I
nte
rna
t
io
na
l J
o
urna
l o
f
Adv
a
nces in Applie
d Science
s
(
I
J
AAS)
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
,
p
p
.
18
4
~
19
5
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
184
J
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l ho
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:
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ttp
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m/o
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d
ex
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p
h
p
/I
J
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By
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del S
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pro
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in
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a
cilities:
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Ca
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Ali A
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**
*
D
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p
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m
e
n
t
o
f
Civ
il
a
n
d
S
tr
u
c
tu
ra
l
En
g
i
n
e
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rin
g
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F
a
c
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g
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e
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t
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ti
o
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l
Un
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e
rsity
o
f
M
a
lay
sia
,
M
a
la
y
sia
**
As
sista
n
t
Lec
tu
re
r
in
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i
n
istry
o
f
Hig
h
e
r
Ed
u
c
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ti
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n
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S
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ien
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if
ic Re
se
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rc
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Re
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stru
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d
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/
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o
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De
p
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t,
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ra
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Art
icle
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to
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y:
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Sep
1
2
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2
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1
4
R
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s
ed
No
v
1
0
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2
0
1
4
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cc
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ted
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v
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2
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y
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m
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ly
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ro
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is
stu
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c
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m
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w
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K
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w
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rig
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t
©
201
4
In
s
t
it
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te o
f
A
d
v
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d
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n
g
i
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e
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d
S
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Al
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rig
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ts
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se
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.
C
o
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r
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s
p
o
nd
ing
A
uth
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r
:
A
li
Ah
m
ed
Mo
h
a
m
m
ed
,
Ass
i
s
tan
t L
ec
t
u
r
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in
Mi
n
i
s
tr
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Hig
h
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a
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Scie
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R
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ar
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.
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m
ail:
alia
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8
1
2
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@
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.
co
m
1.
I
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RO
D
UCT
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O
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T
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m
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m
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m
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la
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n
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ea
s
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s
b
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d
th
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s
u
c
h
as: r
eliab
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,
co
n
v
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n
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a
n
d
th
e
i
n
s
tit
u
ted
m
o
d
e
o
f
p
a
y
m
en
t [
2
]
,
[
4
]
.
Usi
n
g
th
e
p
r
iv
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ca
r
w
i
ll c
a
u
s
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m
an
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p
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;
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f
f
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6
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9
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v
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r
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[
7
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[
9
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[
1
2
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p
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v
ices [
1
1
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,
[
1
4
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.
T
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m
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tr
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[
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w
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q
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f
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walk
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ac
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q
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s
[
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3
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6
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[
1
7
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[
5
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[
7
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v
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g
s
(
r
ed
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ce
d
ex
ter
n
al
co
s
t
s
)
[
9
]
,
m
o
r
e
ef
f
icie
n
t la
n
d
u
s
e,
co
m
m
u
n
it
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li
v
ab
ilit
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i
m
p
r
o
v
ed
f
i
t
n
es
s
an
d
p
u
b
lic
h
ea
lt
h
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
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N:
2252
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8814
B
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Usi
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[
1
8
]
,
[
1
9
]
,
in
clu
d
in
g
r
ed
u
cin
g
co
n
f
lict
s
b
et
w
ee
n
u
s
er
s
,
a
n
d
m
ai
n
tai
n
in
g
c
lean
l
in
e
s
s
[
9
]
,
[
1
8
]
.
A
u
n
i
v
er
s
al
d
es
ig
n
(
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
s
t
h
at
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
p
eo
p
le
w
ith
d
is
ab
ilit
ies
a
n
d
o
th
er
s
p
ec
ial
n
ee
d
s
)
[
2
2
]
,
[
2
3
].
Dev
elo
p
p
ed
es
tr
ian
o
r
ien
ted
la
n
d
u
s
e
a
n
d
b
u
ild
i
n
g
d
es
ig
n
[
2
4
]
,
I
n
cr
ea
s
e
r
o
ad
an
d
p
ath
co
n
n
e
ctiv
it
y
,
w
it
h
s
p
ec
ial
n
o
n
m
o
to
r
ized
s
h
o
r
tc
u
ts
[
2
0
]
,
s
u
c
h
as
p
at
h
s
b
et
w
ee
n
cu
l
-
de
-
s
ac
h
ea
d
s
a
n
d
m
id
-
b
lo
ck
p
ed
estrian
li
n
k
s
,
S
tr
ee
t
f
u
r
n
i
tu
r
e
an
d
d
esig
n
f
ea
tu
r
e
s
[
2
3
]
T
r
af
f
ic
ca
l
m
i
n
g
,
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
en
t,
tr
af
f
ic
s
p
ee
d
r
ed
u
ctio
n
s
,
v
eh
icles
r
estrictio
n
an
d
r
o
ad
s
p
ac
e
r
ea
llo
ca
tio
n
[
2
1
]
.
Saf
et
y
ed
u
ca
tio
n
[
2
4
]
,
la
w
en
f
o
r
ce
m
e
n
t
a
n
d
en
co
u
r
ag
e
m
en
t
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
1
4
]
,
I
n
teg
r
ate
w
it
h
tr
an
s
it;
b
ik
e
tr
an
s
it
i
n
te
g
r
atio
n
an
d
tr
an
s
it
o
r
ien
ted
d
ev
elo
p
m
e
n
t
[
1
7
]
,
B
i
c
y
cle
p
ar
k
in
g
[
1
2
]
.
A
d
d
r
ess
s
ec
u
r
it
y
co
n
ce
p
t
s
o
f
p
ed
estrian
s
an
d
c
y
clis
ts
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
,
P
er
s
o
n
al
Secu
r
it
y
r
e
f
er
s
to
f
r
ee
d
o
m
f
r
o
m
r
is
k
o
f
a
s
s
a
u
lt
[
1
5
]
,
th
ef
t
a
n
d
v
an
d
ali
s
m
.
Su
c
h
r
is
k
s
ca
n
d
is
co
u
r
ag
e
w
al
k
i
n
g
,
c
y
cli
n
g
a
n
d
tr
an
s
it
tr
a
v
el.
T
h
ese
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
ca
n
b
e
ad
d
r
ess
ed
th
r
o
u
g
h
v
ar
io
u
s
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
a
n
d
d
esig
n
s
tr
ateg
ie
s
t
h
at
in
cr
ea
s
e
s
ec
u
r
it
y
[
7
]
.
T
h
ese
ca
n
i
n
c
lu
d
e
Nei
g
h
b
o
r
h
o
o
d
W
at
ch
an
d
co
m
m
u
n
it
y
p
o
lici
n
g
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
[
9
]
,
s
p
ec
ial
p
o
lice
p
atr
o
ls
(
in
clu
d
i
n
g
p
o
lice
o
n
f
o
o
t
a
n
d
b
ic
y
cles)
[
2
1
]
,
p
ed
estrian
esco
r
ts
,
an
d
m
o
n
ito
r
i
n
g
o
f
p
ed
estrian
,
b
ic
y
cle,
tr
an
s
it
a
n
d
P
ar
k
an
d
r
id
e
f
ac
ilit
ie
s
.
T
r
an
s
it
ag
en
cie
s
ca
n
i
m
p
le
m
en
t sp
ec
i
al
p
r
o
g
r
am
s
to
in
cr
ea
s
e
r
id
er
s
ec
u
r
it
y
a
n
d
r
esp
o
n
d
to
p
ass
en
g
er
co
n
ce
r
n
s
[
1
7
]
.
A
P
u
b
lic
b
ik
e
s
y
s
te
m
(
P
B
S),
w
h
ic
h
ar
e
au
to
m
ated
b
ic
y
c
le
r
en
tal
s
y
s
te
m
s
d
esig
n
ed
to
p
r
o
v
id
e
ef
f
icien
t
m
o
b
ilit
y
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t,
u
tili
tar
ia
n
u
r
b
an
tr
ip
s
[
4
]
,
[
7
]
.
P
u
b
lic
B
ik
e
S
y
s
te
m
s
(
P
B
S,
also
ca
lle
d
B
ik
e
Sh
ar
i
n
g
a
n
d
C
o
m
m
u
n
it
y
B
i
k
e
P
r
o
g
r
am
s
)
p
r
o
v
id
e
co
n
v
e
n
ie
n
t
r
en
tal
b
ic
y
cle
s
i
n
te
n
d
ed
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
(
less
th
a
n
5
k
ilo
m
e
ter
)
,
u
tili
tar
ian
u
r
b
an
tr
ip
s
[
6
]
.
A
t
y
p
ical
P
u
b
lic
B
i
k
e
S
y
s
te
m
co
n
s
is
t
s
o
f
a
f
leet
o
f
b
icy
c
les,
a
n
et
w
o
r
k
o
f
a
u
to
m
ated
s
tatio
n
s
(
also
ca
lle
d
p
o
in
t
s
)
w
h
er
e
b
ik
e
s
ar
e
s
to
r
ed
[
1
6
]
,
an
d
b
ik
e
r
ed
is
tr
ib
u
tio
n
a
n
d
m
ai
n
ten
a
n
ce
p
r
o
g
r
a
m
s
.
B
ik
e
s
m
a
y
b
e
r
en
ted
at
o
n
e
s
tatio
n
an
d
r
etu
r
n
ed
to
a
n
o
th
er
[
1
4
]
,
[
1
7
]
.
Statio
n
s
w
it
h
au
to
m
ated
s
e
lf
-
s
er
v
e
d
o
ck
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
th
a
t
ac
co
m
m
o
d
ate
5
-
2
0
b
ik
es
ar
e
lo
ca
ted
at
m
a
j
o
r
d
esti
n
atio
n
s
a
n
d
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
ce
n
ter
s
,
s
p
ac
ed
ab
o
u
t
3
0
0
m
ap
ar
t
[
1
3
]
,
[
1
7
]
,
[
1
9
]
.
Use
is
f
r
ee
o
r
in
e
x
p
en
s
iv
e
f
o
r
s
h
o
r
t
p
er
io
d
s
(
t
y
p
icall
y
f
ir
s
t
3
0
m
in
u
te
s
)
.
T
h
is
al
lo
w
s
u
r
b
a
n
r
esid
en
t
s
an
d
v
is
ito
r
s
to
b
ic
y
cle
w
it
h
o
u
t
n
ee
d
in
g
to
p
u
r
c
h
ase,
s
to
r
e
an
d
m
ai
n
tain
a
b
i
k
e.
PB
S
ar
e
m
o
s
t
e
f
f
icie
n
t
w
h
e
n
b
ik
es
ar
e
s
h
ar
ed
m
an
y
u
s
er
s
e
ac
h
d
a
y
[
1
8
]
;
s
o
m
e
s
y
s
te
m
s
a
v
er
ag
e
a
s
m
an
y
a
s
t
w
el
v
e
d
ail
y
u
s
er
s
p
er
b
i
k
e
[
2
1
]
.
C
r
ea
te
a
m
u
lti
m
o
d
el
ac
ce
s
s
g
u
id
e
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
8
]
,
w
h
ic
h
in
cl
u
d
es
m
ap
s
an
d
o
th
e
r
in
f
o
r
m
a
tio
n
o
n
h
o
w
to
w
al
k
an
d
c
y
cle
to
a
p
ar
ticu
lar
d
esti
n
atio
n
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
2.
L
I
T
E
RA
T
UR
E
R
E
VI
E
W
T
h
e
s
u
cc
ess
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
en
g
i
n
ee
r
i
n
g
d
ep
en
d
s
u
p
o
n
th
e
co
-
o
r
d
in
atio
n
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
th
r
e
e
p
r
im
ar
y
ele
m
e
n
ts
,
n
a
m
el
y
t
h
e
v
e
h
icl
es,
th
e
r
o
ad
w
a
y
s
,
an
d
th
e
r
o
ad
u
s
er
s
[
4
]
.
T
h
eir
ch
ar
ac
t
er
is
ti
cs
a
f
f
ec
t
t
h
e
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
o
f
t
h
e
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
s
y
s
te
m
an
d
th
e
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
e
n
g
i
n
ee
r
s
h
o
u
ld
h
a
v
e
f
air
l
y
g
o
o
d
u
n
d
er
s
ta
n
d
in
g
ab
o
u
t
t
h
e
m
[
6
]
,
[
1
0
]
.
Veh
icle
a
n
d
r
o
ad
f
ac
to
r
s
a
f
f
ec
tin
g
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
,
t
h
e
f
ac
to
r
s
i
n
f
l
u
en
ci
n
g
m
o
d
al
s
h
i
f
t
I
n
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
th
e
m
o
d
e
s
h
i
f
t
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
v
ate
m
ea
n
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
to
t
h
e
o
th
e
r
m
o
d
els
t
h
er
e
ar
e
m
an
y
f
ac
to
r
s
m
u
s
t
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
Ma
in
l
y
w
e
n
ee
d
to
co
n
s
id
er
th
e
d
if
f
er
en
ce
o
r
t
h
e
g
a
p
s
b
et
w
ee
n
p
u
b
lic
p
o
licy
ai
m
s
a
n
d
p
u
b
lic
attit
u
d
e
an
d
b
eh
av
io
r
.
So
w
e
ca
n
s
t
ar
t
th
e
r
ev
ie
w
b
y
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
e
ca
r
o
w
n
er
s
h
ip
an
d
th
e
co
s
t a
n
d
b
en
ef
it
s
o
f
tr
a
v
el
[
8
]
,
[
1
2
]
,
[
1
6
]
.
T
h
e
w
al
k
i
n
g
f
ac
ilit
y
i
s
T
r
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
p
lan
n
i
n
g
an
d
d
es
ig
n
w
il
l
n
o
t
b
e
co
m
p
lete
i
f
t
h
e
d
i
s
cu
s
s
io
n
is
li
m
ited
to
d
r
iv
er
s
an
d
v
e
h
ic
u
l
ar
p
ass
en
g
er
s
[
1
8
]
.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
p
r
ev
alen
t
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
ad
u
s
er
s
a
r
e
th
e
p
ed
estria
n
s
.
P
ed
estrian
tr
af
f
ic
alo
n
g
f
o
o
t
p
ath
s
,
s
id
e
w
alk
s
,
cr
o
s
s
w
al
k
s
,
s
af
et
y
zo
n
e
s
,
is
la
n
d
s
,
a
n
d
o
v
e
r
an
d
u
n
d
er
p
ass
es
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
[
2
0
]
,
[
2
2
]
.
On
an
av
er
ag
e,
th
e
p
ed
estrian
w
a
lk
i
n
g
s
p
ee
d
ca
n
b
e
tak
en
b
et
w
ee
n
1
.
5
m
/s
e
c
to
2
m
/
s
ec
.
B
u
t
th
e
i
n
f
l
u
en
c
e
o
f
p
h
y
s
ical,
m
en
tal,
an
d
em
o
tio
n
al
f
ac
to
r
s
n
ee
d
to
b
e
co
n
s
id
er
ed
.
P
ar
k
in
g
s
p
ac
es
an
d
f
ac
ili
ties
li
k
e
s
i
g
n
als,
b
u
s
s
to
p
s
,
an
d
o
v
er
an
d
u
n
d
er
p
ass
es
ar
e
to
b
e
lo
ca
ted
an
d
d
esig
n
ed
ac
co
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
ax
i
m
u
m
d
is
tan
ce
to
w
h
ic
h
a
u
s
er
w
ill
b
e
w
il
lin
g
to
w
al
k
.
I
t
w
a
s
s
ee
n
th
at
in
s
m
all
to
w
n
s
9
0
p
er
ce
n
t
p
ar
k
w
it
h
i
n
1
8
5
m
o
f
t
h
eir
d
e
s
tin
a
tio
n
s
w
h
ile
o
n
l
y
6
6
p
er
ce
n
t
p
ar
k
s
o
clo
s
e
i
n
lar
g
e
cit
y
[
6
]
,
[
8
]
,
[
1
1
]
.
3.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
DO
L
O
G
Y
3
.
1
.
Resea
rc
h Sco
pe
Ma
n
y
r
ea
s
o
n
s
ar
e
s
tan
d
i
n
g
b
eh
in
d
m
a
k
i
n
g
t
h
e
p
r
iv
et
ca
r
s
m
o
s
t
p
o
p
u
lar
m
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av
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l
Su
c
h
as
;
tr
av
el
ti
m
e,
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
f
ac
to
r
s
,
r
eliab
ilit
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an
d
b
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g
co
m
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o
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t
ab
le.
T
h
e
m
o
s
t
ac
ce
p
tab
le
r
ea
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o
n
f
o
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w
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le
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r
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r
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er
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itie
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o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t.
T
h
e
p
r
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s
s
tu
d
ie
s
s
h
o
w
i
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g
u
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th
er
e
is
m
in
i
m
iz
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th
e
co
s
t
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tr
av
el
ti
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f
o
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th
e
p
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iv
et
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r
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r
ch
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m
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ea
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s
o
f
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an
s
p
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m
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els.
T
o
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et
a
co
m
p
lete
tr
a
n
s
p
o
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tatio
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p
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ld
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ce
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n
ab
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th
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m
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p
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ev
alen
t
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
18
4
–
19
5
186
o
f
th
e
r
o
ad
u
s
er
s
(
p
ed
estrian
s
)
an
d
h
o
w
to
d
esi
g
n
co
n
v
e
n
ien
t
a
n
d
s
a
f
e
w
al
k
w
a
y
s
ac
c
o
r
d
in
g
to
th
e
m
ai
n
f
ac
to
r
s
th
a
t a
f
f
ec
ti
n
g
th
e
le
v
e
l
o
f
s
er
v
ice
o
f
p
ed
estria
n
s
; d
esi
g
n
,
lo
ca
tio
n
a
n
d
th
e
u
s
er
s
.
3
.
2
.
Resea
rc
h De
s
ig
n
R
esear
ch
s
tr
ateg
y
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
is
q
u
an
t
itati
v
e
in
c
h
ar
ac
ter
.
B
asicall
y
,
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
is
b
a
s
ed
o
n
th
e
p
r
im
ar
y
a
n
d
s
ec
o
n
d
ar
y
d
ata.
Fo
llo
w
i
n
g
t
h
at,
t
h
e
s
t
u
d
y
r
ev
o
lv
es
ar
o
u
n
d
t
h
e
ex
is
ti
n
g
Me
th
o
d
b
ein
g
u
s
ed
i
n
Ma
la
y
s
ia,
to
g
a
u
g
e
u
s
e
s
w
alk
in
g
f
ac
ili
ties
.
Af
ter
th
at,
ca
s
e
s
tu
d
y
a
n
d
an
al
y
tical
Mo
d
el
ch
o
ice
b
eh
av
io
r
an
d
th
e
s
h
i
f
t
f
r
o
m
p
r
iv
a
te
to
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
m
o
d
e
w
er
e
an
al
y
ze
d
u
s
in
g
t
h
r
o
u
g
h
d
a
ta
co
llectio
n
b
ein
g
in
ter
p
r
eted
u
s
in
g
SP
SS
an
d
lo
g
it
m
o
d
el
ch
o
ice
m
o
d
el
th
at
a
p
p
r
o
ac
h
is
m
ai
n
l
y
u
s
ed
o
n
a
lo
ca
l
lev
el.
I
n
s
ev
er
al
co
u
n
tie
s
s
u
r
v
e
y
s
ar
e
ca
r
r
ied
o
u
t
co
n
ce
r
n
i
n
g
th
e
m
o
b
ilit
y
b
eh
av
io
r
o
f
t
h
e
p
o
p
u
latio
n
.
I
n
s
u
ch
co
n
tex
ts
t
h
e
w
il
lin
g
n
es
s
to
u
n
d
er
tak
e
a
m
o
d
al
s
h
i
f
t
w
as
r
ar
el
y
s
u
r
v
e
y
ed
.
I
t
is
v
er
y
li
k
el
y
t
h
at
t
h
e
tr
ain
c
o
m
p
a
n
ies,
n
at
io
n
a
l
an
d
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
co
m
p
an
ie
s
h
a
v
e
s
u
c
h
d
ata
f
o
r
an
al
y
s
i
s
,
b
u
t
th
e
co
m
p
etit
iv
e
asp
ec
t
s
o
f
th
e
s
it
u
atio
n
m
a
k
e
it d
if
f
icu
l
t to
o
b
tain
th
ese
d
ata.
T
h
e
d
etails
o
f
t
h
e
r
o
ad
u
s
er
's
b
eh
av
io
r
t
h
at
w
e
g
o
t
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
d
ata
co
llectio
n
a
n
d
th
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
d
ata
an
al
y
s
is
to
estab
li
s
h
t
h
e
m
o
d
el.
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
b
elo
w
s
h
o
w
s
th
e
d
eter
m
i
n
a
n
t v
ar
iab
les t
h
at
w
e
r
e
u
s
ed
[
1
]
,
[
2
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
Desig
n
ill
u
s
tr
atio
n
o
f
s
tr
ate
g
ies
u
s
ed
f
o
r
d
ata
co
llectio
n
an
d
an
al
y
s
is
3
.
3
.
D
a
t
a
C
o
llect
io
n
Qu
est
io
n
n
air
e
t
h
at
co
llec
ted
d
if
f
er
en
t
attr
ib
u
te
s
i
n
cl
u
d
in
g
a
g
e,
r
ac
e,
a
n
d
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
m
e
m
b
er
s
o
f
t
h
e
h
o
u
s
e
h
o
ld
an
d
le
v
el
o
f
ed
u
ca
ti
o
n
,
th
u
s
g
i
v
i
n
g
a
clea
r
i
m
a
g
e
o
f
th
eir
s
o
cio
ec
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
d
d
em
o
g
r
ap
h
ic
p
r
o
f
i
les.
Oth
er
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
co
llected
in
cl
u
d
es:
lev
el
o
f
k
n
o
w
led
g
e
(
o
f
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t)
,
tr
av
el
ti
m
e,
tr
av
e
l
co
s
t
,
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
tr
ip
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
p
r
ef
er
r
ed
m
ea
n
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
A
to
tal
o
f
3
0
0
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
es
wer
e
d
is
tr
ib
u
ted
an
d
co
llected
th
r
o
u
g
h
o
u
t
th
e
p
r
o
ce
s
s
o
f
d
ata
co
llec
tio
n
.
T
h
e
d
a
ta
w
as
co
llected
b
y
p
er
s
o
n
al
in
ter
v
ie
w
w
i
th
ca
r
u
s
er
s
b
ec
au
s
e
t
h
e
y
ar
e
th
e
tar
g
et
o
f
th
e
s
t
u
d
y
.
SP
SS
an
al
y
tical
s
y
s
te
m
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
w
h
ich
p
ar
ts
o
f
th
e
q
u
esti
o
n
n
air
e
w
er
e
r
elev
a
n
t
an
d
w
h
ic
h
w
er
e
n
o
t
to
ea
c
h
o
t
h
er
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
ce
d
u
r
e
u
s
ed
f
o
r
th
e
v
ar
i
ab
les
ass
e
s
s
e
s
t
h
e
n
u
m
b
er
o
f
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
u
s
ed
m
ea
s
u
r
es
a
n
d
also
p
r
o
v
id
es
i
n
f
o
r
m
atio
n
o
n
t
h
e
r
elatio
n
s
h
ip
s
b
et
w
ee
n
t
h
e
in
d
i
v
id
u
al
ite
m
s
in
t
h
e
s
ca
le
s
u
c
h
as
g
en
d
er
,
n
at
io
n
alit
y
,
ag
e,
h
o
u
s
eh
o
ld
s
ize
an
d
m
o
d
e
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
tatio
n
an
d
th
e
w
al
k
i
n
g
ab
i
lit
y
t
h
e
e
x
p
lan
ato
r
y
v
ar
iab
les o
f
d
ata
co
llectio
n
.
4.
M
O
DE
L
S
T
RUC
T
UR
E
T
h
e
lo
g
ic
m
o
d
el
w
a
s
u
s
ed
a
f
in
al
m
o
d
el
to
in
v
es
tig
a
te
m
o
d
e
ch
o
ice
b
eh
a
v
io
r
o
f
tr
a
v
eler
s
o
f
m
o
d
e
s
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
an
d
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
tr
ad
eo
f
f
s
tr
a
v
eler
s
m
a
k
e
wh
en
co
n
s
id
er
in
g
th
eir
m
o
d
e
o
f
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
[
9
]
,
[
1
2
]
.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
IJ
AA
S
I
SS
N:
2252
-
8814
B
y
Usi
n
g
Mo
d
el
S
h
ift a
n
d
I
mp
r
o
vin
g
th
e
W
a
lkin
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:
A
C
a
s
e
S
tu
d
y…
(
Ya
s
er
M
.
R
e
mid
h
)
187
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
m
o
d
el
th
at
co
n
t
ain
ed
all
w
as
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les;
t
h
e
lo
g
is
tic
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
f
o
r
m
is
co
m
m
o
n
l
y
id
en
ti
f
ied
a
s
a
s
i
n
g
le
-
la
y
er
"
p
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ce
p
tio
n
"
o
r
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
ar
ti
f
icial
n
eu
r
al
n
et
w
o
r
k
.
A
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
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n
e
u
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al
n
et
w
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r
k
co
m
p
u
t
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a
co
n
ti
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o
u
s
o
u
tp
u
t
i
n
s
tea
d
o
f
a
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tep
f
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ctio
n
.
T
h
e
d
er
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ati
v
e
o
f
p
i
w
it
h
r
esp
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t to
X
is
co
m
p
u
ted
f
r
o
m
th
e
g
e
n
er
al
f
o
r
m
[
1
]
,
[
3
]
:
()
1
1
fX
y
e
(
1
)
W
h
er
e
f
(
X)
is
a
n
a
n
al
y
tic
f
u
n
ctio
n
i
n
X.
W
ith
t
h
is
ch
o
ice,
t
h
e
s
in
g
le
-
la
y
er
n
et
w
o
r
k
is
id
en
tical
to
t
h
e
lo
g
is
t
ic
r
eg
r
ess
io
n
m
o
d
el.
T
h
is
f
u
n
c
tio
n
h
a
s
a
co
n
ti
n
u
o
u
s
d
er
iv
ati
v
e,
w
h
ic
h
allo
w
s
it to
b
e
u
s
ed
i
n
b
ac
k
-
p
r
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p
ag
atio
n
.
T
h
e
f
o
llo
w
i
n
g
f
u
n
c
tio
n
al
f
o
r
m
is
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
i
n
e
th
e
d
ep
e
n
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les.
(
v
a
r
)
1
1
ia
b
l
e
P
De
(
2
)
/
/
1
(
,
,
,
,
)
1
t
t
me
P
t
a
m
n
a
ne
(
3
)
T
h
e
s
p
ec
ial
ca
s
e
o
f
th
e
lo
g
i
s
ti
c
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
it
h
a
=
1
,
m
=
0
,
n
=
1
,
τ
=
1
,
n
am
el
y
:
1
()
1
t
Pt
e
(
4
)
Fo
r
r
ea
l
p
ar
am
eter
s
a,
m
,
n
,
an
d
τ
.
T
h
ese
f
u
n
ct
io
n
s
f
i
n
d
ap
p
licatio
n
s
i
n
a
r
an
g
e
o
f
f
ield
s
,
in
clu
d
i
n
g
ec
o
n
o
m
ics
[
1
9
]
.
A
lo
g
is
tic
f
u
n
ct
io
n
o
r
lo
g
i
s
tic
c
u
r
v
e
i
s
th
e
m
o
s
t
co
m
m
o
n
s
i
g
m
o
id
cu
r
v
e
.
I
t
m
o
d
els
th
e
"
S
-
s
h
ap
ed
"
cu
r
v
e
(
ab
b
r
ev
iated
S
-
cu
r
v
e)
o
f
g
r
o
w
t
h
o
f
s
o
m
e
s
e
t:
Her
e
P
d
en
o
tes
a
s
et.
L
ate
r
w
e
w
ill
u
s
e
P
to
d
en
o
te
a
f
u
n
ctio
n
w
h
ic
h
v
ar
ie
s
o
v
er
ti
m
e.
No
r
m
al
l
y
s
u
c
h
a
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I
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N
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2
5
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8814
IJ
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3
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4
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IJ
AA
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8814
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2
2
5
2
-
8814
IJ
AA
S
Vo
l.
3
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
em
b
er
201
4
:
18
4
–
19
5
190
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
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IJ
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N:
2252
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8814
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Q
u
esti
o
n
n
a
ir
es
an
d
r
esu
lts
w
er
e
m
o
d
elle
d
b
y
SP
SS
a
n
d
th
e
af
o
r
e
m
e
n
tio
n
ed
eq
u
a
tio
n
s
w
er
e
as
ap
p
r
o
x
i
m
ated
a
s
it
i
s
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
F
ig
u
r
e
9
.
T
h
er
e
f
o
r
e,
it
i
s
d
e
m
o
n
s
tr
ated
t
h
at
th
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
i
n
tr
av
e
l c
o
s
t
w
il
l b
e
th
e
k
e
y
f
ac
to
r
in
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
t
h
e
p
eo
p
le
f
r
o
m
p
r
i
v
ate
ca
r
s
to
p
u
b
lic
m
o
d
es
.
5
.
5
.
Sens
it
iv
it
y
Ana
ly
s
is
R
es
u
lts
f
o
r
s
e
n
s
i
tiv
it
y
r
at
io
b
et
w
ee
n
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
d
e
p
en
d
an
t
v
ar
iab
les
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
0
.
I
t
is
o
b
v
io
u
s
to
o
b
s
er
v
e
th
at
t
h
e
s
en
s
it
iv
i
t
y
r
atio
f
o
r
2
1
.
5
%
m
o
d
el
s
h
i
f
t
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
3
0
%
in
cr
e
m
e
n
t
ti
m
e
r
ed
u
ctio
n
f
o
r
tr
av
el
p
u
b
lic
tr
an
s
p
o
r
t
t
h
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
r
atio
was
0
.
7
2
,
an
d
th
e
s
e
n
s
iti
v
it
y
r
a
tio
f
o
r
2
1
%
m
o
d
el
s
h
i
f
t
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
6
0
%
tr
av
el
co
s
t
r
ed
u
ctio
n
t
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
r
atio
w
as
0
.
3
5
,
w
h
ile
o
b
v
io
u
s
t
o
o
b
s
er
v
e
t
h
at
t
h
e
s
en
s
iti
v
it
y
r
atio
f
o
r
2
9
.
7
5
%
m
o
d
el
s
h
i
f
t
w
h
er
ea
s
f
o
r
6
0
%
p
en
s
iv
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
m
e
n
t
i
n
th
e
p
ed
estrian
’
s
f
ac
ili
t
y
th
e
s
e
n
s
it
iv
i
t
y
r
atio
w
as 0
.
5
T
ab
le
1
0
.
S
en
s
itiv
it
y
r
atio
C
h
a
n
g
e
s i
n
i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
C
h
a
n
g
e
s i
n
d
e
p
e
n
d
e
n
t
v
a
r
i
a
b
l
e
S
e
n
si
t
i
v
i
t
y
r
a
t
i
o
1
3
0
%
t
r
a
v
e
l
t
i
me
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
2
1
.
5
%
mo
d
e
l
sh
i
f
t
0
.
7
2
2
6
0
%
t
r
a
v
e
l
c
o
st
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
2
1
%
mo
d
e
l
sh
i
f
t
0
.
3
5
3
3
0
0
%
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
t
h
e
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
3
2
%
mo
d
e
l
sh
i
f
t
0
.
1
4
6
0
%
p
e
n
si
v
e
i
m
p
r
o
v
e
me
n
t
i
n
t
h
e
p
e
d
e
st
r
i
a
n
s
f
a
c
i
l
i
t
y
2
9
.
7
5
%
mo
d
e
l
sh
i
f
t
0
.
5
5
.
6
.
Det
er
m
i
ne
T
-
Sta
t
is
t
ic
R
es
u
lts
f
o
r
T
-
s
tatis
t
ic
b
et
w
ee
n
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
v
alu
es
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
d
e
l
an
d
T
-
s
tati
s
tic
ar
e
s
h
o
w
n
i
n
T
ab
le
1
1
.
T
ab
le
1
1
.
T
-
s
tatis
tic
v
al
u
e
s
f
o
r
ea
ch
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
M
o
d
e
l
S
t
a
n
d
a
r
d
e
r
r
o
r
T
st
a
t
i
st
i
c
1
t
r
a
v
e
l
t
i
me
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
1
6
5
3
4
5
-
3
8
.
7
3
7
1
2
t
r
a
v
e
l
c
o
st
r
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
0
.
4
3
7
2
2
8
-
1
3
.
8
1
2
5
3
i
n
c
r
e
a
se
t
h
e
p
a
r
k
i
n
g
c
h
a
r
g
e
s
0
.
2
6
8
7
8
-
2
1
.
1
0
3
6
T
h
e
t
-
s
tatis
tic
is
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
o
u
tp
u
ts
o
f
th
e
r
eg
r
es
s
io
n
an
al
y
s
i
s
;
it
ca
n
b
e
u
s
ed
to
d
eter
m
in
e
t
h
e
s
ig
n
i
f
ica
n
t
o
f
t
h
e
i
n
d
e
p
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
les
in
t
h
e
m
o
d
el
T
ab
le
1
1
s
h
o
w
i
n
g
t
h
e
t
-
s
tatis
t
ic
v
al
u
es
f
o
r
ea
c
h
m
o
d
el
an
d
th
e
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
.
T
-
s
tatis
tic
m
ea
s
u
r
es
h
o
w
m
a
n
y
s
ta
n
d
ar
d
er
r
o
r
s
th
e
co
ef
f
ic
ie
n
t
is
a
w
a
y
f
r
o
m
ze
r
o
.
Gen
er
a
ll
y
,
an
y
t
-
v
alu
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
an
+2
o
r
less
th
an
-
2
is
ac
ce
p
tab
le.
T
h
e
h
ig
h
er
th
e
t
-
v
al
u
e,
th
e
g
r
ea
ter
th
e
co
n
f
id
en
ce
w
e
h
a
v
e
in
t
h
e
co
e
f
f
icie
n
t
as
a
p
r
ed
icto
r
.
L
o
w
t
-
v
al
u
es
ar
e
i
n
d
icatio
n
s
o
f
lo
w
r
el
iab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
at
co
ef
f
icie
n
t.
6.
CO
NCLU
SI
O
N
C
o
n
cl
u
s
io
n
s
a
n
d
f
u
tu
r
e
w
o
r
k
c
an
b
e
d
r
a
w
n
b
ased
o
n
t
h
e
in
v
e
s
tig
a
tio
n
d
o
n
e
i
n
th
i
s
s
t
u
d
y
:
1.
P
r
iv
ate
ca
r
s
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
to
p
u
b
lic
m
o
d
e
s
i
s
h
i
g
h
l
y
in
f
l
u
e
n
ce
d
b
y
t
h
e
r
ed
u
c
tio
n
o
f
th
e
tr
av
el
c
o
s
t
an
d
tr
av
el
ti
m
e
.
2.
Sen
s
iti
v
it
y
r
atio
b
et
w
ee
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
a
n
d
i
n
d
ep
en
d
en
t
v
ar
iab
l
es
is
(
0
.
3
5
-
0
.
7
2
)
in
d
icate
d
h
i
g
h
le
v
el
o
f
r
esu
lt
s
co
n
f
id
en
ce
.
3.
T
-
s
tatis
tic
v
al
u
es a
r
e
in
d
icatio
n
s
o
f
lo
w
r
eliab
ilit
y
o
f
t
h
e
p
r
ed
ictiv
e
p
o
w
er
o
f
t
h
at
co
ef
f
icie
n
t.
4.
I
m
p
r
o
v
in
g
t
h
e
w
a
lk
i
n
g
f
ac
ilit
y
w
h
ic
h
m
a
y
h
e
lp
to
s
h
i
f
t
p
r
i
v
ate
m
o
d
es
to
p
u
b
lics
b
y
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
p
ed
estrian
s
w
it
h
co
m
f
o
r
tab
le
f
ac
ilit
y
p
r
o
tect
th
e
m
f
r
o
m
r
ain
an
d
s
u
n
li
g
h
t.
T
h
e
p
ed
estrian
s
s
h
o
u
ld
b
e
s
ep
ar
ated
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
m
o
to
r
ized
m
ea
n
o
f
tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
b
y
u
s
i
n
g
s
ig
n
b
o
ar
d
s
,
cr
o
s
s
in
g
b
r
id
g
es
an
d
ze
b
r
a
lin
es
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
ed
estrian
s
a
f
et
y
.
A
g
o
o
d
lig
h
ti
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
is
n
ee
d
ed
to
s
w
a
y
t
h
e
d
ar
k
n
es
s
an
d
p
r
o
tectio
n
an
d
co
v
er
ed
d
r
ain
s
to
en
s
u
r
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
tectio
n
f
r
o
m
t
h
e
w
ild
an
i
m
al
s
.
ACK
NO
WL
E
D
G
E
M
E
NT
S
Sp
ec
ial
t
h
an
k
s
an
d
ap
p
r
ec
iati
o
n
is
g
iv
e
n
to
P
r
o
f
R
iza
Atiq
O.
K.
R
a
h
m
at
f
o
r
p
r
o
v
id
in
g
t
h
e
f
ac
ilit
ies
in
ac
co
m
p
li
s
h
i
n
g
th
is
w
o
r
k
.
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