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ch
er
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
0
]
,
wh
er
e
24
-
h
o
u
r
g
l
o
b
al
s
o
lar
ter
m
s
f
r
o
m
I
FS
an
d
th
e
Am
er
ican
g
lo
b
al
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
s
y
s
tem
(
GFS)
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
m
a
d
e
at
s
ev
er
al
r
esear
ch
s
tatio
n
s
.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
s
p
r
o
v
id
ed
f
in
d
i
n
g
s
th
a
t
th
e
co
m
b
in
ed
I
FS
an
d
E
C
MWF
m
o
d
els
h
a
d
th
e
b
est
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
w
h
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
th
e
GFS
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
all
-
s
k
y
co
n
d
itio
n
s
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
e
f
r
ac
tiv
e
er
r
o
r
an
d
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
t.
I
n
th
e
r
esear
ch
f
r
o
m
[
1
1
]
,
an
d
[
1
2
]
,
h
o
u
r
l
y
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
ir
r
ad
ian
ce
(
GHI
)
esti
m
ates
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
FS
a
n
d
E
C
MWF
g
lo
b
al
m
o
d
els
as
well
as
th
e
wea
th
er
r
esear
ch
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
(
W
R
F)
m
o
d
el
u
s
ed
b
y
GFS
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
in
th
e
US
an
d
E
u
r
o
p
ea
n
co
u
n
tr
ies
s
h
o
win
g
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
els
f
r
o
m
E
C
MWF
h
av
e
s
ig
n
if
ican
tly
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
in
all
d
if
f
er
en
t
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
clim
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
.
Stu
d
ies
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
4
]
an
al
y
z
e
th
e
im
m
e
d
iate
n
o
r
m
al
r
a
d
iatio
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
f
o
r
o
n
e
y
ea
r
is
co
m
p
ar
e
it
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
m
ad
e
in
th
e
ter
r
ito
r
y
o
f
Po
r
tu
g
al,
f
o
r
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
f
o
r
ec
as
ts
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t
0
t
o
3
d
ay
s
,
th
e
r
esu
lt
o
b
tain
ed
is
th
at
th
e
m
o
d
el
r
ep
r
o
d
u
ce
s
h
o
u
r
ly
an
d
d
aily
ex
p
er
im
en
tal
v
al
u
es
with
R
M
SE
as
b
ig
as
2
1
0
.
6
an
d
6
8
.
5
W
/m
2
,
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
,
f
o
r
th
e
f
ir
s
t
d
ay
ah
ea
d
an
d
th
e
m
o
d
el
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
te
n
d
s
to
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
with
h
ig
h
er
f
o
r
ec
ast
h
o
r
izo
n
s
.
Acc
u
r
ac
y
o
f
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
v
ar
iab
les
o
n
r
esear
ch
u
s
in
g
th
e
NW
P
m
o
d
el
h
as
b
ee
n
o
b
tain
ed
f
o
r
th
e
n
ee
d
s
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
5
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
Dir
ec
t
n
o
r
m
al
ir
r
a
d
iatio
n
(
DNI
)
v
e
r
y
it
is
d
if
f
icu
lt
to
esti
m
ate
b
ec
au
s
e
it
is
h
ig
h
ly
d
ep
en
d
en
t
o
n
th
e
p
r
esen
ce
o
f
c
lo
u
d
s
an
d
th
e
ty
p
e
an
d
co
n
ce
n
tr
atio
n
o
f
ae
r
o
s
o
ls
in
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
e
[
1
7
]
.
Fo
r
t
h
e
NW
P
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
d
u
ce
d
b
y
I
FS
an
d
E
C
MWF
,
th
e
m
o
n
th
ly
clim
ato
lo
g
ical
av
er
ag
es
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
e
d
with
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
r
ed
u
ce
c
o
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
tim
e.
R
esear
ch
er
s
wh
o
u
s
e
NW
P
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
v
id
e
ex
ce
lle
n
t
r
esu
lts
u
n
d
er
ce
r
tain
wea
th
er
an
d
clim
ate
co
n
d
itio
n
s
,
as
s
tated
b
y
[
1
8
]
an
d
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
C
o
p
e
r
n
icu
s
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
m
o
n
ito
r
in
g
s
er
v
ice
(
C
AM
S)
an
d
Go
d
d
ar
d
E
ar
t
h
Ob
s
er
v
in
g
Sy
s
tem
Ver
s
io
n
5
(
GE
OS
-
5
)
g
lo
b
al
m
o
d
els
h
av
e
b
ee
n
o
f
p
ar
ticu
l
ar
in
ter
est,
as
n
o
ted
b
y
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
1
]
,
an
d
ac
h
ie
v
ed
a
r
elativ
e
m
ea
n
s
q
u
ar
e
er
r
o
r
(
R
MSE
)
r
ed
u
ctio
n
o
f
4
.
3
%
f
o
r
h
o
u
r
ly
I
FS
an
d
E
C
MWF
GHI
esti
m
ates
b
ased
o
n
ae
r
o
s
o
l
esti
m
ates
an
d
ex
p
e
r
im
en
tal
d
ata,
as
s
u
g
g
ested
b
y
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
]
,
wh
ile
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
o
b
tain
ed
b
etwe
en
NW
P
an
d
W
R
F
m
o
d
els
co
m
b
in
ed
with
c
h
em
is
tr
y
f
o
r
m
o
d
elin
g
ae
r
o
s
o
l
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ata
wer
e
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
s
h
o
win
g
s
h
o
r
t
wav
e
r
ad
iatio
n
p
o
wer
2
to
5
tim
es
h
ig
h
er
d
u
r
in
g
d
u
s
t
s
to
r
m
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
v
alu
es
o
n
d
u
s
tles
s
d
ay
s
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
b
y
[
2
4
]
.
Kn
o
wled
g
e
o
f
all
co
m
p
le
x
p
h
en
o
m
e
n
a
in
th
e
E
ar
th
'
s
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
in
clu
d
in
g
in
ter
ac
tio
n
s
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e,
as
well
as
b
etwe
en
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
an
d
th
e
E
ar
th
'
s
s
u
r
f
ac
e
is
a
co
n
s
tr
ain
t
,
an
d
r
ep
r
esen
tatio
n
in
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
p
lex
a
n
d
d
etailed
NW
P
m
o
d
els
is
lim
ited
b
y
d
ata
av
ailab
ilit
y
an
d
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
lim
itatio
n
s
[
2
5
]
.
Sev
er
al
tech
n
iq
u
es
h
a
v
e
b
e
en
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
an
d
e
v
alu
ated
t
o
f
u
r
th
er
im
p
r
o
v
e
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
esti
m
ates
m
ad
e
b
y
NW
P
m
o
d
els
co
n
s
i
s
tin
g
o
f
class
ical
s
tatis
tical
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
6
]
an
d
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
(
ML
)
m
eth
o
d
s
[
2
7
]
,
[
2
8
]
.
Su
p
p
o
r
t
v
ec
to
r
m
ac
h
in
e
m
o
d
els
(
SVM)
,
r
an
d
o
m
f
o
r
e
s
ts
(
R
F),
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
(
ANN)
,
an
d
f
o
cu
s
o
n
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
h
av
e
b
ee
n
r
esear
ch
ed
b
y
[
2
9
]
,
[
3
0
]
.
Du
e
to
th
e
p
r
o
b
lem
s
ab
o
v
e,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
an
d
m
o
d
el
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
.
T
h
e
p
ap
e
r
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
a
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
r
ec
ast
in
No
r
th
Su
m
atr
a
with
an
iter
ativ
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
m
o
d
el
b
etw
ee
n
two
p
ar
am
eter
s
n
am
ely
wea
th
er
a
n
d
clim
ate
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
th
e
Me
d
a
n
C
ity
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
y
,
clim
ato
lo
g
y
,
an
d
g
e
o
p
h
y
s
ics
ag
en
cy
.
T
wo
m
o
d
els
a
r
e
d
esig
n
ed
with
wea
th
er
an
d
clim
at
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
at
a
ce
r
tain
tim
e
as
in
p
u
t,
an
d
o
n
e
m
o
d
el
s
u
g
g
ests
im
p
r
o
v
in
g
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
r
ec
asts
b
ase
d
o
n
o
p
er
atio
n
al
d
ata.
I
m
p
l
em
en
tatio
n
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
with
an
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
tim
e
o
f
1
0
m
in
u
tes
an
d
o
b
tain
ed
r
esu
lts
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
with
th
e
R
2
,
MA
E
,
an
d
R
MSE
m
o
d
el
s
tatis
tics
,
th
en
th
is
m
o
d
el
was
ev
alu
at
ed
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
p
e
r
io
d
s
an
d
l
o
ca
tio
n
s
in
No
r
t
h
Su
m
atr
a
wh
ich
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
eq
u
ality
with
ex
p
er
im
e
n
tal
d
ata
[
3
1
]
.
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
a
n
d
m
o
d
elin
g
o
n
GHI
f
o
r
e
ca
s
tin
g
with
f
o
u
r
ML
m
o
d
els
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
8
1
%.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
ca
n
f
in
d
s
y
s
tem
atic
er
r
o
r
s
in
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
th
e
NW
P
m
o
d
el
an
d
r
elev
a
n
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
t
h
e
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
h
is
to
r
ical
d
ata
a
n
d
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
b
y
co
m
p
ar
in
g
th
e
b
asis
o
f
th
e
two
d
ata
an
d
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
th
e
b
est
ass
es
s
m
en
t
with
a
s
h
o
r
t
tim
e
an
d
a
m
o
r
e
d
etailed
m
o
d
el
[
3
2
]
,
[
3
3
]
.
I
n
s
ev
er
al
s
tu
d
ies
ab
o
u
t
f
o
r
ec
ast
h
o
u
r
ly
GHI
,
DNI
,
an
d
DHI
with
s
ev
er
al
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
m
o
d
els
an
d
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
as
in
p
u
t,
as
well
a
s
ae
r
o
s
o
l
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
ag
ai
n
s
t
win
d
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
wer
e
ev
alu
ated
to
o
b
tain
th
e
b
est
ANN
m
o
d
el
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
[
3
4
]
,
wh
ile
a
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
o
d
els
with
f
ee
d
-
f
o
r
war
d
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
an
d
r
ec
u
r
r
e
n
t
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
esti
m
ate
g
lo
b
al
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
wh
ich
s
h
o
ws
th
at,
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
ca
n
im
p
r
o
v
e
p
r
ed
ict
io
n
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e,
b
u
t
in
c
u
r
ad
d
itio
n
al
co
m
p
u
tatio
n
al
co
s
ts
[
3
5
]
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
ar
e
g
ettin
g
clo
s
er
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
e
d
ay
ah
ea
d
v
ia
SVM
wi
th
NW
P
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
e
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
y
,
clim
ato
lo
g
y
,
an
d
g
eo
p
h
y
s
ics
ag
en
c
y
s
ca
le
m
o
d
e
l
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
an
R
MSE
o
f
1
5
.
9
8
%,
wh
ile
u
s
in
g
a
r
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
to
ap
p
r
o
x
im
ate
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
with
NW
P
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
W
R
F
m
o
d
el
,
a
r
e
d
u
ctio
n
in
m
o
d
el
b
ias
is
o
b
tain
ed
,
MSE
an
d
R
MSE
[
3
6
]
.
Me
an
wh
ile,
ML
m
o
d
els h
av
e
b
ee
n
d
e
v
elo
p
e
d
to
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
s
o
lar
ir
r
ad
iatio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
with
a
f
o
cu
s
o
n
GHI
wh
ich
is
u
s
ed
t
o
o
b
tain
an
ap
p
r
o
ac
h
to
th
e
p
o
wer
o
u
tp
u
t
o
f
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
with
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
f
o
r
ec
ast tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
s
th
at
ar
e
n
o
t sy
n
c
h
r
o
n
o
u
s
with
r
ea
l
-
tim
e
f
o
r
ec
asts
.
co
n
d
itio
n
[
3
7
]
,
[
3
8
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
:
4
8
3
8
-
4
8
4
5
4840
Me
th
o
d
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
an
d
m
o
d
elin
g
f
o
r
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
al
DNI
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
i)
s
p
ec
if
ic
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
tim
es
u
s
ed
f
o
r
I
FS
/ECM
W
F
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
f
o
r
ec
asts
;
ii)
ANN
m
o
d
els
ar
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
ce
r
tain
wea
th
er
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
f
o
r
ec
asts
;
iii)
th
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
is
u
s
ed
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
th
e
DNI
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
p
r
ed
ictio
n
tim
e
s
tep
at
ce
r
tain
s
ea
s
o
n
s
an
d
tim
es.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
in
g
d
e
v
elo
p
m
e
n
ts
an
d
e
v
alu
atin
g
r
esear
c
h
p
r
o
p
o
s
als
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
is
m
et
h
o
d
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
an
d
g
en
e
r
alize
d
an
d
c
o
n
tr
ib
u
te
to
d
is
c
o
v
er
ies
th
at
ca
n
b
e
ap
p
lied
to
ce
r
tai
n
lo
ca
tio
n
s
an
d
tim
es.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
2
.
1
.
P
re
dict
iv
e
da
t
a
a
nd
wea
t
her
f
o
re
ca
s
t
s
Dev
elo
p
in
g
m
o
d
els
to
esti
m
ate
I
FS
/ECM
W
F
an
d
C
AM
S
m
o
d
el
d
ata
as
well
as
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
a
n
et
wo
r
k
o
f
s
tatio
n
s
in
Me
d
a
n
,
No
r
th
Su
m
atr
a
,
I
n
d
o
n
esia.
So
m
e
m
o
d
els
ar
e
o
p
er
atio
n
al
a
n
d
m
o
d
els
ar
e
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
o
th
at
d
aily
d
ata
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
o
p
er
atio
n
ally
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
p
er
io
d
a
n
d
a
r
ea
u
s
ed
ar
e
J
an
u
ar
y
2
0
1
7
to
Dec
em
b
er
2
0
2
2
with
p
o
s
itio
n
s
1
.
0
°
N
an
d
4
.
0
°
N
an
d
9
8
°
E
an
d
1
0
0
°
E
r
esp
ec
tiv
ely
.
W
ea
th
er
d
ata
f
o
r
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
i
s
o
b
tain
ed
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
I
FS
/ECMW
F
m
o
d
el,
wh
ile
t
h
e
NW
P
m
o
d
el
is
a
wav
e
r
an
g
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ch
em
e
in
1
D
r
ad
iatio
n
,
b
y
esti
m
atin
g
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
h
u
m
id
ity
,
e
f
f
e
ctiv
e
clo
u
d
r
ad
iu
s
,
an
d
clim
ato
lo
g
y
o
f
m
o
n
th
l
y
av
er
a
g
es
o
f
ae
r
o
s
o
ls
,
C
O
2
,
o
zo
n
e,
r
esid
u
al
g
as,
al
b
ed
o
,
lan
d
s
u
r
f
ac
e
tem
p
er
atu
r
e,
an
d
em
is
s
io
n
s
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
s
p
ec
tr
al
b
a
n
d
s
an
d
s
o
lar
ze
n
ith
an
g
le
with
r
a
d
iatio
n
tr
an
s
f
er
in
d
if
f
er
en
t
wav
elen
g
t
h
r
a
n
g
es
in
1
4
-
1
6
s
p
ec
tr
al
b
an
d
s
[
3
9
]
.
T
h
e
McR
a
d
m
o
d
el
h
as
s
h
o
r
tco
m
in
g
s
s
o
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
d
ev
elo
p
a
n
ew
E
C
MW
F
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ch
em
e,
n
am
ely
ec
R
a
d
,
an
d
its
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
,
First,
f
lex
ib
ilit
y
:
th
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
s
cien
ce
r
eq
u
i
r
es
th
e
ab
ilit
y
to
ex
c
h
an
g
e
ea
ch
co
m
p
o
n
en
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ch
em
e
with
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
th
at
ar
e
f
aster
,
m
o
r
e
e
f
f
icien
t
an
d
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate,
b
u
t
th
e
McR
a
d
's
n
o
n
-
m
o
d
u
lar
d
esig
n
m
ak
es
th
is
v
er
y
d
if
f
icu
lt.
Seco
n
d
,
ef
f
ici
en
cy
:
th
e
(
2
5
2
)
s
p
ec
tr
al
in
te
r
v
als
r
eq
u
ir
ed
f
o
r
R
R
T
M
-
G
m
ak
e
McR
a
d
3
.
5
tim
es
s
lo
wer
th
an
p
r
ev
io
u
s
f
in
d
in
g
s
.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
b
tain
ed
with
th
e
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ch
em
e
ar
e
r
u
n
o
n
a
m
u
c
h
co
ar
s
er
g
r
id
co
m
p
ar
e
d
to
th
e
o
th
er
m
o
d
els,
an
d
in
all
o
p
er
atio
n
al
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
ex
ce
p
t
h
ig
h
-
r
eso
lu
tio
n
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
(
HR
E
S),
it
o
n
ly
r
ec
o
r
d
s
th
e
r
ad
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n
s
ch
em
e
ev
er
y
3
h
o
u
r
s
,
wh
e
r
ea
s
in
HR
E
S
wi
th
h
o
u
r
l
y
s
ch
em
e
ca
lls
.
Sch
em
atic
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
m
ain
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ec
R
a
d
(
d
if
f
er
en
t c
o
lo
r
s
)
a
n
d
th
e
d
ata
f
lo
w
b
etwe
en
t
h
em
(
ar
r
o
ws)
as sh
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Sch
em
atic
illu
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
th
e
f
iv
e
c
o
m
p
o
n
en
ts
o
f
ec
R
ad
Data
ar
e
tak
en
f
o
r
m
a
x
im
u
m
g
r
id
p
o
in
t
d
en
s
ity
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
f
o
r
ec
ast
h
o
r
izo
n
s
u
p
to
7
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
h
ese
d
ata
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
o
b
tain
h
o
u
r
ly
av
er
a
g
e
v
alu
es
o
f
d
ir
ec
t
an
d
n
o
r
m
alize
d
g
lo
b
al
h
o
r
izo
n
tal
r
ad
iatio
n
in
W
/m
2
.
T
h
e
aim
is
to
co
n
v
e
r
t
air
tem
p
er
atu
r
e
(
T
)
t
o
°
C
an
d
ca
lcu
late
win
d
s
p
ee
d
(
W
S)
in
m
/s
an
d
win
d
d
ir
ec
tio
n
(
W
D)
in
d
e
g
r
ee
s
No
r
th
at
th
e
win
d
s
p
ee
d
at
th
e
tim
e
th
e
r
esear
ch
was c
o
n
d
u
cted
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f so
la
r
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
mo
d
els b
a
s
ed
o
n
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
d
a
ta
(
S
u
w
a
r
n
o
)
4841
2
.
2
.
Aer
o
s
o
l f
o
re
ca
s
t
s
a
nd
s
ca
le
m
o
dels
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
C
AM
S
p
r
o
v
id
es
an
esti
m
ate
o
f
th
e
g
lo
b
al
atm
o
s
p
h
er
ic
co
m
p
o
s
itio
n
b
ased
o
n
th
e
I
FS
m
o
d
el
with
ad
d
itio
n
al
m
o
d
u
les
en
a
b
led
.
T
o
s
u
p
p
o
r
t
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
al,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
ad
d
ae
r
o
s
o
ls
,
r
ea
ctiv
e
g
ases
,
an
d
g
r
ee
n
h
o
u
s
e
g
ases
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
p
h
en
o
m
en
a
s
u
ch
as
em
is
s
io
n
s
an
d
tr
ac
e
g
ases
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
ls
,
ab
s
o
r
p
tio
n
,
a
n
d
r
elea
s
e
b
y
v
eg
etatio
n
,
s
o
il,
an
d
o
ce
an
-
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e
with
d
r
y
d
ep
o
s
itio
n
o
n
th
e
p
r
ec
ip
itatio
n
s
u
r
f
ac
e,
c
h
em
ica
l
co
n
v
e
r
s
io
n
,
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
m
icr
o
p
h
y
s
ics.
T
h
e
co
m
b
in
atio
n
o
f
th
ese
co
m
p
o
n
en
ts
p
r
o
d
u
ce
s
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
v
a
r
iab
l
es,
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
o
p
tics
at
d
if
f
e
r
en
t
wav
elen
g
th
s
in
3
D
with
a
h
o
r
iz
o
n
tal
s
p
atial
r
eso
lu
tio
n
o
f
4
0
k
m
an
d
a
tim
e
s
tep
o
f
1
h
o
u
r
[
4
0
]
.
Sp
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
d
eg
r
a
d
atio
n
m
o
d
els
ar
e
g
e
n
er
ally
u
s
ed
f
o
r
s
im
u
latio
n
,
wh
ile
b
ilin
ea
r
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
f
o
r
d
if
f
er
en
t
g
r
id
p
o
in
ts
.
T
h
e
d
ev
el
o
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
els
to
v
alid
ate
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
at
r
esear
ch
lo
ca
tio
n
s
is
v
er
y
n
e
ce
s
s
ar
y
.
Fo
r
m
o
d
els
o
n
a
te
m
p
o
r
al
s
ca
le,
it
is
ca
lcu
lated
u
s
in
g
h
o
u
r
ly
m
ea
n
r
ad
iatio
n
s
ca
lin
g
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
.
T
h
is
m
eth
o
d
aim
s
to
o
b
tain
d
ata
d
u
r
in
g
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
er
io
d
th
at
ca
n
r
ep
r
esen
t
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
d
ata
as
in
p
u
t
f
o
r
a
m
o
r
e
c
o
m
p
lex
m
ac
h
i
n
e
-
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el
to
im
p
r
o
v
e
D
NI
esti
m
ates.
T
h
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
al
is
a
co
m
p
r
o
m
is
e
b
et
wee
n
d
ev
el
o
p
in
g
a
m
o
r
e
co
m
p
lex
p
h
y
s
ical
d
o
wn
s
ca
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
to
m
ai
n
tain
h
o
u
r
ly
en
e
r
g
y
p
r
e
d
ictio
n
s
th
a
t
f
ee
d
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
h
o
u
r
ly
r
a
d
iatio
n
v
al
u
es
in
to
th
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
lear
n
i
n
g
m
o
d
el
d
ir
ec
tly
an
d
d
ev
elo
p
in
g
th
e
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
ea
ch
tim
e
s
tep
o
f
in
ter
est.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
h
as
d
e
v
iatio
n
s
ca
u
s
ed
b
y
th
e
d
o
wn
s
ca
lin
g
m
eth
o
d
o
n
th
e
in
p
u
t e
n
er
g
y
p
r
ed
icted
v
alu
es a
n
d
ass
im
ilated
b
y
th
e
m
ac
h
i
n
e
l
ea
r
n
in
g
m
o
d
el.
2
.
3
.
So
la
r
ra
dia
t
io
n pre
dict
io
n r
esu
lt
s
a
nd
da
t
a
qu
a
lity
T
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
el
th
at
h
as
b
ee
n
p
r
esen
ted
ab
o
v
e
p
r
o
v
i
d
es
an
ass
ess
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
co
m
p
lex
DNI
esti
m
atio
n
.
B
ased
o
n
DNI
an
d
GHI
o
b
s
er
v
ati
o
n
d
ata
ev
er
y
1
m
in
u
te
at
th
e
r
esear
ch
p
o
in
t
in
No
r
th
Su
m
atr
a,
is
s
h
o
wn
in
F
ig
u
r
e
2
.
E
x
p
er
im
en
tal
d
ata
f
r
o
m
th
is
lo
ca
tio
n
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
wid
ely
v
alid
ated
a
n
d
u
s
ed
b
y
s
ev
er
al
o
t
h
er
s
tu
d
ies.
T
o
v
alid
ate
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
DNI
,
DHI
,
an
d
GHI
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
o
r
1
m
in
u
te
f
o
r
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
f
r
o
m
th
e
s
tatio
n
.
T
h
e
ass
ess
m
en
t is b
ased
o
n
th
e
m
ea
n
,
m
ax
im
u
m
,
m
in
im
u
m
,
an
d
s
tan
d
ar
d
d
ev
iatio
n
v
alu
es
f
o
r
1
m
in
u
te.
T
h
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
t
h
e
ca
lcu
latio
n
o
f
th
e
av
er
a
g
e
r
ad
iatio
n
v
alu
e
f
o
r
v
ar
io
u
s
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
s
u
s
ed
in
th
e
s
tu
d
y
a
r
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
So
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
o
n
G
HI
,
DNI
,
DHI
3.
RE
SU
L
T
S AN
D
D
I
SCU
SS
I
O
N
B
ased
o
n
th
e
r
esu
lts
o
f
th
e
d
is
cu
s
s
io
n
ab
o
v
e,
th
e
f
o
llo
win
g
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
ca
n
b
e
co
n
clu
d
ed
.
I
n
s
u
b
-
ch
ap
ter
s
3
.
1
,
3
.
2
,
an
d
3
.
3
,
with
s
ev
er
al
c
o
n
s
id
er
atio
n
s
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
th
e
b
est
r
esear
ch
.
T
h
e
b
est
r
esu
lts
co
n
s
is
t
o
f
GHI
,
DNI
,
an
d
DHI
an
d
ar
e
v
alid
ated
with
R
2
,
MA
E
,
an
d
R
MSE
wh
ich
ar
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
s
as
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
3
.
1
.
Dire
ct
no
rm
a
l r
a
dia
t
i
o
n f
o
re
ca
s
t
a
na
ly
s
is
An
aly
s
is
o
f
o
r
ig
in
al
s
o
lar
r
ad
i
atio
n
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
FS
/ECM
W
F
m
o
d
el
ag
ain
s
t
DN
I
f
o
r
ec
asts
an
d
o
th
er
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
v
ar
iab
l
es
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
o
f
ea
ch
f
ir
s
t
d
ay
at
th
e
s
p
ec
if
ied
f
o
r
ec
ast
tim
e
with
a
v
alu
e
ev
er
y
1
0
m
in
u
te
s
wh
ich
h
as
b
ee
n
d
eter
m
in
ed
.
T
h
e
DNI
f
o
r
ec
ast
1
0
m
in
u
tes
af
ter
d
o
wn
s
ca
lin
g
th
e
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
s
ca
le
o
f
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
at
th
e
s
tatio
n
lo
ca
tio
n
u
n
d
er
s
tu
d
y
is
s
h
o
w
n
in
Fig
u
r
e
3.
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
r
esu
lts
s
h
o
w
th
at
th
e
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
er
r
o
r
co
r
r
ec
tio
n
with
R
2
,
MA
E
,
a
n
d
R
MSE
s
h
o
ws
b
etter
r
esu
lts
,
n
am
ely
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
in
itial
d
a
y
(
z
er
o
)
to
th
e
n
ex
t
2
d
a
y
s
with
R
2
o
f
0
.
6
7
5
3
;
0
.
6
4
1
4
;
0
.
6
0
2
0
d
ec
r
ea
s
es
f
u
r
th
er
o
n
d
ay
s
0
to
3
d
a
y
s
b
ef
o
r
e
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast,
wh
ile
f
o
r
s
o
lar
r
ad
iatio
n
with
th
e
MA
E
m
o
d
el
it
is
1
5
1
.
2
;
1
5
7
.
1
;
1
6
4
.
5
W
/m
2
an
d
m
o
d
el
R
MSE
2
1
0
.
2
;
2
1
9
.
1
;
2
3
3
.
3
W
/m
2
in
cr
ea
s
es
f
r
o
m
d
ay
0
to
th
e
n
e
x
t
3
d
ay
s
lik
e
s
h
o
wn
in
Fig
u
r
e
3
w
h
ich
is
also
v
er
if
i
ed
b
y
o
th
er
r
esear
ch
er
s
in
th
e
l
iter
atu
r
e
[
4
1
]
,
[
4
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
0
8
8
-
8
7
0
8
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
,
Vo
l.
1
4
,
No
.
5
,
Octo
b
e
r
2
0
2
4
:
4
8
3
8
-
4
8
4
5
4842
Fig
u
r
e
3
.
Mo
d
el
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
with
R
2
,
MA
E
,
an
d
R
MSE
3
.
2
.
Co
rr
ela
t
io
n bet
wee
n f
o
re
ca
s
t
v
a
ria
bles
a
nd
DNI o
bs
er
v
a
t
io
ns
I
d
en
tify
th
e
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
f
s
ev
er
al
m
eteo
r
o
lo
g
ical
v
ar
iab
les
to
a
ce
r
tain
ex
ten
t
b
y
ca
lcu
latin
g
th
eir
lin
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
e
f
f
icien
t,
to
co
m
p
ar
e
th
e
esti
m
ated
v
alu
e
o
f
ea
ch
v
ar
iab
le
af
ter
s
p
at
ial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
d
o
wn
s
ca
lin
g
(
1
0
m
in
u
tes)
with
th
e
o
b
s
er
v
e
d
DNI
f
o
r
th
r
ee
f
o
r
ec
ast
d
a
y
s
.
Pear
s
o
n
lin
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
co
ef
f
icien
ts
f
o
r
ea
ch
f
o
r
ec
ast
v
ar
iab
le
ar
e
s
im
ilar
,
b
u
t
th
er
e
ten
d
s
to
b
e
a
d
ec
r
ea
s
e
in
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
v
er
th
e
th
r
ee
-
d
ay
f
o
r
e
ca
s
t
p
er
io
d
.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
est
ab
s
o
lu
te
v
alu
e
o
f
li
n
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
o
cc
u
r
r
e
d
in
th
e
DNI
f
o
r
ec
ast,
f
o
llo
wed
b
y
GHI
with
s
ev
er
a
l
v
ar
iab
les
s
u
ch
as
clo
u
d
s
an
d
s
o
lar
ze
n
ith
an
g
le
[
4
3
]
.
Ho
wev
er
,
th
e
ae
r
o
s
o
l
v
ar
iab
le
s
h
o
ws
a
lo
wer
lin
ea
r
co
r
r
elatio
n
v
alu
e,
th
is
d
o
es
n
o
t
m
ea
n
th
at
th
e
v
ar
iab
le
is
m
o
r
e
in
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
b
ec
au
s
e
it c
o
u
ld
h
av
e
a
n
o
n
lin
ea
r
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
as seen
in
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
Fig
u
r
e
4
.
So
lar
e
n
er
g
y
p
o
ten
tial in
GHI
,
DNI
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
f
o
r
p
r
ed
ictio
n
o
f
DNI
d
ata
o
v
er
tim
e
b
ef
o
r
e
in
s
tan
t
f
o
r
ec
asti
n
g
an
d
in
t
h
e
ev
alu
atio
n
,
as
wel
l
as
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
th
r
ee
m
o
d
els,
R
2
,
MA
E
,
an
d
R
MSE
,
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
m
etr
ics
alo
n
g
with
FS
r
ep
r
esen
tin
g
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
with
MA
E
to
ANN
with
s
ev
er
al
p
a
r
am
eter
s
an
d
s
p
ec
if
icatio
n
s
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
E
C
MWF
p
r
ed
ictio
n
s
,
an
d
GPI
ag
ain
s
t
th
r
e
e
s
tatis
tical
in
d
icato
r
s
as
co
m
p
ar
is
o
n
o
f
m
o
d
e
l
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
.
T
h
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
p
r
o
v
id
es
a
m
ea
s
u
r
e
o
f
h
o
w
well
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
is
o
b
s
er
v
ed
b
y
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
n
t J E
lec
&
C
o
m
p
E
n
g
I
SS
N:
2088
-
8
7
0
8
Dev
elo
p
men
t a
n
d
a
s
s
ess
men
t o
f so
la
r
r
a
d
ia
tio
n
fo
r
ec
a
s
tin
g
mo
d
els b
a
s
ed
o
n
o
p
era
tio
n
a
l
d
a
ta
(
S
u
w
a
r
n
o
)
4843
th
e
m
o
d
el
b
ased
o
n
th
e
p
r
o
p
o
r
tio
n
o
f
to
tal
v
ar
iatio
n
in
th
e
o
u
tco
m
e
ex
p
lain
ed
b
y
th
e
m
o
d
el.
Acc
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
liter
atu
r
e,
MA
E
an
d
R
MSE
m
etr
ics
an
d
in
d
icato
r
s
ar
e
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
ly
u
s
ed
t
o
ass
ess
th
e
p
e
r
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
m
ac
h
in
e
lear
n
in
g
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
al
g
o
r
ith
m
s
[
4
4
]
.
E
ac
h
e
r
r
o
r
c
o
n
t
r
ib
u
tes to
th
e
MA
E
in
p
r
o
p
o
r
ti
o
n
to
th
e
ab
s
o
lu
te
er
r
o
r
,
wh
ile
R
MSE
in
v
o
lv
es
s
q
u
ar
in
g
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
o
th
at
s
ev
er
al
lar
g
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
s
will
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
th
e
R
MSE
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
th
e
MA
E
.
T
o
ca
lc
u
late
GPI
,
N
m
etr
ics
n
ee
d
to
b
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
to
a
v
alu
e
th
at
r
an
g
es
f
r
o
m
0
to
1
an
d
u
s
ed
t
h
e
GPI
v
alu
e
o
f
th
e
i
th
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
is
d
ete
r
m
in
ed
u
s
in
g
th
e
n
o
r
m
alize
d
m
ed
ian
v
alu
e
o
f
all
in
d
icato
r
s
ex
ce
p
t
th
e
co
ef
f
icien
t
o
f
d
eter
m
in
atio
n
,
wh
ich
is
-
1
.
I
n
t
h
is
s
tu
d
y
,
R
2
,
MA
E
,
a
n
d
R
MSE
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
GPI
with
h
ig
h
er
GPI
v
alu
es in
d
icatin
g
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
o
f
th
e
r
esp
ec
tiv
e
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
3
.
3
.
ANN
m
o
del dev
elo
pm
ent
mo
del f
o
r
wea
t
her
a
nd
a
er
o
s
o
l
a
pp
ro
a
ches
Dev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
th
e
ANN
m
o
d
el
with
wea
th
er
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
v
ar
iab
les
f
r
o
m
th
e
I
FS
/ECM
W
F
g
lo
b
al
NW
P
m
o
d
el
an
d
C
AM
S
f
o
r
d
ay
1
f
o
r
ec
ast,
af
ter
r
e
d
u
cin
g
t
h
e
tem
p
o
r
al
an
d
s
p
atial
s
ca
les
.
DNI
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
f
o
r
1
0
m
in
u
tes
ar
e
u
s
ed
as
ta
r
g
et
s
.
I
n
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
th
e
m
etr
ic
u
s
ed
to
ca
lcu
late
GPI
is
R
2
u
s
in
g
a
tr
ain
in
g
f
u
n
ctio
n
with
all
in
p
u
t
v
ar
ia
b
les
esti
m
ated
at
MA
E
an
d
R
MSE
[
4
5
]
.
T
h
is
m
etr
ic
a
n
d
t
h
e
h
ig
h
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
n
eu
r
o
n
s
in
d
icate
a
m
o
r
e
ac
cu
r
ate
esti
m
ate
o
f
DNI
wh
en
u
s
e
d
in
f
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
e
m
en
ts
co
n
s
i
d
er
in
g
o
b
s
er
v
atio
n
s
as
a
r
ef
er
en
ce
.
Fo
r
co
n
f
ig
u
r
ati
o
n
s
with
r
ef
er
en
ce
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
ce
,
h
ig
h
er
GPI
v
al
u
es
in
d
icate
b
etter
p
er
f
o
r
m
an
c
e
an
d
th
er
e
is
an
im
p
r
o
v
em
en
t
o
v
er
th
e
o
r
ig
in
al
E
C
MWF
esti
m
ates
s
h
o
wn
b
y
ea
ch
m
o
d
el
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
.
Mo
d
elin
g
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
ANN
co
n
s
is
ts
o
f
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
o
n
s
th
at
f
o
r
m
a
n
etwo
r
k
.
T
h
is
is
r
elev
an
t,
ea
ch
i
n
p
u
t
g
iv
en
to
th
ese
n
eu
r
o
n
s
is
n
o
t
th
e
s
am
e,
an
d
a
d
if
f
er
en
t
weig
h
t
is
g
iv
en
to
ea
ch
in
p
u
t,
s
o
a
lin
ea
r
n
etwo
r
k
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
u
s
ed
to
co
m
b
in
e
b
i
as
an
d
weig
h
ted
in
p
u
t,
af
ter
th
at,
a
tr
an
s
f
er
f
u
n
ctio
n
is
ap
p
li
ed
to
g
et
th
e
o
u
tp
u
t
f
r
o
m
a
n
eu
r
o
n
wh
ich
th
en
p
ass
ed
o
n
to
th
e
n
ex
t
n
eu
r
o
n
[
4
6
]
.
4.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
T
h
is
r
esear
ch
co
n
tr
ib
u
tes
to
t
h
e
d
ev
elo
p
m
en
t
o
f
m
o
d
els
f
o
r
b
etter
esti
m
atio
n
o
f
DNI
b
ase
d
o
n
d
ata
f
r
o
m
NW
P
m
o
d
els
in
o
p
er
atio
n
al
en
v
ir
o
n
m
en
ts
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
ap
p
lied
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
d
ata
f
r
o
m
I
FS
/ECMW
F
an
d
C
AM
S
with
atm
o
s
p
h
e
r
ic
v
ar
iab
les
an
d
ae
r
o
s
o
l
d
a
ta
th
at
in
f
l
u
en
ce
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
th
r
o
u
g
h
th
e
atm
o
s
p
h
er
e.
T
o
ca
lcu
late
s
p
atial
an
d
tem
p
o
r
al
f
o
r
ec
asts
f
o
r
th
e
d
esire
d
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
ti
m
e
r
eso
lu
tio
n
u
s
in
g
b
ilin
ea
r
in
ter
p
o
latio
n
o
f
th
e
v
alu
es
o
f
f
o
u
r
s
u
r
r
o
u
n
d
i
n
g
g
r
id
p
o
in
ts
an
d
cu
b
ic
i
n
ter
p
o
latio
n
with
h
o
u
r
ly
av
er
ag
e
v
ar
iab
les.
T
wo
d
if
f
er
en
t
m
o
d
els
b
ased
o
n
ar
tific
ial
n
eu
r
al
n
etwo
r
k
s
wer
e
d
esig
n
ed
an
d
o
p
tim
ized
to
p
r
o
d
u
ce
b
etter
DNI
f
o
r
ec
asts
with
th
e
d
esire
d
tem
p
o
r
al
r
eso
lu
tio
n
an
d
f
o
r
a
f
o
r
ec
ast tim
e
h
o
r
izo
n
o
f
7
2
h
o
u
r
s
.
T
o
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
ac
cu
r
ac
y
o
f
th
e
r
esu
lts
,
it
is
n
ec
ess
ar
y
to
c
o
n
f
ig
u
r
e
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
b
e
in
g
test
ed
an
d
th
e
co
n
f
ig
u
r
atio
n
s
elec
ted
u
s
in
g
ANN.
T
h
e
m
o
d
el
is
r
u
n
d
ail
y
wh
en
E
C
MWF
an
d
C
AM
S
o
p
er
atio
n
al
f
o
r
ec
asts
ar
e
av
ailab
le
f
o
r
r
etr
ie
v
al
an
d
th
e
r
esu
lts
f
o
r
th
e
n
ex
t two
d
a
y
s
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
b
y
s
o
lar
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ce
r
s
an
d
g
r
id
o
p
er
ato
r
s
to
f
o
r
ec
ast
en
er
g
y
p
r
o
d
u
ctio
n
an
d
m
ak
e
b
etter
d
ec
is
io
n
s
.
T
h
is
m
o
d
el
is
als
o
ap
p
lied
to
o
th
e
r
lo
ca
tio
n
s
s
p
r
ea
d
ac
r
o
s
s
th
e
ar
e
a
ar
o
u
n
d
th
e
lo
ca
tio
n
s
tu
d
y
d
e
v
elo
p
ed
s
h
o
ws
im
p
r
o
v
ed
DNI
f
o
r
ec
asts
o
n
d
ay
1
o
f
th
e
f
o
r
ec
ast
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
R
2
,
MA
E
,
an
d
R
MSE
,
wh
en
co
m
p
ar
ed
with
E
C
MWF
esti
m
ates
an
d
f
ield
m
ea
s
u
r
em
en
ts
at
ea
ch
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
lo
ca
tio
n
(
r
ef
.
Fig
u
r
e
3
)
.
W
ith
b
etter
f
o
r
ec
asts
,
m
o
r
e
a
cc
u
r
ate
esti
m
ates
o
f
en
er
g
y
g
en
er
atio
n
in
s
o
lar
e
n
e
r
g
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ca
n
b
e
ac
h
iev
ed
a
n
d
th
is
is
v
er
y
im
p
o
r
tan
t
f
o
r
s
o
lar
p
o
wer
p
lan
ts
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
DG
E
M
E
NT
T
h
e
r
esear
ch
er
wo
u
ld
lik
e
to
th
an
k
all
Un
iv
er
s
ity
lead
er
s
wh
o
h
av
e
s
u
p
p
o
r
ted
an
d
f
u
n
d
ed
th
is
r
esear
ch
,
as
well
as
a
ll
p
ar
ties
wh
o
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
m
en
tio
n
ed
o
n
e
b
y
o
n
e.
Ho
p
e
f
u
lly
,
th
e
r
esu
l
ts
o
f
th
is
r
esear
ch
ca
n
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
e
n
ef
its
to
all
r
ea
d
er
s
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
[
1
]
Z.
Ş
e
n
,
“
S
o
l
a
r
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
p
r
o
g
r
e
ss
a
n
d
f
u
t
u
r
e
r
e
se
a
r
c
h
t
r
e
n
d
s,”
Pr
o
g
r
e
ss
i
n
En
e
r
g
y
a
n
d
C
o
m
b
u
st
i
o
n
S
c
i
e
n
c
e
,
v
o
l
.
3
0
,
n
o
.
4
,
p
p
.
3
6
7
–
4
1
6
,
2
0
0
4
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
p
e
c
s.2
0
0
4
.
0
2
.
0
0
4
.
[
2
]
N
a
sr
u
d
d
i
n
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
P
o
t
e
n
t
i
a
l
o
f
g
e
o
t
h
e
r
mal
e
n
e
r
g
y
f
o
r
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
i
t
y
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
i
n
I
n
d
o
n
e
s
i
a
:
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
R
e
n
e
w
a
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
l
e
En
e
r
g
y
Re
v
i
e
w
s
,
v
o
l
.
5
3
,
p
p
.
7
3
3
–
7
4
0
,
2
0
1
6
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
r
ser
.
2
0
1
5
.
0
9
.
0
3
2
.
[
3
]
C
.
I
.
C
a
h
y
a
d
i
,
S
u
k
a
r
w
o
t
o
,
S
u
w
a
r
n
o
,
D
.
P
i
n
a
y
u
n
g
a
n
.
,
“
A
n
a
l
y
s
i
s
a
n
d
e
v
a
l
u
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
l
e
c
t
r
i
c
a
l
e
n
e
r
g
y
c
o
n
s
u
m
p
t
i
o
n
mo
d
e
l
s
f
o
r
h
o
u
s
i
n
g
,
”
S
e
y
b
o
l
d
R
e
p
o
r
t
,
v
o
l
.
1
9
,
n
o
.
0
2
,
p
p
.
2
1
–
3
3
,
2
0
2
4
.
[
4
]
S
u
w
a
r
n
o
,
R
.
S
a
d
i
a
t
m
i
,
A
.
A
.
D
e
w
i
,
a
n
d
H
.
B
i
r
j
e
,
“
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
l
t
a
i
c
g
e
n
e
r
a
t
o
r
a
p
p
r
o
a
c
h
m
o
d
e
l
f
o
r
c
h
a
r
a
c
t
e
r
i
st
i
c
e
st
i
mat
i
o
n
I
-
V
,
”
J
u
r
n
a
l
I
l
m
i
a
h
T
e
k
n
i
k
E
l
e
k
t
r
o
K
o
m
p
u
t
e
r d
a
n
I
n
f
o
rm
a
t
i
k
a
(
J
I
T
EK
I
)
,
v
o
l
.
9
,
n
o
.
3
,
p
p
.
5
8
5
–
5
9
5
,
2
0
2
3
.
[
5
]
S
.
G
u
p
t
a
e
t
a
l
.
,
“
Es
t
i
mat
i
o
n
o
f
so
l
a
r
r
a
d
i
a
t
i
o
n
w
i
t
h
c
o
n
s
i
d
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
o
f
t
e
r
r
e
st
r
i
a
l
l
o
ss
e
s
a
t
a
se
l
e
c
t
e
d
l
o
c
a
t
i
o
n
—
A
r
e
v
i
e
w
,
”
S
u
s
t
a
i
n
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
(
S
w
i
t
zer
l
a
n
d
)
,
v
o
l
.
1
5
,
n
o
.
1
3
,
p
p
.
1
–
2
9
,
2
0
2
3
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/
s
u
1
5
1
3
9
9
6
2
.
[
6
]
S
.
P
e
r
e
i
r
a
,
E.
F
.
M
.
A
b
r
e
u
,
M
.
I
a
k
u
n
i
n
,
A
.
C
a
v
a
c
o
,
R
.
S
a
l
g
a
d
o
,
a
n
d
P
.
C
a
n
h
o
t
o
,
“
M
e
t
h
o
d
f
o
r
so
l
a
r
r
e
s
o
u
r
c
e
a
ssessm
e
n
t
u
s
i
n
g
n
u
m
e
r
i
c
a
l
w
e
a
t
h
e
r
p
r
e
d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
n
d
a
r
t
i
f
i
c
i
a
l
n
e
u
r
a
l
n
e
t
w
o
r
k
m
o
d
e
l
s
b
a
se
d
o
n
t
y
p
i
c
a
l
me
t
e
o
r
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
d
a
t
a
:
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
t
o
t
h
e
s
o
u
t
h
o
f
P
o
r
t
u
g
a
l
,
”
S
o
l
a
r
E
n
e
r
g
y
,
v
o
l
.
2
3
6
,
p
p
.
2
2
5
–
2
3
8
,
2
0
2
2
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j
.
s
o
l
e
n
e
r
.
2
0
2
2
.
0
3
.
0
0
3
.
[
7
]
L.
R
a
m
í
r
e
z
a
n
d
J.
M
.
V
i
n
d
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[
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[
3
3
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train
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ra
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m
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n
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lo
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rsity
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in
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c
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b
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tac
ted
v
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a
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:
ja
n
term
h
@g
m
a
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.
c
o
m
.
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