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Adv
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202
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I
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8814
I
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A
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v
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p
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l Sci,
Vo
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10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
202
1
:
335
–
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4
2
336
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a
y
f
ac
i
n
g
s
o
u
th
in
t
h
e
n
o
r
t
h
er
n
h
e
m
is
p
h
er
e
o
r
f
ac
i
n
g
n
o
r
t
h
in
th
e
s
o
u
th
er
n
h
e
m
i
s
p
h
er
e
[
1
0
]
.
I
n
s
u
c
h
s
etti
n
g
s
,
th
e
p
a
n
els
w
i
ll
b
e
h
it
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
n
at
an
ac
u
te
a
n
g
le,
h
e
n
ce
r
ed
u
cin
g
t
h
e
a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
e
n
er
g
y
g
e
n
er
ated
d
ail
y
[
1
1
]
.
So
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
w
er
e
f
ir
s
t
i
n
tr
o
d
u
ce
d
in
1
9
6
2
b
y
Fin
s
ter
an
d
th
e
y
w
er
e
co
m
p
let
el
y
m
ec
h
a
n
ical
[
1
2
]
.
A
y
ea
r
later
,
Saav
ad
r
a
p
r
esen
ted
a
s
u
n
-
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
w
it
h
au
to
m
atic
elec
tr
o
n
ic
co
n
tr
o
l
an
d
it
m
ad
e
u
s
e
o
f
o
r
ien
t
an
e
p
p
le
y
p
y
r
h
elio
m
eter
[
1
3
]
.
A
cc
o
r
d
in
g
to
Aw
ast
h
i
et
a
l.
[
1
4
]
,
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
ca
n
b
e
clas
s
i
f
ied
b
ased
o
n
:
-
d
r
iv
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
:
a
cti
v
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
an
d
p
ass
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
-
t
h
e
d
eg
r
ee
o
f
f
r
ee
d
o
m
:
s
i
n
g
le
-
ax
is
tac
k
er
s
a
n
d
d
u
al
-
a
x
i
s
tr
ac
k
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s
-
c
o
n
tr
o
l:
c
lo
s
ed
-
lo
o
p
tr
ac
k
er
s
an
d
o
p
en
-
lo
o
p
tr
ac
k
er
s
P
ass
iv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
ar
e
o
f
i
n
ter
est
i
n
t
h
is
r
esear
c
h
.
T
h
e
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
p
r
in
cip
le
o
f
p
as
s
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
is
w
ell
elab
o
r
ated
in
[
1
5
]
.
P
ass
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
ar
e
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
a
c
o
u
p
le
o
f
ac
tu
a
to
r
s
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
a
g
ain
s
t
ea
c
h
o
t
h
er
.
I
n
th
e
ca
s
e
o
f
eq
u
al
ill
u
m
in
at
io
n
,
th
e
y
ar
e
b
alan
ce
d
as
s
h
o
wn
in
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
a)
T
h
e
r
o
tatio
n
m
ec
h
a
n
is
m
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
is
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
th
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
b
o
ili
n
g
p
o
in
t
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
g
as
f
l
u
id
th
a
t
is
m
o
v
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
o
lar
h
ea
t
th
at
co
n
v
er
ts
t
h
e
liq
u
id
to
g
as,
ca
u
s
i
n
g
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
to
til
t
f
r
o
m
o
n
e
s
id
e
to
th
e
o
th
er
i
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
o
f
th
e
s
u
n
.
W
h
en
th
e
ac
t
u
ato
r
s
ar
e
ex
p
o
s
ed
to
d
if
f
er
en
t
ill
u
m
i
n
atio
n
s
,
u
n
b
ala
n
ce
d
f
o
r
ce
s
d
u
e
to
th
e
g
asi
f
icatio
n
o
f
th
e
liq
u
id
o
r
ien
t
t
h
e
ap
p
ar
atu
s
i
n
th
e
d
ir
ec
tio
n
w
h
er
e
t
h
e
ac
t
u
at
o
r
s
w
i
ll
r
eg
a
in
eq
u
al
il
lu
m
i
n
at
io
n
an
d
a
b
alan
ce
d
f
o
r
ce
r
esto
r
ed
.
T
r
ac
k
in
g
o
f
t
h
e
s
u
n
i
s
b
eg
u
n
b
y
t
h
e
r
ac
k
s
f
a
cin
g
w
est
w
ar
d
as
ill
u
s
tr
ated
i
n
Fi
g
u
r
e
1
(
b
)
s
in
ce
th
e
s
u
n
r
is
es
i
n
th
e
ea
s
t,
an
u
n
s
h
ield
ed
w
e
s
t
s
id
e
liq
u
id
-
g
as
-
f
illed
ca
n
is
ter
is
h
ea
ted
b
y
t
h
e
s
u
n
r
a
y
s
,
f
o
r
cin
g
th
e
liq
u
id
in
to
th
e
s
h
ad
ed
ea
s
t
-
s
id
e
ca
n
i
s
ter
.
T
h
e
liq
u
id
m
o
v
es
th
r
o
u
g
h
a
co
p
p
er
tu
b
e
to
th
e
ea
s
t
-
s
id
e
ca
n
is
ter
,
th
er
eb
y
r
o
tatin
g
th
e
tr
ac
k
er
to
th
e
ea
s
t.
A
lu
m
i
n
u
m
s
h
ad
ed
p
lates
ar
e
u
s
ed
to
co
n
tr
o
l
th
e
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
th
e
liq
u
id
.
As
o
n
e
o
f
t
h
e
ca
n
i
s
ter
s
g
et
s
e
x
p
o
s
ed
to
th
e
s
u
n
m
o
r
e
th
a
n
t
h
e
o
th
er
,
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
e
in
it
s
v
a
p
o
r
p
r
ess
u
r
e
ar
is
es
th
er
eb
y
f
o
r
ci
n
g
t
h
e
liq
u
id
to
th
e
co
o
ler
,
s
h
ad
ed
s
id
e.
T
h
e
s
h
i
f
ti
n
g
w
eig
h
t
o
f
t
h
e
liq
u
id
r
esu
lt
s
in
t
h
e
r
ac
k
r
o
tatin
g
u
n
til t
h
e
ca
n
i
s
ter
s
ar
e
eq
u
all
y
s
h
ad
ed
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
1
.
P
ass
iv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
:
(
a)
e
q
u
al
illu
m
in
a
tio
n
o
f
b
o
t
h
ca
n
i
s
ter
s
a
n
d
(
b
)
t
r
ac
k
er
d
ail
y
o
p
er
atio
n
P
ass
iv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
s
ar
e
le
s
s
co
m
p
le
x
as
co
m
p
ar
ed
to
ac
tiv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
,
b
u
t
t
h
eir
ef
f
icien
c
y
is
lo
w
er
b
ec
au
s
e
th
eir
p
er
f
o
r
m
a
n
ce
is
af
f
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ted
b
y
v
ar
io
u
s
cli
m
atic
co
n
d
itio
n
s
s
u
ch
as
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
f
l
u
ctu
a
tio
n
s
,
s
o
lar
clo
u
d
in
g
,
a
n
d
at
lo
w
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
es,
t
h
e
y
s
to
p
w
o
r
k
i
n
g
[
4
]
.
Nev
er
t
h
eles
s
,
th
e
y
p
r
o
v
id
e
b
etter
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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A
r
d
u
in
o
-
b
a
s
ed
n
ig
h
t retu
r
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mec
h
a
n
is
m
fo
r
p
a
s
s
ive
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o
la
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tr
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(
Wil
ly
S
tep
h
en
To
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n
s
i F
o
ku
i
)
337
o
u
tp
u
t
p
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r
m
an
ce
t
h
an
f
i
x
ed
-
an
g
le
s
o
lar
s
y
s
te
m
s
[
1
6
]
.
P
ass
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
ad
v
a
n
tag
eo
u
s
o
v
er
ac
t
iv
e
tr
ac
k
er
s
i
n
t
h
at
.
Gr
a
v
it
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i
s
r
e
s
p
o
n
s
ib
le
f
o
r
m
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
tr
ac
k
er
as
a
r
es
u
lt
o
f
t
h
e
d
i
f
f
er
e
n
tial
h
ea
tin
g
o
f
t
h
e
liq
u
id
,
l
o
w
m
ai
n
te
n
an
ce
co
s
t
as
a
r
esu
lt
o
f
n
o
m
o
to
r
s
an
d
g
ea
r
s
.
O
n
th
e
o
th
er
h
a
n
d
,
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e
m
ai
n
p
r
o
b
le
m
s
p
ass
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s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
ar
e
f
ac
i
n
g
ar
e
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ac
k
o
f
a
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ev
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/n
ig
h
t
r
etu
r
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
a
n
d
s
lo
w
wak
e
-
u
p
r
esp
o
n
s
e
i
n
th
e
m
o
r
n
in
g
s
d
u
e
to
li
m
i
tatio
n
o
n
th
e
s
u
r
f
ac
e
i
n
cli
n
atio
n
an
g
le
.
Qu
ite
s
o
m
e
r
esear
ch
e
s
h
a
v
e
b
ee
n
d
o
n
e
to
s
o
l
v
e
t
h
ese
t
w
o
m
aj
o
r
p
r
o
b
lem
s
.
C
li
f
f
o
r
d
an
d
E
ast
w
o
o
d
[
1
7
]
p
r
esen
ted
a
n
o
v
el
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
p
ass
iv
e
tr
ac
k
i
n
g
s
y
s
te
m
th
a
t
in
co
r
p
o
r
ated
t
w
o
b
im
etallic
s
tr
ip
s
m
ad
e
o
f
alu
m
i
n
u
m
a
n
d
s
teel
to
ab
s
o
r
b
s
o
lar
r
a
d
iatio
n
.
T
o
p
r
ev
e
n
t
o
s
cillat
io
n
an
d
e
x
ce
s
s
iv
e
s
lu
g
g
i
s
h
n
e
s
s
o
f
t
h
e
s
y
s
te
m
,
a
d
a
m
p
er
s
y
s
te
m
was
li
n
k
ed
to
t
h
e
s
u
n
tr
ac
k
er
.
T
h
e
co
m
p
u
ter
-
b
ased
p
as
s
i
v
e
s
o
lar
d
esig
n
w
a
s
i
m
p
le
m
en
ted
a
n
d
an
i
n
cr
ea
s
ed
p
an
el
ef
f
icie
n
c
y
b
y
u
p
to
2
3
%
w
a
s
o
b
s
er
v
ed
.
T
h
e
s
o
lu
tio
n
c
o
u
ld
o
n
l
y
s
o
lv
e
t
h
e
p
r
o
b
lem
o
f
s
lo
w
w
ak
e
-
u
p
r
esp
o
n
s
e
a
n
d
at
t
h
e
e
n
d
o
f
t
h
e
e
x
p
er
i
m
e
n
t,
a
n
i
g
h
t
r
etu
r
n
m
ec
h
a
n
i
s
m
w
a
s
r
ec
o
m
m
e
n
d
ed
.
B
ae
r
[
1
8
]
,
it
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
th
e
in
s
tallat
io
n
o
f
m
ir
r
o
r
s
o
n
th
e
ea
s
t
s
id
e
ca
n
is
te
r
s
o
th
at
th
e
m
ir
r
o
r
s
w
il
l
r
ef
lect
th
e
ea
r
l
y
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
s
u
n
o
n
to
t
h
e
ea
s
ts
id
e
ca
n
i
s
ter
.
T
h
is
s
o
lu
tio
n
th
o
u
g
h
g
o
o
d
ca
n
n
o
t
b
e
ef
f
ec
ti
v
e
o
n
all
d
a
y
s
d
u
e
to
ea
r
l
y
m
o
r
n
i
n
g
clo
u
d
s
o
n
s
o
m
e
d
a
y
s
.
T
h
is
p
ap
er
s
ee
k
s
to
d
esi
g
n
an
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
-
b
ased
n
i
g
h
t
r
et
u
r
n
m
ec
h
an
i
s
m
s
o
l
u
tio
n
f
o
r
p
as
s
iv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
.
T
h
e
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
s
o
lu
ti
o
n
is
t
h
e
in
s
tallatio
n
o
f
a
n
en
er
g
y
-
s
a
v
in
g
h
ea
ti
n
g
ele
m
e
n
t
o
n
t
h
e
w
est
s
id
e
ca
n
is
ter
o
f
th
e
tr
ac
k
er
w
h
ich
w
il
l
b
e
au
to
m
atica
ll
y
h
ea
ted
at
n
i
g
h
t
a
n
d
w
ill
f
o
r
ce
th
e
r
o
tat
io
n
o
f
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
to
th
e
ea
s
t
b
ef
o
r
e
s
u
n
r
is
e.
T
h
e
r
est
o
f
th
i
s
p
ap
er
is
o
r
g
a
n
ized
as
f
o
llo
w
s
;
t
h
e
n
ex
t
p
ar
t
is
t
h
e
m
et
h
o
d
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
th
is
i
s
f
o
llo
w
ed
b
y
t
h
e
s
i
m
u
lat
io
n
r
esu
lt
s
an
d
d
is
c
u
s
s
io
n
s
.
T
h
e
last
p
ar
t is th
e
co
n
cl
u
s
io
n
an
d
th
en
r
ef
er
e
n
ce
s
.
2.
RE
S
E
ARCH
M
E
T
H
O
D
I
t
is
r
eq
u
ir
ed
to
ch
o
o
s
e
an
e
n
er
g
y
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
h
ea
ti
n
g
ele
m
en
t
to
h
ea
t
t
h
e
w
est
s
id
e
ca
n
i
s
ter
at
n
ig
h
t
s
i
n
c
e
all
th
e
r
e
f
r
ig
er
a
n
t
w
ill
b
e
i
n
th
at
ca
n
is
ter
at
t
h
at
ti
m
e.
T
h
is
w
i
ll
ca
u
s
e
t
h
e
r
ef
r
i
g
er
an
t
in
t
h
at
ca
n
is
ter
to
v
ap
o
r
ize
an
d
m
o
v
e
to
th
e
ea
s
t
-
ca
n
is
ter
th
er
eb
y
m
o
v
i
n
g
th
e
tr
ac
k
er
in
th
e
d
esire
d
d
ir
ec
ti
o
n
.
T
o
ac
h
iev
e
th
i
s
g
o
al,
th
e
u
ltra
h
ea
tin
g
(
UH)
f
a
b
r
ic
m
a
n
u
f
ac
t
u
r
ed
b
y
W
ir
eKi
n
etics
C
o
.
,
L
T
D
is
p
r
o
p
o
s
ed
.
T
h
is
f
ab
r
ic
is
a
n
e
w
g
en
er
atio
n
elec
tr
ical
h
ea
t
in
g
s
y
s
te
m
t
h
at
is
s
p
ec
iall
y
d
esi
g
n
ed
f
o
r
m
o
b
ile
h
ea
t
in
g
,
en
er
g
y
-
s
a
v
i
n
g
,
a
n
d
s
af
et
y
o
r
ien
tated
r
eq
u
ir
e
m
e
n
t
s
a
n
d
i
t
u
s
es
d
ir
ec
t
cu
r
r
e
n
t
(
DC
)
p
o
w
er
[
1
9
]
.
T
h
e
UH
f
ab
r
ic
ad
o
p
ts
ad
v
a
n
ce
d
s
m
ar
t
tex
tile
tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
.
I
t
i
s
s
o
f
t
,
lig
h
t,
th
i
n
,
an
d
s
tr
o
n
g
s
in
ce
it
is
m
ad
e
u
p
o
f
m
etal
-
p
o
ly
m
er
co
m
p
o
s
it
e
co
n
d
u
cti
v
e
y
ar
n
w
h
ic
h
i
s
p
er
f
ec
tl
y
i
n
te
g
r
ated
w
it
h
i
n
t
h
e
f
ab
r
ic
b
y
tex
tile
p
r
o
ce
s
s
es
[
1
9
]
.
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
a)
is
s
h
o
w
n
s
tr
u
ct
u
r
e
o
f
th
e
u
ltra
h
ea
tin
g
f
ab
r
ic
,
an
d
Fig
u
r
e
2
(
b
)
is
s
h
o
wn
a
r
o
ll o
f
th
e
u
ltra
h
ea
ti
n
g
f
ab
r
ic
[
2
0
]
.
(
a)
(
b
)
Fig
u
r
e
2
.
Ultr
a
h
ea
tin
g
f
ab
r
ic
b
y
W
ir
eKi
n
etics
C
o
.
,
L
T
D
:
(
a)
s
tr
u
ctu
r
e
o
f
t
h
e
u
ltra
h
ea
ti
n
g
f
ab
r
ic
an
d
(
b
)
a
r
o
ll o
f
th
e
u
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h
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tin
g
f
ab
r
ic
T
h
is
UH
f
ab
r
ic
h
a
s
t
h
e
f
o
llo
win
g
p
r
o
p
er
ties
[
2
0
]
:
w
id
th
o
f
5
cm
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h
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d
ia
m
eter
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th
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er
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t
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8814
I
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t J
A
d
v
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p
p
l Sci,
Vo
l.
10
,
No
.
4
,
Dec
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b
er
202
1
:
335
–
3
4
2
338
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ab
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Fro
m
t
h
e
tab
les
ab
o
v
e,
T
ab
le
4
is
o
f
i
n
ter
est
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th
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Fro
m
T
ab
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4
ab
o
v
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e
f
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f
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g
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4
0
c
m
c
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s
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m
e
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e
least
e
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s
i
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w
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a
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4
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f
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A
to
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t
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p
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4
2
°
C
in
j
u
s
t
a
m
in
u
te
a
s
s
h
o
w
n
in
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
P
ass
iv
e
s
o
lar
tr
ac
k
er
s
m
a
k
e
u
s
e
o
f
lo
w
b
o
ilin
g
p
o
in
t
co
m
p
r
es
s
ed
g
a
s
f
lu
id
s
s
u
ch
a
s
f
r
eo
n
[
2
1
]
.
T
h
er
ef
o
r
e,
th
is
te
m
p
er
at
u
r
e
is
s
u
f
f
icie
n
tl
y
h
i
g
h
en
o
u
g
h
to
d
i
s
p
lace
th
e
r
e
f
r
ig
er
a
n
t
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f
t
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k
i
n
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r
ac
k
f
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m
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-
s
id
e
ca
n
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s
ter
to
t
h
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s
t
-
s
id
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ca
n
is
ter
t
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y
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o
tati
n
g
t
h
e
tr
ac
k
er
to
w
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d
s
th
e
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s
t.
An
A
r
d
u
i
n
o
p
r
o
m
i
n
i
m
icr
o
co
n
tr
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ller
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ed
t
o
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ate
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e
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tin
g
o
f
th
e
U
H
f
ab
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ic
at
n
i
g
h
t a
n
d
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o
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ce
it t
o
r
etu
r
n
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s
t b
ef
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r
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s
u
n
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m
o
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.
2
.
1
.
P
ro
po
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ed
s
y
s
t
e
m
co
nfig
ura
t
io
n
On
a
tr
ac
k
r
ac
k
,
a
d
o
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b
le
4
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cm
(
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cm
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tal)
UH
f
ab
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ic
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ld
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e
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s
tal
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of
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6
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F
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T
h
e
UH
f
ab
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n
s
talled
o
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t
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s
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i
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ter
o
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ll f
o
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as f
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ail
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ter
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n
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h
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m
icr
o
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l
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a
w
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k
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7
h
o
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ter
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h
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n
d
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m
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t
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cr
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I
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2
5
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8814
A
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ic
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u
r
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4
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RE
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SCU
SS
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h
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s
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latio
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ig
u
r
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5
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r
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m
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r
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(
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ig
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r
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r
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d
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t
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r
s
.
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ter
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elay
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L
6
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d
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i
g
u
r
e
7
.
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r
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h
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s
m
o
m
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n
t,
th
e
L
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D
in
d
icate
s
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at
th
e
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ac
k
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is
r
etu
r
n
i
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t
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Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
SS
N
:
2252
-
8814
I
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t J
A
d
v
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p
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Vo
l.
10
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202
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u
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5
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t r
et
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u
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6
.
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h
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it s
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u
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e
7
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ed
.
RE
F
E
R
E
NC
E
S
[1
]
C.
J.
Rh
o
d
e
s,
“
S
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
:
P
ri
n
c
ip
les
a
n
d
p
o
ss
i
b
il
it
ies
,
”
S
c
ien
c
e
Pro
g
re
ss
,
v
o
l.
9
3
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
3
7
-
1
1
2
,
2
0
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0
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o
i
:
1
0
.
3
1
8
4
/
0
0
3
6
8
5
0
1
0
X
1
2
6
2
6
4
1
0
3
2
5
8
0
7
.
[2
]
H.
M
o
u
sa
z
a
d
e
h
,
A
.
Ke
y
h
a
n
i,
A
.
Ja
v
a
d
i,
H.
M
o
b
li
,
K.
A
b
rin
ia,
a
n
d
A
.
S
h
a
rif
i,
“
A
r
e
v
ie
w
o
f
p
rin
c
ip
le
a
n
d
su
n
-
trac
k
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
f
o
r
m
a
x
i
m
izin
g
so
lar
s
y
ste
m
s
o
u
tp
u
t,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
l
e
a
n
d
S
u
sta
in
a
b
le
E
n
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
8
,
p
p
.
1
8
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8
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0
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6
/j
.
rse
r.
2
0
0
9
.
0
1
.
0
2
2
.
[3
]
M
.
W
a
s
f
i,
“
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
P
h
o
t
o
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
y
ste
m
s,”
J
o
u
rn
a
l
o
f
S
e
lec
ted
Are
a
s
in
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
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u
st
a
in
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le
En
e
rg
y
(
J
RS
E)
,
p
p
.
1
-
8
,
2
0
1
1
,
[
O
n
li
n
e
]
.
A
v
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il
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b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
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ww
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.
[4
]
T
.
T
u
d
o
ra
c
h
e
a
n
d
L
.
Kre
in
d
ler,
“
De
sig
n
o
f
a
so
lar
trac
k
e
r
s
y
ste
m
fo
r
P
V
p
o
w
e
r
p
lan
ts,”
Act
a
P
o
lyte
c
h
.
Hu
n
g
a
ric
a
,
v
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l.
7
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
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2
3
-
3
9
,
2
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0
.
[5
]
P
.
Ra
n
i,
O.
S
in
g
h
,
a
n
d
S
.
P
a
n
d
e
y
,
“
A
n
A
n
a
l
y
sis
o
n
A
rd
u
i
n
o
b
a
se
d
S
in
g
le
A
x
is
S
o
lar
T
ra
c
k
e
r,
”
in
5
th
IEE
E
Utt
a
r
Pra
d
e
sh
S
e
c
ti
o
n
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
C
o
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
El
e
c
trica
l,
El
e
c
tro
n
ics
a
n
d
C
o
mp
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ter
En
g
in
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rin
g
,
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2
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ON
.
2
0
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8
.
8
5
9
6
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7
4
.
[6
]
V
.
S
u
m
a
th
i,
R.
Ja
y
a
p
ra
g
a
sh
,
A
.
Ba
k
sh
i,
a
n
d
P
.
Ku
m
a
r
Ak
e
ll
a
,
“
S
o
lar
trac
k
in
g
m
e
th
o
d
s
to
m
a
x
im
iz
e
P
V
sy
ste
m
o
u
t
p
u
t
-
A
re
v
ie
w
o
f
th
e
m
e
th
o
d
s
a
d
o
p
ted
in
re
c
e
n
t
d
e
c
a
d
e
,
”
Ren
e
wa
b
le
a
n
d
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
le
En
e
rg
y
Rev
iews
,
v
o
l.
7
4
,
n
o
.
2
0
1
7
,
p
p
.
1
3
0
-
1
3
8
,
2
0
1
7
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
0
1
6
/
j.
rse
r.
2
0
1
7
.
0
2
.
0
1
3
.
[7
]
H.
A
ll
a
m
e
h
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
A
n
Up
d
a
te
o
n
S
o
lar
En
e
rg
y
a
n
d
S
u
n
T
ra
c
k
e
r
Tec
h
n
o
lo
g
y
w
it
h
a
Du
a
l
Ax
i
s
S
u
n
T
ra
c
k
e
r
A
p
p
li
c
a
ti
o
n
,
”
2
0
1
9
IEE
E
4
6
th
Ph
o
to
v
o
lt
a
ic
S
p
e
c
ia
li
sts
Co
n
f
e
re
n
c
e
(
PV
S
C)
,
2
0
1
9
,
p
p
.
2
0
3
7
-
20
4
4
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
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VSC4
0
7
5
3
.
2
0
1
9
.
8
9
8
1
3
6
0
.
[8
]
D.
P
.
N.
Ng
u
y
e
n
a
n
d
J.
Lau
wa
e
r
t,
“
Ca
lcu
latin
g
th
e
e
n
e
rg
y
y
ield
o
f
si
-
b
a
se
d
so
lar
c
e
ll
s
f
o
r
Be
l
g
iu
m
a
n
d
V
ietn
a
m
re
g
io
n
s
a
t
a
rb
it
ra
ry
ti
lt
a
n
d
o
rien
t
a
ti
o
n
u
n
d
e
r
a
c
tu
a
l
w
e
a
th
e
r
c
o
n
d
it
io
n
s,”
E
n
e
rg
ies
,
v
o
l.
1
3
,
n
o
.
12
,
p
.
3
1
8
0
,
2
0
2
0
,
d
o
i:
1
0
.
3
3
9
0
/en
1
3
1
2
3
1
8
0
.
[9
]
H.
A
ll
a
m
e
h
z
a
d
e
h
,
“
S
o
lar
e
n
e
rg
y
o
v
e
rv
ie
w
a
n
d
m
a
x
i
m
izin
g
p
o
w
e
r
o
u
t
p
u
t
o
f
a
so
lar
a
rra
y
u
sin
g
su
n
trac
k
e
r
s,”
2
0
1
6
IEE
E
Co
n
fer
e
n
c
e
o
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
fo
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
a
b
il
it
y
(
S
u
sTec
h
)
,
2
0
1
6
,
p
p
.
1
4
-
1
9
,
d
o
i
:
1
0
.
1
1
0
9
/
S
u
sT
e
c
h
.
2
0
1
6
.
7
8
9
7
1
3
6
.
[1
0
]
S
.
Am
in
,
J.
Ha
n
a
n
ia,
K.
S
ten
h
o
u
se
,
B.
Yy
e
ll
a
n
d
,
a
n
d
J.
D
o
n
e
v
,
“
S
o
lar
P
a
n
e
l
Orie
n
tati
o
n
,
”
E
n
e
rg
y
E
d
u
c
a
ti
o
n
,
2
0
1
8
.
a
c
c
e
s
se
d
Ja
n
.
2
1
,
2
0
2
1
,
[
O
n
li
n
e
].
Av
a
il
a
b
le:
h
tt
p
s://
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d
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e
d
ia/S
o
lar_
p
a
n
e
l_
o
r
ien
tatio
n
.
[1
1
]
N
.
J.
P
a
rm
a
r,
A
.
N.
P
a
rm
a
r,
a
n
d
V
.
S
.
G
a
u
ta
m
,
“
P
a
ss
iv
e
S
o
l
a
r
T
ra
c
k
in
g
S
y
ste
m
,
”
In
ter
n
a
ti
o
n
a
l
J
o
u
r
n
a
l
o
f
Eme
rg
in
g
T
e
c
h
n
o
lo
g
y
a
n
d
Ad
v
a
n
c
e
d
En
g
in
e
e
rin
g
,
v
o
l.
5
,
n
o
.
1
,
p
p
.
6
7
-
8
8
,
2
0
1
5
.
[1
2
]
W
.
Ns
e
n
g
i
y
u
m
v
a
,
S
.
G
.
Ch
e
n
,
L
.
Hu
,
a
n
d
X
.
C
h
e
n
,
“
Re
c
e
n
t
a
d
v
a
n
c
e
m
e
n
ts
a
n
d
c
h
a
ll
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n
g
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(
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):
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r
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3
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.
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4
]
A
.
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[1
5
]
Zo
m
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s,
“
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w
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k
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,
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me
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.
[
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n
li
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]
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v
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b
le:
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tt
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:
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/.
[1
6
]
S
.
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,
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Š
tu
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e
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.
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[1
7
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.
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[1
8
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.
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“
G
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.
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[1
9
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LT
D
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On
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]
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v
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le:
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.
(a
c
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Ja
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0
2
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.
I
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8814
I
n
t J
A
d
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p
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l Sci,
Vo
l.
10
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4
,
Dec
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b
er
202
1
:
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342
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W
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.
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D
,
“
Ultra H
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On
li
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v
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:
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tt
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[2
1
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B.
A
sia
b
a
n
p
o
u
r
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t
a
l.
,
“
F
ix
e
d
v
e
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s
su
n
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k
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so
lar
p
a
n
e
ls:
a
n
e
c
o
n
o
m
ic
a
n
a
l
y
sis,”
Clea
n
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
ies
a
n
d
En
v
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me
n
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Po
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c
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Af
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Un
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In
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c
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to
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(
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.
Evaluation Warning : The document was created with Spire.PDF for Python.