d
ata,
p
er
s
o
n
alize
d
h
ea
lth
ca
r
e
ca
n
b
e
p
r
o
v
id
ed
t
o
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
q
u
alit
y
o
f
li
f
e.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
elp
in
cr
ea
tin
g
h
ea
lt
h
a
w
ar
e
n
es
s
w
h
ich
i
n
ef
f
ec
t
h
elp
s
p
eo
p
le
d
etec
t
an
d
ad
d
r
ess
d
is
ea
s
es
th
at
m
a
y
ar
i
s
e
in
t
h
eir
d
ail
y
lif
e
a
n
d
r
o
u
tin
e
[
1
2
]
.
H
elp
f
u
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
an
d
r
o
b
o
ts
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
p
r
o
lo
n
g
an
d
ea
s
e
li
v
i
n
g
f
o
r
s
en
io
r
s
with
o
u
t
ex
ter
n
al
aid
an
d
ca
n
al
er
t
ex
ter
n
a
l
h
ea
lt
h
b
o
d
ies in
ca
s
e
o
f
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
h
ea
lth
ev
e
n
t
s
.
3
.
2
.
S
m
a
rt
elec
t
ric
po
w
er
g
rid
T
h
is
ca
teg
o
r
y
is
an
ess
e
n
tial
cr
itical
in
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
th
at
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
f
o
r
th
e
s
u
r
v
iv
a
l
o
f
a
n
atio
n
.
A
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
tatio
n
en
ab
les
a
n
o
r
m
al
elec
tr
ic
g
r
id
to
b
e
a
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
a
n
d
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
e
x
is
tin
g
e
n
er
g
y
g
ir
d
s
ca
n
b
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
b
y
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
f
ea
t
u
r
es
t
h
at
h
e
lp
in
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
m
o
n
i
to
r
in
g
,
d
iag
n
o
s
i
s
,
r
esp
o
n
d
in
g
to
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
an
d
an
d
en
h
a
n
ce
d
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
[
1
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
p
o
w
er
p
la
n
ts
w
h
ic
h
g
e
n
er
ate
e
n
er
g
y
,
s
to
r
ag
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
to
s
to
r
e
th
is
e
n
er
g
y
an
d
tr
a
n
s
m
is
s
io
n
f
ac
il
it
ies
to
tr
an
s
m
i
t
th
i
s
en
er
g
y
to
e
n
d
u
s
er
s
.
A
l
s
o
p
r
esen
t
in
th
i
s
s
y
s
te
m
ar
e
s
elf
-
r
ep
len
i
s
h
in
g
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
lik
e
lar
g
e
f
ield
s
o
f
w
i
n
d
tu
r
b
in
es
a
n
d
s
o
lar
p
an
el
f
ield
s
.
A
ls
o
in
cl
u
d
ed
ar
e
th
e
en
er
g
y
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
f
ac
ili
ties
i
n
s
m
ar
t
h
o
m
e
a
n
d
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
i
n
g
s
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
ac
tu
all
y
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
co
o
p
er
ativ
e
a
n
d
c
u
s
to
m
er
i
n
ter
ac
ti
v
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
w
h
ic
h
is
u
s
ed
to
d
o
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
u
s
ag
e
in
ter
m
s
o
f
lo
ad
,
u
n
d
er
s
tan
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
o
f
t
h
e
en
e
r
g
y
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
an
d
t
h
u
s
p
la
n
t
h
e
u
s
a
g
e
lev
e
l o
f
t
h
e
en
er
g
y
f
o
r
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
s
[
1
4
]
.
T
h
is
is
p
o
s
s
ib
le
d
u
e
to
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
t
w
o
-
w
a
y
f
lo
w
o
f
i
n
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
b
et
w
ee
n
th
e
co
n
s
u
m
er
a
n
d
t
h
e
u
til
it
y
p
r
o
v
id
er
.
Du
e
to
t
h
i
s
i
n
ter
a
ctio
n
,
d
ec
is
io
n
s
ca
n
b
e
m
ad
e
to
s
w
itc
h
b
et
w
ee
n
m
u
ltip
le
en
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
p
r
ese
n
t
i
n
th
e
g
r
id
th
at
lead
s
to
f
u
r
th
er
g
r
id
ex
p
lo
r
atio
n
,
p
o
w
er
q
u
alit
y
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
ev
en
t
io
n
o
f
p
o
ten
tial
o
u
tag
e
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
p
ar
t
o
f
th
e
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
th
e
w
ater
d
i
s
tr
ib
u
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
w
h
ich
i
n
teg
r
ate
s
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
w
ater
q
u
alit
y
f
o
r
h
ar
d
n
e
s
s
a
n
d
i
m
p
u
r
it
ies.
Al
s
o
in
v
o
lv
ed
in
t
h
is
s
y
s
te
m
,
i
s
th
e
d
etec
tio
n
o
f
w
at
er
f
o
r
ce
an
d
lev
els
o
f
w
ater
d
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
w
h
ic
h
aid
s
in
b
etter
leak
d
etec
tio
n
.
An
ess
e
n
tial
co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
f
o
r
cr
ea
ti
n
g
a
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
is
a
s
m
ar
t
m
e
ter
u
s
ed
f
o
r
cr
ea
ti
n
g
a
n
a
u
to
m
atic
m
e
ter
r
ea
d
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
(
A
M
R
)
[
1
5
]
.
T
h
ese
d
ev
ices
co
llect
f
in
e
g
r
ain
ed
en
er
g
y
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
an
d
wir
eless
l
y
tr
an
s
f
er
to
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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:
2
0
8
8
-
8708
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
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n
g
,
Vo
l.
11
,
No
.
4
,
A
u
g
u
s
t
2021
:
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6
0
9
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r
ea
d
in
g
d
e
v
ices.
T
h
ese
A
MR
d
ev
ices
w
ill
r
e
m
ai
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
o
r
ex
te
n
d
ed
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e
a
n
d
ca
n
en
ab
l
e
r
e
m
o
te
co
llectio
n
o
f
co
n
s
u
m
p
tio
n
d
ata
o
f
elec
tr
icit
y
an
d
w
a
ter
.
T
h
is
h
a
s
s
ev
er
al
ad
v
an
tag
es
li
k
e
r
ed
u
ci
n
g
t
h
e
co
s
t
o
f
r
ea
d
in
g
m
eter
s
a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
m
a
n
u
al
r
ea
d
in
g
er
r
o
r
s
.
R
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
en
ab
le
u
tili
t
ies to
b
etter
r
esp
o
n
d
to
d
e
m
an
d
c
h
an
g
es.
3
.
3
.
I
nte
llig
ent
t
ra
ns
po
rt
a
t
io
n
T
h
is
d
o
m
a
in
r
elate
s
to
t
h
e
u
s
ag
e
o
f
ad
v
an
ce
d
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
ies
f
o
r
i
m
p
r
o
v
i
n
g
s
a
f
et
y
,
co
o
r
d
in
atio
n
a
n
d
s
er
v
ices
i
n
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
a
g
e
m
en
t.
Sen
s
o
r
s
f
in
d
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
w
h
ic
h
is
f
ed
to
a
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
a
n
d
th
en
co
m
m
u
n
icate
d
to
t
h
e
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
t
h
e
e
f
f
icie
n
t
tr
af
f
ic
m
a
n
a
g
e
m
e
n
t.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
cr
ea
ted
b
y
in
te
g
r
atio
n
o
f
v
e
h
icles,
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
p
ed
estrian
s
,
r
o
ad
s
id
e
u
n
i
ts
(
R
SUs
)
a
n
d
tr
af
f
ic
m
an
ag
e
m
e
n
t
ce
n
ter
s
.
I
n
telli
g
en
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
e
n
ab
les
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
o
f
tr
a
f
f
ic
a
n
d
en
ab
les
o
p
ti
m
al
tr
af
f
i
c
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
co
llis
io
n
a
v
o
id
an
ce
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
im
p
le
m
e
n
tat
io
n
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
v
e
h
i
cle
-
to
-
v
e
h
icle
(
V2
V)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
an
d
v
e
h
icle
-
to
-
r
o
ad
s
id
e
(
V2
R
)
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
s
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ad
d
r
ess
ed
b
y
th
e
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e,
r
ed
u
cin
g
tr
af
f
ic
ac
cid
en
t
s
,
a
v
o
id
in
g
a
n
d
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
g
e
s
tio
n
,
f
u
el
e
f
f
icien
c
y
a
n
d
i
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
g
e
n
er
al
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
a
f
et
y
[
1
7
]
.
T
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
in
tel
lig
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
w
ir
ele
s
s
m
o
d
u
les
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
m
a
n
y
n
u
m
b
er
s
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
i
n
t
h
ese
v
e
h
icles,
is
u
s
ed
e
f
f
ec
ti
v
el
y
to
c
r
ea
te
th
is
k
i
n
d
o
f
a
C
P
S.
Ot
h
er
i
m
p
le
m
en
tat
io
n
s
in
cl
u
d
e
n
e
w
s
o
lu
t
io
n
s
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
e
h
icles
t
h
at
ca
n
s
u
cc
e
s
s
f
u
ll
y
n
a
v
i
g
ate
to
a
d
esti
n
atio
n
.
T
h
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
eh
ic
les
w
ill
h
a
v
e
n
e
w
g
u
id
an
ce
a
n
d
s
a
f
et
y
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
h
ic
h
w
ill
b
e
i
n
te
g
r
ated
in
to
th
e
elec
tr
o
n
ic
o
n
-
b
o
ar
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
alr
ea
d
y
p
r
esen
t
in
m
o
d
er
n
d
ay
v
eh
icles,
co
n
n
ec
t
w
ir
eles
s
l
y
to
th
e
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
er
,
an
d
o
f
f
er
th
ir
d
-
p
ar
ty
s
er
v
ice
s
v
ia
th
e
i
n
ter
n
et
.
T
h
ese
v
eh
icle
s
ca
n
h
a
v
e
o
p
en
-
s
o
u
r
ce
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e,
w
h
ic
h
is
a
n
is
s
u
e,
as t
h
e
y
w
ill
h
av
e
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
f
r
o
m
a
v
ar
iet
y
o
f
v
e
n
d
o
r
s
[
1
8
]
.
3
.
4
.
Air
t
ra
ns
po
rt
a
t
io
n
E
n
h
a
n
ce
d
s
a
f
et
y
i
s
a
p
r
i
m
ar
y
o
b
j
ec
tiv
e
o
f
air
t
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
er
e
h
as
b
ee
n
s
i
g
n
i
f
ica
n
t
p
r
o
g
r
ess
in
m
a
n
y
d
i
m
e
n
s
io
n
s
o
f
th
e
air
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
,
b
u
t
s
til
l
t
h
er
e
is
a
n
ee
d
to
en
h
a
n
ce
t
h
e
s
af
et
y
ca
p
ab
ilit
ies
to
en
h
an
ce
s
a
f
e
n
av
i
g
atio
n
an
d
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
f
u
n
ct
io
n
alit
y
[
1
9
]
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
i
s
s
af
et
y
,
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
p
h
i
s
ticated
ai
r
tr
af
f
ic
m
a
n
ag
e
m
e
n
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
in
g
o
i
n
g
to
b
e
a
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
ele
m
e
n
t
o
f
f
u
tu
r
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
is
in
t
u
r
n
,
i
s
g
o
in
g
to
g
i
v
e
r
is
e
to
m
o
r
e
c
h
alle
n
g
es
a
s
t
h
e
i
n
ter
ac
tio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
air
cr
af
t
a
n
d
r
ad
ar
to
w
er
s
ar
e
g
o
in
g
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
tl
y
,
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
in
h
ib
it
an
d
li
m
it
t
h
e
o
v
er
all
ca
p
ab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
cu
r
r
en
t
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
e
en
h
a
n
ce
m
en
t
w
i
l
l
in
clu
d
e
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
atelli
te
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
o
v
er
r
ad
ar
to
w
er
s
to
co
n
d
u
ct
air
tr
af
f
ic
co
n
tr
o
l.
Satellite
n
av
ig
at
io
n
w
il
l
p
r
o
v
id
e
p
ilo
ts
w
i
th
p
r
ec
is
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
o
f
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
air
cr
af
ts
.
An
o
th
e
r
i
m
p
le
m
en
ta
tio
n
is
t
h
e
ad
v
en
t
o
f
u
n
m
a
n
n
ed
ae
r
ial
v
e
h
icle
s
(
UAV)
o
r
also
ca
lled
d
r
o
n
es
.
T
h
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
u
s
ed
i
n
U
AVs
ar
e
b
ei
n
g
in
cr
e
asin
g
l
y
ad
o
p
ted
in
to
ci
v
ilia
n
a
ir
cr
af
t
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
m
ak
i
n
g
t
h
e
m
in
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
s
m
ar
ter
.
T
h
ese
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
a
w
ar
en
es
s
o
f
a
ir
cr
af
ts
a
n
d
th
u
s
w
ill
h
a
v
e
a
m
aj
o
r
im
p
ac
t
o
n
air
tr
af
f
ic
i
n
n
ea
r
f
u
tu
r
e
an
d
s
y
s
te
m
s
u
s
ed
to
m
an
a
g
e
air
tr
af
f
ic.
T
h
is
is
g
i
v
i
n
g
r
is
e
to
a
co
n
ce
p
t
ca
lled
a
s
Nex
tGe
n
air
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
2
0
]
.
3
.
5
.
E
m
er
g
ency
re
s
po
n
s
e
E
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
is
,
w
h
en
p
u
b
lic
s
af
et
y
an
d
h
ea
lt
h
i
s
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
d
u
e
to
n
at
u
r
al
o
r
m
an
-
m
ad
e
ca
la
m
itie
s
,
an
d
w
h
e
n
a
s
y
s
te
m
is
i
n
p
lace
to
ad
d
r
ess
th
e
s
e
is
s
u
e
s
.
A
C
P
S
e
n
ab
led
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
o
n
e
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
co
n
d
u
ct
u
n
m
an
n
ed
s
ea
r
ch
a
n
d
r
ec
o
v
er
y
in
h
o
s
tile
e
n
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t
s
.
Mo
s
t
o
f
th
e
C
P
S
r
o
b
o
ts
ar
e
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
,
s
el
f
-
lear
n
in
g
o
r
r
e
m
o
tel
y
o
p
er
ated
b
y
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
[
1
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
p
r
o
v
id
e
f
ast
e
m
er
g
en
cie
s
s
er
v
ices
d
u
e
to
u
s
e
o
f
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
,
lo
w
-
p
o
w
er
s
en
s
o
r
s
w
h
ic
h
h
a
v
e
a
d
ed
icate
d
co
m
m
u
n
i
ca
tio
n
s
a
n
d
co
n
tr
o
l
s
p
ac
e.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
r
eq
u
ir
e
n
o
d
es
to
co
llect
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
s
o
th
at
th
e
s
itu
at
io
n
ca
n
b
e
as
s
ess
ed
a
n
d
i
n
f
o
r
m
ed
to
em
er
g
en
c
y
tea
m
s
.
No
r
m
a
ll
y
th
e
s
e
s
it
u
atio
n
s
ar
e
v
er
y
f
l
u
id
an
d
ev
er
ch
an
g
i
n
g
i
n
n
a
tu
r
e.
Du
e
to
th
is
,
t
h
e
s
y
s
t
e
m
h
as t
o
b
e
r
o
b
u
s
t,
ef
f
ici
en
t,
ad
ap
tiv
e
an
d
u
s
e
all
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
at
its
d
is
p
o
s
al
v
er
y
e
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
.
3
.
6
.
S
m
a
rt
m
a
n
ufa
ct
uring
S
m
ar
t
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
th
e
o
n
e
w
h
ich
co
m
b
in
e
th
e
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
I
T
)
an
d
o
p
er
atio
n
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
(
OT
)
,
p
r
esen
t
i
n
a
f
ac
to
r
y
o
r
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
u
n
it.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
es
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
an
d
o
n
f
lo
o
r
r
o
b
o
ts
an
d
au
to
m
ated
tech
n
o
l
o
g
ies
to
e
n
h
an
ce
th
e
p
r
o
d
u
ctiv
it
y
w
h
ile
g
o
o
d
s
ar
e
b
ein
g
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
.
T
h
is
C
P
S
s
y
s
te
m
s
is
g
i
v
i
n
g
r
is
e
to
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
,
w
h
ich
is
m
an
u
f
ac
tu
r
in
g
f
o
r
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e.
I
n
th
i
s
t
y
p
e
o
f
in
d
u
s
tr
y
,
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
tech
n
o
lo
g
ies
w
ill
g
iv
e
r
is
e
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
w
o
r
k
f
lo
w
s
i
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
s
tr
y
a
n
d
en
h
a
n
c
e
d
if
f
er
en
t
f
o
r
m
s
o
f
co
llab
o
r
ativ
e
ef
f
o
r
ts
.
T
h
e
f
o
c
u
s
o
f
I
n
d
u
s
tr
y
4
.
0
is
to
ad
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
ed
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e
to
m
ac
h
i
n
es
w
h
ic
h
in
e
f
f
ec
t
g
iv
e
s
b
en
e
f
it
s
li
k
e
m
ac
h
i
ne
-
to
-
m
ac
h
i
n
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
,
s
o
t
h
at
h
u
m
a
n
w
o
r
k
ca
n
b
e
r
ed
u
c
ed
an
d
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
i
s
in
cr
ea
s
ed
.
An
o
th
er
b
en
e
f
it,
i
s
in
th
e
f
o
r
m
o
f
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
o
f
m
ac
h
i
n
es
a
n
d
ap
p
lian
ce
s
.
Statu
s
r
ep
o
r
ts
g
en
er
ated
b
y
th
e
s
e
m
a
ch
in
e
s
ca
n
e
n
ab
le
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
a
n
d
also
en
ab
le
r
e
m
o
te
r
ep
air
[
4
]
.
A
f
i
n
al
b
en
e
f
it
is
t
h
e
e
n
g
a
g
e
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
u
s
er
w
it
h
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
User
s
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
d
ata
in
to
a
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
s
y
s
te
m
to
cr
ea
te
n
e
w
v
al
u
e
an
d
f
u
r
t
h
e
r
en
h
a
n
ce
s
er
v
ice
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
yb
er p
h
ysica
l sys
tem
s
:
A
s
m
a
r
t c
ity
p
ers
p
ec
tive
(
F
i
r
o
z
K
h
a
n
)
3613
3
.
7
.
S
m
a
rt
b
uil
d
ing
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
au
to
m
at
in
g
a
b
u
ild
in
g
w
i
th
r
esp
ec
t
to
in
s
t
allin
g
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
,
ac
tu
ato
r
s
an
d
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
co
n
tr
o
l
s
y
s
te
m
s
,
g
iv
e
s
r
is
e
to
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
ea
ti
n
g
,
v
en
t
ilatio
n
a
n
d
air
co
n
d
itio
n
i
n
g
(
HV
A
C
)
s
y
s
te
m
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
u
itab
le
an
d
en
er
g
y
ef
f
ic
ien
t
b
u
ild
in
g
.
A
l
s
o
co
n
tr
o
lled
ar
e
th
e
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
f
th
e
b
u
ild
i
n
g
,
s
u
ch
t
h
at
o
n
l
y
d
esire
d
ar
ea
s
ar
e
lit
u
p
o
n
ly
w
h
en
n
ee
d
ed
.
An
o
th
er
p
r
i
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ich
i
s
m
o
n
ito
r
ed
is
th
e
f
ir
e
p
r
ev
en
tio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
e
s
a
f
et
y
o
f
t
h
e
re
s
id
en
ts
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
e
w
h
o
le
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
o
f
d
esig
n
i
n
g
a
s
m
ar
t
b
u
i
ld
in
g
is
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
a
s
m
ar
t
li
v
in
g
at
m
o
s
p
h
er
e
f
o
r
th
e
r
esid
e
n
ts
.
T
h
i
s
is
d
o
n
e
b
y
au
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
lear
n
in
g
b
y
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
er
e
th
e
li
v
in
g
p
atte
r
n
s
ar
e
m
o
n
i
to
r
ed
.
S
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
in
g
n
ee
d
s
to
b
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
f
o
r
a
lo
n
g
p
er
io
d
o
f
ti
m
e,
h
en
ce
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
a
v
e
to
ad
ap
t
to
tech
n
o
lo
g
ical
an
d
s
o
cial
c
h
an
g
es.
4.
SM
ART CIT
I
E
S U
SI
N
G
CP
S
T
h
e
co
n
ce
p
t
o
f
s
m
ar
t
cities
h
a
s
b
ee
n
d
ev
elo
p
ed
b
y
co
m
b
i
n
i
n
g
s
ev
er
al
d
o
m
ai
n
s
li
k
e
s
m
ar
t
b
u
ild
in
g
s
,
e
m
er
g
e
n
c
y
r
esp
o
n
s
e,
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
.
S
m
ar
t
cities
ar
e
w
id
e
s
ca
l
e
C
P
S
w
ith
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
co
n
tin
u
all
y
lo
o
k
in
g
a
t
o
cc
u
r
r
en
ce
s
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
i
n
t
h
e
c
y
b
e
r
an
d
p
h
y
s
ica
l
w
o
r
ld
.
T
h
is
i
n
t
u
r
n
af
f
ec
t
s
t
h
e
ac
tu
ato
r
s
i
n
ch
a
n
g
in
g
t
h
e
u
r
b
an
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
t
i
n
s
u
itab
le
w
a
y
s
[
2
2
]
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
ted
to
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
u
r
b
an
a
n
d
cit
y
li
f
e,
wh
ich
i
s
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
at
a
v
er
y
r
ap
id
r
ate.
Ur
b
an
citie
s
n
ee
d
to
r
ed
esi
g
n
an
d
r
eto
o
l
th
e
i
n
f
r
a
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
i
n
t
h
e
ci
t
y
as
th
e
i
n
cr
ea
s
i
n
g
p
o
p
u
latio
n
is
p
u
ttin
g
p
r
es
s
u
r
e
o
n
it
s
e
x
is
tin
g
i
n
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
[
2
3
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
ch
alle
n
g
e
s
i
n
cl
u
d
e
h
o
w
to
ef
f
i
cien
tl
y
u
s
e
cr
i
tica
l
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
li
k
e
e
n
er
g
y
,
w
ater
a
n
d
f
o
o
d
.
Q
u
ick
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
citi
es
is
a
h
i
n
d
r
an
ce
to
t
h
e
s
u
s
tai
n
ab
le
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
cit
y
i
f
t
h
e
n
ec
e
s
s
ar
y
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
is
n
o
t
i
n
p
lace
.
T
h
i
s
i
n
e
f
f
ec
t,
lead
s
to
t
h
e
s
ta
g
n
a
n
t
g
r
o
w
th
o
f
a
cit
y
.
T
o
m
a
k
e
a
cit
y
s
m
ar
ter
,
th
e
ci
t
y
w
ill
h
av
e
to
b
e
r
ed
esig
n
ed
an
d
r
eto
o
led
,
b
u
t
th
is
i
s
n
o
t
e
as
y
f
o
r
ex
is
ti
n
g
o
ld
cities
l
ik
e
L
o
n
d
o
n
w
h
er
ein
s
o
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
is
t
in
g
i
n
f
r
astr
u
ct
u
r
e
is
o
ld
an
d
d
ilap
id
ated
.
T
h
e
r
ed
esig
n
i
s
n
o
t
an
ea
s
y
a
s
t
h
e
cit
y
its
e
lf
is
ce
n
t
u
r
ies
o
ld
an
d
an
y
c
h
an
g
e
i
s
p
r
ac
ticall
y
i
m
p
o
s
s
ib
le.
A
n
e
x
a
m
p
l
e
is
t
h
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
ce
n
tu
r
ie
s
o
ld
b
u
ild
in
g
an
d
r
o
ad
s
th
at
ca
n
n
o
t b
e
ea
s
il
y
r
ep
lac
ed
.
Secu
r
it
y
a
n
d
e
m
er
g
en
c
y
r
es
p
o
n
s
e
is
a
k
e
y
b
e
n
ef
iciar
y
o
f
th
i
s
co
llab
o
r
atio
n
in
th
e
s
m
ar
t
c
it
y
en
v
ir
o
n
m
e
n
t.
C
it
y
w
id
e
C
C
T
V
n
et
w
o
r
k
s
t
h
at
i
n
te
g
r
ate
th
e
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
o
f
b
o
th
p
u
b
lic
a
n
d
p
r
iv
ate
o
r
g
a
n
izatio
n
s
w
il
l
b
e
co
m
b
i
n
ed
w
ith
a
u
to
m
atio
n
to
id
en
ti
f
y
a
n
d
tr
ac
k
th
r
ea
ts
an
d
in
cid
e
n
ts
i
n
r
ea
l
ti
m
e
[
2
4
]
.
Hea
lth
ca
r
e
w
il
l
b
en
e
f
it
f
r
o
m
f
a
s
ter
r
esp
o
n
s
e
to
e
m
er
g
en
c
ies,
as
w
ell
a
s
p
er
s
o
n
al
h
ea
lt
h
ca
r
e
d
ata
f
r
o
m
w
ea
r
ab
le
d
ev
ices,
tele
m
ed
ici
n
e,
an
d
ar
tif
ic
ial
i
n
telli
g
e
n
ce
d
iag
n
o
s
is
.
E
n
er
g
y
is
an
o
th
er
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ac
to
r
;
s
m
ar
t
citie
s
r
ea
ct
f
l
u
id
l
y
an
d
in
s
ti
n
cti
v
el
y
to
f
l
u
ctu
a
tin
g
en
er
g
y
d
e
m
a
n
d
s
,
t
h
e
av
ailab
il
it
y
o
f
alter
n
a
tiv
e
e
n
er
g
y
s
o
u
r
ce
s
,
a
n
d
in
f
r
astru
ct
u
r
e
f
ail
u
r
es.
T
h
is
i
m
p
r
o
v
es e
f
f
icie
n
c
y
,
r
ed
u
ce
s
co
s
ts
,
lo
w
er
s
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
,
an
d
b
en
e
f
it
s
t
h
e
in
ter
co
n
n
ec
ted
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
e
i
ts
elf
.
5.
SM
ART CIT
Y
I
M
P
L
E
M
E
N
T
AT
I
O
N
I
N
UA
E
R
elati
n
g
to
s
m
ar
t
cities
,
Du
b
ai
an
d
UA
E
in
g
e
n
er
al
is
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
test
b
ed
an
d
liv
e
lab
o
r
ato
r
y
f
o
r
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
in
g
C
P
S
in
a
lar
g
e
s
ca
le.
A
s
t
h
e
cit
y
i
s
s
ti
ll
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
n
d
g
r
o
w
in
g
,
t
h
e
i
m
p
le
m
en
tatio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
s
en
s
o
r
s
an
d
ac
tu
ato
r
s
i
s
n
o
t
a
m
aj
o
r
r
eto
o
l
o
r
r
ed
esig
n
o
f
t
h
e
cit
y
i
n
it
s
elf
.
T
h
er
e
is
a
m
aj
o
r
p
u
s
h
f
r
o
m
th
e
lead
er
s
o
f
th
e
co
u
n
tr
y
to
i
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
C
P
S
ci
t
y
w
id
e
i
n
D
u
b
ai
an
d
to
m
a
k
e
t
h
e
cit
y
,
t
h
e
s
m
ar
te
s
t
cit
y
i
n
t
h
e
w
o
r
ld
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
s
tar
t
o
f
E
x
p
o
2
0
2
0
.
T
h
e
p
r
im
ar
y
f
o
cu
s
is
o
n
s
m
ar
t
b
u
i
ld
in
g
s
,
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t,
en
er
g
y
an
d
w
a
ter
to
en
ab
le
in
cr
ea
s
e
i
n
h
ap
p
in
es
s
o
f
citize
n
s
,
r
esid
en
t
s
a
n
d
v
i
s
ito
r
s
o
f
t
h
e
cit
y
.
An
o
th
er
v
i
s
io
n
b
y
th
e
lead
er
s
is
to
tu
r
n
8
0
%
o
f
t
h
e
g
o
v
er
n
m
e
n
t
s
er
v
ices
to
s
m
ar
t
s
er
v
ices
b
y
2
0
1
8
in
th
e
p
u
b
lic
s
ec
to
r
w
it
h
a
f
o
c
u
s
o
n
h
ea
lt
h
,
ed
u
ca
tio
n
an
d
in
n
o
v
a
tio
n
[
2
5
]
.
So
m
e
o
f
t
h
e
m
aj
o
r
i
n
itiati
v
e
s
h
ap
p
en
i
n
g
i
n
Du
b
ai
r
elate
d
to
C
P
S
an
d
I
o
T
ar
e
illu
s
tr
ated
in
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
in
g
s
ec
tio
n
.
D
u
b
ai
s
ilico
n
o
asis
au
th
o
r
it
y
(
DSO
A
)
,
i
s
an
i
n
teg
r
ated
f
r
ee
zo
n
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
p
ar
k
in
Du
b
ai,
h
as
p
ar
tn
er
ed
w
it
h
H
u
a
w
ei,
to
i
m
p
le
m
en
t
an
d
i
n
s
tal
l
th
e
f
ir
s
t
s
m
ar
t
s
t
r
ee
t
s
o
lu
t
io
n
in
th
e
Mid
d
le
E
ast
r
eg
io
n
at
D
u
b
ai
s
ilico
n
o
asi
s
.
T
h
e
s
m
ar
t
s
tr
ee
t
s
o
lu
tio
n
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
a
d
ig
ital
s
ig
n
a
g
e
s
y
s
te
m
th
at
d
i
s
p
la
y
s
n
e
w
s
a
n
d
o
t
h
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
in
r
ea
l
-
ti
m
e.
T
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
i
s
ts
o
f
a
w
ir
eles
s
s
y
s
te
m
th
at
p
r
o
v
id
es
I
n
ter
n
et
ac
ce
s
s
.
A
l
s
o
,
p
r
esen
t,
is
a
clo
s
ed
-
cir
cu
it
tele
v
is
io
n
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
is
u
s
ed
f
o
r
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
an
d
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
a
f
et
y
u
s
i
n
g
in
tel
lig
e
n
t
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[
2
6
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.
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[
2
7
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.
T
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I
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11
,
No
.
4
,
A
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2021
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3616
3614
s
o
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tio
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s
s
u
c
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as
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er
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y
m
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ag
e
m
e
n
t
a
n
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ig
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ata
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DSO
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ce
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g
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r
atio
n
o
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I
n
tel
’
s
I
g
n
i
tio
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L
ab
[
2
8
]
.
T
h
e
lab
is
lo
ca
ted
in
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h
e
Du
b
ai
T
ec
h
n
o
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n
tr
ep
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en
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r
s
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ip
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to
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t
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e
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lace
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r
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ap
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l
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[
2
9
]
.
A
d
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ee
h
as
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p
ass
ed
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t
h
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to
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m
p
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m
en
t
b
lo
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c
h
ai
n
tech
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o
lo
g
y
[
3
0
]
.
T
h
is
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
c
an
h
elp
th
e
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o
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ce
s
m
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et
w
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s
[
3
1
]
.
T
h
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in
d
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C
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S
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.
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ef
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$
3
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Du
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UA
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r
s
.
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ar
e
w
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k
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n
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w
it
h
p
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tn
er
s
[
3
2
]
to
en
ab
le
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o
lu
tio
n
s
f
o
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it
s
c
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s
m
ar
t
v
e
n
d
in
g
m
ac
h
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m
p
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m
e
n
ted
in
a
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ar
iet
y
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f
in
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ie
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h
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tr
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.
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et
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k
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Du
h
as
i
n
co
r
p
o
r
ated
L
o
R
a,
a
n
e
w
tech
n
o
lo
g
y
[
3
3
]
.
Du
b
ai
elec
tr
icit
y
an
d
w
ater
au
th
o
r
it
y
(
DE
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ted
p
lan
n
ed
f
o
r
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d
s
tar
ted
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ild
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it
s
n
e
w
h
ea
d
q
u
ar
ter
s
.
T
h
e
n
e
w
b
u
ild
in
g
is
n
a
m
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A
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ail)
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ar
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h
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ild
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s
e
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t
tech
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I
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T
,
b
ig
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ata
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d
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d
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telli
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(
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.
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w
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d
to
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s
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e
e
m
p
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e
th
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r
h
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m
es b
ased
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t
h
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tr
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f
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[
3
4
]
.
T
h
e
s
a
m
e
ap
p
ca
n
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e
u
s
ed
to
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ar
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in
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s
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s
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d
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ee
t
in
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m
s
.
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t
ca
n
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e
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s
ed
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ch
t
h
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ild
in
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n
g
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m
s
.
Al
-
Sh
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a
a
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ill
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s
e
s
tate
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of
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ter
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h
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s
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to
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y
s
te
m
w
i
ll
r
ed
u
ce
th
e
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
as
e
m
is
s
io
n
s
a
s
s
tar
t
an
d
s
to
p
o
f
v
eh
ic
les
w
il
l b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ab
l
y
r
ed
u
ce
d
.
6.
SE
CUR
I
T
Y
CH
AL
L
E
NG
E
S
A
ll
C
P
S
ar
e
co
n
n
ec
ted
to
s
y
s
t
e
m
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
s
,
p
r
iv
a
te
n
et
w
o
r
k
an
d
o
r
th
e
I
n
ter
n
et.
Du
e
to
t
h
is
asp
ec
t,
s
ec
u
r
it
y
i
s
co
n
s
id
er
ed
as
a
m
aj
o
r
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
t
i
n
C
P
S.
T
h
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
ca
n
r
a
n
g
e
f
r
o
m
p
h
y
s
ical
s
ec
u
r
it
y
to
s
ec
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
d
ata
w
h
ile
in
tr
a
n
s
m
i
s
s
io
n
an
d
it
d
ep
en
d
s
o
n
th
e
ar
ea
s
o
f
ap
p
licatio
n
an
d
s
er
v
ices
w
h
er
e
th
e
C
P
S
is
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
.
Nec
e
s
s
ar
y
s
ec
u
r
it
y
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
s
a
n
d
p
o
licies
n
ee
d
to
b
e
i
n
p
lace
to
ac
ce
s
s
t
h
ese
s
ec
u
r
it
y
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
en
ts
.
T
h
e
m
aj
o
r
ch
allen
g
e
s
f
ac
ed
b
y
t
h
e
C
P
S
ar
e
g
iv
en
i
n
t
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
s
ec
tio
n
:
i)
C
o
n
f
id
e
n
tialit
y
:
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
to
th
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
o
f
d
ata
th
at
is
s
to
r
ed
o
r
tr
an
s
m
itt
ed
[
3
5
]
.
On
l
y
au
t
h
o
r
ized
p
eo
p
le
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
ar
e
allo
w
ed
to
v
ie
w
th
e
d
ata
,
ii)
I
n
teg
r
i
t
y
:
T
h
is
r
e
f
er
s
to
t
h
e
p
r
o
p
er
ty
o
f
th
e
d
ata
b
ein
g
f
r
ee
f
r
o
m
ta
m
p
er
i
n
g
[
3
6
]
.
On
l
y
a
u
th
o
r
ized
p
e
o
p
le
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
ar
e
allo
w
ed
to
ed
it
t
h
e
d
ata
an
d
m
ea
s
u
r
e
s
h
av
e
to
b
e
co
m
p
leted
,
s
o
t
h
at
d
ata,
w
h
ile
b
ei
n
g
tr
a
n
s
m
it
ted
d
o
es
n
o
t
g
et
ta
m
p
er
ed
w
it
h
a
n
d
ch
a
n
g
ed
,
ii
i)
A
u
t
h
e
n
ticatio
n
:
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
i
s
p
u
t
in
p
lace
to
en
s
u
r
e
th
at
t
h
e
d
ata
s
en
d
er
o
r
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
is
p
r
o
p
er
ly
id
en
tifie
d
.
On
l
y
a
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
r
p
er
s
o
n
w
it
h
p
r
o
p
er
c
r
ed
en
tial
s
y
s
te
m
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
allo
w
ed
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
o
r
s
en
d
d
ata
,
iv
)
Acc
ess
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
:
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
o
r
d
ata
is
o
n
l
y
a
v
ailab
le
to
th
e
a
u
t
h
o
r
ized
p
eo
p
le.
A
ll
o
th
er
i
n
te
r
ac
tio
n
r
eq
u
est
s
ar
e
r
ej
ec
ted
b
y
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
v
)
N
o
n
-
r
ep
u
d
iatio
n
:
A
m
ea
s
u
r
e
p
u
t
in
p
lace
to
co
m
p
le
m
e
n
t
a
u
th
e
n
tica
tio
n
.
T
h
is
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
th
e
d
ata
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
ca
n
n
o
t
d
en
y
t
h
e
f
ac
t
d
ata
o
r
ig
in
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
p
er
s
o
n
o
r
p
r
o
ce
s
s
,
v
i)
Dep
en
d
ab
ilit
y
:
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
o
n
th
e
tr
u
s
t
w
o
r
t
h
i
n
e
s
s
o
f
th
e
s
y
s
te
m
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
en
s
u
r
es
t
h
at
s
y
s
te
m
p
er
f
o
r
m
s
th
e
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
u
n
ctio
n
alit
y
w
it
h
o
u
t
d
eg
r
ad
atio
n
o
f
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
a
n
d
r
esu
lt
s
,
v
ii)
S
af
et
y
:
T
h
is
r
ef
er
s
to
v
er
y
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
f
ea
t
u
r
e
o
f
s
y
s
te
m
w
h
ic
h
s
h
o
u
ld
n
o
t
p
o
s
e
an
y
d
a
n
g
er
to
u
s
er
s
d
u
r
in
g
its
o
p
er
ati
o
n
.
T
h
is
m
ea
s
u
r
e
i
s
h
ig
h
l
y
cr
itica
l
i
n
m
an
u
f
ac
t
u
r
in
g
i
n
d
u
s
tr
ies
w
it
h
h
ea
v
y
m
ac
h
i
n
er
y
,
an
d
v
iii)
P
r
iv
ac
y
:
T
h
is
r
e
f
er
s
to
w
h
e
n
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
f
o
r
m
at
io
n
an
d
d
ata
f
r
o
m
r
eso
u
r
ce
s
ar
e
n
o
t d
is
clo
s
ed
to
u
n
a
u
th
o
r
ized
p
ar
ties
[
3
7
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J
E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8708
C
yb
er p
h
ysica
l sys
tem
s
:
A
s
m
a
r
t c
ity
p
ers
p
ec
tive
(
F
i
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K
h
a
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)
3615
A
ll
th
e
s
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
c
h
alle
n
g
e
s
ar
e
ap
p
licab
le
to
s
m
ar
t
citie
s
w
h
er
e
th
e
c
y
b
er
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
ar
e
n
o
t
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
b
y
t
h
e
citizen
s
b
u
t
a
ls
o
ca
n
b
e
m
an
ip
u
lated
b
y
p
o
ten
tial
h
ac
k
er
s
.
As
th
e
C
P
S
ar
e
in
g
r
ai
n
ed
in
to
t
h
e
d
ail
y
o
p
er
atio
n
s
o
f
th
e
cit
y
,
e
v
en
a
m
in
o
r
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
r
h
ac
k
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
m
aj
o
r
is
s
u
e
s
w
h
ich
ca
n
e
v
en
lead
to
li
f
e
th
r
ea
te
n
in
g
s
it
u
atio
n
s
[
3
8
]
.
So
m
e
e
x
a
m
p
le
s
o
f
t
h
ese
co
u
ld
b
e
a
u
to
n
o
m
o
u
s
v
e
h
icle
s
co
llid
in
g
i
n
to
p
ed
estrian
s
,
an
d
m
an
ip
u
latio
n
o
f
s
m
ar
t
g
r
id
s
c
au
s
i
n
g
p
o
w
er
o
u
ta
g
e
i
n
th
e
wh
o
le
cit
y
.
So
m
e
o
f
th
e
attac
k
s
co
n
d
u
ct
ed
ag
a
in
s
t
C
P
S
[
3
6
]
in
clu
d
e
d
ec
ep
tio
n
a
t
ta
ck
s
,
w
h
er
e
f
alse
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
lik
e
i
n
co
r
r
ec
t
d
ata
is
s
e
n
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
o
r
s
o
r
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
.
Se
n
s
o
r
s
ca
n
b
e
p
h
y
s
icall
y
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
ed
o
r
co
m
p
r
i
s
ed
u
s
i
n
g
s
o
f
t
w
ar
e.
An
o
th
er
attac
k
is
th
e
Do
S
a
tta
ck
s
,
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
is
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
d
o
w
n
o
r
m
ad
e
s
lo
w
b
y
co
m
p
r
o
m
i
s
in
g
t
h
e
co
m
m
u
n
icatio
n
c
h
an
n
el.
An
e
f
f
ec
t
w
o
u
ld
b
e
t
h
at
co
n
tr
o
ller
s
d
o
n
o
t
r
ec
ei
v
e
s
en
s
o
r
d
ata.
Als
o
p
r
ev
ale
n
t
i
s
th
e
n
etw
o
r
k
is
o
la
tio
n
a
tta
ck
,
w
h
er
e
a
s
et
o
f
n
o
d
es
ar
e
co
m
p
r
is
ed
an
d
is
o
lated
f
r
o
m
th
e
n
et
w
o
r
k
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
is
a
ttac
k
ca
n
ca
u
s
e
p
ac
k
et
s
co
m
i
n
g
i
n
t
o
o
r
g
o
in
g
f
r
o
m
t
h
i
s
r
eg
io
n
,
t
o
b
e
d
r
o
p
p
ed
.
T
h
e
attac
k
o
n
C
P
S
is
class
i
f
ied
to
s
h
o
r
t
an
d
lo
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
a
ttack
s
.
T
h
e
s
h
o
r
t
attac
k
s
ar
e
w
h
er
e
s
er
v
ice
s
ar
e
d
is
r
u
p
ted
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
w
h
er
ea
s
th
e
lo
n
g
d
u
r
atio
n
is
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
g
o
al
is
n
o
t
to
d
is
r
u
p
t
s
er
v
ices
i
m
m
ed
iatel
y
,
b
u
t
to
s
et
u
p
u
p
a
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
attac
k
to
b
e
lau
n
c
h
ed
at
a
later
ti
m
e.
O
n
e
s
u
ch
attac
k
h
ap
p
en
ed
r
ec
en
tl
y
in
v
o
l
v
in
g
m
illi
o
n
s
o
f
I
o
T
d
ev
ices
in
a
D
Do
S
attac
k
w
h
ich
b
r
o
u
g
h
t
DNS
s
e
r
v
er
s
h
o
s
ted
b
y
D
y
n
[
4
0
]
.
T
h
e
s
e
d
ev
ices
ar
e
s
till
u
n
p
atch
ed
an
d
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
in
f
u
tu
r
e
attac
k
s
.
R
e
s
ea
r
ch
er
s
ar
e
ex
ten
s
iv
e
l
y
lo
o
k
i
n
g
at
C
P
S
in
tr
u
s
io
n
d
etec
tio
n
tec
h
n
iq
u
es
(
I
DS)
to
av
er
t
s
u
ch
in
cid
en
t
s
[
4
1
]
.
Var
i
o
u
s
t
y
p
es
o
f
I
DS
d
ev
ices
w
h
ic
h
ca
n
d
o
b
eh
av
io
r
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
,
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
-
b
ased
d
etec
tio
n
,
h
o
s
t
-
b
ased
au
d
iti
n
g
an
d
n
et
w
o
r
k
-
b
ased
au
d
iti
n
g
ar
e
cu
r
r
en
tl
y
b
ei
n
g
lo
o
k
ed
at.
7.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
e
cy
b
er
-
p
h
y
s
ical
s
y
s
te
m
(
C
P
S)
en
co
m
p
as
s
es
cu
r
r
en
t
an
d
u
p
co
m
i
n
g
d
ig
ital
in
f
r
astr
u
ctu
r
es
u
s
ed
in
th
e
d
esi
g
n
o
f
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
s
th
a
t
i
s
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
f
o
r
e
x
i
s
tin
g
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
tech
n
o
lo
g
ie
s
.
T
h
ese
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
ex
p
ec
ted
to
m
a
k
e
an
i
m
p
o
r
tan
t
i
m
p
ac
t
o
n
th
e
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
with
t
h
e
p
h
y
s
ical
w
o
r
ld
.
S
m
ar
t
cities
ar
e
a
w
a
y
o
f
th
e
f
u
t
u
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
an
d
m
o
r
e
co
u
n
tr
ies
ar
e
co
n
v
er
ti
n
g
m
aj
o
r
cities
to
s
m
ar
t
cities
t
o
h
an
d
le
th
e
r
ap
id
u
r
b
an
izatio
n
an
d
s
tr
es
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f
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[4
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[5
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Ra
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tan
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.
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[6
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[7
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“
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3616
[1
1
]
A
.
M
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.
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len
,
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.
Ra
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m
,
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M.
P.
E.
He
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,
“
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2
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,
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On
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Av
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[1
3
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J.
L
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N
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a
n
d
G
.
J.
P
a
p
p
a
s
,
“
Di
ff
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P
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il
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,”
I
EE
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s.
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3
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4
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S
.
P
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rv
in
,
F
.
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ss
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in
,
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K
.
Hu
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in
,
T
.
T
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in
,
a
n
d
J.
S
.
P
a
rk
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5
]
I.
Ro
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,
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ig
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s
,”
Pro
c
.
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t.
2
0
1
2
,
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p
.
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6
2
–
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7
3
.
[1
6
]
V
.
G
u
n
e
s,
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.
P
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ter,
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.
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rg
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d
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.
V
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h
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d
,
“
A
S
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ts,
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p
p
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ica
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o
n
s,
a
n
d
C
h
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ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
Cy
b
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r
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P
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sic
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S
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ste
m
s
,
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TI
IS
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p
.
4
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4
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8
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.
[1
7
]
B.
Da
n
d
a
,
C.
R.
Ba
jrac
h
a
ry
a
,
a
n
d
G
.
Ya
n
,
“
T
o
w
a
rd
s
in
telli
g
e
n
t
tran
sp
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rtati
o
n
Cy
b
e
r
-
P
h
y
sic
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s:
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a
l
-
ti
m
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o
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p
u
ti
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g
a
n
d
c
o
m
m
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n
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ti
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n
s p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
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s
,”
in
S
o
u
th
e
a
stC
o
n
2
0
1
5
,
2
0
1
5
,
p
p
.
1
–
6
.
[1
8
]
“
Driv
e
rles
s
c
a
rs
p
o
se
a
n
e
w
c
y
b
e
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c
u
rit
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
],
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
g
u
lf
n
e
w
s.c
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m
/b
u
sin
e
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rs/tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
/d
riv
e
rles
s
-
c
a
rs
-
p
o
se
-
a
-
n
e
w
-
c
y
b
e
rs
e
c
u
rit
y
-
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
-
1
.
1
8
9
6
2
2
1
[1
9
]
K.
Na
m
u
d
u
ri,
Y.
W
a
n
,
M
.
G
o
m
a
th
isa
n
k
a
ra
n
,
a
n
d
R.
P
e
n
d
se
,
“
A
irb
o
rn
e
n
e
tw
o
rk
:
A
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
ste
m
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s
o
f
th
e
fi
rs
t
ACM
M
o
b
iHo
c
wo
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
Ai
r
b
o
rn
e
Ne
two
rk
s
a
n
d
C
o
mm
u
n
ic
a
ti
o
n
s
(
Ai
rb
o
rn
e
'1
2
)
,
Ne
w
Yo
rk
,
NY
,
USA
,
2
0
1
2
,
p
p
.
5
5
–
6
0
.
[2
0
]
R.
Ba
h
e
ti
a
n
d
H.
G
il
l
,
“
Cy
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
,”
T
h
e
imp
a
c
t
o
f
c
o
n
tro
l
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
,
p
p
.
1
6
1
–
1
6
6
,
2
0
1
2
.
[2
1
]
E.
A
.
L
e
e
,
“
C
y
b
e
r
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s:
De
si
g
n
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
,
”
i
n
2
0
0
8
1
1
th
IE
EE
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
S
y
mp
o
siu
m
o
n
Ob
jec
t
a
n
d
Co
m
p
o
n
e
n
t
-
Or
ien
ted
Rea
l
-
T
i
me
Distrib
u
ted
C
o
mp
u
ti
n
g
(
IS
OR
C)
,
M
a
y
2
0
0
8
,
p
p
.
3
6
3
–
3
6
9
.
[2
2
]
A
.
Zan
n
i,
“
C
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
s
ica
l
s
y
st
e
m
s
a
n
d
sm
a
rt
c
it
ies
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s:/
/www
.
ib
m
.
c
o
m
/d
e
v
e
lo
p
e
rw
o
rk
s/li
b
ra
r
y
/b
a
-
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
-
s
y
ste
m
s
-
a
n
d
-
sm
a
rt
-
c
it
ies
-
io
t/
[2
3
]
S.
V.
Bu
l
d
y
re
v
,
“
Ca
tas
tro
p
h
ic
c
a
sc
a
d
e
o
f
f
a
il
u
re
s
in
in
terd
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
n
e
tw
o
rk
s
,
”
Na
tu
re
,
v
o
l.
4
6
4
,
p
p
.
1
0
2
5
-
1
0
2
8
,
2
0
1
0
.
[2
4
]
“
S
m
a
rt
Cit
ies
:
Brin
g
in
g
sc
i
-
f
i
to
th
e
m
a
in
stre
a
m
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
g
u
lf
n
e
w
s.c
o
m
/b
u
sin
e
ss
/se
c
t
o
rs/tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
/s
m
a
rt
-
c
it
ies
-
b
rin
g
in
g
-
sc
i
-
fi
-
to
-
th
e
-
m
a
in
stre
a
m
-
1
.
1
8
5
7
9
8
8
[2
5
]
M
.
L
a
d
k
i
,
“
Io
T
:
A
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
o
n
t
h
e
in
d
u
stry
f
ro
m
Du
b
a
i
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/www
.
m
y
c
o
m
-
o
si.co
m
/b
lo
g
/i
o
t
-
a
-
p
e
rsp
e
c
ti
v
e
-
on
-
th
e
-
in
d
u
stry
-
f
ro
m
-
d
u
b
a
i
[2
6
]
“
Du
b
a
i
S
il
ico
n
Oa
sis
in
sta
ll
s
S
m
a
rt
S
tree
t
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
b
y
Hu
a
w
e
i
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
m
e
d
iao
ff
ice
.
a
e
/en
/me
d
ia
-
c
e
n
ter/n
e
w
s/2
9
/6
/
2
0
1
6
/d
u
b
a
i
-
sili
c
o
n
-
o
a
sis
-
in
sta
ll
s
-
sm
a
rt
-
stre
e
t
-
so
lu
ti
o
n
-
by
-
h
u
a
w
e
i.
a
sp
x
[2
7
]
“
Cre
a
ti
n
g
a
n
Io
T
e
c
o
s
y
ste
m
in
th
e
UA
E
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
],
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
in
n
o
v
a
ti
o
n
su
m
m
it
.
a
e
/cre
a
ti
n
g
-
io
t
-
e
c
o
s
y
ste
m
-
u
a
e
/
[2
8
]
“
In
tel
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
s
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
Ig
n
it
io
n
L
a
b
in
Du
b
a
i
S
i
li
c
o
n
Oa
sis
,
”
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
d
tec
.
a
e
/p
re
ss
re
lea
se
/i
n
tel
-
e
sta
b
li
sh
e
s
-
in
ter
n
e
t
-
of
-
th
in
g
s
-
ig
n
it
i
o
n
-
lab
-
in
-
d
u
b
a
i
-
sili
c
o
n
-
o
a
sis/
[2
9
]
“
W
e
ll
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
Du
b
a
i
g
e
ts
s
m
a
rt
a
b
o
u
t
in
tern
e
t
li
n
k
s
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
th
e
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
.
a
e
/b
u
si
n
e
ss
/t
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
/
we
ll
-
c
o
n
n
e
c
ted
-
d
u
b
a
i
-
g
e
ts
-
s
m
a
rt
-
a
b
o
u
t
-
in
tern
e
t
-
l
in
k
s
[3
0
]
“
In
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
to
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
ise
th
e
p
a
y
m
e
n
ts
se
c
to
r
in
th
e
M
id
d
le
Eas
t
,
”
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
g
u
lf
n
e
w
s.c
o
m
/b
u
sin
e
ss
/se
c
t
o
rs/b
a
n
k
in
g
/i
n
tern
e
t
-
of
-
th
i
n
g
s
-
to
-
re
v
o
lu
ti
o
n
ise
-
th
e
-
p
a
y
m
e
n
ts
-
se
c
to
r
-
in
-
th
e
-
m
id
d
le
-
e
a
st
-
1
.
1
8
7
8
7
0
1
[3
1
]
“
T
h
e
p
o
we
r
o
f
th
e
In
d
u
stria
l
i
n
tern
e
t
o
f
T
h
in
g
s
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
g
u
lf
n
e
w
s.c
o
m
/b
u
sin
e
ss
/se
c
t
o
rs/tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
/t
h
e
-
p
o
w
e
r
-
of
-
th
e
-
i
n
d
u
str
ial
-
in
ter
n
e
t
-
of
-
th
in
g
s
-
1
.
1
8
3
4
6
6
4
[3
2
]
“
Du
b
a
i
S
il
ico
n
Oa
sis
a
n
d
d
u
to
De
v
e
lo
p
F
if
th
Ge
n
e
ra
ti
o
n
T
e
le
c
o
m
m
u
n
ica
ti
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Io
T
S
o
lu
ti
o
n
s
,
”
[O
n
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/w
ww
.
m
e
d
iao
ff
ice
.
a
e
/
e
n
/me
d
ia
-
c
e
n
ter/n
e
ws
/1
7
/1
0
/2
0
1
6
/o
a
sisd
u
.
a
sp
x
[3
3
]
“
d
u
b
ri
n
g
s
UA
E’s
S
m
a
rt
Cit
y
v
isio
n
c
lo
se
r
to
re
a
li
ty
w
it
h
n
e
w
b
re
e
d
o
f
n
e
t
w
o
rk
,
”
[
On
li
n
e
]
,
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
d
u
.
a
e
/ab
o
u
t
-
u
s/m
e
d
ia
-
c
e
n
tre/n
e
w
sd
e
tail/
2
0
1
5
/0
9
/1
6
/l
o
r
a
[3
4
]
“
DEW
A
’s
n
e
w
h
e
a
d
q
u
a
rters
is
s
e
t
to
b
e
w
o
rld
’s
larg
e
st
a
n
d
s
m
a
rtes
t
g
o
v
e
rn
m
e
n
t
b
u
il
d
in
g
,
”
[
On
l
in
e
],
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:
//
ww
w
.
m
e
d
iao
ff
ic
e
.
a
e
/en
/
m
e
d
ia
-
c
e
n
ter/n
e
w
s/5
/1
1
/
2
0
1
6
/
d
e
w
a
.
a
sp
x
[3
5
]
D.
N.
S
e
rp
a
n
o
s
a
n
d
A
.
G
.
V
o
y
ia
tzis,
“
S
e
c
u
rit
y
c
h
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
in
e
m
b
e
d
d
e
d
sy
st
e
m
s
,
”
ACM
T
ra
n
s.
Emb
e
d
.
Co
mp
u
t.
S
y
st
.
,
v
o
l.
1
2
,
M
a
r
.
2
0
1
3
.
[3
6
]
A
.
Ca
rd
e
n
a
s,
S
.
Am
in
,
B.
S
in
o
p
o
li
,
A
.
G
ian
i,
A
.
P
e
rrig
,
a
n
d
S
.
S
.
S
a
str
y
,
“
Ch
a
ll
e
n
g
e
s
f
o
r
se
c
u
rin
g
c
y
b
e
r
p
h
y
sic
a
l
s
y
ste
m
s
,
”
in
Pro
c
e
e
d
in
g
s o
f
W
o
rk
sh
o
p
o
n
fu
tu
re
d
ire
c
ti
o
n
s i
n
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
sic
a
l
sy
ste
ms
se
c
u
rity
,
2
0
0
9
.
[3
7
]
H.
Zh
a
n
g
,
Y.
S
h
u
,
P
.
Ch
e
n
g
,
a
n
d
J.
Ch
e
n
,
“
P
riv
a
c
y
a
n
d
p
e
rf
o
r
m
a
n
c
e
trad
e
-
o
ff
in
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
si
c
a
l
s
y
s
tem
s,
”
in
IEE
E
Ne
two
rk
,
v
o
l.
3
0
,
n
o
.
2
,
p
p
.
6
2
–
6
6,
2
0
1
6
.
[3
8
]
R.
Iv
a
n
o
v
,
M
.
P
a
ji
c
,
a
n
d
I.
L
e
e
,
“
A
tt
a
c
k
-
Re
sili
e
n
t
S
e
n
so
r
F
u
sio
n
f
o
r
S
a
f
e
t
y
-
C
rit
ica
l
C
y
b
e
r
-
P
h
y
sic
a
l
S
y
st
e
m
s
,
”
ACM
T
ra
n
s.
Emb
e
d
.
Co
mp
u
t.
S
y
st
.
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
F
e
b
.
2
0
1
6
.
[3
9
]
D.
H.
S
h
i
n
,
“
L
o
w
-
Co
m
p
lex
it
y
S
e
c
u
re
P
r
o
to
c
o
ls
to
De
f
e
n
d
Cy
b
e
r
-
P
h
y
sic
a
l
S
y
ste
m
s
Ag
a
in
st
Ne
tw
o
rk
Iso
latio
n
A
tt
a
c
k
s
,
”
i
n
Pro
c
.
1
st I
EE
E
C
o
n
f
.
Co
mm
.
a
n
d
Ne
two
rk
S
e
c
u
rity
,
2
0
1
3
,
p
p
.
9
1
-
9
9
.
[4
0
]
“
W
h
o
to
Blam
e
f
o
r
th
e
A
tt
a
c
k
o
n
th
e
I
n
tern
e
t
,
”
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
A
v
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
:/
/f
o
rtu
n
e
.
c
o
m
/2
0
1
6
/1
0
/
2
3
/i
n
tern
e
t
-
a
tt
a
c
k
-
p
e
rp
e
trato
r/
[4
1
]
R.
M
it
c
h
e
ll
a
n
d
I.
R.
Ch
e
n
,
“
A
su
rv
e
y
o
f
in
tru
sio
n
d
e
tec
ti
o
n
tec
h
n
i
q
u
e
s
f
o
r
c
y
b
e
r
-
p
h
y
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